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less of our products if our price goes up” is not a value judgment because it is based on the fact that people tend to buy less of a more expensive product. It can be used either in a positive sense, signifying that a judgment must be made taking a value system into account, or in a disparaging sense, signifying a judgment made by personal whim rather than
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Some argue that true objectivity is impossible, that even the most rigorous rational analysis is founded on the set of values accepted in the course of analysis. Consequently, all conclusions are necessarily value judgments (and therefore may be parochial). Of course, putting all conclusions in one
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is a thought about something based on what it “ought” or “should” be given an opinion about what counts as “good” or “bad” — a contrast from a thought based on what the facts are. E.g. “The government should improve access to education” is a value judgment (that education is good). “People will buy
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is a related adjective suggesting independence from a value system. The object itself is considered value-neutral when it is neither good nor bad, neither useful nor useless, neither significant nor trite until placed in some social context. For example, the classification of an object sometimes
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As an example, scientific "truths" are considered objective but are held tentatively, with the understanding that more careful evidence and/or wider experience might change matters. Further, a scientific view (in the sense of a conclusion based upon a value system) is a
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indicates how he places the "value-neutral" subject of mathematics into a particular social context: "A science is said to be useful if its development tends to accentuate the existing inequalities of wealth, or more directly promotes the destruction of human life".
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on whether to launch a military attack or as to procedure in a medical emergency. In this case, the quality of judgment suffers because the information available is incomplete as a result of exigency, rather than as a result of cultural or personal limitations.
125:" (that is, that moral and ethical propositions are not universal truths, but stem from cultural context). A value judgment formed within a specific value system may be parochial and may be subject to dispute in a wider audience.
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In its positive sense, a recommendation to make a value judgment is an admonition to consider carefully, to avoid whim and impetuousness, and search for consonance with one's deeper convictions, and to search for an objective,
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category does nothing to distinguish between them, and is, therefore, a useless descriptor. Categorizing a conclusion as a value judgment takes substance when the context framing the judgment is specified.
51:. A related meaning of value judgment is an expedient evaluation based upon limited information at hand, where said evaluation was undertaken because a decision had to be made on short notice.
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is to include declarations seen one way from one value system but may be seen differently from another. Conceptually this extension of the definition is related both to the
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of something or someone, based on a comparison or other relativity. As a generalization, a value judgment can refer to a judgment based upon a particular set of
109:. Of course, the individual's opinion is formed to a degree by their belief system and the culture to which they belong. So a natural extension of the term
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also can refer to a tentative judgment based on a considered appraisal of the information at hand, taken to be incomplete and evolving—for example, a
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implies a conclusion is insular, one-sided, and not objective — contrasting with judgments based upon deliberation, balance, and public evidence.
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of social context if its utility or importance is more-or-less self-evident, for example, oxygen supports life in all societies.
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based upon rigorous evaluation and wide consensus. With this example in mind, characterizing a view as a
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For a discussion of whether technology is value neutral, see Martin and
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depends upon context: Whether or not an object is a tool or a weapon, or if human remains are an
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Investigation into Facts and Values: Groundwork for a theory of moral conflict resolution
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Philosophy of
Science Association PSA: Boston studies in the philosophy of science, v. 20
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However, as noted in the first segment of this article, in common usage the term
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has a much simpler meaning with context simply implied, not specified.
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Max Weber put forward one of the first concepts of value-neutrality.
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409:(Fourth ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 279.
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The case of Yucca
Mountain: Science, politics and social practice
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is vague without a description of the context surrounding it.
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Michael
Scriven (KF Schaffner & RS Cohen, eds.) (1974).
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162:An item may have value and be value-neutral
462:"Exact role of value judgments in science"
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460:Michael Scriven (1974).
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