244:. The well was designed to test the sag portions of the microbial carbonate pre-salt layer, and also includes an intermediate reservoir known as the Coquina Interval. It is estimated to contain five-eight billion barrels of recoverable light oil and natural gas, which is the largest estimated reserves reported in the Pre-Salt Layer to date. The well drilled through nearly 2 kilometers of salt before reaching its target depth of around 6 kilometers. From the Seismic Cross-Section, it can be seen that faults terminate at the base of the sag, allowing hydrocarbons to migrate from the Lago Feia source rock and accumulate in this zone with the thick salt layer providing a seal. The name "Tupi", the Portuguese word for "squid", was later changed to "Lula" in honor of popular former President
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The Post-Salt Layer is the carbonate sequence deposited over the salt layer (See sections C-D of Geo-Dynamic Model). It is interesting to note that before the discovery of the Pre-Salt, the overlying Post-Salt was the primary zone of production in the area. Oil produced from this zone is of Pre-Salt
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The previously mentioned igneous dikes are today found along the coastlines of Brazil, Angola, and
Namibia, and were an important tool in determining the location of the triple junction. The Pre-Salt layer itself would reside in the basins formed when the lithospheric plates drifted over the Tristan
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As the plates drifted over the hot spot, crustal domes subsided and collapsed as a product of thermal contraction. This accumulation of carbonates and clastics caused the basins to sag. Since these basins were formed above sea level, they formed lakes as fresh water accumulated, as well as volcanic
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basins were stretched and subsided further, allowing the eventual encroachment of ocean water. With organic productivity booming, and salinity increasing, these basins became an opportune environment for the preservation of organic materials. These anoxic lakes, over time, deposited organic-rich
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to the south. Specific to the formation of the Pre-Salt, the
Tristan da Cunha plume rose beneath the continental plate, causing thermal uplift. During this thermal uplift, tensional fractures were formed as the continental crust was thinned, giving pathway of magma to form dikes over time.
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evaporated these trapped waters, thick layers of salt were deposited along the continental margins of Africa and South
America. These evaporate deposits overlaying the previous rift sequence created an effective top seal for the reservoir once hydrocarbons migrated. This thick section of
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origin, and is a product of Pre-Salt oil migrating through fractures in the overlying salt layer. Though the oil is of the same origin, bacteria of the Post-Salt zone has been known to consume the lighter components of the oil that accumulates here.
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As the period of transition from rift to drift phase continued and basins subsided, volcanic activity from the plume created barriers along crustal fractures that confined free marine circulation of the growing
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As continental separation continued, seawater intermittently filled low-lying regions of the expanding rift valley. This low-energy, high-salinity environment allowed for the growth of
202:. These barriers provided an effective lateral seal which intermittently allowed marine waters to spill over and become trapped in these subsiding basins. As the arid climate of the
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Fiatikoski, Rodrigo. "Amendments To The
Brazilian Petroleum Tax Legislation. Federative Conflicts And Impacts On Industry". Jus Navigandi. N.p., 2016. Web. 3 Nov. 2016.
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began, while the failed rift – today known as the Ponta Grossa Arch – became the site of the Paraná flood basalts. The rift to drift transition began in the Middle to
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layers forming microbialite mats. Microbes composing the upper part of this mat grew upward in search of sunlight, forming the accretionary structure known as
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These fields have reservoir depths between 5,000 to 6,000 below sea level, and are overlain by a layer of salt with varying thickness (up to 2,000 meters).
85:. Of the three rifts composing this triple junction, only two remained active, while the other was aborted. The two remaining active rifts composed a single
436:"Report of discoveries in Brazilian pre-salt - PART 3 - Geological Overview & Exploration History - PreSalt.com - Pre-Salt Oil & Gas News"
527:“Presalt Carbonate Evaluation for Santos Basin, Offshore Brazil”, PETROPHYSICS, VOL. 56, NO. 6 (DECEMBER 2015); PAGE 577–591; 16 FIGURES; 1 TABLE
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deposited in the “sag section” compose the Barra Velha formation reservoir section, which in some areas is underlain by the
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da Cunha plume, which cooled as they drifted away from the hot spot and began to sag as due to this increase in density.
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The Tupi Field was the initial discovery well for the Pre-Salt Layer, and was discovered in
October 2006 by
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As thermal uplift continued, three rifts developed at the crest, intersecting at 120 degrees, forming a
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An overview of the petroleum geological aspects comprising the Pre-Salt Layer within the Santos Basin.
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To find the right sandbox for your assignment, visit your
Dashboard course page and follow the
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salt is known as the Ariri formation. The end of the thick salt deposition marks the start of
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The Pre-Salt Layer was formed due to the tectonic movements which spurred the breakup of the
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colonies of unicellular algae and other microbes. These colonies produced
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not the sandbox where you should draft your assigned article
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and the resulting opening up of the restricted rift basin.
165:. Over time, these microbial growths lithified to form the
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link for your assigned article in the My
Articles section.
459:"Comparing the Brazilian and Angolan Conjugate Margin".
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and continental sediments. As movement continued, these
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File:Pre-Salt
Location & Cross-Section (Tupi).jpg
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184:reservoir section known as the Itapema formation.
370:. You can use it for testing or practicing edits.
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124:shales in the middle syn-rift composing the
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340:GOR=140 -240 m^3/m^3
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248:. The Field is owned and operated by
193:See sections C-E of Geo-Dynamic Model
141:See sections B-C of Geo-Dynamic Model
114:See sections A-B of Geo-Dynamic Model
97:, when rifting had completed and the
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101:began injecting new oceanic crust.
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169:s of the Pre-Salt formation. These
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260:Other Fields of Pre-Salt Cluster
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27:Santos Basin Pre-Salt Cluster
318:Rock & Fluid Properties
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364:This is a user sandbox of
277:Est. reserves: 1-2 bln bbl
271:Est. reserves: 3-4 bln bbl
132:Picarras formation.
65:supercontinent during the
475:"Brazil's Pre-Salt Layer"
414:"Brazil's Presalt Play".
246:Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva
47:Location of Santos Basin
489:"Tupi Oilfield, Brazil"
252:, with assistance from
236:Tupi Field (Lula Field)
503:"New Pre-Salt Insight"
264:Other Fields include:
128:interval known as the
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337:API Gravity=28-30°API
153:that are secreted as
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219:Petroleum Relevance:
200:South Atlantic Ocean
57:Tectonic Foundations
188:Trapping Mechanisms
349:Res. T = 40 – 100℉
213:seafloor spreading
91:seafloor spreading
87:accreting boundary
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52:Geologic History:
18:User:Cadegulledge
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463:. October 2015.
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95:Late Cretaceous
83:triple junction
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159:accretionary
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256:and Galp.
173:lacustrine
151:exopolymers
126:source rock
109:Source Rock
89:from which
445:2016-11-01
204:Aptian age
175:carbonates
121:lacustrine
461:GEO ExPro
343:ϕ ≈ 8-20%
296:Bem-te-vi
250:Petrobras
182:limestone
179:Barremian
130:Barremian
63:Gondwanan
389:Get Help
372:This is
242:BG Group
334:μ ≈ 1cp
301:Carioca
291:Caramba
281:Jupiter
155:biofilm
322:": -->
306:Parati
286:Azulao
275:Guara:
209:Aptian
171:Aptian
506:(PDF)
269:Iara:
75:plume
71:plume
16:<
324:edit
438:.
424:^
402:^
254:BG
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328:]
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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