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2716:—an apparent weak illumination of its dark side, seen when the planet is in the crescent phase. The first claimed observation of ashen light was made in 1643, but the existence of the illumination has never been reliably confirmed. Observers have speculated it may result from electrical activity in the Venusian atmosphere, but it could be illusory, resulting from the physiological effect of observing a bright, crescent-shaped object. The ashen light has often been sighted when Venus is in the evening sky, when the evening terminator of the planet is towards Earth.
2082:. Clouds at different levels have different compositions and particle size distributions. These clouds reflect, similar to thick cloud cover on Earth, about 70% of the sunlight that falls on them back into space, and since they cover the whole planet they prevent visual observation of Venus's surface. The permanent cloud cover means that although Venus is closer than Earth to the Sun, it receives less sunlight on the ground, with only 10% of the received sunlight reaching the surface, resulting in average daytime levels of illumination at the surface of 14,000
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have formed before this event, there is speculation on the possibility that life exists in the upper cloud layers of Venus, 50 km (30 mi) up from the surface, where the atmospheric conditions are the most Earth-like in the Solar System, with temperatures ranging between 303 and 353 K (30 and 80 °C; 86 and 176 °F), and the pressure and radiation being about the same as at Earth's surface, but with acidic clouds and the carbon dioxide air. Venus's atmosphere could also have a potential thermal
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1673:. Three of the spots were observed in more than one successive orbit. These spots are thought to represent lava freshly released by volcanic eruptions. The actual temperatures are not known, because the size of the hot spots could not be measured, but are likely to have been in the 800–1,100 K (527–827 °C; 980–1,520 °F) range, relative to a normal temperature of 740 K (467 °C; 872 °F). In 2023, scientists reexamined topographical images of the Maat Mons region taken by the
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1836:. The core is thought to be electrically conductive and, although its rotation is often thought to be too slow, simulations show it is adequate to produce a dynamo. This implies that the dynamo is missing because of a lack of convection in Venus's core. On Earth, convection occurs in the liquid outer layer of the core because the bottom of the liquid layer is much higher in temperature than the top. On Venus, a global resurfacing event may have shut down plate tectonics and led to a reduced
1764:. Like that of Earth, the Venusian core is most likely at least partially liquid because the two planets have been cooling at about the same rate, although a completely solid core cannot be ruled out. The slightly smaller size of Venus means pressures are 24% lower in its deep interior than Earth's. The predicted values for the moment of inertia based on planetary models suggest a core radius of 2,900–3,450 km. This is in line with the first observation-based estimate of 3,500 km.
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3548:, a gas not known to be produced by any known chemical processes on the Venusian surface or atmosphere, in the upper levels of the planet's clouds. One proposed source for this phosphine is living organisms. The phosphine was detected at heights of at least 30 miles (48 km) above the surface, and primarily at mid-latitudes with none detected at the poles. The discovery prompted
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2112:" that bore a strong resemblance to terrestrial snow. This substance likely formed from a similar process to snow, albeit at a far higher temperature. Too volatile to condense on the surface, it rose in gaseous form to higher elevations, where it is cooler and could precipitate. The identity of this substance is not known with certainty, but speculation has ranged from elemental
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mean that the two planets are closest over time. Essentially because
Mercury is closer to the Sun than Venus, Mercury spends more time in proximity to Earth; it could, therefore, be said that Mercury is the planet that is "closest to Earth when averaged over time". However, using this time-average definition of "closeness", it turns out that Mercury is the closest planet to
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retained. Atmospheric erosion by the solar wind could have led to the loss of most of Venus's water during the first billion years after it formed. However, the planet may have retained a dynamo for its first 2–3 billion years, so the water loss may have occurred more recently. The erosion has increased the ratio of higher-mass
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2086:, comparable to that on Earth "in the daytime with overcast clouds". Strong 300 km/h (185 mph) winds at the cloud tops go around Venus about every four to five Earth days. Winds on Venus move at up to 60 times the speed of its rotation, whereas Earth's fastest winds are only 10–20% rotation speed.
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hour, but because of the high density of the atmosphere at the surface, they exert a significant amount of force against obstructions, and transport dust and small stones across the surface. This alone would make it difficult for a human to walk through, even without the heat, pressure, and lack of oxygen.
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by humans. The genre reached its peak between the 1930s and 1950s, at a time when science had revealed some aspects of Venus, but not yet the harsh reality of its surface conditions. Findings from the first missions to Venus showed reality to be quite different and brought this particular genre to an
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in Venus's atmosphere, with no known pathway for abiotic production, led to speculation in
September 2020 that there could be extant life currently present in the atmosphere. Later research attributed the spectroscopic signal that was interpreted as phosphine to sulphur dioxide, or found that in fact
2503:
Venus "overtakes" Earth every 584 days as it orbits the Sun. As it does so, it changes from the "Evening Star", visible after sunset, to the "Morning Star", visible before sunrise. Although
Mercury, the other inferior planet, reaches a maximum elongation of only 28° and is often difficult to discern
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Although Venus has no seasons, in 2019 astronomers identified a cyclical variation in sunlight absorption by the atmosphere, possibly caused by opaque, absorbing particles suspended in the upper clouds. The variation causes observed changes in the speed of Venus's zonal winds and appears to rise and
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This massive volcanic activity is fuelled by a superheated interior, which models say could be explained by energetic collisions from when the planet was young. Impacts would have had significantly higher velocity than on Earth, both because Venus's orbit is faster due to its closer proximity to the
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Several claims of transit observations made by mediaeval
Islamic astronomers have been shown to be sunspots. Avicenna did not record the date of his observation. There was a transit of Venus within his lifetime, on 24 May 1032, although it is questionable whether it would have been visible from his
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Several hymns praise Inanna in her role as the goddess of the planet Venus. Theology professor
Jeffrey Cooley has argued that, in many myths, Inanna's movements may correspond with the movements of the planet Venus in the sky. The discontinuous movements of Venus relate to both mythology as well as
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like
Mercury was believed to be at the time; but other researchers had detected a significant quantity of heat coming from the planet's nightside, suggesting a quick rotation (a high surface temperature was not suspected at the time), confusing the issue. Later work in the 1950s showed the rotation
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is −4.14 with a standard deviation of 0.31. The brightest magnitude occurs during the crescent phase about one month before or after an inferior conjunction. Venus fades to about magnitude −3 when it is backlit by the Sun. The planet is bright enough to be seen in broad daylight, but is more easily
2019:
caused the evaporation of the original water and the current atmosphere. A runaway greenhouse effect was created once a critical level of greenhouse gases (including water) was added to its atmosphere. Although the surface conditions on Venus are no longer hospitable to any Earth-like life that may
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radiation. The solar wind then supplies energy that gives some of these ions sufficient velocity to escape Venus's gravity field. This erosion process results in a steady loss of low-mass hydrogen, helium, and oxygen ions, whereas higher-mass molecules, such as carbon dioxide, are more likely to be
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Almost a thousand impact craters on Venus are evenly distributed across its surface. On other cratered bodies, such as Earth and the Moon, craters show a range of states of degradation. On the Moon, degradation is caused by subsequent impacts, whereas on Earth it is caused by wind and rain erosion.
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Greaves, J. S.; Richards, A. M. S.; Bains, W.; Rimmer, P. B.; Sagawa, H.; Clements, D. L.; Seager, S.; Petkowski, J. J.; Sousa-Silva, Clara; Ranjan, Sukrit; Drabek-Maunder, Emily; Fraser, Helen J.; Cartwright, Annabel; Mueller-Wodarg, Ingo; Zhan, Zhuchang; Friberg, Per; Coulson, Iain; Lee, E'lisa;
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It is important to be clear about the meaning of "closeness". In the astronomical literature, the term "closest planets" often refers to the two planets that approach each other the most closely. In other words, the orbits of the two planets approach each other most closely. However, this does not
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that human cultures have known and identified throughout history, particularly for being the third brightest object in Earth's sky after the Sun and the Moon. Because the movements of Venus appear to be discontinuous (it disappears due to its proximity to the sun, for many days at a time, and then
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caused the
Venusian moon gradually to spiral inward until it collided with Venus. If later impacts created moons, these were removed in the same way. An alternative explanation for the lack of satellites is the effect of strong solar tides, which can destabilize large satellites orbiting the inner
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effects on its dense atmosphere, a change that would have occurred over the course of billions of years. The rotation period of Venus may represent an equilibrium state between tidal locking to the Sun's gravitation, which tends to slow rotation, and an atmospheric tide created by solar heating of
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and the transfer of heat by winds in the lower atmosphere mean that the temperature of Venus's surface does not vary significantly between the planet's two hemispheres, those facing and not facing the Sun, despite Venus's slow rotation. Winds at the surface are slow, moving at a few kilometres per
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One possibility is that Venus has no solid inner core, or that its core is not cooling, so that the entire liquid part of the core is at approximately the same temperature. Another possibility is that its core has already been completely solidified. The state of the core is highly dependent on the
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million years ago, followed by a decay in volcanism. Whereas Earth's crust is in continuous motion, Venus is thought to be unable to sustain such a process. Without plate tectonics to dissipate heat from its mantle, Venus instead undergoes a cyclical process in which mantle temperatures rise until
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Villanueva, Geronimo; Cordiner, Martin; Irwin, Patrick; de Pater, Imke; Butler, Bryan; Gurwell, Mark; Milam, Stefanie; Nixon, Conor; Luszcz-Cook, Statia; Wilson, Colin; Kofman, Vincent; Liuzzi, Giuliano; Faggi, Sara; Fauchez, Thomas; Lippi, Manuela; Cosentino, Richard; Thelen, Alexander; Moullet,
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Fukuhara, Tetsuya; Futaguchi, Masahiko; Hashimoto, George L.; Horinouchi, Takeshi; Imamura, Takeshi; Iwagaimi, Naomoto; Kouyama, Toru; Murakami, Shin-ya; Nakamura, Masato; Ogohara, Kazunori; Sato, Mitsuteru; Sato, Takao M.; Suzuki, Makoto; Taguchi, Makoto; Takagi, Seiko; Ueno, Munetaka; Watanabe,
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Lee, Yeon Joo; Jessup, Kandis-Lea; Perez-Hoyos, Santiago; Titov, Dmitrij V.; Lebonnois, Sebastien; Peralta, Javier; Horinouchi, Takeshi; Imamura, Takeshi; Limaye, Sanjay; Marcq, Emmanuel; Takagi, Masahiro; Yamazaki, Atsushi; Yamada, Manabu; Watanabe, Shigeto; Murakami, Shin-ya; Ogohara, Kazunori;
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The impenetrable
Venusian cloud cover gave science fiction writers free rein to speculate on conditions at its surface; all the more so when early observations showed that not only was it similar in size to Earth, it possessed a substantial atmosphere. Closer to the Sun than Earth, the planet was
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activity on Venus. Sulfur dioxide concentrations in the upper atmosphere dropped by a factor of 10 between 1978 and 1986, jumped in 2006, and again declined 10-fold. This may mean that levels had been boosted several times by large volcanic eruptions. It has been suggested that
Venusian lightning
1482:", which look somewhat like pancakes and range in size from 20 to 50 km (12 to 31 mi) across, and from 100 to 1,000 m (330 to 3,280 ft) high; radial, star-like fracture systems called "novae"; features with both radial and concentric fractures resembling spider webs, known as "
13863:
O'Rourke, Joseph G.; Wilson, Colin F.; Borrelli, Madison E.; Byrne, Paul K.; Dumoulin, Caroline; Ghail, Richard; Gülcher, Anna J. P.; Jacobson, Seth A.; Korablev, Oleg; Spohn, Tilman; Way, M. J.; Weller, Matt; Westall, Frances (2023). "Venus, the Planet: Introduction to the
Evolution of Earth's
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With the Magellan synthetic-aperture radar full-resolution radar map left- and right-look global mosaics at 75 m-per-pixel resolution, we developed a global catalogue of volcanoes on Venus that contains ~85,000 edifices, ~99% of which are <5 km in diameter. We find that Venus hosts far more
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of 1.6 years, do not produce a transit of Venus above Earth. Consequently, Venus transits above Earth only occur when an inferior conjunction takes place during some days of June or December, the time where the orbits of Venus and Earth cross a straight line with the Sun. This results in Venus
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appearance indicates a pattern associated with weather activity. According to these measurements, the lightning rate is at least half that on Earth, however other instruments have not detected lightning at all. The origin of any lightning remains unclear, but could originate from clouds or
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in the Solar System, meaning that it is a rocky body like Earth. It is similar to Earth in size and mass and is often described as Earth's "sister" or "twin". Venus is close to spherical due to its slow rotation. Venus has a diameter of 12,103.6 km (7,520.8 mi)—only 638.4 km
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Speculation on the possibility of life on Venus's surface decreased significantly after the early 1960s when it became clear that conditions were extreme compared to those on Earth. Venus's extreme temperatures and atmospheric pressure make water-based life, as currently known, unlikely.
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from the Sun, and appears at its brightest in the night sky. The planet presents a much larger thin "crescent" in telescopic views as it passes along the near side between Earth and the Sun. Venus displays its largest size and "new phase" when it is between Earth and the Sun (at inferior
14211:
Seager, Sara; Petkowski, Janusz J.; Gao, Peter; Bains, William; Bryan, Noelle C.; Ranjan, Sukrit; Greaves, Jane (14 September 2020). "The Venusian Lower Atmosphere Haze as a Depot for Desiccated Microbial Life: A Proposed Life Cycle for Persistence of the Venusian Aerial Biosphere".
3892:, unlike any other deity, Inanna is able to descend into the netherworld and return to the heavens. The planet Venus appears to make a similar descent, setting in the West and then rising again in the East. An introductory hymn describes Inanna leaving the heavens and heading for
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volcanoes than previously mapped, and that although they are distributed across virtually the entire planet, size–frequency distribution analysis reveals a relative lack of edifices in the 20–100 km diameter range, which could be related to magma availability and eruption rate.
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2010:
Studies have suggested that billions of years ago, Venus's atmosphere could have been much more like the one surrounding the early Earth, and that there may have been substantial quantities of liquid water on the surface. After a period of 600 million to several billion years,
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Davies, M. E.; Abalakin, V. K.; Bursa, M.; Lieske, J. H.; Morando, B.; Morrison, D.; Seidelmann, P. K.; Sinclair, A. T.; Yallop, B.; Tjuflin, Y. S. (1994). "Report of the IAU Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements of the Planets and Satellites".
3912:, Shukaletuda is described as scanning the heavens in search of Inanna, possibly searching the eastern and western horizons. In the same myth, while searching for her attacker, Inanna herself makes several movements that correspond with the movements of Venus in the sky.
1939:'s, which has a minimum surface temperature of 53 K (−220 °C; −364 °F) and maximum surface temperature of 700 K (427 °C; 801 °F), even though Venus is nearly twice Mercury's distance from the Sun and thus receives only 25% of Mercury's solar
3564:). Observations of the atmosphere of Venus at other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum in which a phosphine absorption line would be expected did not detect phosphine. By late October 2020, re-analysis of data with a proper subtraction of background did not show a
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Much of the Venusian surface appears to have been shaped by volcanic activity. Venus has several times as many volcanoes as Earth, and it has 167 large volcanoes that are over 100 km (60 mi) across. The only volcanic complex of this size on Earth is the
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conjunction). Its atmosphere is visible through telescopes by the halo of sunlight refracted around it. The phases are clearly visible in a 4" telescope. Although naked eye visibility of Venus's phases is disputed, records exist of observations of its crescent.
13805:
Wood, B. E.; Hess, P.; Lustig-Yaeger, J.; Gallagher, B.; Korwan, D.; Rich, N.; Stenborg, G.; Thernisien, A.; Qadri, S. N.; Santiago, F.; Peralta, J.; Arney, G. N.; Izenberg, N. R.; Vourlidas, A.; Linton, M. G.; Howard, R. A.; Raouafi, N. E. (9 February 2022).
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Subsequent analysis of the data-processing used to identify phosphine in the atmosphere of Venus has raised concerns that the detection-line may be an artefact. The use of a 12th-order polynomial fit may have amplified noise and generated a false reading (see
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of less than 0.01. Simulations of the early solar system orbital dynamics have shown that the eccentricity of the Venus orbit may have been substantially larger in the past, reaching values as high as 0.31 and possibly impacting early climate evolution.
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period, the planet Venus was known as Ninsi'anna, and later as Dilbat. The name "Ninsi'anna" translates to "divine lady, illumination of heaven", which refers to Venus as the brightest visible "star". Earlier spellings of the name were written with the
1532:. The original prime meridian passed through the radar-bright spot at the centre of the oval feature Eve, located south of Alpha Regio. After the Venera missions were completed, the prime meridian was redefined to pass through the central peak in the
6547:
Kenneth Seidelmann, P.; Archinal, B. A.; A'hearn, M. F.; Conrad, A.; Consolmagno, G. J.; Hestroffer, D.; Hilton, J. L.; Krasinsky, G. A.; Neumann, G.; Oberst, J.; Stooke, P.; Tedesco, E. F.; Tholen, D. J.; Thomas, P. C.; Williams, I. P. (July 2007).
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Hashimoto, George L.; Roos-Serote, Maarten; Sugita, Seiji; Gilmore, Martha S.; Kamp, Lucas W.; Carlson, Robert W.; Baines, Kevin H. (31 December 2008). "Felsic highland crust on Venus suggested by Galileo Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer data".
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Arielle; Hartogh, Paul; Molter, Edward; Charnley, Steve; Arney, Giada; Mandell, Avi; Biver, Nicolas; Vandaele, Ann; de Kleer, Katherine; Kopparapu, Ravi (2021). "No evidence of phosphine in the atmosphere of Venus from independent analyses".
12790:. Proceedings of the Joint Discussion-17 at the 23rd General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union, Organised by the Commission 41 (History of Astronomy), Held in Kyoto, 25–26 August 1997. Astrophysics and Space Science Library.
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Stockman, Tom; Monroe, Gabriel; Cordner, Samuel (2019). "Venus is not Earth's closest neighbour | Calculations and simulations confirm that on average, Mercury is the nearest planet to Earth-and to every other planet in the solar system".
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Bains, William; Petkowski, Janusz J.; Seager, Sara; Ranjan, Sukrit; Sousa-Silva, Clara; Rimmer, Paul B.; Zhan, Zhuchang; Greaves, Jane S.; Richards, Anita M. S. (2021). "Phosphine on Venus Cannot be Explained by Conventional Processes".
4274:), and since polished copper has been used for mirrors from antiquity the symbol for Venus has sometimes been called Venus mirror, representing the mirror of the goddess, although this origin has been discredited as an unlikely origin.
2290:'s 176 Earth days — the 116-day figure is close to the average number of days it takes Mercury to slip underneath the Earth in its orbit [the number of days of Mercury's synodic orbital period]). One Venusian year is about 1.92
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effect would cause the mantle temperature to increase, thereby reducing the heat flux out of the core. As a result, no internal geodynamo is available to drive a magnetic field. Instead, the heat from the core is reheating the crust.
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While the surface conditions of Venus are inhospitable, the atmospheric pressure, temperature, and solar and cosmic radiation 50 km above the surface are similar to those at Earth's surface. With this in mind, Soviet engineer
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in twilight, Venus is hard to miss when it is at its brightest. Its greater maximum elongation means it is visible in dark skies long after sunset. As the brightest point-like object in the sky, Venus is a commonly misreported "
1924: mi) under Earth's ocean surfaces. The density at the surface is 65 kg/m (4.1 lb/cu ft), 6.5% that of water or 50 times as dense as Earth's atmosphere at 293 K (20 °C; 68 °F) at sea level. The
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Archinal, B. A.; Acton, C. H.; A'Hearn, M. F.; Conrad, A.; Consolmagno, G. J.; Duxbury, T.; Hestroffer, D.; Hilton, J. L.; Kirk, R. L.; Klioner, S. A.; McCarthy, D.; Meech, K.; Oberst, J.; Ping, J.; Seidelmann, P. K. (2018).
6619:
5565:"Billions of Years Ago, Venus May Have Had a Key Earthlike Feature – A new study makes the case that the solar system's hellish second planet once may have had plate tectonics that could have made it more hospitable to life"
5424:"Rivers of Lava on Venus Reveal a More Volcanically Active Planet - New software let scientists re-examine old radar images, providing some of the strongest evidence yet that volcanoes continue to reshape the hellish planet"
3621:
Venus is the place of the first interplanetary human presence, mediated through robotic missions, with the first successful landings on another planet and extraterrestrial body other than the Moon. Currently in orbit is
2954:, and when it is closest to the Sun in the sky, it shows as a crescent or full phase. This could be possible only if Venus orbited the Sun, and this was among the first observations to clearly contradict the Ptolemaic
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are slowed so much by the atmosphere that they do not create an impact crater. Incoming projectiles less than 50 m (160 ft) in diameter will fragment and burn up in the atmosphere before reaching the ground.
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other planets in the solar system. For that reason, arguably, the proximity-definition is not particularly helpful. An episode of the BBC Radio 4 programme "More or Less" explains the different notions of proximity
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changes in the atmosphere of the planet Venus caused by "unknown absorbers", which may be chemicals or even large colonies of microorganisms high up in the atmosphere of the planet, affect the climate. Their
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Dartnell, Lewis R.; Nordheim, Tom Andre; Patel, Manish R.; Mason, Jonathon P.; Coates, Andrew J.; Jones, Geraint H. (September 2015). "Constraints on a potential aerial biosphere on Venus: I. Cosmic rays".
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swung by Venus to bend its path towards Mercury and took ultraviolet photographs of the clouds, revealing the extraordinarily high wind speeds in the Venusian atmosphere. This was the first interplanetary
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Oliver Hawkins, more or less alumnus and statistical legend, wrote some code for us, which calculated which planet was closest to the Earth on each day for the past 50 years, and then sent the results to
9346:
Lincowski, Andrew P.; Meadows, Victoria S.; Crisp, David; Akins, Alex B.; Schwieterman, Edward W.; Arney, Giada N.; Wong, Michael L.; Steffes, Paul G.; Parenteau, M. Niki; Domagal-Goldman, Shawn (2021).
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reappears on the other horizon), some cultures did not recognize Venus as a single entity; instead, they assumed it to be two separate stars on each horizon: the morning and evening star. Nonetheless, a
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of Hawaii. More than 85,000 volcanoes on Venus were identified and mapped. This is not because Venus is more volcanically active than Earth, but because its crust is older and is not subject to the same
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million years old. Venus has some unique surface features in addition to the impact craters, mountains, and valleys commonly found on rocky planets. Among these are flat-topped volcanic features called
3149:, launched in 1966, became humanity's first probe and lander to reach and impact another celestial body other than the Moon, but could not return data as it crashed into the surface of Venus. In 1967,
2567:
When Venus is sufficiently bright with enough angular distance from the sun, it is easily observed in a clear daytime sky with the naked eye, though most people do not know to look for it. Astronomer
2007:
from solar nebula have been proposed to explain the enrichment. However, the atmosphere is depleted of radiogenic argon, a proxy for mantle degassing, suggesting an early shutdown of major magmatism.
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Radar observations in the 1970s revealed details of the Venusian surface for the first time. Pulses of radio waves were beamed at the planet using the 300 m (1,000 ft) radio telescope at
106:
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On Venus, about 85% of the craters are in pristine condition. The number of craters, together with their well-preserved condition, indicates the planet underwent a global resurfacing event 300–600
4746:
Simon, J.L.; Bretagnon, P.; Chapront, J.; Chapront-Touzé, M.; Francou, G.; Laskar, J. (February 1994). "Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and planets".
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The lack of an intrinsic magnetic field on Venus was surprising, given that it is similar to Earth in size and was expected to contain a dynamo at its core. A dynamo requires three things: a
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1914:. The mass of its atmosphere is 92 times that of Earth's, whereas the pressure at its surface is about 93 times that at Earth's—a pressure equivalent to that at a depth of nearly 1 km (
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2832:(early fifth century) was probably responsible for this discovery. Though they recognized Venus as a single object, the ancient Romans continued to designate the morning aspect of Venus as
2101:, is therefore the coolest point on Venus, with a temperature of about 655 K (380 °C; 715 °F) and an atmospheric pressure of about 4.5 MPa (45 bar). In 1995, the
1860:
the Earth's "Moon-forming" impact) left the core of Venus stratified from the core's incremental formation, and without the forces to initiate/sustain convection, and thus a "geodynamo".
2097:—less than 3°, compared to 23° on Earth—also minimizes seasonal temperature variation. Altitude is one of the few factors that affect Venusian temperatures. The highest point on Venus,
14301:
13752:
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4249:, describing women and men stereotypically as being so different that they can be understood as coming from different planets, an understanding popularized in 1992 by the book titled
2270:
by up to 20 minutes. Venus's equator rotates at 6.52 km/h (4.05 mph), whereas Earth's rotates at 1,674.4 km/h (1,040.4 mph). Venus's rotation period measured with
4725:—Select "Ephemeris Type: Orbital Elements", "Time Span: 2000-01-01 12:00 to 2000-01-02". ("Target Body: Venus" and "Center: Sun" should be set to default.) Results are instantaneous
3512:
While the surface conditions of Venus make the hypothesis of life there implausible, the clouds of Venus are a different story altogether. As was pointed out some years ago, water,
15879:
9243:
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operated between 1983 and 1984 in orbit, conducting detailed mapping of 25% of Venus's terrain (from the north pole to 30°N latitude), the Soviet Venera programme came to a close.
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over five synodic periods, shifting every period by 144°. This pentagram of Venus is sometimes referred to as the petals of Venus due to the path's visual similarity to a flower.
14617:
9175:
Herbst, Konstantin; Banjac, Saša; Atri, Dimitra; Nordheim, Tom A. (24 December 2019). "Revisiting the cosmic-ray induced Venusian radiation dose in the context of habitability".
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Little more was discovered about Venus until the 20th century. Its almost featureless disc gave no hint what its surface might be like, and it was only with the development of
3020:, providing further evidence for an atmosphere. The atmosphere complicated efforts to determine a rotation period for the planet, and observers such as Italian-born astronomer
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sign si4 (= SU, meaning "to be red"), and the original meaning may have been "divine lady of the redness of heaven", in reference to the colour of the morning and evening sky.
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7171:
5116:
Mallama, Anthony; Krobusek, Bruce; Pavlov, Hristo (2017). "Comprehensive wide-band magnitudes and albedos for the planets, with applications to exo-planets and Planet Nine".
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Venus, pictured centre-right, is always brighter than all other planets or stars at their maximal brightness, as seen from Earth. Jupiter is visible at the top of the image.
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Jacobson, Seth A.; Rubie, David C.; Hernlund, John; Morbidelli, Alessandro; Nakajima, Miki (2017). "Formation, stratification, and mixing of the cores of Earth and Venus".
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The weak magnetosphere around Venus means that the solar wind is interacting directly with its outer atmosphere. Here, ions of hydrogen and oxygen are being created by the
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8240:
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Way, M. J.; Del Genio, Anthony D. (2020). "Venusian Habitable Climate Scenarios: Modeling Venus Through Time and Applications to Slowly Rotating Venus-Like Exoplanets".
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to publicly call for a new focus on the study of Venus, describing the phosphine find as "the most significant development yet in building the case for life off Earth".
1450:, the highest mountain on Venus, lies on Ishtar Terra. Its peak is 11 km (7 mi) above the Venusian average surface elevation. The southern continent is called
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10310:
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Marcq, Emmanuel; Bertaux, Jean-Loup; Montmessin, Franck; Belyaev, Denis (January 2013). "Variations of sulphur dioxide at the cloud top of Venus's dynamic atmosphere".
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5753:
12316:
12148:
1567:, implying that habitable condition had existed on early Venus with large bodies of water at some point. However, the nature of tessera terrains is far from certain.
18669:
2693:. The transit could be watched live from many online outlets or observed locally with the right equipment and conditions. The preceding pair of transits occurred in
14648:
14381:
Snellen, I. A. G.; Guzman-Ramirez, L.; Hogerheijde, M. R.; Hygate, A. P. S.; van der Tak, F. F. S. (2020). "Re-analysis of the 267 GHz ALMA observations of Venus".
2066:, which is formed by sulphur dioxide and water through a chemical reaction resulting in sulfuric acid hydrate. Additionally, the clouds consist of approximately 1%
1679:
orbiter. Using computer simulations, they determined that the topography had changed during an 8-month interval, and concluded that active volcanism was the cause.
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9641:
5849:
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2003:
compared to that of Earth. This enrichment indicates an early divergence from Earth in evolution. An unusually large comet impact or accretion of a more massive
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goddess of love, and is the larger of the two highland regions at roughly the size of South America. A network of fractures and faults covers much of this area.
136:
10484:
11491:
10698:
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6982:"Volcanoes on Venus Might Still Be Smoking - Planetary science experiments on Earth suggest that the sun's second planet might have ongoing volcanic activity"
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conjunction, it makes the closest approach to Earth of any planet at an average distance of 41 million km (25 million mi). Because of the
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make up the rest of its surface area, one lying in the planet's northern hemisphere and the other just south of the equator. The northern continent is called
13388:
3715:
14181:
9508:
8334:
12525:
6701:
Gilmore, Martha; Treiman, Allan; Helbert, Jörn; Smrekar, Suzanne (1 November 2017). "Venus Surface Composition Constrained by Observation and Experiment".
1775:. This results in reduced heat loss from the planet, preventing it from cooling and providing a likely explanation for its lack of an internally generated
1430:
About 80% of the Venusian surface is covered by smooth, volcanic plains, consisting of 70% plains with wrinkle ridges and 10% smooth or lobate plains. Two
1255:(inside of Earth's orbit), it always appears close to the Sun in Earth's sky, as either a "morning star" or an "evening star". While this is also true for
20003:
11742:
Petropoulos, Anastassios E.; Longuski, James M.; Bonfiglio, Eugene P. (2000). "Trajectories to Jupiter via Gravity Assists from Venus, Earth, and Mars".
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9679:
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Way, M. J.; Del Genio, Anthony D.; Kiang, Nancy Y.; Sohl, Linda E.; Grinspoon, David H.; Aleinov, Igor; Kelley, Maxwell; Clune, Thomas (28 August 2016).
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mission observed bow-shaped objects in the atmosphere of Venus. This was considered direct evidence of the existence of perhaps the largest stationary
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2394:, with a suspected origin either from Venus–trailing asteroids, interplanetary dust migrating in waves, or the remains of the Solar System's original
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is just under two Venusian days long. The orbits of Venus and Earth are the closest between any two Solar System planets, approaching each other in
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direction as viewed from above Earth's north pole. Most planets rotate on their axes in an anticlockwise direction, but Venus rotates clockwise in
1767:
The principal difference between the two planets is the lack of evidence for plate tectonics on Venus, possibly because its crust is too strong to
14096:
11398:
11032:
10975:
6753:"A new catalog pinpoints volcanic cones in the best available surface images of Venus – those gathered 30 years ago by NASA's Magellan spacecraft"
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1935:
in the Solar System, creating surface temperatures of at least 735 K (462 °C; 864 °F). This makes the Venusian surface hotter than
19713:
15996:
Interactive 3D gravity simulation of the pentagram that the orbit of Venus traces when Earth is held fixed at the centre of the coordinate system
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6679:
2305:
with a different rotation period and obliquity, reaching its current state because of chaotic spin changes caused by planetary perturbations and
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spacecraft data over a 500-day period is smaller than the rotation period measured during the 16-year period between the Magellan spacecraft and
1910:, 3.5% nitrogen—both exist as supercritical fluids at the planet's surface with a density 6.5% that of water—and traces of other gases including
11452:
10725:
3508:
article that tiny objects detected in Venus's clouds might be organisms similar to Earth's bacteria (which are of approximately the same size):
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of Venus were first carried out in the 1960s, and provided the first measurements of the rotation period, which were close to the actual value.
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at the boundaries of tectonic plates, and has an average age of about 100 million years, whereas the Venusian surface is estimated to be 300–600
7499:
2266:
lasts therefore longer than a Venusian year (243 versus 224.7 Earth days). Slowed by its strong atmospheric current the length of the day also
15979:
12549:
Enn Kasak, Raul Veede. Understanding Planets in Ancient Mesopotamia. Folklore Vol. 16. Mare Kõiva & Andres Kuperjanov, Eds. ISSN 1406-0957
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1 to 5383, there are 526 approaches less than 40 million km (25 million mi); then, there are none for about 60,158 years.
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3603:. For this purpose, space missions are categorized into five groups. Due to the harsh surface environment of Venus, Venus has been under the
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14266:
12240:
5662:
Jakosky, Bruce M. (1999). "Atmospheres of the Terrestrial Planets". In Beatty, J. Kelly; Petersen, Carolyn Collins; Chaikin, Andrew (eds.).
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1419:
landers in 1975 and 1982 returned images of a surface covered in sediment and relatively angular rocks. The surface was mapped in detail by
19743:
11513:
Bazsó, A.; Eybl, V.; Dvorak, R.; Pilat-Lohinger, E.; Lhotka, C. (2010). "A survey of near-mean-motion resonances between Venus and Earth".
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Donahue, T. M.; Hoffman, J. H.; Hodges, R. R.; Watson, A. J. (1982). "Venus Was Wet: A Measurement of the Ratio of Deuterium to Hydrogen".
6130:
Basilevsky, Alexander T.; Head, James W. III (1995). "Global stratigraphy of Venus: Analysis of a random sample of thirty-six test areas".
4188:
end. As scientific knowledge of Venus advanced, science fiction authors tried to keep pace, particularly by conjecturing human attempts to
3134:, passing on 14 December 1962 at 34,833 km (21,644 mi) above the surface of Venus and gathering data on the planet's atmosphere.
1650:). In January 2020, astronomers reported evidence that suggests that Venus is currently volcanically active, specifically the detection of
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The existence of lightning in the atmosphere of Venus has been controversial since the first suspected bursts were detected by the Soviet
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observed "two planets as black spots on the face of the Sun"; these were thought to be the transits of Venus and Mercury by 13th-century
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3668:, with better return or abort flight windows, and less or the same amount of radiation exposure from the flight as direct Mars flights.
19133:
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14609:
11794:
9029:
7606:
Nimmo, F. (2002). "Crustal analysis of Venus from Magellan satellite observations at Atalanta Planitia, Beta Regio, and Thetis Regio".
3008:. Schröter found when the planet was a thin crescent, the cusps extended through more than 180°. He correctly surmised this was due to
2571:
calculated its maximum naked eye brightness in 1716, when many Londoners were alarmed by its appearance in the daytime. French emperor
17417:
13647:
7336:
Herrick, R. R.; Phillips, R. J. (1993). "Effects of the Venusian atmosphere on incoming meteoroids and the impact crater population".
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and therefore grandchildren of Aphrodite. Though by the Roman era they were recognized as one celestial object, known as "the star of
3270:
landers transmitted the first images from the surface of Venus, which were in black and white. NASA obtained additional data with the
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in 1768 to record the third observed transit of Venus, which subsequently resulted in the exploration of the east coast of Australia.
1220:) by the currents and drag of its atmosphere. It takes 224.7 Earth days for Venus to complete an orbit around the Sun, and a Venusian
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category two. This indicates that there is only a remote chance that spacecraft-borne contamination could compromise investigations.
2414:
Earth is positioned at the centre of the diagram, and the curve represents the direction and distance of Venus as a function of time.
2310:
the thick Venusian atmosphere. The 584-day average interval between successive close approaches to Earth is almost exactly equal to 5
13036:
Transits of Venus: New Views of the Solar System and Galaxy, Proceedings of IAU Colloquium #196, held 7–11 June 2004 in Preston, U.K
12095:
11939:
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2865:(although there is some doubt about it), which later astronomers took as confirmation of Ptolemy's theory. In the 12th century, the
2623:. Since the orbit of Venus is slightly inclined relative to Earth's orbit, most inferior conjunctions with Earth, which occur every
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19698:
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13711:
7175:
7078:
5701:
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Margot, Jean-Luc; Campbell, Donald B.; Giorgini, Jon D.; et al. (29 April 2021). "Spin state and moment of inertia of Venus".
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like the Moon, varying from crescent to gibbous to full and vice versa. When Venus is furthest from the Sun in the sky, it shows a
10782:
10584:
10043:
9877:
7141:
6620:"Surface brightness variations seen by VIRTIS on Venus Express and implications for the evolution of the Lada Terra region, Venus"
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19708:
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10755:
7864:
4251:
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3432:
December 2015. Additionally, several flybys by other probes have been performed and studied Venus on their way, including NASA's
8546:
Pepin, Robert O. (1 July 1991). "On the origin and early evolution of terrestrial planet atmospheres and meteoritic volatiles".
1563:, mineral assemblage. The mechanism to generate a large amount of felsic crust usually requires the presence of water ocean and
19880:
18523:
18168:
18153:
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indicate that the ancient Sumerians already knew that the morning and evening stars were the same celestial object. In the Old
2725:
2142:
2093:; it retains a constant temperature not only between the two hemispheres but between the equator and the poles. Venus's minute
17435:
17420:
10458:
10071:"Long-term Variations of Venus's 365 nm Albedo Observed by Venus Express, Akatsuki, MESSENGER, and the Hubble Space Telescope"
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to the surface of Venus has been the Soviet Union, which has been used by Russian officials to call Venus a "Russian planet".
1752:
of Venus. The similarity in size and density between Venus and Earth suggests that they share a similar internal structure: a
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11857:
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8317:
8212:
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Svedhem, Håkan; Titov, Dmitry V.; Taylor, Fredric W.; Witasse, Olivier (November 2007). "Venus as a more Earth-like planet".
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lander). Black-and-white image of barren, black, slate-like rocks against a flat sky. The ground and the probe are the focus.
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11863:
5815:
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4145:', "the Great Star". The cycles of Venus were important to their calendar and were described in some of their books such as
19993:
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18143:
18138:
17428:
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16007:
12895:
12324:
8266:
6596:
6481:
5400:
5339:
Mallama, Anthony; Hilton, James L. (October 2018). "Computing apparent planetary magnitudes for The Astronomical Almanac".
2314:
Venusian solar days (5.001444 to be precise), but the hypothesis of a spin-orbit resonance with Earth has been discounted.
1498:
1486:"; and "coronae", circular rings of fractures sometimes surrounded by a depression. These features are volcanic in origin.
1272:
1123:
17426:
17423:
17419:
17415:
10540:
Shigeto; Yamada, Manabu; Yamazaki, Atsushi (16 January 2017). "Large stationary gravity wave in the atmosphere of Venus".
7659:
Dolginov, Sh.; Eroshenko, E. G.; Lewis, L. (September 1969). "Nature of the Magnetic Field in the Neighborhood of Venus".
5640:
5538:
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3533:
is almost identical to that of micro-organisms in Earth's clouds. Similar conclusions have been reached by other studies.
2452:
While Venus approaches Earth the closest, Mercury is more often the closest to Earth of all planets. Venus has the lowest
2286:
on Venus is significantly shorter than the sidereal day, at 116.75 Earth days (making the Venusian solar day shorter than
1465:
flow on Venus (2024), such as flows on Sif Mons, a shield volcano, and on Niobe Planitia, a flat plain. There are visible
19885:
19047:
18148:
17270:
16043:
14640:
13473:
13005:
9745:
7771:
5969:
2487:, Venus appears as a white point of light brighter than any other planet or star (apart from the Sun). The planet's mean
17433:
17425:
11659:
4541:
17422:
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15931:
14539:
14063:
11611:
10282:
10039:
5841:
5040:"Report on the IAU/IAG Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements of the planets and satellites"
4127:
3738:. Among the many engineering challenges for any human presence in the atmosphere of Venus are the corrosive amounts of
3248:
First view and first clear 180-degree panorama of Venus's surface as well as any other planet than Earth (1975, Soviet
2438:
2367:
17440:
17436:
14671:
12034:
8524:
4931:
18296:
18269:
17431:
14436:"The statistical reliability of 267-GHZ JCMT observations of Venus: No significant evidence for phosphine absorption"
12000:
10480:
7400:
Goettel, K. A.; Shields, J. A.; Decker, D. A. (16–20 March 1981). "Density constraints on the composition of Venus".
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3402:
3282:, orbiting Venus between 1978 and 1992. In 1982 the first colour images of the surface were obtained with the Soviet
1000:
15572:
13965:
9459:
Snellen, I. A. G.; Guzman-Ramirez, L.; Hogerheijde, M. R.; Hygate, A. P. S.; van der Tak, F. F. S. (December 2020).
2579:. Another historical daytime observation of the planet took place during the inauguration of the American president
19905:
18684:
17441:
16020:
14856:
13381:
13317:
12857:
Thought Experiments: Popular Thought Experiments in Philosophy, Physics, Ethics, Computer Science & Mathematics
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10690:
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the origins of the solar system and Earth, and if systems and planets like ours are common or rare in the universe.
3418:
as large dark patch, through the clouds, which prohibit such observations on the dayside when they are illuminated.
1518:
16038:
7197:
Shalygin, E. V.; Markiewicz, W. J.; Basilevsky, A. T.; Titov, D. V.; Ignatiev, N. I.; Head, J. W. (17 June 2015).
3931:
influence that the morning star and an evening star were one and the same. The Egyptians knew the morning star as
2563:
Venus is often visible to the naked eye in daytime, as seen just prior to the lunar occultation of 7 December 2015
1279:
in 1970. These probes demonstrated the extreme surface conditions, an insight that has informed predictions about
16071:
15960:
9603:
Krasnopolsky, Vladimir A. (2006). "Chemical composition of Venus atmosphere and clouds: Some unsolved problems".
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of light from Venus, but found he could not detect any rotation. He surmised the planet must have a much longer
19126:
18863:
18279:
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13171:
10879:
9938:
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8041:. 21st EGU General Assembly, EGU2019, Proceedings from the conference held 7–12 April 2019 in Vienna, Austria.
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of 13:8 (Earth orbits eight times for every 13 orbits of Venus). Therefore, they approach each other and reach
1335:(396.7 mi) less than Earth's—and its mass is 81.5% of Earth's, making it the third-smallest planet in the
1217:
1166:
941:
332:
17:
15149:
12446:
12212:"The quantity of the Sun's parallax, as deduced from the observations of the transit of Venus on June 3, 1769"
12187:
9671:
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Helbert, Jörn; Müller, Nils; Kostama, Petri; Marinangeli, Lucia; Piccioni, Giuseppe; Drossart, Pierre (2008).
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the first private interplanetary space craft, to look for organics by entering the atmosphere of Venus with a
2651:
Historically, transits of Venus were important, because they allowed astronomers to determine the size of the
2442:
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have been identified at its cloud layers. Venus may have had liquid surface water early in its history with a
19781:
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18388:
18284:
16029:
13067:
11388:
9933:
6782:
Hahn, Rebecca M.; Byrne, Paul K. (April 2023). "A Morphological and Spatial Analysis of Volcanoes on Venus".
6752:
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4956:
124:
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8123:
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km/h by reliable sources. The simplest way to determine the correct figure is to multiply Earth's radius of
3896:, what could be presumed to be, the mountains, replicating the rising and setting of Inanna to the West. In
3195:
data, analysed by a combined Soviet–American science team in a series of colloquia over the following year.
3163:
had calculated, at almost 500 °C (932 °F), determined that the atmosphere was 95% carbon dioxide (
2670:
Only seven Venus transits have been observed so far, since their occurrences were calculated in the 1621 by
2542:
view. The planet appears as a small and "full" disc when it is on the opposite side of the Sun (at superior
1687:
19998:
19816:
18888:
18443:
18423:
18318:
13500:
10607:
9790:
Normile, Dennis (7 May 2010). "Mission to probe Venus's curious winds and test solar sail for propulsion".
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years later, according to the study, another impact reversed the planet's spin direction and the resulting
2295:
1364:
18806:
17438:
15941:
13413:
Goldstein, R. M.; Carpenter, R. L. (1963). "Rotation of Venus: Period Estimated from Radar Measurements".
1711:
Venusian craters range from 3 to 280 km (2 to 174 mi) in diameter. No craters are smaller than 3
19806:
18963:
18489:
18418:
18383:
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and set in the east, although Venus's opaque clouds prevent observing the Sun from the planet's surface.
1715:
km, because of the effects of the dense atmosphere on incoming objects. Objects with less than a certain
18403:
4906:
4277:
Besides the Venus symbol, many other symbols have been associated with Venus, other common ones are the
3155:
was launched and successfully deployed science experiments in the Venusian atmosphere before impacting.
19929:
19205:
18878:
18679:
18562:
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18511:
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15178:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences
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7693:
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5423:
4748:
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2505:
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12585:. Science and Civilisation in China. Vol. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 398.
11001:
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of 584 days, on average. The path that Venus makes in relation to Earth viewed geocentrically draws a
19890:
19142:
19119:
18721:
18696:
18506:
17325:
17320:
16693:
16622:
16587:
13199:
12183:
10721:
10643:
10180:
Kranopol'skii, V. A. (1980). "Lightning on Venus according to Information Obtained by the Satellites
8640:
8410:
4624:
4590:
3616:
3565:
3448:
3205:
3099:
3037:
2809:
2355:
1944:
1733:
1402:
1398:
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cloud cover. At the surface it has a mean temperature of 737 K (464 °C; 867 °F) and a
142:
17434:
14732:
Izenberg, Noam R.; McNutt, Ralph L.; Runyon, Kirby D.; Byrne, Paul K.; MacDonald, Alexander (2021).
10309:
Russell, C. T.; Zhang, T. L.; Delva, M.; Magnes, W.; Strangeway, R. J.; Wei, H. Y. (November 2007).
7460:
7281:"The frequency-area distribution of volcanic units on Venus: Implications for planetary resurfacing"
4893:
1096:
for prograde rotation puts Ishtar Terra in the negative hemisphere and makes the axial tilt 177.36°.
19430:
19012:
18617:
17048:
16494:
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12640:
12347:
8309:
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theorized that both Mercury and Venus were located between the Sun and the Earth. The 11th-century
2757:
1864:
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to be much weaker than that of Earth. This magnetic field is induced by an interaction between the
1483:
701:
13524:
13497:
Preliminary Report, COSPAR Twelfth Plenary Meeting and Tenth International Space Science Symposium
12118:
11569:
9833:
Lorenz, Ralph D.; Lunine, Jonathan I.; Withers, Paul G.; McKay, Christopher P. (1 February 2001).
9011:
3524:
In August 2019, astronomers led by Yeon Joo Lee reported that long-term pattern of absorbance and
3085:
in its disk, suggesting a slow rotation, and some astronomers concluded based on this that it was
1146:
of 92 times that of Earth's at sea level. These extreme conditions compress carbon dioxide into a
19801:
19393:
18701:
18528:
18175:
18079:
17986:
17686:
17536:
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15480:. American lectures on the history of religions. Vol. 10. G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 300.
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3654:
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2543:
2453:
2267:
1229:
680:
514:
421:
374:
321:
307:
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12211:
6012:(9 March 1984). "Sulfur Dioxide: Episodic Injection Shows Evidence for Active Venus Volcanism".
5170:
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considered Venus to be the most important celestial body after the Sun and Moon. They called it
3414:
visible light footage (2021) of the nightside, showing the hot faintly glowing surface, and its
3337:
for the first time achieving atmospheric flight outside Earth by employing inflatable balloons.
1658:
Sun and because objects would require higher orbital eccentricities to collide with the planet.
19748:
19738:
18706:
18644:
18592:
18582:
18567:
18518:
18378:
18308:
17724:
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17215:
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15995:
15702:
15543:
15307:
10220:
9642:"Why Is Venus So Bright? Here's How Its Proximity to Earth, Highly Reflected Clouds Affects It"
9560:
Krasnopolsky, V. A.; Parshev, V. A. (1981). "Chemical composition of the atmosphere of Venus".
8124:"The deep atmosphere of Venus and the possible role of density-driven separation of CO2 and N2"
6550:"Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements: 2006"
6095:
5171:"Radiative energy balance of Venus based on improved models of the middle and lower atmosphere"
4888:
4821:"Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements: 2006"
4184:
4003:", the traditional two Greek names continued to be used, though usually translated to Latin as
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In December 2015, and to a lesser extent in April and May 2016, researchers working on Japan's
2044:
Types of cloud layers, as well as temperature and pressure change by altitude in the atmosphere
2016:
1814:
1608:
Radar mosaic of two 65 km (40 mi) wide (and less than 1 km (0.62 mi) high)
1587:
1575:
1522:
1241:
1206:
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35:
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15053:
14702:
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9664:
2920:, despite remaining near the Sun in Earth's sky (first image). This proved that it orbits the
1501:
are named after historical and mythological women. Exceptions are Maxwell Montes, named after
19983:
19918:
Missions are ordered by launch date. indicates failure en route or before any data returned.
19900:
19875:
19854:
19703:
19610:
19261:
19255:
19168:
19072:
18999:
18873:
18726:
18689:
18577:
18572:
17372:
17249:
17238:
17130:
17074:
17042:
17037:
16788:
16783:
16778:
16773:
16763:
16758:
16363:
16333:
15090:
15019:
14789:
13673:
13599:
12816:
11969:
11098:
10905:
10875:
10809:
10805:
9994:
9727:
100 watts per square meter ... 14,000 lux ... corresponds to ... daytime with overcast clouds
7145:
6176:
5510:
4960:
4637:
4603:
4189:
3692:
3623:
3561:
3424:
3371:
3342:
3279:
3271:
3237:
regions. The observations revealed a bright region attributed to mountains, which was called
2962:
2605:
2601:
2102:
1876:
to lower-mass hydrogen in the atmosphere 100 times compared to the rest of the solar system.
1741:
1675:
1554:
1409:
The Venusian surface was a subject of speculation until some of its secrets were revealed by
1303:
815:
487:
18741:
15694:
15504:
15247:
14404:
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9618:
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have consistently lower thermal emissivity than the surrounding basaltic plains measured by
1339:. Conditions on the Venusian surface differ radically from those on Earth because its dense
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18587:
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17474:
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17409:
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15185:
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14138:
13997:
13873:
13819:
13608:
13555:
13422:
13352:
13290:
13255:
13208:
13153:
13106:
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12979:
12904:
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12388:
11751:
11676:
11534:
11318:
11259:
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11157:
11138:
Sheppard, Scott S.; Trujillo, Chadwick A. (July 2009). "A Survey for Satellites of Venus".
11107:
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11016:
10959:
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10549:
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9194:
9128:
9083:
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8925:
8860:
8794:
8737:
8653:
8602:
8555:
8484:
8472:"Possible cometary origin of heavy noble gases in the atmospheres of Venus, Earth and Mars"
8423:
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6285:
6141:
6087:
6023:
5710:
5616:
5470:
5358:
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5185:
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5082:
5071:"Report of the IAU Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements: 2015"
5005:
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4834:
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operated in orbit until deorbiting, mapping the surface of Venus. Furthermore, probes like
3017:
2874:
2620:
2423:
2239:
2079:
1829:
1604:
1380:
1355:), and the average surface temperature is 737 K (464 °C; 867 °F), above the
1323:
1143:
976:
343:
17413:
17411:
14324:
13643:
7763:
7429:
7249:
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5784:
5261:"Revisiting the cosmic-ray induced Venusian radiation dose in the context of habitability"
3047:
Spectroscopic observations in the 1900s gave the first clues about the Venusian rotation.
2825:
2445:, the minimum distances will become greater over tens of thousands of years. From the year
8:
19374:
19086:
18975:
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16562:
16119:
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10507:
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Moshkin, B. E.; Ekonomov, A. P.; Golovin, Iu. M. (1979). "Dust on the surface of Venus".
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5879:
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Venus is a primary feature of the night sky, and so has been of remarkable importance in
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3226:
3109:
3013:
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2946:
first observed the planet with a telescope in the early 17th century, he found it showed
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1885:
1502:
1360:
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1131:
432:
17894:
17773:
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16547:
16421:
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16220:
15852:
15844:
15825:
Stearn, William T. (May 1968). "The Origin of the Male and Female Symbols of Biology".
15767:
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10778:
10751:
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9316:
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9184:
9154:
9069:
9025:
8823:
8784:
8772:
8727:
8591:"Volcanic degassing of argon and helium and the history of crustal production on Venus"
8516:
8349:
8162:
8101:
8019:
7968:
7942:
7641:
7491:
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7051:
7014:
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6807:
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6392:
6353:
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5272:
5151:
5125:
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4995:
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4057:
In India, Shukra Graha ("the planet Shukra") is named after the powerful saint Shukra.
4051:
3964:
3719:
3680:
3541:
3499:
3433:
2929:
2881:, though this cannot be true as there were no Venus transits in Ibn Bajjah's lifetime.
2749:
2664:
2572:
2488:
2395:
2383:
2363:
2332:
2151:
2075:
2004:
1841:
1708:
million years, subduction occurs on an enormous scale, completely recycling the crust.
1647:
1599:
1570:
Studies reported on 26 October 2023 suggest for the first time that Venus may have had
1455:
1431:
1331:
1306:
beside the Sun, arranged by the order of their orbits outward from the Sun (from left:
1300:
1178:
1119:
1088:
Defining the rotation as retrograde, as done by NASA space missions and the USGS, puts
929:
17867:
17830:
13032:
Mikhail Lomonosov and the discovery of the atmosphere of Venus during the 1761 transit
12756:
11028:
10971:
9959:
9425:
9095:
7825:
7792:
4563:
3955:, and later depicting it two-headed with human or falco heads, and associated it with
3454:
Venus has been identified for future research as an important case for understanding:
3005:
2028:
and higher elevations exceeding evaporation temperature. The putative detection of an
19664:
19553:
19548:
19543:
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15516:
15505:
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15400:
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15221:
15201:
15141:
15096:
15059:
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14775:
14763:
14576:
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14251:
14239:
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14154:
13911:
13899:
13845:
13679:
13628:
13571:
13438:
13126:
13001:
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12861:
12822:
12795:
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12644:
12594:
12497:
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12281:
12236:
11853:
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11704:
11692:
11554:
11340:
11281:
11272:
11235:
11219:
11192:
11078:
10911:
10815:
10639:"Could the Migration of Jupiter Have Accelerated the Atmospheric Evolution of Venus?"
10407:
10343:
10247:
10162:
10114:
10002:
9815:
9772:
9504:
9433:
9396:
9320:
9222:
9210:
9158:
9146:
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8828:
8810:
8753:
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8571:
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7019:
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5903:
5883:
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5601:
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5456:
5310:
5298:
5155:
5098:
5070:
5025:
4819:
Seidelmann, P. Kenneth; Archinal, Brent A.; A'Hearn, Michael F.; et al. (2007).
4584:
4278:
4134:
4000:
3848:
3839:
3821:
3813:
3782:
3731:
3580:
3364:(2006/2007) visited Venus with flybys en route to other destinations. In April 2006,
3241:. These three features are now the only ones on Venus that do not have female names.
3001:
2989:
2966:
2740:
2656:
2652:
2539:
2419:
2219:
2181:
of Venus streams outwards in a manner similar to "the ion tail seen streaming from a
1932:
1745:
1410:
1069:
1063:
993:
733:
690:
498:
313:
297:
31:
17950:
16025:
15954:
15856:
14758:
14733:
14059:
13583:
13546:
Campbell, D. B.; Dyce, R. B.; Pettengill, G. H. (1976). "New radar image of Venus".
13450:
12711:
Goldstein, Bernard R. (March 1972). "Theory and Observation in Medieval Astronomy".
12301:
11177:
11057:
Gold, T.; Soter, S. (1969). "Atmospheric Tides and the Resonant Rotation of Venus".
9967:
9873:
9278:
8972:
8353:
8105:
7645:
7234:
6966:
6161:
6051:
5730:
5378:
3461:
how planetary bodies evolve from their primordial states to today's diverse objects.
2210:
2146:
1704:
they reach a critical level that weakens the crust. Then, over a period of about 100
19647:
19533:
19226:
18987:
18791:
18781:
18674:
18649:
18059:
18029:
17874:
17748:
17588:
17453:
17300:
17295:
16850:
16750:
16730:
16688:
16527:
16522:
16348:
16134:
16091:
15970:
15836:
15762:
15746:
15243:
15193:
14957:
14864:
14824:
14753:
14568:
14505:
14457:
14408:
14231:
14146:
14047:
14038:
14005:
13889:
13881:
13835:
13827:
13616:
13563:
13430:
13360:
13263:
13216:
13161:
13114:
13047:
12987:
12912:
12730:
12685:
12485:
12273:
12224:
11759:
11724:
11684:
11626:
11542:
11326:
11267:
11214:
11165:
11115:
11074:
11024:
10967:
10670:
10557:
10454:
10393:
10355:
10335:
10318:
10243:
10152:
10100:
9955:
9861:
9811:
9807:
9762:
9710:
9622:
9589:
9577:
9490:
9421:
9382:
9308:
9202:
9136:
9091:
8933:
8849:; Bullock, M. A. (October 2007). "Searching for Evidence of Past Oceans on Venus".
8818:
8802:
8745:
8661:
8610:
8563:
8520:
8492:
8431:
8146:
8077:
8023:
8003:
7960:
7915:
7848:
7788:
7726:
7625:
7545:
7483:
7353:
7303:
7220:
7137:
7046:
7036:
6954:
6917:
6799:
6718:
6642:
6569:
6521:
6345:
6293:
6149:
6105:
6078:
6031:
5718:
5624:
5607:
5478:
5461:
5366:
5290:
5193:
5143:
5090:
5013:
4898:
4871:
4842:
4796:
4726:
4426:
h. But the correct speed must be relative to inertial space, so the stellar day of
4338:
4330:
4267:
4177:
4109:
3790:
3773:
3768:
3758:
3530:
3504:
3333:
missions carried the last entry probes and carried the first ever extraterrestrial
3074:
radiation. He suggested this was due to a dense, yellow lower atmosphere with high
3021:
2970:
2955:
2933:
2862:
2596:
2399:
2351:
2294:
Venusian solar days. To an observer on the surface of Venus, the Sun would rise in
2287:
2108:
imaged a highly reflective substance at the tops of the highest mountain peaks, a "
1936:
1822:
1757:
1533:
1384:
1376:
1307:
1284:
1256:
1248:
1194:
1158:
1057:
956:
791:
654:
464:
290:
240:
202:
147:
77:
16248:
15360:
14979:
14562:
14412:
13567:
13465:
12938:
Fegley Jr, B. (2003). "Venus". In Holland, Heinrich D.; Turekian, Karl K. (eds.).
10422:
9495:
9206:
7280:
7100:
6305:
6297:
6113:
6035:
5294:
4801:
4776:
3599:. Among their responsibilities is the development of recommendations for avoiding
1779:. Instead, Venus may lose its internal heat in periodic major resurfacing events.
1665:, in the form of four transient localized infrared hot spots within the rift zone
1661:
In 2008 and 2009, the first direct evidence for ongoing volcanism was observed by
1517:. The last three features were named before the current system was adopted by the
1489:
1393:
1267:
and the Sun. In 1961, Venus became the target of the first interplanetary flight,
19849:
19563:
19367:
18858:
18756:
18664:
18555:
18533:
18330:
18274:
18264:
18054:
18034:
18003:
17991:
17945:
17933:
17837:
17820:
17780:
17758:
17753:
16990:
16888:
16740:
16612:
16602:
16582:
16552:
16537:
16517:
16512:
16507:
16502:
16190:
15983:
15902:
15827:
15394:
14564:
Assessment of Planetary Protection Requirements for Venus Missions: Letter Report
14298:"NASA chief calls for prioritizing Venus after surprise find hints at alien life"
14009:
13519:
13434:
12056:
11847:
11169:
9141:
9114:"Constraints on a potential aerial biosphere on Venus: II. Ultraviolet radiation"
8846:
8665:
8081:
7661:
7549:
7459:
Dumoulin, C.; Tobie, G.; Verhoeven, O.; Rosenblatt, P.; Rambaux, N. (June 2017).
7307:
7253:
7075:"Early, Energetic Collisions Could Have Fueled Venus Volcanism: Study | Sci.News"
6066:
5197:
5147:
4568:
4271:
4246:
4206:
4105:
4101:
4064:
3872:
3825:
3801:
3553:
3415:
3138:
3131:
3082:
3056:
2978:
2947:
2943:
2917:
2913:
2817:
2671:
2580:
2531:
2517:
2493:
2322:
2318:
2067:
2048:
2029:
1911:
1818:
1761:
1618:
1571:
1564:
1544:
1451:
1252:
1186:
1162:
1093:
1039:
1021:
909:
746:
668:
647:
11735:
8274:
6590:
6475:
5807:
5392:
5370:
1216:
The rotation of Venus has been slowed and turned against its orbital direction (
555:
282:
19988:
19754:
19111:
18842:
18622:
18612:
18550:
18413:
18340:
18301:
18222:
18195:
18049:
18023:
17913:
17884:
17862:
17852:
17842:
17795:
17343:
16735:
16657:
16642:
16532:
16459:
16454:
16431:
16426:
16368:
16328:
16308:
16258:
16243:
16057:
15735:"Sex symbols ancient and modern: their origins and iconography on the pedigree"
15507:
The Japanese numbers game: the use and understanding of numbers in modern Japan
14509:
14091:
13894:
13885:
13747:
13669:
12916:
12713:
12689:
12578:
10943:
Correia, Alexandre C. M.; Laskar, Jacques; De Surgy, Olivier Néron (May 2003).
10683:
10105:
10070:
9387:
9348:
9107:
9105:
8914:"Runaway and moist greenhouse atmospheres and the evolution of Earth and Venus"
8305:
7964:
7405:
5628:
5482:
5017:
4282:
4238:
4113:
4094:
3920:
3880:
3852:
3797:
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3513:
3318:
3238:
3219:
3086:
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2624:
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2427:
2205:
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1952:
1907:
1810:
1794:
1776:
1753:
1716:
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1529:
1447:
1280:
1237:
1233:
1225:
1154:
1135:
1009:
392:
354:
276:
121:
19811:
15750:
14872:
14828:
14725:
13052:
12992:
12964:
11546:
10157:
10132:
9626:
9312:
9113:
8435:
7015:"Present-day volcanism on Venus as evidenced from weathering rates of olivine"
6722:
6574:
6549:
6256:(27 May 2024) Rivers of Lava on Venus Reveal a More Volcanically Active Planet
5530:
5094:
4847:
4820:
3995:(Ἕσπερος), meaning "Western one", for the evening star, both children of dawn
3730:" in the Venusian atmosphere, an alternative to the popular idea of living on
3451:
as well as multiple proposed missions still in their early conceptual stages.
2214:
Venus is the second planet from the Sun, making a full orbit in about 224 days
19977:
19287:
19199:
18941:
18921:
18501:
18234:
18217:
18038:
17955:
17918:
17889:
17879:
17847:
17825:
17805:
17768:
17741:
17736:
17731:
17310:
17113:
16816:
16617:
16542:
16474:
16464:
16318:
16298:
16278:
16162:
15950:
15801:
15758:
15426:
Hindu Rites, Rituals, Customs and Traditions: A to Z on the Hindu Way of Life
15205:
15145:
14919:"Colonization of the Venusian Clouds: Is 'Surfacism' Clouding Our Judgement?"
14767:
14462:
14435:
13903:
13220:
13166:
12619:
12442:
12285:
11771:
11728:
11696:
11688:
10901:
10166:
9776:
9214:
9150:
8909:
8814:
8757:
8673:
8624:
8575:
8504:
8443:
8158:
8089:
8039:
Prospects for an ancient dynamo and modern crustal remnant magnetism on Venus
7860:
7637:
6730:
6656:
6219:
5490:
5302:
5102:
4367:
Misstated as "Ganiki Chasma" in the press release and scientific publication.
4242:
4230:
4222:
4165:
4160:
4153:
4035:
3916:
3739:
3487:
3474:
3437:
3366:
3063:
3052:
3048:
2903:
2772:
The Chinese historically referred to the morning Venus as "the Great White" (
2745:
2568:
2326:
2255:
2137:
2125:
2063:
2012:
1806:
1691:
1627:
1549:
1479:
1470:
1348:
1202:
1174:
1139:
987:
891:
405:
128:
19220:
15477:
Religion in China: universism. a key to the study of Taoism and Confucianism
14531:
14032:
13309:
12893:
Palmieri, Paolo (2001). "Galileo and the discovery of the phases of Venus".
12027:"Inferential Evidence for the Pre-telescopic Sighting of the Crescent Venus"
11603:
11484:"Parker Solar Probe Captures First Complete View of Venus Orbital Dust Ring"
10069:
McClintock, William M.; Holsclaw, Gregory; Roman, Anthony (26 August 2019).
9102:
8764:
5681:
4556:
4075:, it is held to affect wealth, pleasure and reproduction; it was the son of
3571:
Members of the team around Greaves, are working as part of a project by the
3378:
provided unprecedented observation of Venus's atmosphere. ESA concluded the
2262:
once every 243 Earth days—the slowest rotation of any planet. This Venusian
2246:
2040:
19943:
19859:
19019:
19005:
18796:
18751:
18408:
18291:
18185:
18125:
18108:
17928:
17906:
17857:
17815:
17800:
17785:
17651:
17610:
17575:
17395:
17220:
17056:
17025:
16811:
16484:
16479:
16353:
16338:
16268:
16253:
16195:
15776:
15197:
14975:
14243:
14158:
13856:
13849:
13575:
13442:
12489:
12277:
12228:
12026:
11331:
11296:
10347:
9819:
8945:
8832:
8512:
8471:
8097:
8015:
7357:
7060:
7041:
6829:
Karttunen, Hannu; Kroger, P.; Oja, H.; Poutanen, M.; Donner, K. J. (2007).
6546:
6109:
6043:
5871:
5457:"Evidence of ongoing volcanic activity on Venus revealed by Magellan radar"
4923:
4902:
4214:
4201:
4039:
3860:
3701:
3672:
3537:
3484:
3075:
3016:
observed a complete ring around the dark side of the planet when it was at
2840:, both of which are literal translations of their traditional Greek names.
2675:
2371:
2302:
2263:
2193:
2162:
1890:
1749:
1666:
1609:
1582:. Venus has gained interest as a case for research into the development of
1435:
1336:
1190:
1089:
1033:
15092:
Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary
14235:
14150:
12262:
Woolley, Richard (1969). "Captain Cook and the Transit of Venus of 1769".
11002:"Long-Term Evolution of the Spin of Venus, Part II: Numerical Simulations"
10398:
10385:
9170:
9168:
8689:"Venus was once more Earth-like, but climate change made it uninhabitable"
2575:
once witnessed a daytime apparition of the planet while at a reception in
1856:
Another possibility is that the absence of a late, large impact on Venus (
1748:, little direct information is available about the internal structure and
1694:
on the surface of Venus (false-colour image reconstructed from radar data)
19192:
19060:
19054:
18837:
18825:
18820:
18771:
18746:
18716:
18711:
18659:
18654:
18479:
18393:
18352:
18313:
18190:
18015:
17938:
17901:
17790:
17137:
16469:
16393:
16343:
16293:
16283:
16233:
16228:
16157:
15564:
15336:
14888:"A Look Into Whether Humans Should Try to Colonize Venus Instead of Mars"
13957:
13831:
11750:(6). American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA): 776–783.
10675:
10638:
10637:
Kane, S. R.; Vervoort, P.; Horner, J.; Pozuelos, P. J. (September 2020).
9865:
9835:"Titan, Mars and Earth: Entropy Production by Latitudinal Heat Transport"
9239:
8806:
8749:
7487:
7225:
7198:
6922:
6891:
6803:
6647:
5722:
5455:
Sulcanese, Davide; Mitri, Giuseppe; Mastrogiuseppe, Marco (27 May 2024).
4245:. This gendered association of Venus and Mars has been used to pair them
4234:
3928:
3464:
the development of conditions leading to habitable environments and life.
3441:
3230:
3041:
2713:
2475:
2464:
2362:, but most were determined to be stars in the vicinity. Alex Alemi's and
2025:
1895:
1868:
1654:, a volcanic product that would weather quickly on the planet's surface.
1528:
The longitude of physical features on Venus is expressed relative to its
1506:
1092:
in the northern hemisphere and makes the axial tilt 2.64°. Following the
828:
809:
798:
771:
50:
15965:
15238:
Quack, Joachim Friedrich (23 May 2019). "The Planets in Ancient Egypt".
14348:"Update: Life Above Hell? Serious doubt cast on Venus phosphine finding"
13743:"Venus Express Out Of Gas; Mission Concludes, Spacecraft On Death Watch"
11234:
De la Fuente Marcos, Carlos; De la Fuente Marcos, Raúl (November 2012).
10781:. Canadian Astronomy, Satellite Tracking and Optical Research (CASTOR).
10339:
10311:"Lightning on Venus inferred from whistler-mode waves in the ionosphere"
8007:
6322:
Strom, Robert G.; Schaber, Gerald G.; Dawson, Douglas D. (25 May 1994).
4100:
In Chinese the planet is called Jīn-xīng (金星), the golden planet of the
3951:), calling it "the crosser" or "star with crosses", associating it with
3847:
a symbol used in some cultures for Venus, and sometimes combined into a
3229:, and the echoes revealed two highly reflective regions, designated the
19583:
19578:
19331:
19079:
19026:
18766:
18345:
17923:
17017:
16943:
16918:
16703:
16698:
16388:
16383:
16378:
16358:
16288:
16238:
16200:
16172:
16167:
15872:"Love/Hate Reads: 'Men Are From Mars, Women Are From Venus,' Revisited"
15848:
15390:
15020:"Aphrodite and the Gods of Love: Roman Venus (Getty Villa Exhibitions)"
14948:
Whitney, Charles A. (September 1986). "The Skies of Vincent van Gogh".
14703:"Astronauts bound for Mars should swing by Venus first, scientists say"
14023:
13620:
12697:
12377:
Baum, R. M. (2000). "The enigmatic ashen light of Venus: an overview".
10910:. Translated by Dunlop, Storm. Cambridge University Press. p. 40.
9722:
9165:
8880:"NASA Study: Massive Volcanism May Have Altered Ancient Venus' Climate"
6525:
6153:
4348:
4226:
3982:
3977:
3576:
3495:
3386:
3234:
3213:
3175:), and discovered that Venus's atmosphere was considerably denser than
3062:
The first ultraviolet observations were carried out in the 1920s, when
3009:
2925:
2870:
2866:
2829:
2821:
2576:
2341:
2178:
2109:
2094:
2090:
1948:
1940:
1903:
1833:
1802:
1798:
1631:
1579:
1514:
1510:
1352:
1340:
1221:
1170:
983:
872:
726:
544:
14868:
14380:
14051:
12293:
11453:"What Scientists Found After Sifting Through Dust in the Solar System"
11294:
11233:
9458:
8615:
8590:
7919:
7658:
7577:"We've measured the size of Venus's planetary core for the first time"
7142:"Transient hot spots on Venus: Best evidence yet for active volcanism"
6349:
4818:
2808:
The ancient Greeks initially believed Venus to be two separate stars:
1427:
in the atmosphere may indicate that there have been recent eruptions.
1423:
in 1990–91. The ground shows evidence of extensive volcanism, and the
1232:
of any pair of Solar System planets. This allows Venus to be the most
19776:
19771:
19573:
19568:
19558:
19538:
19481:
19476:
19471:
19466:
19461:
19381:
19351:
19346:
19341:
19336:
19326:
19311:
19281:
19276:
19271:
19232:
19040:
19033:
18462:
18428:
18259:
18180:
18103:
18098:
18069:
17810:
17763:
17632:
17615:
17290:
17100:
17010:
17003:
16996:
16983:
16978:
16973:
16968:
16963:
16958:
16953:
16908:
16893:
16883:
16323:
16303:
16273:
16263:
15595:
The Book of Chumayel: The Counsel Book of the Yucatec Maya, 1539–1638
15213:
10561:
10512:
9581:
8496:
8150:
6958:
5842:"Here's Carl Sagan's original essay on the dangers of climate change"
4072:
3972:
3856:
3809:
3545:
3360:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3284:
3266:
3191:
3126:
2766:
2761:
2736:
2609:
2484:
2283:
2223:
2113:
2033:
2000:
1873:
1837:
1670:
912:
894:
381:
197:
57:
18064:
15989:
15840:
13776:"Parker Solar Probe Captures Visible Light Images of Venus' Surface"
13194:
13141:
11295:
De la Fuente Marcos, Carlos; De la Fuente Marcos, Raúl (June 2013).
10538:
9714:
8913:
8382:
6323:
6274:
Nimmo, F.; McKenzie, D. (1998). "Volcanism and Tectonics on Venus".
4745:
3718:(Сергей Житомирский, 1929–2004) in 1971 and NASA aerospace engineer
2024:
at elevations of 54 to 48 km, with lower elevations inhibiting
19723:
19622:
19456:
19451:
19446:
19425:
19420:
19415:
19410:
19321:
19305:
19266:
19093:
18931:
18398:
18254:
18239:
17974:
17681:
17529:
17305:
17169:
17159:
16948:
16938:
16933:
16928:
16923:
16913:
16903:
16898:
16863:
16798:
16373:
15670:
Life on Other Worlds: The 20th-Century Extraterrestrial Life Debate
15129:
14572:
14492:
14452:
14395:
14226:
14133:
13365:
13340:
13267:
13118:
12734:
12426:
12179:
11763:
11120:
11093:
10657:
10427:
10087:
9477:
9369:
9295:
9189:
8789:
8732:
8204:
7947:
5602:"Venus's atmospheric nitrogen explained by ancient plate tectonics"
5353:
5277:
5130:
5043:
5000:
4516:
has brought the only non-Soviet probes to enter the atmosphere, as
4422:
km/h is obtained by dividing Earth's equatorial circumference by 24
4213:
The symbol of a circle with a small cross beneath is the so-called
4068:
4010:
3991:
3868:
3844:
3723:
3260:
3250:
3244:
3200:
3151:
3145:
3113:
3071:
2894:
2858:
2845:
2837:
2813:
2230:), and completes an orbit every 224.7 days. Although all planetary
1789:
1642:
1344:
1276:
1268:
1015:
448:
15620:
Star Gods of The Mayans: Astronomy in Art, Folklore, and Calendars
13798:
13339:
Mayer, C. H.; McCullough, T. P.; Sloanaker, R. M. (January 1958).
13195:"A Spectrographic Investigation of the Rotation Velocity of Venus"
11529:
11313:
11254:
11152:
3923:
possibly knew by the second millennium BC or at the latest by the
3767:
Venus is portrayed just to the right of the large cypress tree in
3664:, demonstrating that they should be quicker and safer missions to
3309:
2410:
2173:
layer exists high in the atmosphere of Venus. On 29 January 2013,
1728:
19670:
18335:
18323:
18249:
17642:
17620:
17495:
17480:
17154:
16637:
14332:
12559:
Heimpel, W. (1982). "A catalogue of Near Eastern Venus deities".
11809:
9852:, University of Arizona Lunar and Planetary Laboratory: 415–418.
9112:
Patel, M.R.; Mason, J.P.; Nordheim, T.A.; Dartnell, L.R. (2022).
7196:
5697:
5259:
Herbst, K.; Banjac, S; Atri D.; Nordheim, T. A (1 January 2020).
4259:
4004:
3876:
3864:
3683:
crewed flyby missions to Venus, though they were never realized.
3407:
3334:
2850:
2833:
2467:
on Earth, after the Moon and the Sun, though significantly less.
2235:
1894:
Cloud structure of the Venusian atmosphere, made visible through
1850:
1772:
1768:
1651:
1623:
1466:
1443:
1424:
858:
633:
458:
15622:. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. pp. 200–204, 383.
13038:. Vol. 2004. Cambridge University Press. pp. 209–219.
12348:"Transits of Venus, Six Millennium Catalog: 2000 BCE to 4000 CE"
11227:
11191:
Mikkola, S.; Brasser, R.; Wiegert, P.; Innanen, K. (July 2004).
8037:
O'Rourke, Joseph; Gillmann, Cedric; Tackley, Paul (April 2019).
7458:
3124:
The first successful interplanetary mission, also to Venus, was
2984:
2704:
The next transit will occur in December 2117 and December 2125.
2619:
of Venus is the appearance of Venus in front of the Sun, during
2546:). Venus shows a larger disc and "quarter phase" at its maximum
1473:, demonstrating that the surface is relatively young, at 300–600
19837:
19517:
19512:
19491:
19486:
19387:
19361:
19356:
19316:
18776:
17967:
17962:
17676:
17671:
17637:
17625:
17570:
17522:
17515:
17490:
17485:
17364:
17094:
17066:
17061:
17030:
16857:
14476:
13862:
12676:
Dobbin, Robert (2002). "An Ironic Allusion at "Aeneid" 1.374".
11092:
Shapiro, I. I.; Campbell, D. B.; De Campli, W. M. (June 1979).
7932:
6617:
4546:
4263:
4059:
4031:
4023:
3989:(Ἠωσϕόρος), meaning "dawn-bringer"), for the morning star, and
3968:
3952:
3829:
3817:
3525:
3490:
might exist in the cooler, acidic upper layers of the Venusian
3390:
3329:
3323:
3313:
Global topographic map of Venus, with all probe landings marked
3118:
3028:
from the motions of markings on the planet's apparent surface.
3004:. Venus's atmosphere was observed in 1790 by German astronomer
2712:
A long-standing mystery of Venus observations is the so-called
2679:
2522:
2218:
Venus orbits the Sun at an average distance of about 0.72
2132:
2117:
1646:(discussed below) could originate from volcanic activity (i.e.
1560:
1439:
1415:
1359:
of both major constituents and making the surface atmosphere a
1343:
is 96.5% carbon dioxide, with most of the remaining 3.5% being
1111:
1045:
844:
782:
581:
13804:
12514:
The Exact Transmission of Texts in the First Millennium B.C.E.
12001:"What equipment do you need to see and photograph the planets"
11787:"Welcome to Cloud City: The case for going to Venus, not Mars"
6435:
Proceedings of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference XXII
5219:
5067:
3012:
of sunlight in a dense atmosphere. Later, American astronomer
2238:, Venus's orbit is currently the closest to circular, with an
1213:
evaporated any water and turned Venus into its present state.
255:
223:
180:
86:
18093:
17666:
17598:
17508:
17463:
12618:. Translated by Healy, John F. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, UK:
11512:
7526:"Venus' internal structure, temperature and core composition"
7431:
Introduction to planetary science: the geological perspective
6936:
4730:
4079:, preceptor of the Daityas, and guru of the Asuras. The word
4076:
4019:
3956:
3948:
3944:
3833:
3749:
is a mission concept that proposed a crewed aerostat design.
3706:
3411:
2663:
of a Venus transit (after history's first observed planetary
2492:
visible when the Sun is low on the horizon or setting. As an
2282:
minutes. Because of the retrograde rotation, the length of a
2231:
2182:
2170:
1311:
1198:
1127:
1027:
300:
162:
14524:
13495:"Report on the Activities of the COSPAR Working Group VII".
11741:
11629:, professor of planetary geosciences at the Open University.
11604:"BBC Radio 4—More or Less, Sugar, Outdoors Play and Planets"
11190:
10608:"Venus Smiled, With a Mysterious Wave Across Its Atmosphere"
6700:
5454:
4862:
Konopliv, A. S.; Banerdt, W. B.; Sjogren, W. L. (May 1999).
4616:
4120:
cultures refer to the planet literally as the "metal star" (
3222:
ever used, a technique which would be used by later probes.
3070:
revealed considerable detail that was absent in visible and
1228:
of 1.6 years. Venus and Earth have the lowest difference in
211:
17719:
17603:
17468:
14355:
14267:"Scientists find gas linked to life in atmosphere of Venus"
10747:
9768:
10.1175/1520-0469(1990)047<2053:CTWFVO>2.0.CO;2
8469:
Owen, Tobias; Bar-Nun, Akiva; Kleinfeld, Idit (July 1992).
8036:
7853:
10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0987:WDVLAM>2.0.CO;2
7630:
10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0987:WDVLAM>2.0.CO;2
5976:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Elsevier Science & Technology.
5258:
4927:
4376:
The equatorial speed of Earth is given as both about 1674.4
4027:
3960:
3735:
3665:
3549:
2958:
that the Solar System was concentric and centred on Earth.
2820:
credited the realization that they were a single object to
2535:
2370:
shows Venus likely had at least one moon created by a huge
2306:
2227:
1574:
during ancient times and, as a result, may have had a more
1462:
1319:
1315:
1283:
on Earth. This finding ended the theories and then popular
1264:
1051:
606:
261:
258:
226:
214:
183:
171:
168:
92:
19938:
15726:
15587:
14440:
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters
14117:
13986:
13704:
12119:"Planet Venus Visible in Daytime Sky Today: How to See It"
11642:"Venus Close Approaches to Earth as predicted by Solex 11"
10945:"Long-Term Evolution of the Spin of Venus, Part I: Theory"
10845:. Venus Express. European Space Agency. 10 February 2012.
10636:
9353:
in the Clouds of Venus is Consistent with Mesospheric SO2"
9345:
9275:
9111:
8773:"Was Venus the first habitable world of our solar system?"
8631:
8199:. In Tilman, Spohn; Breuer, Doris; Johnson, T. V. (eds.).
8059:
7199:"Active volcanism on Venus in the Ganiki Chasma rift zone"
6828:
6595:. California: Jet Propulsion Laboratory. pp. 99–100.
5972:. In Tilman, Spohn; Breuer, Doris; Johnson, T. V. (eds.).
5666:(4th ed.). Boston: Sky Publishing. pp. 175–200.
2526:
The phases of Venus and evolution of its apparent diameter
159:
19842:
17448:
14731:
14560:
13597:
Colin, L.; Hall, C. (1977). "The Pioneer Venus Program".
13406:
13379:
12583:
Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth
12470:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
10691:"The length of a day on Venus is always changing – Space"
10067:
7985:
7402:
Proceedings of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference
7250:"Why the Discovery of an Active Volcano on Venus Matters"
6502:
4985:
3996:
3676:
3572:
3208:
and the first to transmit data from there back to Earth.
3121:
programme flying to Venus, but it lost contact en route.
2921:
2497:
2366:'s 2006 study of models of the early Solar System at the
2174:
2083:
2070:. Other possible constituents of the cloud particles are
1817:
provides negligible protection to the atmosphere against
1115:
454:
246:
208:
153:
16049:
14812:
13338:
12468:
Sachs, A. (1974). "Babylonian Observational Astronomy".
11422:"NASA's Parker Solar Probe Sees Venus Orbital Dust Ring"
11091:
9832:
9676:
ESA Blog Navigator – Navigator page for active ESA blogs
9174:
7896:
tidal Love number from Magellan and PVO tracking data".
5042:. International Astronomical Union. 2000. Archived from
3981:(Φωσϕόρος), meaning "light-bringer" (whence the element
3836:, who has been associated with the Roman goddess Venus.
3422:
As of 2023, the only active mission at Venus is Japan's
3382:
mission in December 2014 deorbiting it in January 2015.
2358:
and numerous sightings were reported over the following
14210:
13808:"Parker Solar Probe Imaging of the Night Side of Venus"
11664:
10308:
10173:
9672:"Venus and Earth: worlds apart – Transit of Venus blog"
9461:"Re-analysis of the 267 GHz ALMA observations of Venus"
9244:"Possible sign of life on Venus stirs up heated debate"
8188:
8137:(7). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 473–477.
8122:
Lebonnois, Sebastien; Schubert, Gerald (26 June 2017).
8030:
5876:
Volcanic worlds: exploring the Solar System's volcanoes
5693:
5691:
3630:
manoeuvres capturing some data about Venus on the way.
3483:
Some scientists have speculated that thermoacidophilic
2836:, literally "Light-Bringer", and the evening aspect as
2456:
difference to Earth than any other planet, needing the
15264:
13545:
13488:
9738:
9529:
9413:"More doubts cast on potential signs of life on Venus"
9271:
9269:
8711:
8638:
O'Rourke, Joseph G.; Korenaga, Jun (1 November 2015).
6178:
Planetology: Unlocking the Secrets of the Solar System
6058:
4861:
3908:
appear to parallel the motion of the planet Venus. In
2794:), and the evening Venus as "the Excellent West One" (
2719:
1275:, such as the first soft landing on another planet by
19927:
12821:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 75.
12524:, Department of Hebrew, Biblical and Jewish Studies.
11849:
NightWatch: A Practical Guide to Viewing the Universe
11717:
11297:"Asteroid 2012 XE133: A Transient Companion to Venus"
10993:
10942:
9993:
McGill, G. E.; Stofan, E. R.; Smrekar, S. E. (2010).
9739:
Rossow, W. B.; del Genio, A. D.; Eichler, T. (1990).
9339:
8973:"Venus' Atmosphere: Composition, Climate and Weather"
8770:
8411:"The origins of volatiles in the terrestrial planets"
7681:
7329:
7174:. European Space Agency. 18 June 2015. Archived from
6663:
6540:
6480:. California: Jet Propulsion Laboratory. p. 93.
5334:
5332:
5115:
3185:
In an early example of space cooperation the data of
3044:
observations that more of its secrets were revealed.
2795:
2784:
2773:
2655:, and hence the size of the Solar System as shown by
1446:
goddess of love, and is about the size of Australia.
264:
252:
229:
205:
186:
174:
165:
95:
89:
30:
This article is about the planet. For the deity, see
15904:
Symbols: Encyclopedia of Western Signs and Ideograms
15176:
Parker, R. A. (1974). "Ancient Egyptian Astronomy".
14734:"Venus Exploration in the New Human Spaceflight Age"
14470:
14016:
13662:
13539:
10532:
10213:
10211:
9741:"Cloud-tracked winds from Pioneer Venus OCPP images"
8637:
8468:
7710:
7652:
7568:
7435:. Springer eBook collection. Springer. p. 201.
7399:
6822:
6670:
Petkowski, Janusz; Seager, Sara (18 November 2021).
6123:
5688:
4520:
only briefly signals were received from the surface.
4292:
3824:), all of whom were associated with the planet. The
3024:
and Schröter incorrectly estimated periods of about
2843:
In the second century, in his astronomical treatise
2735:
Venus is in Earth's sky bright enough to be visible
2254:
All planets in the Solar System orbit the Sun in an
2250:
Venus and its rotation in respect to its revolution.
243:
220:
150:
83:
14374:
12808:
11940:"Venus: Twelve year planetary ephemeris, 1995–2006"
11184:
10936:
9992:
9559:
9523:
9452:
9266:
8783:(16). American Geophysical Union (AGU): 8376–8383.
8582:
7882:
7364:
7272:
6419:
5599:Weller, Matthew B.; et al. (26 October 2023).
5254:
5252:
4582:
3726:
for crewed exploration and possibly for permanent "
3697:
Floating cities and islands in fiction § Venus
2884:
249:
217:
156:
80:
14610:"Parker Solar Probe Primed for Fourth Venus Flyby"
14204:
14031:
13872:(1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 10.
13412:
13097:Russell, H. N. (1899). "The Atmosphere of Venus".
12757:"AVICENNA viii. Mathematics and Physical Sciences"
12210:
11946:. NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center. Archived from
10219:
9826:
9732:
9596:
9411:
8639:
8470:
8409:
8053:
7979:
7420:
6694:
6611:
6391:
6321:
5600:
5598:
5329:
4951:
4949:
4768:
4617:
4583:
4344:Physical properties of planets in the Solar System
4067:means "clear, pure" or "brightness, clearness" in
2628:transiting above Earth in a sequence of currently
1947:, Venus has been identified by scientists such as
15442:
15240:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Planetary Science
14782:
14316:
14111:
13332:
13146:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
12171:
11356:"Double Impact May Explain Why Venus Has No Moon"
11301:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
11241:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
11198:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
11000:Laskar, Jacques; De Surgy, Olivier Néron (2003).
10208:
10179:
10133:"Lightning detection on Venus: a critical review"
8871:
8641:"Thermal evolution of Venus with argon degassing"
8121:
7132:
7130:
7093:
6865:"Have Venusian volcanoes been caught in the act?"
6426:Batson, R.M.; Russell, J. F. (18–22 March 1991).
5168:
4979:
4703:"Horizons Web-Interface for Venus (Major Body=2)"
1165:. Venus lacks an internal dynamo, and its weakly
61:. A cloud layer permanently obscures the surface.
19975:
19141:
13590:
12265:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
11193:"Asteroid 2002 VE68: A Quasi-Satellite of Venus"
11137:
11050:
10126:
10124:
10063:
10061:
9925:
8845:
7889:Konopliv, A. S.; Yoder, C. F. (1996). "Venusian
6064:
5864:
5249:
5032:
4814:
4812:
3851:arrangement. Here the eight pointed star is the
3595:is a scientific organization established by the
3536:In September 2020, a team of astronomers led by
3403:List of missions to Venus § Future missions
3081:It had been noted that Venus had no discernible
2354:reported a moon orbiting Venus, which was named
2317:Venus has no natural satellites. It has several
1397:Color-coded elevation map, showing the elevated
1259:, Venus appears more prominent, since it is the
17408:
15271:Cattermole, Peter John; Moore, Patrick (1997).
15270:
15171:
15169:
15167:
15047:
15045:
14910:
13030:Marov, Mikhail Ya. (2004). Kurtz, D. W. (ed.).
12613:
12380:Journal of the British Astronomical Association
12217:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
12079:
11839:
10499:
10414:
10217:
10001:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 81–120.
8462:
7721:. In Shirley, J. H.; Fainbridge, R. W. (eds.).
7687:
7574:
7454:
7452:
7335:
6669:
6469:
6467:
5558:
5556:
5169:Haus, R.; Kappel, D.; Arnoldb, G. (July 2016).
4946:
4034:spoke of the star and its light. Poets such as
3707:High Altitude Venus Operational Concept (HAVOC)
3159:showed the surface temperature was hotter than
2015:from rising luminosity of the Sun and possibly
1169:is caused by atmospheric interactions with the
1134:of the terrestrial planets, composed mostly of
15790:
15788:
15786:
15467:
15233:
15231:
15130:"Inana and Šukaletuda: A Sumerian Astral Myth"
15095:. The British Museum Press. pp. 108–109.
14984:: A History of Matter and a Matter of History"
14850:
14848:
14322:
13635:
13341:"Observations of Venus at 3.15-cm Wave Length"
13281:Martz, Edwin P. Jr. (1934). "Venus and life".
12965:"William Crabtree's Venus transit observation"
12814:
12427:"Inana and Šukaletuda: A Sumerian Astral Myth"
11897:
11597:
11595:
11085:
10999:
9931:
9694:
9234:
9232:
7755:
7716:
7164:
7127:
6856:
6129:
5835:
5833:
5594:
5592:
4534:
4083:is also associated with semen, or generation.
3793:throughout history and in different cultures.
3031:
338:0.723332 AU (108.21 million km)
326:0.718440 AU (107.48 million km)
19127:
17569:
17380:
16065:
15863:
15529:
15453:(2nd ed.). Lotus Press. pp. 65–74.
15448:
15084:
15082:
14941:
14601:
14427:
14173:
14087:"Could microbes be affecting Venus' climate?"
14022:
13980:
13949:
13712:"Welcome to the Galileo Orbiter Archive Page"
13668:
13186:
13090:
12626:
12571:
12552:
12339:
12255:
12202:
12110:
11933:
11931:
11561:
11413:
11133:
11131:
10894:
10835:
10473:
10455:"ESA finds that Venus has an ozone layer too"
10302:
10121:
10058:
10036:""Heavy metal" snow on Venus is lead sulfide"
9895:
9037:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society
8964:
8852:Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society
8588:
8401:
8326:
7888:
7370:
7278:
6582:
6425:
6277:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
6273:
6002:
5930:
5768:
5338:
5109:
4924:"Planets and Pluto: Physical Characteristics"
4864:"Venus Gravity: 180th Degree and Order Model"
4809:
4774:
4121:
3796:The English name of Venus was originally the
3520:—are plentiful in the vicinity of the clouds.
3396:
3385:In 2010, the first successful interplanetary
2800:
2789:
2778:
2437:When Venus lies between Earth and the Sun in
2062:layer are thick clouds, consisting mainly of
15329:Cicero, Marcus Tullius (12 September 2005).
15164:
15042:
14879:
14818:
14641:"Venus is a Russian planet—say the Russians"
14289:
14078:
13734:
13246:Ross, F. E. (1928). "Photographs of Venus".
13133:
12956:
12779:
12669:
12504:
12180:"Horrocks and the Dawn of British Astronomy"
12018:
11885:Mallama, A. (2011). "Planetary magnitudes".
11778:
11570:"The 5 petals of Venus and its 8-year cycle"
11444:
11380:
11347:
10797:
10568:
9997:. In Watters, T. R.; Schultz, R. A. (eds.).
9986:
9701:"The Unveiling of Venus: Hot and Stifling".
9602:
9532:Kosmicheskie Issledovaniia (Cosmic Research)
9062:
9018:
8995:
8717:
7926:
7461:"Tidal constraints on the interior of Venus"
7449:
7426:
7190:
7006:
6973:
6464:
6317:
6315:
5961:
5553:
5415:
4205:
2405:
15783:
15496:
15383:
15228:
15051:
14968:
14845:
14819:Badescu, Viorel; Zacny, Kris, eds. (2015).
14672:"Venus Is a Russian Planet ... Says Russia"
13927:"Acidic clouds of Venus could harbour life"
13918:
13457:
13301:
13274:
13060:
12962:
12749:
12607:
12461:
12308:
12177:
11878:
11852:. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 134.
11675:(3). AIP Publishing: 30593. 12 March 2019.
11592:
11516:Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy
10866:
10864:
10599:
10027:
9783:
9633:
9555:
9553:
9403:
9279:"Phosphine gas in the cloud decks of Venus"
9229:
8877:
8839:
8680:
8589:Namiki, Noriyuki; Solomon, Sean C. (1998).
6554:Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy
6506:Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy
6496:
6428:"Naming the Newly Found Landforms on Venus"
6181:. National Geographic Society. p. 74.
6174:
6168:
5830:
5799:
5746:"Did Venus's ancient oceans incubate life?"
5589:
5448:
5075:Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy
4855:
4826:Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy
3626:, and other probes routinely use Venus for
3370:, the first dedicated Venus mission by the
3274:, consisting of two separate missions: the
3000:was discovered in 1761 by Russian polymath
2783:) or "the Opener (Starter) of Brightness" (
1951:as a warning and research object linked to
1641:Several lines of evidence point to ongoing
1290:
55:True colour image of Venus, as captured by
20004:Astronomical objects known since antiquity
19134:
19120:
17387:
17373:
16072:
16058:
16017:Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature: Venus
15820:
15818:
15816:
15686:
15672:. Cambridge University Press. p. 43.
15661:
15647:. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 12.
15088:
15079:
13678:. Cambridge University Press. p. 47.
13507:
13373:
13239:
13023:
12704:
12636:Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism
12420:
12418:
12416:
12414:
12412:
12410:
12408:
12406:
12404:
12402:
12370:
12141:
11928:
11671:"Venus is not Earth's closest neighbour".
11475:
11128:
10814:. Cambridge University Press. p. 50.
10577:"Venus wave may be Solar System's biggest"
10483:. European Space Agency. 29 January 2013.
10377:
10266:
8539:
8289:
8233:
7819:
7817:
7599:
7517:
7427:Faure, Gunter; Mensing, Teresa M. (2007).
7371:Morrison, David; Owens, Tobias C. (2003).
7136:
6883:
6385:
6383:
6381:
6379:
6269:
6267:
6265:
6263:
6071:"The Recent Evolution of Climate on Venus"
5870:
5737:
5162:
5063:
5061:
4258:The Venus symbol was also used in Western
3494:. Such speculations go back to 1967, when
1782:
1559:, indicating a different, possibly a more
1251:and in the history of astronomy. Orbiting
49:
16001:
15766:
15611:
15597:. Richard Luxton. 1899. pp. 6, 194.
15542:. Doubleday, Page & company. p.
15417:
15294:
15292:
15275:. Cambridge University Press. p. 9.
14916:
14757:
14694:
14632:
14554:
14491:
14461:
14451:
14394:
14225:
14132:
13893:
13839:
13596:
13364:
13165:
13051:
12991:
12937:
12886:
12710:
12085:
11962:
11845:
11528:
11330:
11312:
11288:
11271:
11253:
11236:"On the Dynamical Evolution of 2002 VE68"
11218:
11151:
11119:
11056:
10674:
10656:
10630:
10457:. European Space Agency. 6 October 2011.
10447:
10397:
10156:
10104:
10086:
9766:
9494:
9476:
9386:
9368:
9294:
9188:
9140:
8822:
8788:
8731:
8614:
8300:Physics and Chemistry of the Solar System
8259:
7946:
7761:
7719:"Venus: Magnetic Field and Magnetosphere"
7224:
7050:
7040:
7012:
6930:
6921:
6781:
6646:
6573:
6312:
6099:
5709:(E5). Advancing Earth and Space Science.
5523:
5352:
5276:
5129:
4999:
4916:
4892:
4846:
4800:
4217:, gaining its name for being used as the
2973:, at each of their respective homes, on 4
2496:, it always lies within about 47° of the
2463:Tidally Venus exerts the third strongest
1999:Venus's atmosphere is rich in primordial
1931:-rich atmosphere generates the strongest
1879:
18906:Interstellar and circumstellar molecules
15961:Image catalogue from the Venera missions
15900:
15797:"The Male and Female Symbols of Biology"
15617:
15473:
15121:
14433:
14258:
14084:
13773:
13641:
13463:
13307:
12892:
12847:
11998:
11903:
11634:
11567:
10861:
10740:
10508:"Venus Can Have 'Comet-Like' Atmosphere"
10218:Russell, C. T.; Phillips, J. L. (1990).
9550:
8971:Tillman, Nola Taylor (18 October 2018).
8902:
8720:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
8595:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
8407:
8332:
8117:
8115:
7688:Kivelson, G. M.; Russell, C. T. (1995).
7468:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
6784:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
6213:
6207:
6008:
5774:
5702:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
5227:"Atmospheres and Planetary Temperatures"
4741:
4739:
4673:
3838:
3762:
3700:
3428:, having achieved orbital insertion on 7
3406:
3308:
3243:
2983:
2600:
2558:
2521:
2474:
2443:decreasing eccentricity of Earth's orbit
2409:
2245:
2209:
2039:
1889:
1727:
1686:
1603:
1488:
1392:
1294:
19102:) may be read as "within" or "part of".
18130:Planetary orbit-crossing minor planets
15934:at NASA's Solar System Exploration site
15870:Brammer, John Paul (10 February 2020).
15869:
15813:
15636:
15535:
15322:
14947:
14663:
14638:
14607:
14339:
14179:
13955:
13382:Mariner-Venus 1962 Final Project Report
13192:
13096:
12931:
12853:
12632:
12577:
12558:
12399:
12345:
12261:
12208:
12116:
12025:Goines, David Lance (18 October 1995).
11976:. Astronomical Society of the Pacific.
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11884:
11601:
11419:
10900:
10770:
10137:Progress in Earth and Planetary Science
9932:Basilevsky, A. T.; Head, J. W. (2003).
9789:
9068:
8970:
8908:
8726:(5). American Geophysical Union (AGU).
8375:
7826:"Why does Venus lack a magnetic field?"
7814:
7717:Luhmann, J. G.; Russell, C. T. (1997).
7575:O'Callaghan, Jonathan (29 April 2021).
7393:
6389:
6376:
6260:
5967:
5902:
5661:
5655:
5421:
5058:
4694:
4674:Williams, David R. (25 November 2020).
4669:
4667:
4252:Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus
3812:, who was herself based on the similar
3747:High Altitude Venus Operational Concept
3586:
2554:
1287:being a habitable or inhabited planet.
14:
19976:
15992:, a search engine for surface features
15824:
15794:
15732:
15642:
15451:Myths & Symbols of Vedic Astrology
15449:Behari, Bepin; Frawley, David (2003).
15423:
15352:
15328:
15289:
15175:
15127:
15089:Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992).
15012:
14885:
14854:
14682:from the original on 20 September 2020
14651:from the original on 20 September 2020
14304:from the original on 15 September 2020
14295:
14264:
14192:from the original on 14 September 2020
14066:from the original on 17 September 2020
13968:from the original on 16 September 2020
13741:Howell, Elizabeth (16 December 2014).
13740:
13692:from the original on 29 September 2021
13476:from the original on 30 September 2018
13139:
12785:
12675:
12510:
12424:
12024:
11866:from the original on 29 September 2021
11784:
11506:
11450:
11386:
11368:from the original on 26 September 2007
11353:
10981:from the original on 27 September 2019
10803:
10728:from the original on 30 September 2019
10719:
10574:
10505:
10130:
9974:from the original on 29 September 2021
9327:from the original on 14 September 2020
9024:
9001:
8527:from the original on 29 September 2021
8450:from the original on 29 September 2021
8221:from the original on 29 September 2021
8194:
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7247:
6589:Young, Carolynn, ed. (1 August 1990).
6474:Young, Carolynn, ed. (1 August 1990).
6364:from the original on 16 September 2020
5990:from the original on 29 September 2021
5839:
5207:from the original on 22 September 2017
4665:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4225:origin, and represents more generally
3800:name for it. Romans named Venus after
2726:Observations and explorations of Venus
2278:visits, with a difference of about 6.5
19115:
17368:
16053:
15795:Stearn, William T. (17 August 1961).
15575:from the original on 26 December 2022
15557:
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15248:10.1093/acrefore/9780190647926.013.61
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14898:from the original on 1 September 2021
14863:. Vol. 654. pp. 1193–1198.
14823:. Springer International Publishing.
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12088:"The Solar System with the naked eye"
12067:from the original on 15 November 2021
11580:from the original on 22 February 2022
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10386:"European mission reports from Venus"
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9051:. NASA/TM—2003-212310. Archived from
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4777:"The solar system's invariable plane"
4775:Souami, D.; Souchay, J. (July 2012).
4736:
4708:JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System
2992:" as recorded during the 1769 transit
2977:December 1639 (24 November under the
2661:1639 with the first known observation
2530:As it orbits the Sun, Venus displays
2199:
2145:, the signatures of lightning. Their
1723:
1578:, possibly one capable of sustaining
1261:third brightest object in Earth's sky
1189:. Venus is one of two planets in the
476:Longitude of ascending node
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15667:
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13646:. NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center.
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11401:from the original on 24 October 2016
10849:from the original on 24 January 2016
10746:
10720:Petit, Gérard; Luzum, Brian (eds.).
10587:from the original on 17 January 2017
10481:"When A Planet Behaves Like A Comet"
10461:from the original on 27 January 2012
10435:from the original on 11 January 2009
10383:
10254:from the original on 8 December 2015
9511:from the original on 16 January 2022
8952:from the original on 7 December 2019
7172:"Hot lava flows discovered on Venus"
7115:from the original on 13 October 2018
7013:Filiberto, Justin (3 January 2020).
6979:
6599:from the original on 4 December 2016
6484:from the original on 4 December 2016
5840:Newitz, Annalee (11 December 2013).
5643:from the original on 27 October 2023
5577:from the original on 26 October 2023
5541:from the original on 19 October 2019
5317:from the original on 5 December 2021
4678:. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
4638:participating institution membership
4604:participating institution membership
4418:km/h. The incorrect figure of 1669.8
4183:often depicted as warmer, but still
3939:. They depicted Venus at first as a
3905:Inanna's Descent into the Underworld
2969:and observed by him and his friend,
2730:
2124:fall in time with the Sun's 11-year
2089:The surface of Venus is effectively
1201:. Conditions perhaps favourable for
19886:List of artificial objects on Venus
14700:
14608:Frazier, Sarah (19 February 2021).
14085:Anderson, Paul (3 September 2019).
13958:"Venus clouds 'might harbour life'"
13925:Clark, Stuart (26 September 2003).
13774:Hatfield, Miles (9 February 2022).
13644:"Pioneer Venus Project Information"
11904:Flanders, Tony (25 February 2011).
11463:from the original on 1 January 2023
11432:from the original on 22 August 2022
10872:"Space Topics: Compare the Planets"
9883:from the original on 3 October 2018
9746:Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences
9002:Mullen, Leslie (13 November 2002).
8408:Halliday, Alex N. (15 March 2013).
8273:. 13 September 2006. Archived from
7935:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
7870:from the original on 1 October 2018
7802:from the original on 16 August 2017
7772:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
7279:Romeo, I.; Turcotte, D. L. (2009).
7105:Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature
6994:from the original on 9 January 2020
6592:The Magellan Venus Explorer's Guide
6477:The Magellan Venus Explorer's Guide
5936:
5422:Andrews, Roy George (27 May 2024).
4715:from the original on 18 August 2023
4700:
4644:
4397:(WGS84) and Earth's angular speed,
3883:, dating to the twelfth century BC.
3832:, named after the Germanic goddess
3675:and the United States proposed the
3516:and sunlight—the prerequisites for
3374:(ESA), entered orbit around Venus.
2720:Observation and exploration history
1815:Venus's small induced magnetosphere
1493:Surface panorama taken by Venera 13
24:
17404:
15946:National Space Science Data Center
15882:from the original on 17 April 2023
15733:Schott, G. D. (22 December 2005).
15569:Vietnam Open Educational Resources
15474:De Groot, Jan Jakob Maria (1912).
15184:(1257). The Royal Society: 51–65.
15030:from the original on 12 April 2023
14962:10.1111/j.1467-8365.1986.tb00206.x
14917:Warmflash, David (14 March 2017).
14713:from the original on 24 April 2023
14620:from the original on 22 April 2021
14561:National Research Council (2006).
14180:Perkins, Sid (14 September 2020).
13786:from the original on 14 April 2022
13755:from the original on 22 April 2021
13722:from the original on 11 April 2023
13466:"Plumbing the Atmosphere of Venus"
13380:Jet Propulsion Laboratory (1962).
12972:Proceedings IAU Colloquium No. 196
12358:from the original on 19 March 2012
12129:from the original on 19 April 2017
11980:from the original on 10 April 2021
11354:Musser, George (10 October 2006).
10924:from the original on 3 August 2020
10806:"Rotational velocity (equatorial)"
10758:from the original on 11 March 2019
10701:from the original on 28 April 2023
10606:Chang, Kenneth (16 January 2017).
10506:Kramer, Miriam (30 January 2013).
10423:"Venus offers Earth climate clues"
10283:National Space Science Data Center
10046:from the original on 15 April 2008
10040:Washington University in St. Louis
9913:from the original on 14 April 2021
9410:Beall, Abigail (21 October 2020).
9072:(December 1999). "Life on Venus".
9030:"Astrobiology: The Case for Venus"
8699:from the original on 21 April 2023
8687:Ernst, Richard (3 November 2022).
8389:from the original on 7 August 2021
8342:Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest
7762:Stevenson, D. J. (15 March 2003).
7723:Encyclopedia of Planetary Sciences
7260:from the original on 19 March 2023
6871:from the original on 14 April 2021
6763:from the original on 16 April 2023
6682:from the original on 13 April 2023
6244:(2024) Venus is volcanically alive
6175:Jones, Tom; Stofan, Ellen (2008).
5945:. Dundee, Scotland. Archived from
5918:from the original on 28 April 2014
5818:from the original on 29 March 2017
5805:
5777:"In Search of the Venusian Shadow"
5756:from the original on 24 March 2009
5563:Chang, Kenneth (26 October 2023).
3890:Inanna's Descent to the Underworld
3544:announced the likely detection of
3468:
3059:than had previously been thought.
2368:California Institute of Technology
923:0.092–22 μSv/h at cloud level
25:
20015:
15925:
15701:. Blackwell Publishing. pp.
15484:from the original on 22 July 2011
15371:from the original on 14 July 2019
15358:
15306:. 24 January 2020. Archived from
15055:Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia
14589:from the original on 17 July 2015
14265:Sample, Ian (14 September 2020).
13523:. 8 February 1971. Archived from
13174:from the original on 11 July 2020
13078:from the original on 25 July 2008
12190:from the original on 26 June 2013
12149:"2004 and 2012 Transits of Venus"
12098:from the original on 13 June 2015
12057:"Viewing Venus in Broad Daylight"
11999:Lavender, Gemma (26 March 2023).
11744:Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets
11723:. American Institute of Physics.
11387:Tytell, David (10 October 2006).
10785:from the original on 17 July 2019
10618:from the original on 15 July 2017
10131:Lorenz, Ralph D. (20 June 2018).
10015:from the original on 23 June 2016
9682:from the original on 11 June 2023
7743:from the original on 14 July 2010
7248:Kluger, Jeffrey (17 March 2023).
7152:from the original on 20 June 2015
7081:from the original on 21 July 2023
6863:Bauer, Markus (3 December 2012).
6324:"The global resurfacing of Venus"
6195:from the original on 16 July 2017
5808:"Viewing Venus in Broad Daylight"
5403:from the original on 24 July 2023
4279:crescent or particularly the star
4171:
3610:
3597:International Council for Science
3583:, set to launch in January 2025.
2916:observed with his telescope that
2608:, projected to a white card by a
2390:The orbital space of Venus has a
2330:and two other temporary trojans,
1401:"continents" in yellow and minor
1367:and some supercritical nitrogen.
716:Equatorial rotation velocity
19961:
19949:
19937:
19231:
19225:
19219:
18993:
18981:
18969:
17394:
17348:
17339:
17338:
16021:International Astronomical Union
15894:
15536:Hulbert, Homer Bezaleel (1909).
15052:Nemet-Nejat, Karen Rhea (1998).
14567:. The National Academies Press.
13937:from the original on 16 May 2015
13767:
13650:from the original on 15 May 2019
13011:from the original on 19 May 2016
12818:The Sun Recorded Through History
12786:Ansari, S. M. Razaullah (2002).
12657:from the original on 9 June 2016
12543:
12117:Gaherty, Geoff (26 March 2012).
12092:The Gallery of Natural Phenomena
12049:
11992:
11711:
11602:Harford, Tim (11 January 2019).
11568:Ottewell, Guy (7 January 2022).
11420:Frazier, Sarah (16 April 2021).
11389:"Why Doesn't Venus Have a Moon?"
11273:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21936.x
11220:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07994.x
11094:"Nonresonance Rotation of Venus"
10811:The Cambridge Planetary Handbook
10776:
10575:Rincon, Paul (16 January 2017).
10290:from the original on 23 May 2019
9640:Davis, Margaret (14 July 2021).
8890:from the original on 10 May 2023
8201:Encyclopedia of the Solar System
7824:Nimmo, Francis (November 2002).
7109:USGS Astrogeology Science Center
6896:by explosive volcanism on Venus"
6452:from the original on 13 May 2011
5974:Encyclopedia of the Solar System
5744:Shiga, David (10 October 2007).
5497:from the original on 28 May 2024
5436:from the original on 28 May 2024
4967:from the original on 11 May 2012
4682:from the original on 11 May 2018
4506:
4496:
4481:
4370:
4323:
4309:
4295:
3709:crewed floating outpost on Venus
3640:
3575:to send with the rocket company
3393:travelled to Venus for a flyby.
2902:
2893:
2885:Venus and early modern astronomy
2470:
1519:International Astronomical Union
674:10.36 km/s (6.44 mi/s)
281:
239:
201:
146:
76:
18869:Gravitationally rounded objects
16046:, interactive map of the planet
15907:. HME Publishing. p. 228.
14759:10.1016/j.actaastro.2020.12.020
14346:Plait, Phil (26 October 2020).
13956:Redfern, Martin (25 May 2004).
13470:The Soviet Exploration of Venus
13314:The Soviet Exploration of Venus
13068:"Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov"
12792:Springer Science+Business Media
12567:(3). Undena Publications: 9–22.
12243:from the original on 9 May 2019
12159:from the original on 2 May 2023
12037:from the original on 4 May 2021
11944:NASA Reference Publication 1349
11038:from the original on 2 May 2019
10843:"Could Venus Be Shifting Gear?"
10520:from the original on 3 May 2019
10487:from the original on 2 May 2019
8983:from the original on 9 May 2023
8416:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
8271:Case Western Reserve University
8176:from the original on 4 May 2019
7587:from the original on 2 May 2021
7505:from the original on 9 May 2020
7375:(3rd ed.). San Francisco:
7241:
7067:
6980:Hall, Sannon (9 January 2020).
6901:Journal of Geophysical Research
6775:
6745:
6329:Journal of Geophysical Research
6248:
6236:
4361:
3804:, who in turn was based on the
3204:became the first spacecraft to
2924:and not Earth, as predicted by
2824:in the sixth century BC, while
2374:billions of years ago. About 10
2301:Venus may have formed from the
1853:, which is unknown at present.
1082:
15805:(248): 412–413. Archived from
15697:A Companion to Science Fiction
15304:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
14033:"Life in the Clouds of Venus?"
13072:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
12963:Kollerstrom, Nicholas (2004).
12942:. Elsevier. pp. 487–507.
12178:Kollerstrom, Nicholas (1998).
11906:"See Venus in Broad Daylight!"
11482:Rehm, Jeremy (15 April 2021).
9939:Reports on Progress in Physics
9812:10.1126/science.328.5979.677-a
6890:Glaze, Lori S. (August 1999).
6437:. Houston, Texas. p. 65.
6398:. Cambridge University Press.
5912:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
5233:. 18 July 2013. Archived from
4610:
4576:
4569:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
3649:have since the 1960s proposed
3633:The only nation that has sent
3108:was achieved in 1961 with the
2707:
2161:discovered that a huge double
2037:there was no absorption line.
1771:without water to make it less
1347:. The surface pressure is 9.3
13:
1:
19881:Observations and explorations
19782:NASA Uranus orbiter and probe
16030:Lunar and Planetary Institute
14886:Tickle, Glen (5 March 2015).
13672:; Batson, Raymond M. (2007).
13568:10.1126/science.193.4258.1123
13503:. 11–24 May 1969. p. 94.
12788:History of Oriental Astronomy
11785:Taylor, Chris (9 July 2020).
11451:Garner, Rob (12 March 2019).
11029:10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00043-5
10972:10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00042-3
10034:Otten, Carolyn Jones (2004).
9709:(25): 388–389. 19 June 1976.
9426:10.1016/S0262-4079(20)31910-2
9096:10.1016/S0032-0633(99)00036-7
7793:10.1016/S0012-821X(02)01126-3
7690:Introduction to Space Physics
6672:"Did Venus ever have oceans?"
6394:Volcanoes of the Solar System
6298:10.1146/annurev.earth.26.1.23
6036:10.1126/science.223.4640.1072
5874:; Gregg, Tracy K. P. (2004).
5535:NASA Solar System Exploration
4527:
3975:). The Greeks used the names
3963:(which during the even later
3859:Venus goddess, alongside the
3752:
3722:in 2003 suggested the use of
3705:Artist's rendering of a NASA
3686:
2177:scientists reported that the
2169:discovered, in 2011, that an
1805:, rather than by an internal
1543:The stratigraphically oldest
1271:, followed by many essential
1132:by far the densest atmosphere
316:(108.94 million km)
19817:Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar
15428:. Pustak Mahal. p. 29.
14855:Landis, Geoffrey A. (2003).
14383:Astronomy & Astrophysics
14010:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.05.006
13812:Geophysical Research Letters
13515:"Science: Onward from Venus"
13501:National Academy of Sciences
13435:10.1126/science.139.3558.910
11846:Dickinson, Terrence (1998).
11823:. 3 May 2000. Archived from
11170:10.1016/j.icarus.2009.02.008
11079:10.1016/0019-1035(69)90068-2
10384:Hand, Eric (November 2007).
10248:10.1016/0273-1177(90)90174-X
9842:Geophysical Research Letters
9465:Astronomy & Astrophysics
9177:Astronomy & Astrophysics
9142:10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114796
8938:10.1016/0019-1035(88)90116-9
8777:Geophysical Research Letters
8666:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.07.009
8568:10.1016/0019-1035(91)90036-S
8241:"Venus: Facts & Figures"
8082:10.1126/science.216.4546.630
7899:Geophysical Research Letters
7550:10.1016/j.icarus.2012.01.007
7308:10.1016/j.icarus.2009.03.036
7204:Geophysical Research Letters
6627:Geophysical Research Letters
5970:"Venus Surface and Interior"
5265:Astronomy & Astrophysics
5198:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.02.048
5148:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.09.023
4781:Astronomy & Astrophysics
4221:for Venus. The symbol is of
4086:Venus is known as Kejora in
3601:interplanetary contamination
3447:There are currently several
3093:
2965:was accurately predicted by
2418:Earth and Venus have a near
1593:
1461:There is recent evidence of
1370:
1365:supercritical carbon dioxide
7:
19994:Planets of the Solar System
18964:Outline of the Solar System
18727:Interplanetary medium/space
17271:Artificial objects on Venus
17266:Geological mapping of Venus
15951:Soviet Exploration of Venus
15361:"Eospheros & Hespheros"
15242:. Oxford University Press.
15128:Cooley, Jeffrey L. (2008).
14413:10.1051/0004-6361/202039717
12425:Cooley, Jeffrey L. (2008).
12315:Boyle, Alan (5 June 2012).
11821:Science Mission Directorate
10804:Bakich, Michael E. (2000).
10754:. L'Observatoire de Paris.
9960:10.1088/0034-4885/66/10/R04
9606:Planetary and Space Science
9496:10.1051/0004-6361/202039717
9207:10.1051/0004-6361/201936968
9075:Planetary and Space Science
8195:Taylor, Fredric W. (2014).
7764:"Planetary magnetic fields"
5371:10.1016/j.ascom.2018.08.002
5295:10.1051/0004-6361/201936968
4802:10.1051/0004-6361/201219011
4288:
4237:for male and sometimes the
3671:Early in the space age the
3653:missions instead of direct
3593:Committee on Space Research
3206:soft land on another planet
3182:designers had anticipated.
3032:Early 20th century advances
2942:When the Italian physicist
2861:claimed to have observed a
2796:
2785:
2774:
2665:transit in 1631, of Mercury
2590:
2185:under similar conditions."
1630:is continually recycled by
1285:science fiction about Venus
488:Argument of perihelion
10:
20020:
19497:Pioneer Venus Small Probes
19206:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer
18680:Extraterrestrial materials
15901:Liungman, Carl G. (2004).
15058:. Greenwood. p. 203.
14861:AIP Conference Proceedings
14701:Rao, Rahul (7 July 2020).
14510:10.1038/s41550-021-01422-z
13886:10.1007/s11214-023-00956-0
13499:. Prague, Czechoslovakia:
13142:"On the Rotation of Venus"
12917:10.1177/002182860103200202
12854:Kennard, Fredrick (2015).
12690:10.1163/156852502320880285
10421:Staff (28 November 2007).
10227:Advances in Space Research
8207:Science & Technology.
7965:10.1016/j.epsl.2017.06.023
7694:Cambridge University Press
5629:10.1038/s41550-023-02102-w
5483:10.1038/s41550-024-02272-1
5018:10.1038/s41550-021-01339-7
4749:Astronomy and Astrophysics
4270:is also the symbol of the
4199:
4195:
4175:
3756:
3690:
3614:
3472:
3400:
3397:Active and future missions
3106:interplanetary spaceflight
3097:
2754:Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa
2723:
2594:
2515:
2506:unidentified flying object
2460:to transfer between them.
2203:
2165:exists at the south pole.
2017:large volcanic resurfacing
1993:820 °F (438 °C)
1985:847 °F (453 °C)
1977:900 °F (482 °C)
1883:
1682:
1669:, near the shield volcano
1597:
1521:, the body which oversees
1374:
1247:Venus figures prominently
814:232 K (−41 °C) (
653:8.87 m/s (0.904
29:
27:Second planet from the Sun
19914:
19868:
19830:
19794:
19764:
19691:
19684:
19657:
19632:
19603:
19596:
19526:
19505:
19439:
19403:
19297:
19247:
19240:
19217:
19178:
19160:
19153:
19000:Earth sciences portal
18959:
18914:
18851:
18722:Interplanetary dust cloud
18601:
18437:
18367:
18078:
18014:
17707:
17560:
17402:
17334:
17321:Neith (hypothetical moon)
17283:
17258:
17229:
17183:
17147:
17122:
16838:
16829:
16797:
16749:
16723:
16716:
16676:
16493:
16440:
16407:
16213:
16181:
16150:
16143:
16107:
16100:
16087:
16079:
15751:10.1136/bmj.331.7531.1509
14829:10.1007/978-3-319-19569-8
14182:"Curious and unexplained"
13345:The Astrophysical Journal
13200:Astronomische Nachrichten
13053:10.1017/S1743921305001390
12993:10.1017/S1743921305001249
12860:. Lulu.com. p. 113.
12561:Syro-Mesopotamian Studies
12184:University College London
12086:Chatfield, Chris (2010).
11817:"Interplanetary Low Tide"
11547:10.1007/s10569-010-9266-6
10722:"IERS Conventions (2010)"
10644:Planetary Science Journal
10158:10.1186/s40645-018-0181-x
9627:10.1016/j.pss.2006.04.019
9357:The Astrophysical Journal
9313:10.1038/s41550-020-1174-4
9004:"Venusian Cloud Colonies"
8436:10.1016/j.gca.2012.11.015
8335:"Ice in the Solar System"
8333:Prockter, Louise (2005).
6867:. European Space Agency.
6835:. Springer. p. 162.
6723:10.1007/s11214-017-0370-8
6575:10.1007/s10569-007-9072-y
6390:Frankel, Charles (1996).
5231:American Chemical Society
5095:10.1007/s10569-017-9805-5
4848:10.1007/s10569-007-9072-y
4625:Oxford English Dictionary
4591:Oxford English Dictionary
4262:representing the element
4122:
3888:Inanna's dual nature. In
3617:List of missions to Venus
3566:statistically significant
3189:was joined with the 1967
3100:List of missions to Venus
2801:
2790:
2779:
2583:in Washington, D.C., on 4
2511:
2406:Orbit in respect to Earth
1945:runaway greenhouse effect
1499:Venusian surface features
1389:Surface features of Venus
1330:Venus is one of the four
1299:Venus to scale among the
1236:destination and a useful
1211:runaway greenhouse effect
1126:to its orbital neighbour
1078:
999:
973:
968:
954:
939:
927:
907:
889:
822:
808:
781:
768:
742:
724:
714:
699:
678:
666:
645:
630:
605:
580:
553:
543:
512:
507:
497:
485:
473:
431:
419:
402:
390:
355:Orbital period (sidereal)
352:
342:
330:
320:
306:
296:
289:
275:
135:
115:
71:
66:
48:
19431:Pioneer Venus Multiprobe
19013:Local Interstellar Cloud
17725:other near-Earth objects
17049:Pioneer Venus Multiprobe
16399:List of coronae on Venus
16039:Eötvös Loránd University
15618:Milbrath, Susan (1999).
15424:Bhalla, Prem P. (2006).
14744:. Elsevier BV: 100–104.
14434:Thompson, M. A. (2021).
13221:10.1002/asna.19031630303
12940:Treatise on Geochemistry
12641:Harvard University Press
12633:Burkert, Walter (1972).
12616:Natural History II:36–37
12614:Pliny the Elder (1991).
12511:Hobson, Russell (2009).
11729:10.1063/PT.6.3.20190312a
11689:10.1063/pt.6.3.20190312a
10106:10.3847/1538-3881/ab3120
10075:The Astronomical Journal
9903:"Interplanetary Seasons"
9388:10.3847/2041-8213/abde47
9349:"Claimed Detection of PH
7524:Aitta, A. (April 2012).
6214:Kaufmann, W. J. (1994).
6133:Earth, Moon, and Planets
4518:atmospheric entry probes
4514:Pioneer Venus Multiprobe
4354:
4229:, adopted by biology as
4063:which is used in Indian
4044:Letitia Elizabeth Landon
4018:Classical poets such as
3935:and the evening star as
3568:detection of phosphine.
3449:probes under development
3276:Pioneer Venus Multiprobe
2932:and disproved Ptolemy's
2812:, the morning star, and
2758:First Babylonian dynasty
2163:atmospheric polar vortex
1867:of water molecules from
1840:through the crust. This
1612:in Venus's Eistla region
1291:Physical characteristics
1153:Internally, Venus has a
942:Absolute magnitude
702:Sidereal rotation period
508:Physical characteristics
393:Orbital period (synodic)
19802:European Venus Explorer
18976:Solar System portal
18702:Giant-impact hypothesis
18309:Trans-Neptunian objects
17191:European Venus Explorer
16807:Venus-crosser asteroids
14857:"Colonization of Venus"
14405:2020A&A...644L...2S
13387:(Report). SP-59. NASA.
13193:Slipher, V. M. (1903).
9619:2006P&SS...54.1352K
9487:2020A&A...644L...2S
9199:2020A&A...633A..15H
9127:. Elsevier BV: 114796.
9088:1999P&SS...47.1487C
8296:Lewis, John S. (2004).
7957:2017E&PSL.474..375J
7785:2003E&PSL.208....1S
6146:1995EM&P...66..285B
5943:Encyclopedia of Science
5775:Lawrence, Pete (2005).
5515:: CS1 maint: bibcode (
5363:2018A&C....25...10M
5341:Astronomy and Computing
5287:2020A&A...633A..15H
4793:2012A&A...543A.133S
4762:1994A&A...282..663S
4630:Oxford University Press
4596:Oxford University Press
4553:Oxford University Press
3828:and these goddesses is
3647:crewed missions to Mars
3340:Between 1990 and 1994,
3068:ultraviolet photographs
2739:, making it one of the
2454:gravitational potential
2350:. In the 17th century,
2226:; 67 million
2222:(108 million
1783:Magnetic field and core
1505:, and highland regions
1230:gravitational potential
681:Synodic rotation period
291:Orbital characteristics
237:or Venerean / Venerian
18864:Possible dwarf planets
18707:Gravitational collapse
18645:Circumstellar envelope
17444:
17051: / Pioneer 13
17045: / Pioneer 12
16012:U.S. Geological Survey
16002:Cartographic resources
15957:at Mentallandscape.com
15511:. Routledge. pp.
15503:Crump, Thomas (1992).
15198:10.1098/rsta.1974.0009
14536:Venus Cloud Life – MIT
14463:10.1093/mnrasl/slaa187
13464:Mitchell, Don (2003).
13308:Mitchell, Don (2003).
13167:10.1093/mnras/2.11.78d
12490:10.1098/rsta.1974.0008
12346:Espenak, Fred (2004).
12278:10.1098/rsnr.1969.0004
12229:10.1098/rstl.1771.0054
11938:Espenak, Fred (1996).
9934:"The surface of Venus"
9909:. NASA. 19 June 2000.
8243:. NASA. Archived from
7408:. pp. 1507–1516.
7358:10.1006/icar.1994.1180
7042:10.1126/sciadv.aax7445
6676:Venus Cloud Life – MIT
6110:10.1006/icar.2000.6570
5968:Mueller, Nils (2014).
4903:10.1006/icar.1999.6086
4729:values at the precise
4210:
3910:Inanna and Shukaletuda
3899:Inanna and Shukaletuda
3884:
3778:
3710:
3645:Studies of routes for
3419:
3314:
3255:
3130:of the United States'
2993:
2981:in use at that time).
2612:
2564:
2527:
2480:
2415:
2251:
2215:
2045:
1899:
1880:Atmosphere and climate
1832:liquid, rotation, and
1737:
1695:
1613:
1523:planetary nomenclature
1494:
1406:
1327:
1304:planetary-mass objects
1242:interplanetary flights
1122:and is the closest in
36:Venus (disambiguation)
34:. For other uses, see
19611:Venus Orbiter Mission
19262:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
19073:Laniakea Supercluster
18690:Sample-return mission
17443:
17043:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
16364:Scalloped margin dome
16334:Quetzalpetlatl Corona
16026:Venus crater database
15982:19 March 2012 at the
15668:Dick, Steven (2001).
14236:10.1089/ast.2020.2244
14151:10.1089/ast.2020.2352
14030:(16 September 1967).
13866:Space Science Reviews
13600:Space Science Reviews
13248:Astrophysical Journal
13099:Astrophysical Journal
12684:(6). Brill: 736–738.
11658:Numbers generated by
11099:Astrophysical Journal
10876:The Planetary Society
10399:10.1038/news.2007.297
9242:(14 September 2020).
9183:. EDP Sciences: A15.
9008:Astrobiology Magazine
7146:The Planetary Society
6832:Fundamental Astronomy
6703:Space Science Reviews
5812:Fourmilab Switzerland
4961:The Planetary Society
4549:UK English Dictionary
4233:for female, like the
4209:
3842:
3826:weekday of the planet
3802:their goddess of love
3766:
3704:
3693:Colonization of Venus
3410:
3401:Further information:
3372:European Space Agency
3312:
3280:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
3272:Pioneer Venus project
3247:
3198:On 15 December 1970,
3098:Further information:
3051:tried to measure the
2987:
2963:1639 transit of Venus
2606:2012 transit of Venus
2604:
2562:
2525:
2478:
2413:
2387:terrestrial planets.
2249:
2213:
2196:in the solar system.
2043:
1893:
1742:reflection seismology
1731:
1690:
1607:
1576:habitable environment
1492:
1469:. The planet has few
1432:highland "continents"
1413:in the 20th century.
1396:
1298:
1273:interplanetary firsts
1207:habitable environment
1167:induced magnetosphere
1138:with a thick, global
1001:Composition by volume
816:blackbody temperature
19795:Cancelled / concepts
18988:Astronomy portal
18889:Solar System objects
18635:Circumplanetary disk
15809:on 23 November 2021.
15693:Seed, David (2005).
15643:Miller, Ron (2003).
15539:The passing of Korea
15339:on 12 September 2005
13832:10.1029/2021GL096302
13818:(3): e2021GL096302.
13716:PDS Atmospheres Node
12761:Encyclopædia Iranica
12522:University of Sydney
12209:Hornsby, T. (1771).
11916:on 11 September 2012
11332:10.1093/mnras/stt454
10724:. IERS. p. 19.
9866:10.1029/2000GL012336
9850:Ames Research Center
9613:(13–14): 1352–1359.
9254:on 14 September 2020
8807:10.1002/2016gl069790
8750:10.1029/2019je006276
8363:on 20 September 2019
8247:on 29 September 2006
7941:. Elsevier BV: 375.
7729:. pp. 905–907.
7488:10.1002/2016JE005249
7373:The Planetary System
7226:10.1002/2015GL064088
6923:10.1029/1998JE000619
6804:10.1029/2023JE007753
6790:(4): e2023JE007753.
6648:10.1029/2008GL033609
6242:National Geographic
5723:10.1029/2008JE003134
5664:The New Solar System
4619:"Venerean, Venerian"
4461:2π(6378.137 km)
4453:(23 h 56 m 4.0989 s)
4266:(like the symbol of
4148:Maya Codex of Mexico
4048:Alfred Lord Tennyson
3820:(which is Ishtar in
3657:missions with Venus
3605:planetary protection
3587:Planetary protection
3258:In 1975, the Soviet
3018:inferior conjunction
2816:, the evening star.
2685:The latest pair was
2644:, forming cycles of
2621:inferior conjunction
2555:Daylight apparitions
2424:inferior conjunction
2080:phosphoric anhydride
1744:or knowledge of its
1381:Geodynamics of Venus
1150:at Venus's surface.
19999:Terrestrial planets
19143:Spacecraft missions
19087:Observable universe
18884:Solar System models
18814:Protoplanetary disk
18737:Interstellar medium
18697:Frost/Ice/Snow line
16008:Map-a-Planet: Venus
15745:(7531): 1509–1510.
15190:1974RSPTA.276...51P
14750:2021AcAau.180..100I
14502:2021NatAs...5..631V
14143:2021AsBio..21.1277B
14046:(5107): 1259–1260.
14028:Morowitz, Harold J.
14002:2015Icar..257..396D
13895:20.500.11850/598198
13878:2023SSRv..219...10O
13824:2022GeoRL..4996302W
13718:. 18 October 1989.
13613:1977SSRv...20..283C
13560:1976Sci...193.1123C
13554:(4258): 1123–1124.
13527:on 21 December 2008
13427:1963Sci...139..910G
13357:1958ApJ...127....1M
13295:1934PA.....42..165M
13260:1928ApJ....68...57R
13213:1903AN....163...35S
13158:1832MNRAS...2...78H
13140:Hussey, T. (1832).
13111:1899ApJ.....9..284R
13044:2005tvnv.conf..209M
12984:2005tvnv.conf...34K
12909:2001JHA....32..109P
12727:1972Isis...63...39G
12591:1959scc3.book.....N
12482:1974RSPTA.276...43S
12393:2000JBAA..110..325B
12352:Transits of the Sun
11910:Sky & Telescope
11887:Sky & Telescope
11756:2000JSpRo..37..776P
11681:2019PhT..2019c0593.
11539:2010CeMDA.107...63B
11394:Sky & Telescope
11361:Scientific American
11323:2013MNRAS.432..886D
11264:2012MNRAS.427..728D
11211:2004MNRAS.351L..63M
11162:2009Icar..202...12S
11112:1979ApJ...230L.123S
11071:1969Icar...11..356G
11021:2003Icar..163...24C
10964:2003Icar..163....1C
10907:Solar System Voyage
10882:on 18 February 2006
10667:2020PSJ.....1...42K
10554:2017NatGe..10...85F
10340:10.1038/nature05930
10332:2007Natur.450..661R
10240:1990AdSpR..10e.137R
10202:1980CosRe..18..325K
10149:2018PEPS....5...34L
10097:2019AJ....158..126L
9999:Planetary Tectonics
9952:2003RPPh...66.1699B
9858:2001GeoRL..28..415L
9804:2010Sci...328..677N
9759:1990JAtS...47.2053R
9574:1981Natur.292..610K
9544:1979CosRe..17..232M
9379:2021ApJ...908L..44L
9305:2021NatAs...5..655G
9248:National Geographic
9133:2022Icar..37314796P
9070:Cockell, Charles S.
9049:2003JBIS...56..250L
9026:Landis, Geoffrey A.
8930:1988Icar...74..472K
8865:2007DPS....39.6109G
8847:Grinspoon, David H.
8799:2016GeoRL..43.8376W
8742:2020JGRE..12506276W
8658:2015Icar..260..128O
8607:1998JGR...103.3655N
8560:1991Icar...92....2P
8489:1992Natur.358...43O
8428:2013GeCoA.105..146H
8197:"Venus: Atmosphere"
8143:2017NatGe..10..473L
8074:1982Sci...216..630D
8047:2019EGUGA..2118876O
8008:10.1038/nature06432
8000:2007Natur.450..629S
7912:1996GeoRL..23.1857K
7845:2002Geo....30..987N
7675:1969CosRe...7..675D
7622:2002Geo....30..987N
7542:2012Icar..218..967A
7480:2017JGRE..122.1338D
7414:1982LPSC...12.1507G
7350:1994Icar..112..253H
7300:2009Icar..203...13R
7217:2015GeoRL..42.4762S
7033:2020SciA....6.7445F
6951:2013NatGe...6...25M
6914:1999JGR...10418899G
6908:(E8): 18899–18906.
6796:2023JGRE..12807753H
6757:skyandtelescope.org
6715:2017SSRv..212.1511G
6639:2008GeoRL..3511201H
6566:2007CeMDA..98..155S
6518:1996CeMDA..63..127D
6443:1991pggp.rept..490B
6342:1994JGR....9910899S
6336:(E5): 10899–10926.
6290:1998AREPS..26...23N
6254:The New York Times
6119:on 23 October 2003.
6092:2001Icar..150...19B
6067:Grinspoon, David H.
6028:1984Sci...223.1072E
6022:(4640): 1072–1074.
5880:Springer Publishing
5872:Lopes, Rosaly M. C.
5715:2008JGRE..113.0B24H
5621:2023NatAs...7.1436W
5475:2024NatAs.tmp..101S
5190:2016Icar..272..178H
5140:2017Icar..282...19M
5087:2018CeMDA.130...22A
5010:2021NatAs...5..676M
4930:. 5 November 2008.
4885:1999Icar..139....3K
4839:2007CeMDA..98..155S
4701:Yeomans, Donald K.
4628:(Online ed.).
4594:(Online ed.).
4455:must be used. Thus
4303:Solar System portal
4219:astronomical symbol
3742:in the atmosphere.
3716:Sergey Zhitomirskiy
3317:In 1985 the Soviet
3227:Arecibo Observatory
3110:robotic space probe
3014:Chester Smith Lyman
2998:atmosphere of Venus
2918:Venus showed phases
2879:Qotb al-Din Shirazi
2260:retrograde rotation
2143:whistler mode waves
1960:
1886:Atmosphere of Venus
1638:million years old.
1503:James Clerk Maxwell
1361:supercritical fluid
1332:terrestrial planets
1148:supercritical state
45:
19896:Manned Venus flyby
19186:Parker Solar Probe
19067:Virgo Supercluster
19048:Milky Way subgroup
18879:Natural satellites
18762:Nebular hypothesis
18742:Interstellar space
18732:Interstellar cloud
18640:Circumstellar disc
18230:Near-Earth objects
18114:names and meanings
17445:
16422:Guinevere Planitia
16314:Nightingale Corona
15403:. pp. 53–70.
15310:on 24 January 2020
14821:Inner Solar System
14790:"Архив фантастики"
14532:"Rocket Lab Probe"
13621:10.1007/BF02186467
11970:"Identifying UFOs"
10752:"Useful Constants"
10676:10.3847/PSJ/abae63
10612:The New York Times
9277:Hoge, Jim (2020).
9014:on 16 August 2014.
8383:"The Planet Venus"
6987:The New York Times
6526:10.1007/BF00693410
6154:10.1007/BF00579467
6065:Bullock, Mark A.;
6010:Esposito, Larry W.
5949:on 31 October 2021
5904:Squyres, Steven W.
5570:The New York Times
5429:The New York Times
5237:on 27 January 2023
4676:"Venus Fact Sheet"
4572:. Merriam-Webster.
4317:Outer space portal
4211:
4161:Estrella Solitaria
4071:. One of the nine
4054:wrote odes to it.
4052:William Wordsworth
3967:was together with
3965:Hellenistic period
3885:
3845:eight-pointed star
3779:
3732:planetary surfaces
3720:Geoffrey A. Landis
3711:
3681:Manned Venus flyby
3562:Runge's phenomenon
3542:Cardiff University
3500:Harold J. Morowitz
3434:Parker Solar Probe
3420:
3315:
3256:
3139:radar observations
2994:
2930:heliocentric model
2750:Jemdet Nasr period
2613:
2573:Napoleon Bonaparte
2565:
2534:like those of the
2528:
2489:apparent magnitude
2481:
2416:
2396:circumstellar disc
2384:tidal deceleration
2252:
2216:
2200:Orbit and rotation
2152:Venusian volcanoes
2076:aluminium chloride
2046:
2005:primary atmosphere
1959:Venus temperature
1958:
1906:composed of 96.5%
1902:Venus has a dense
1900:
1809:as in the Earth's
1740:Without data from
1738:
1736:structure of Venus
1724:Internal structure
1696:
1648:volcanic lightning
1614:
1600:Volcanism on Venus
1588:their habitability
1584:Earth-like planets
1495:
1456:Greek mythological
1407:
1328:
1301:Inner Solar System
1193:, the other being
1120:terrestrial planet
930:Apparent magnitude
738:177.36° (to orbit)
535:0.9499 Earths
43:
19925:
19924:
19831:Program overviews
19790:
19789:
19685:Proposed missions
19680:
19679:
19665:Venus Life Finder
19592:
19591:
19215:
19214:
19109:
19108:
18954:
18953:
18950:
18949:
18927:Lagrangian points
18899:by discovery date
18497:Human spaceflight
18468:historical models
18361:
18360:
17980:S/2015 (136472) 1
17362:
17361:
17279:
17278:
17175:Venus Life Finder
16846:Sputnik programme
16825:
16824:
16712:
16711:
16209:
16208:
15977:Transits of Venus
15938:Missions to Venus
15914:978-91-972705-0-2
15712:978-1-4051-1218-5
15679:978-0-521-79912-6
15654:978-0-7613-2359-4
15629:978-0-292-79793-2
15604:978-0-89412-244-6
15522:978-0-415-05609-0
15460:978-0-940985-51-3
15435:978-81-223-0902-7
15410:978-0-14-200116-5
15401:Harper Publishing
15282:978-0-521-49652-0
15257:978-0-19-064792-6
15102:978-0-7141-1705-8
15065:978-0-313-29497-6
14978:(December 1984).
14869:10.1063/1.1541418
14838:978-3-319-19568-1
14738:Acta Astronautica
14676:Popular Mechanics
14582:978-0-309-10150-9
14220:(10): 1206–1223.
14127:(10): 1277–1304.
14052:10.1038/2161198a0
13685:978-0-521-03373-2
13675:Planetary Mapping
13421:(3558): 910–911.
13283:Popular Astronomy
12949:978-0-08-043751-4
12867:978-1-329-00342-2
12828:978-0-387-92790-9
12801:978-1-4020-0657-9
12680:. Fourth series.
12650:978-0-674-53918-1
12622:. pp. 15–16.
12600:978-0-521-05801-8
11974:Night Sky Network
11950:on 17 August 2000
11859:978-1-55209-302-3
10917:978-0-521-80724-1
10821:978-0-521-63280-5
10777:Earl, Michael A.
10750:(13 March 2021).
10542:Nature Geoscience
10326:(7170): 661–662.
10221:"The Ashen Light"
10008:978-0-521-76573-2
9995:"Venus tectonics"
9946:(10): 1699–1734.
9753:(17): 2053–2084.
9568:(5824): 610–613.
9082:(12): 1487–1501.
9058:on 7 August 2011.
8616:10.1029/97JE03032
8601:(E2): 3655–3677.
8319:978-0-12-446744-6
8214:978-0-12-415845-0
8131:Nature Geoscience
8068:(4546): 630–633.
7994:(7170): 629–632.
7920:10.1029/96GL01589
7906:(14): 1857–1860.
7736:978-1-4020-4520-2
7703:978-0-521-45714-9
7442:978-1-4020-5233-0
7386:978-0-8053-8734-6
7377:Benjamin Cummings
7211:(12): 4762–4769.
7138:Lakdawalla, Emily
6939:Nature Geoscience
6842:978-3-540-34143-7
6405:978-0-521-47770-3
6350:10.1029/94JE00388
6229:978-0-7167-2379-0
6188:978-1-4262-0121-9
5983:978-0-12-415845-0
5889:978-3-540-00431-8
5781:Digitalsky.org.uk
5673:978-0-933346-86-4
5615:(12): 1436–1444.
4957:"Planetary Facts"
4636:(Subscription or
4602:(Subscription or
4559:on 23 March 2020.
4247:heteronormatively
3917:Ancient Egyptians
3849:star and crescent
3822:Akkadian religion
3814:Sumerian religion
3771:'s 1889 painting
3358:(1998/1999), and
3132:Mariner programme
3104:Humanity's first
3002:Mikhail Lomonosov
2990:black drop effect
2967:Jeremiah Horrocks
2826:Diogenes Laërtius
2741:classical planets
2731:Early observation
2657:Jeremiah Horrocks
2653:astronomical unit
2420:orbital resonance
2141:clearly detected
2116:to lead sulfide (
1997:
1996:
1943:. Because of its
1933:greenhouse effect
1849:concentration of
1746:moment of inertia
1626:process. Earth's
1411:planetary science
1403:features of Venus
1105:
1104:
1070:hydrogen fluoride
1064:hydrogen chloride
885:
884:
695:1 Venus solar day
32:Venus (mythology)
16:(Redirected from
20011:
19966:
19965:
19964:
19954:
19953:
19952:
19942:
19941:
19933:
19891:List of missions
19807:Inspiration Mars
19689:
19688:
19601:
19600:
19597:Planned missions
19534:Tyazhely Sputnik
19245:
19244:
19235:
19229:
19223:
19158:
19157:
19136:
19129:
19122:
19113:
19112:
19103:
19101:
19092:
19085:
19078:
19071:
19065:
19059:
19053:
19046:
19039:
19032:
19025:
19018:
19011:
18998:
18997:
18996:
18986:
18985:
18984:
18974:
18973:
18972:
18675:Exozodiacal dust
18365:
18364:
18331:Detached objects
17567:
17566:
17563:
17562:
17407:
17389:
17382:
17375:
17366:
17365:
17352:
17342:
17341:
17244:Inspiration Mars
16836:
16835:
16721:
16720:
16694:Surface features
16349:Sacajawea Patera
16148:
16147:
16135:Mapping of Venus
16105:
16104:
16092:Outline of Venus
16074:
16067:
16060:
16051:
16050:
15971:The Nine Planets
15919:
15918:
15898:
15892:
15891:
15889:
15887:
15867:
15861:
15860:
15822:
15811:
15810:
15792:
15781:
15780:
15770:
15730:
15724:
15723:
15721:
15719:
15700:
15690:
15684:
15683:
15665:
15659:
15658:
15640:
15634:
15633:
15615:
15609:
15608:
15591:
15585:
15584:
15582:
15580:
15565:"Sao Kim – VOER"
15561:
15555:
15554:
15552:
15550:
15533:
15527:
15526:
15510:
15500:
15494:
15493:
15491:
15489:
15471:
15465:
15464:
15446:
15440:
15439:
15421:
15415:
15414:
15387:
15381:
15380:
15378:
15376:
15359:Atsma, Aaron J.
15356:
15350:
15348:
15346:
15344:
15335:. Archived from
15332:De Natura Deorum
15326:
15320:
15319:
15317:
15315:
15296:
15287:
15286:
15268:
15262:
15261:
15235:
15226:
15225:
15173:
15162:
15161:
15159:
15157:
15125:
15119:
15118:
15116:
15114:
15086:
15077:
15076:
15074:
15072:
15049:
15040:
15039:
15037:
15035:
15016:
15010:
15009:
15007:
15005:
14999:
14988:
14972:
14966:
14965:
14945:
14939:
14938:
14936:
14934:
14914:
14908:
14907:
14905:
14903:
14883:
14877:
14876:
14875:on 11 July 2012.
14871:. Archived from
14852:
14843:
14842:
14816:
14810:
14809:
14807:
14805:
14794:Архив фантастики
14786:
14780:
14779:
14761:
14729:
14723:
14722:
14720:
14718:
14698:
14692:
14691:
14689:
14687:
14667:
14661:
14660:
14658:
14656:
14636:
14630:
14629:
14627:
14625:
14605:
14599:
14598:
14596:
14594:
14558:
14552:
14551:
14549:
14547:
14538:. 7 March 2023.
14528:
14522:
14521:
14495:
14480:Nature Astronomy
14474:
14468:
14467:
14465:
14455:
14431:
14425:
14424:
14398:
14378:
14372:
14371:
14369:
14367:
14343:
14337:
14336:
14325:"Life on Venus?"
14320:
14314:
14313:
14311:
14309:
14293:
14287:
14286:
14284:
14282:
14262:
14256:
14255:
14229:
14208:
14202:
14201:
14199:
14197:
14177:
14171:
14170:
14136:
14115:
14109:
14108:
14106:
14104:
14082:
14076:
14075:
14073:
14071:
14035:
14020:
14014:
14013:
13984:
13978:
13977:
13975:
13973:
13953:
13947:
13946:
13944:
13942:
13922:
13916:
13915:
13897:
13864:Sister Planet".
13860:
13854:
13853:
13843:
13802:
13796:
13795:
13793:
13791:
13771:
13765:
13764:
13762:
13760:
13738:
13732:
13731:
13729:
13727:
13708:
13702:
13701:
13699:
13697:
13666:
13660:
13659:
13657:
13655:
13639:
13633:
13632:
13594:
13588:
13587:
13543:
13537:
13536:
13534:
13532:
13511:
13505:
13504:
13492:
13486:
13485:
13483:
13481:
13461:
13455:
13454:
13410:
13404:
13403:
13401:
13399:
13393:
13386:
13377:
13371:
13370:
13368:
13336:
13330:
13329:
13327:
13325:
13305:
13299:
13298:
13278:
13272:
13271:
13243:
13237:
13236:
13234:
13232:
13190:
13184:
13183:
13181:
13179:
13169:
13137:
13131:
13130:
13094:
13088:
13087:
13085:
13083:
13064:
13058:
13057:
13055:
13027:
13021:
13020:
13018:
13016:
13010:
12995:
12969:
12960:
12954:
12953:
12935:
12929:
12928:
12890:
12884:
12883:
12881:
12879:
12851:
12845:
12844:
12842:
12840:
12812:
12806:
12805:
12783:
12777:
12776:
12774:
12772:
12753:
12747:
12746:
12708:
12702:
12701:
12673:
12667:
12666:
12664:
12662:
12630:
12624:
12623:
12611:
12605:
12604:
12575:
12569:
12568:
12556:
12550:
12547:
12541:
12540:
12538:
12536:
12530:
12519:
12508:
12502:
12501:
12465:
12459:
12458:
12456:
12454:
12422:
12397:
12396:
12374:
12368:
12367:
12365:
12363:
12343:
12337:
12336:
12334:
12332:
12323:. Archived from
12312:
12306:
12305:
12259:
12253:
12252:
12250:
12248:
12214:
12206:
12200:
12199:
12197:
12195:
12175:
12169:
12168:
12166:
12164:
12145:
12139:
12138:
12136:
12134:
12114:
12108:
12107:
12105:
12103:
12083:
12077:
12076:
12074:
12072:
12061:www.fourmilab.ch
12053:
12047:
12046:
12044:
12042:
12022:
12016:
12015:
12013:
12011:
11996:
11990:
11989:
11987:
11985:
11966:
11960:
11959:
11957:
11955:
11935:
11926:
11925:
11923:
11921:
11912:. Archived from
11901:
11895:
11894:
11882:
11876:
11875:
11873:
11871:
11843:
11837:
11836:
11834:
11832:
11813:
11807:
11806:
11804:
11802:
11782:
11776:
11775:
11739:
11733:
11732:
11715:
11709:
11708:
11668:
11662:
11657:
11655:
11653:
11648:on 9 August 2012
11644:. Archived from
11638:
11632:
11631:
11627:David A. Rothery
11621:
11619:
11599:
11590:
11589:
11587:
11585:
11565:
11559:
11558:
11532:
11510:
11504:
11503:
11501:
11499:
11479:
11473:
11472:
11470:
11468:
11448:
11442:
11441:
11439:
11437:
11417:
11411:
11410:
11408:
11406:
11384:
11378:
11377:
11375:
11373:
11351:
11345:
11344:
11334:
11316:
11292:
11286:
11285:
11275:
11257:
11231:
11225:
11224:
11222:
11188:
11182:
11181:
11155:
11135:
11126:
11125:
11123:
11089:
11083:
11082:
11054:
11048:
11047:
11045:
11043:
11037:
11006:
10997:
10991:
10990:
10988:
10986:
10980:
10949:
10940:
10934:
10933:
10931:
10929:
10898:
10892:
10891:
10889:
10887:
10878:. Archived from
10868:
10859:
10858:
10856:
10854:
10839:
10833:
10832:
10830:
10828:
10801:
10795:
10794:
10792:
10790:
10779:"Rotation Speed"
10774:
10768:
10767:
10765:
10763:
10744:
10738:
10737:
10735:
10733:
10717:
10711:
10710:
10708:
10706:
10687:
10681:
10680:
10678:
10660:
10634:
10628:
10627:
10625:
10623:
10603:
10597:
10596:
10594:
10592:
10572:
10566:
10565:
10562:10.1038/ngeo2873
10536:
10530:
10529:
10527:
10525:
10503:
10497:
10496:
10494:
10492:
10477:
10471:
10470:
10468:
10466:
10451:
10445:
10444:
10442:
10440:
10418:
10412:
10411:
10401:
10392:(450): 633–660.
10381:
10375:
10374:
10372:
10370:
10364:
10358:. Archived from
10315:
10306:
10300:
10299:
10297:
10295:
10270:
10264:
10263:
10261:
10259:
10223:
10215:
10206:
10205:
10177:
10171:
10170:
10160:
10128:
10119:
10118:
10108:
10090:
10065:
10056:
10055:
10053:
10051:
10031:
10025:
10024:
10022:
10020:
9990:
9984:
9983:
9981:
9979:
9929:
9923:
9922:
9920:
9918:
9899:
9893:
9892:
9890:
9888:
9882:
9839:
9830:
9824:
9823:
9787:
9781:
9780:
9770:
9736:
9730:
9729:
9698:
9692:
9691:
9689:
9687:
9668:
9662:
9661:
9659:
9657:
9637:
9631:
9630:
9600:
9594:
9593:
9582:10.1038/292610a0
9557:
9548:
9547:
9527:
9521:
9520:
9518:
9516:
9498:
9480:
9456:
9450:
9449:
9447:
9445:
9415:
9407:
9401:
9400:
9390:
9372:
9343:
9337:
9336:
9334:
9332:
9298:
9283:Nature Astronomy
9273:
9264:
9263:
9261:
9259:
9250:. Archived from
9236:
9227:
9226:
9192:
9172:
9163:
9162:
9144:
9118:
9109:
9100:
9099:
9066:
9060:
9059:
9057:
9043:(7–8): 250–254.
9034:
9022:
9016:
9015:
9010:. Archived from
8999:
8993:
8992:
8990:
8988:
8968:
8962:
8961:
8959:
8957:
8906:
8900:
8899:
8897:
8895:
8875:
8869:
8868:
8843:
8837:
8836:
8826:
8792:
8768:
8762:
8761:
8735:
8715:
8709:
8708:
8706:
8704:
8693:The Conversation
8684:
8678:
8677:
8643:
8635:
8629:
8628:
8618:
8586:
8580:
8579:
8543:
8537:
8536:
8534:
8532:
8497:10.1038/358043a0
8474:
8466:
8460:
8459:
8457:
8455:
8413:
8405:
8399:
8398:
8396:
8394:
8379:
8373:
8372:
8370:
8368:
8362:
8356:. Archived from
8339:
8330:
8324:
8323:
8304:(2nd ed.).
8303:
8293:
8287:
8286:
8284:
8282:
8277:on 26 April 2012
8263:
8257:
8256:
8254:
8252:
8237:
8231:
8230:
8228:
8226:
8192:
8186:
8185:
8183:
8181:
8175:
8151:10.1038/ngeo2971
8128:
8119:
8110:
8109:
8057:
8051:
8050:
8034:
8028:
8027:
7983:
7977:
7976:
7950:
7930:
7924:
7923:
7886:
7880:
7879:
7877:
7875:
7869:
7830:
7821:
7812:
7811:
7809:
7807:
7801:
7768:
7759:
7753:
7752:
7750:
7748:
7727:Chapman and Hall
7714:
7708:
7707:
7685:
7679:
7678:
7656:
7650:
7649:
7603:
7597:
7596:
7594:
7592:
7572:
7566:
7565:
7563:
7561:
7521:
7515:
7514:
7512:
7510:
7504:
7474:(6): 1338–1352.
7465:
7456:
7447:
7446:
7434:
7424:
7418:
7417:
7397:
7391:
7390:
7368:
7362:
7361:
7333:
7327:
7326:
7324:
7322:
7316:
7285:
7276:
7270:
7269:
7267:
7265:
7245:
7239:
7238:
7228:
7194:
7188:
7187:
7185:
7183:
7168:
7162:
7161:
7159:
7157:
7140:(18 June 2015).
7134:
7125:
7124:
7122:
7120:
7097:
7091:
7090:
7088:
7086:
7077:. 20 July 2023.
7071:
7065:
7064:
7054:
7044:
7010:
7004:
7003:
7001:
6999:
6977:
6971:
6970:
6959:10.1038/ngeo1650
6934:
6928:
6927:
6925:
6892:"Transport of SO
6887:
6881:
6880:
6878:
6876:
6860:
6854:
6853:
6851:
6849:
6826:
6820:
6819:
6779:
6773:
6772:
6770:
6768:
6749:
6743:
6742:
6709:(3): 1511–1540.
6698:
6692:
6691:
6689:
6687:
6667:
6661:
6660:
6650:
6624:
6615:
6609:
6608:
6606:
6604:
6586:
6580:
6579:
6577:
6544:
6538:
6537:
6500:
6494:
6493:
6491:
6489:
6471:
6462:
6461:
6459:
6457:
6451:
6432:
6423:
6417:
6416:
6414:
6412:
6397:
6387:
6374:
6373:
6371:
6369:
6319:
6310:
6309:
6271:
6258:
6252:
6246:
6240:
6234:
6233:
6211:
6205:
6204:
6202:
6200:
6172:
6166:
6165:
6127:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6112:. Archived from
6103:
6075:
6062:
6056:
6055:
6006:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5995:
5965:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5954:
5937:Darling, David.
5934:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5923:
5900:
5894:
5893:
5868:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5857:
5837:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5823:
5803:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5792:
5783:. Archived from
5772:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5761:
5741:
5735:
5734:
5695:
5686:
5685:
5659:
5653:
5652:
5650:
5648:
5608:Nature Astronomy
5604:
5596:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5582:
5560:
5551:
5550:
5548:
5546:
5527:
5521:
5520:
5514:
5506:
5504:
5502:
5462:Nature Astronomy
5452:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5441:
5419:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5408:
5389:
5383:
5382:
5356:
5336:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5322:
5280:
5256:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5223:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5206:
5175:
5166:
5160:
5159:
5133:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5065:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5051:
5036:
5030:
5029:
5003:
4988:Nature Astronomy
4983:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4972:
4953:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4939:
4920:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4905:. Archived from
4896:
4868:
4859:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4816:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4743:
4734:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4698:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4671:
4642:
4641:
4633:
4621:
4614:
4608:
4607:
4599:
4587:
4580:
4574:
4573:
4560:
4555:. Archived from
4538:
4521:
4510:
4504:
4500:
4494:
4485:
4479:
4477:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4465:
4462:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4436:
4432:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4390:
4383:
4379:
4374:
4368:
4365:
4339:Outline of Venus
4333:
4331:Astronomy portal
4328:
4327:
4326:
4319:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4305:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4178:Venus in fiction
4126:), based on the
4125:
4124:
3971:identified with
3871:of their father
3808:goddess of love
3774:The Starry Night
3769:Vincent van Gogh
3759:Venus in culture
3531:light absorbance
3431:
3181:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3090:was retrograde.
3027:
3022:Giovanni Cassini
2976:
2971:William Crabtree
2956:geocentric model
2934:geocentric model
2906:
2897:
2863:transit of Venus
2804:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2647:
2643:
2642:121.5 years
2639:
2635:
2634:105.5 years
2631:
2597:Transit of Venus
2586:
2448:
2400:planetary system
2398:that formed the
2381:
2377:
2361:
2352:Giovanni Cassini
2349:
2347:
2346:
2338:
2329:
2319:trojan asteroids
2313:
2293:
2281:
2061:
2055:Above the dense
1961:
1957:
1930:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1823:cosmic radiation
1714:
1707:
1702:
1637:
1545:tessera terrains
1476:
1385:Mapping of Venus
1377:Geology of Venus
1249:in human culture
1179:active volcanism
1177:escapes through
1097:
1086:
1058:carbonyl sulfide
964:
957:Angular diameter
920:
902:
824:
823:
770:North pole
758:
749:
744:North pole
709:
708:−243.0226 d
688:
641:
620:
618:
595:
593:
570:
568:
536:
531:
530:
528:
465:invariable plane
446:
444:
414:
377:
372:
365:
285:
271:
270:
267:
266:
263:
260:
257:
254:
251:
248:
245:
236:
235:
232:
231:
228:
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
210:
207:
195:
193:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
111:
110:
109:
108:
101:
98:
97:
94:
91:
88:
85:
82:
53:
46:
42:
21:
20019:
20018:
20014:
20013:
20012:
20010:
20009:
20008:
19974:
19973:
19972:
19962:
19960:
19950:
19948:
19936:
19928:
19926:
19921:
19910:
19864:
19826:
19786:
19760:
19676:
19653:
19628:
19588:
19527:Failed launches
19522:
19501:
19435:
19399:
19375:Cassini–Huygens
19293:
19236:
19230:
19224:
19211:
19174:
19154:Active missions
19149:
19140:
19110:
19105:
19099:
19097:
19096:
19090:
19083:
19076:
19069:
19063:
19057:
19051:
19044:
19037:
19030:
19023:
19016:
19009:
18994:
18992:
18982:
18980:
18970:
18968:
18955:
18946:
18910:
18847:
18831:vs. Hill sphere
18757:Molecular cloud
18685:Sample curation
18665:Detached object
18604:
18597:
18441:
18433:
18370:
18357:
18302:Neptune trojans
18085:
18083:
18081:
18074:
18010:
17703:
17574:
17556:
17442:
17405:
17398:
17393:
17363:
17358:
17330:
17275:
17254:
17231:
17225:
17179:
17143:
17118:
17089:Cassini–Huygens
16991:Mariner program
16821:
16793:
16745:
16708:
16672:
16489:
16445:
16436:
16412:
16403:
16219:
16217:
16205:
16191:Aphrodite Terra
16177:
16139:
16096:
16083:
16078:
16044:Google Venus 3D
16004:
15984:Wayback Machine
15955:Image catalogue
15942:Image catalogue
15928:
15923:
15922:
15915:
15899:
15895:
15885:
15883:
15868:
15864:
15841:10.2307/1217734
15823:
15814:
15793:
15784:
15731:
15727:
15717:
15715:
15713:
15691:
15687:
15680:
15666:
15662:
15655:
15641:
15637:
15630:
15616:
15612:
15605:
15593:
15592:
15588:
15578:
15576:
15563:
15562:
15558:
15548:
15546:
15534:
15530:
15523:
15501:
15497:
15487:
15485:
15472:
15468:
15461:
15447:
15443:
15436:
15422:
15418:
15411:
15388:
15384:
15374:
15372:
15357:
15353:
15342:
15340:
15327:
15323:
15313:
15311:
15298:
15297:
15290:
15283:
15269:
15265:
15258:
15236:
15229:
15174:
15165:
15155:
15153:
15126:
15122:
15112:
15110:
15103:
15087:
15080:
15070:
15068:
15066:
15050:
15043:
15033:
15031:
15018:
15017:
15013:
15003:
15001:
14997:
14986:
14973:
14969:
14946:
14942:
14932:
14930:
14923:Vision Learning
14915:
14911:
14901:
14899:
14884:
14880:
14853:
14846:
14839:
14817:
14813:
14803:
14801:
14788:
14787:
14783:
14730:
14726:
14716:
14714:
14699:
14695:
14685:
14683:
14668:
14664:
14654:
14652:
14637:
14633:
14623:
14621:
14606:
14602:
14592:
14590:
14583:
14559:
14555:
14545:
14543:
14530:
14529:
14525:
14475:
14471:
14432:
14428:
14379:
14375:
14365:
14363:
14344:
14340:
14321:
14317:
14307:
14305:
14294:
14290:
14280:
14278:
14263:
14259:
14209:
14205:
14195:
14193:
14178:
14174:
14116:
14112:
14102:
14100:
14092:Earth & Sky
14083:
14079:
14069:
14067:
14021:
14017:
13985:
13981:
13971:
13969:
13954:
13950:
13940:
13938:
13923:
13919:
13861:
13857:
13803:
13799:
13789:
13787:
13772:
13768:
13758:
13756:
13739:
13735:
13725:
13723:
13710:
13709:
13705:
13695:
13693:
13686:
13670:Greeley, Ronald
13667:
13663:
13653:
13651:
13640:
13636:
13595:
13591:
13544:
13540:
13530:
13528:
13513:
13512:
13508:
13494:
13493:
13489:
13479:
13477:
13462:
13458:
13411:
13407:
13397:
13395:
13391:
13384:
13378:
13374:
13337:
13333:
13323:
13321:
13306:
13302:
13279:
13275:
13244:
13240:
13230:
13228:
13191:
13187:
13177:
13175:
13138:
13134:
13095:
13091:
13081:
13079:
13066:
13065:
13061:
13028:
13024:
13014:
13012:
13008:
12967:
12961:
12957:
12950:
12936:
12932:
12891:
12887:
12877:
12875:
12868:
12852:
12848:
12838:
12836:
12829:
12813:
12809:
12802:
12794:. p. 137.
12784:
12780:
12770:
12768:
12755:
12754:
12750:
12709:
12705:
12674:
12670:
12660:
12658:
12651:
12643:. p. 307.
12631:
12627:
12612:
12608:
12601:
12579:Needham, Joseph
12576:
12572:
12557:
12553:
12548:
12544:
12534:
12532:
12528:
12517:
12509:
12505:
12476:(1257): 43–50.
12466:
12462:
12452:
12450:
12423:
12400:
12375:
12371:
12361:
12359:
12344:
12340:
12330:
12328:
12327:on 18 June 2013
12313:
12309:
12260:
12256:
12246:
12244:
12207:
12203:
12193:
12191:
12176:
12172:
12162:
12160:
12155:. 8 June 2004.
12147:
12146:
12142:
12132:
12130:
12115:
12111:
12101:
12099:
12084:
12080:
12070:
12068:
12055:
12054:
12050:
12040:
12038:
12023:
12019:
12009:
12007:
11997:
11993:
11983:
11981:
11968:
11967:
11963:
11953:
11951:
11936:
11929:
11919:
11917:
11902:
11898:
11883:
11879:
11869:
11867:
11860:
11844:
11840:
11830:
11828:
11815:
11814:
11810:
11800:
11798:
11783:
11779:
11740:
11736:
11716:
11712:
11670:
11669:
11665:
11651:
11649:
11640:
11639:
11635:
11617:
11615:
11600:
11593:
11583:
11581:
11566:
11562:
11511:
11507:
11497:
11495:
11480:
11476:
11466:
11464:
11449:
11445:
11435:
11433:
11418:
11414:
11404:
11402:
11385:
11381:
11371:
11369:
11352:
11348:
11293:
11289:
11232:
11228:
11189:
11185:
11136:
11129:
11090:
11086:
11055:
11051:
11041:
11039:
11035:
11004:
10998:
10994:
10984:
10982:
10978:
10947:
10941:
10937:
10927:
10925:
10918:
10899:
10895:
10885:
10883:
10870:
10869:
10862:
10852:
10850:
10841:
10840:
10836:
10826:
10824:
10822:
10802:
10798:
10788:
10786:
10775:
10771:
10761:
10759:
10745:
10741:
10731:
10729:
10718:
10714:
10704:
10702:
10689:
10688:
10684:
10635:
10631:
10621:
10619:
10604:
10600:
10590:
10588:
10573:
10569:
10537:
10533:
10523:
10521:
10504:
10500:
10490:
10488:
10479:
10478:
10474:
10464:
10462:
10453:
10452:
10448:
10438:
10436:
10419:
10415:
10382:
10378:
10368:
10366:
10365:on 4 March 2016
10362:
10313:
10307:
10303:
10293:
10291:
10272:
10271:
10267:
10257:
10255:
10216:
10209:
10190:Cosmic Research
10178:
10174:
10129:
10122:
10066:
10059:
10049:
10047:
10032:
10028:
10018:
10016:
10009:
9991:
9987:
9977:
9975:
9930:
9926:
9916:
9914:
9901:
9900:
9896:
9886:
9884:
9880:
9837:
9831:
9827:
9788:
9784:
9737:
9733:
9715:10.2307/3960800
9700:
9699:
9695:
9685:
9683:
9678:. 31 May 2012.
9670:
9669:
9665:
9655:
9653:
9638:
9634:
9601:
9597:
9558:
9551:
9528:
9524:
9514:
9512:
9457:
9453:
9443:
9441:
9408:
9404:
9352:
9344:
9340:
9330:
9328:
9274:
9267:
9257:
9255:
9237:
9230:
9173:
9166:
9116:
9110:
9103:
9067:
9063:
9055:
9032:
9023:
9019:
9000:
8996:
8986:
8984:
8969:
8965:
8955:
8953:
8907:
8903:
8893:
8891:
8876:
8872:
8844:
8840:
8769:
8765:
8716:
8712:
8702:
8700:
8685:
8681:
8636:
8632:
8587:
8583:
8544:
8540:
8530:
8528:
8483:(6381): 43–46.
8467:
8463:
8453:
8451:
8406:
8402:
8392:
8390:
8381:
8380:
8376:
8366:
8364:
8360:
8337:
8331:
8327:
8320:
8294:
8290:
8280:
8278:
8265:
8264:
8260:
8250:
8248:
8239:
8238:
8234:
8224:
8222:
8215:
8193:
8189:
8179:
8177:
8173:
8126:
8120:
8113:
8058:
8054:
8035:
8031:
7984:
7980:
7931:
7927:
7895:
7887:
7883:
7873:
7871:
7867:
7839:(11): 987–990.
7828:
7822:
7815:
7805:
7803:
7799:
7766:
7760:
7756:
7746:
7744:
7737:
7715:
7711:
7704:
7686:
7682:
7662:Cosmic Research
7657:
7653:
7616:(11): 987–990.
7604:
7600:
7590:
7588:
7573:
7569:
7559:
7557:
7522:
7518:
7508:
7506:
7502:
7463:
7457:
7450:
7443:
7425:
7421:
7404:. Houston, TX:
7398:
7394:
7387:
7369:
7365:
7334:
7330:
7320:
7318:
7314:
7283:
7277:
7273:
7263:
7261:
7246:
7242:
7195:
7191:
7181:
7179:
7178:on 19 June 2015
7170:
7169:
7165:
7155:
7153:
7135:
7128:
7118:
7116:
7099:
7098:
7094:
7084:
7082:
7073:
7072:
7068:
7027:(1): eaax7445.
7011:
7007:
6997:
6995:
6978:
6974:
6935:
6931:
6895:
6888:
6884:
6874:
6872:
6861:
6857:
6847:
6845:
6843:
6827:
6823:
6780:
6776:
6766:
6764:
6751:
6750:
6746:
6699:
6695:
6685:
6683:
6668:
6664:
6622:
6616:
6612:
6602:
6600:
6587:
6583:
6545:
6541:
6501:
6497:
6487:
6485:
6472:
6465:
6455:
6453:
6449:
6430:
6424:
6420:
6410:
6408:
6406:
6388:
6377:
6367:
6365:
6320:
6313:
6272:
6261:
6253:
6249:
6241:
6237:
6230:
6222:. p. 204.
6212:
6208:
6198:
6196:
6189:
6173:
6169:
6128:
6124:
6116:
6073:
6063:
6059:
6007:
6003:
5993:
5991:
5984:
5966:
5962:
5952:
5950:
5935:
5931:
5921:
5919:
5901:
5897:
5890:
5869:
5865:
5855:
5853:
5838:
5831:
5821:
5819:
5804:
5800:
5790:
5788:
5787:on 11 June 2012
5773:
5769:
5759:
5757:
5742:
5738:
5696:
5689:
5674:
5660:
5656:
5646:
5644:
5597:
5590:
5580:
5578:
5561:
5554:
5544:
5542:
5529:
5528:
5524:
5508:
5507:
5500:
5498:
5453:
5449:
5439:
5437:
5420:
5416:
5406:
5404:
5391:
5390:
5386:
5337:
5330:
5320:
5318:
5257:
5250:
5240:
5238:
5225:
5224:
5220:
5210:
5208:
5204:
5173:
5167:
5163:
5114:
5110:
5066:
5059:
5049:
5047:
5038:
5037:
5033:
4984:
4980:
4970:
4968:
4955:
4954:
4947:
4937:
4935:
4922:
4921:
4917:
4912:on 26 May 2010.
4909:
4894:10.1.1.524.5176
4866:
4860:
4856:
4817:
4810:
4773:
4769:
4744:
4737:
4718:
4716:
4699:
4695:
4685:
4683:
4672:
4645:
4635:
4615:
4611:
4601:
4581:
4577:
4562:
4561:
4540:
4539:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4524:
4511:
4507:
4501:
4497:
4486:
4482:
4475:
4466:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4452:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4405:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4381:
4380:km/h and 1669.8
4377:
4375:
4371:
4366:
4362:
4357:
4329:
4324:
4322:
4315:
4310:
4308:
4301:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4272:element mercury
4204:
4198:
4190:terraform Venus
4180:
4174:
4168:depicts Venus.
4065:Vedic astrology
3863:of her brother
3761:
3755:
3728:floating cities
3699:
3689:
3643:
3619:
3613:
3589:
3554:Jim Bridenstine
3502:suggested in a
3477:
3471:
3469:Search for life
3429:
3416:Aphrodite Terra
3405:
3399:
3355:Cassini–Huygens
3294:landers. After
3179:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3102:
3096:
3057:rotation period
3034:
3025:
3006:Johann Schröter
2979:Julian calendar
2974:
2944:Galileo Galilei
2940:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2936:(second image).
2914:Galileo Galilei
2909:
2908:
2907:
2899:
2898:
2887:
2818:Pliny the Elder
2733:
2728:
2722:
2710:
2672:Johannes Kepler
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2599:
2593:
2584:
2581:Abraham Lincoln
2557:
2520:
2518:Phases of Venus
2514:
2494:inferior planet
2473:
2446:
2428:synodic periods
2408:
2392:dust ring-cloud
2379:
2375:
2364:David Stevenson
2359:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2325:
2323:quasi-satellite
2311:
2291:
2279:
2208:
2202:
2068:ferric chloride
2060:
2056:
2049:Thermal inertia
2030:absorption line
1968:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1912:sulphur dioxide
1888:
1882:
1785:
1726:
1712:
1705:
1700:
1685:
1635:
1602:
1596:
1572:plate tectonics
1565:plate tectonics
1474:
1452:Aphrodite Terra
1391:
1375:Main articles:
1373:
1357:critical points
1293:
1226:synodic periods
1197:, that have no
1187:plate tectonics
1181:, resulting in
1101:
1100:
1094:right-hand rule
1087:
1083:
1074:
1040:carbon monoxide
1022:sulphur dioxide
991:
979:
962:
959:
947:
932:
922:
918:
910:equivalent dose
900:
804:
774:
764:
756:
750:
747:right ascension
745:
737:
729:
717:
707:
704:
694:
686:
683:
671:
669:Escape velocity
660:
650:
648:Surface gravity
640:5.243 g/cm
639:
636:
626:
616:
614:
601:
591:
589:
576:
566:
564:
558:
539:
534:
526:
524:
523:
517:
490:
478:
469:
442:
440:
424:
412:
408:
395:
386:
370:
368:
363:
357:
335:
333:Semi-major axis
242:
238:
204:
200:
179:
149:
145:
141:
125:goddess of love
118:
104:
103:
79:
75:
62:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
20017:
20007:
20006:
20001:
19996:
19991:
19986:
19971:
19970:
19958:
19946:
19923:
19922:
19920:
19919:
19915:
19912:
19911:
19909:
19908:
19903:
19898:
19893:
19888:
19883:
19878:
19872:
19870:
19866:
19865:
19863:
19862:
19857:
19852:
19847:
19846:
19845:
19834:
19832:
19828:
19827:
19825:
19824:
19819:
19814:
19809:
19804:
19798:
19796:
19792:
19791:
19788:
19787:
19785:
19784:
19779:
19774:
19768:
19766:
19762:
19761:
19759:
19758:
19751:
19746:
19741:
19736:
19731:
19726:
19721:
19716:
19711:
19706:
19701:
19695:
19693:
19692:Venus missions
19686:
19682:
19681:
19678:
19677:
19675:
19674:
19668:
19661:
19659:
19658:Descent probes
19655:
19654:
19652:
19651:
19645:
19636:
19634:
19630:
19629:
19627:
19626:
19620:
19614:
19607:
19605:
19598:
19594:
19593:
19590:
19589:
19587:
19586:
19581:
19576:
19571:
19566:
19561:
19556:
19551:
19546:
19541:
19536:
19530:
19528:
19524:
19523:
19521:
19520:
19515:
19509:
19507:
19506:Balloon probes
19503:
19502:
19500:
19499:
19494:
19489:
19484:
19479:
19474:
19469:
19464:
19459:
19454:
19449:
19443:
19441:
19437:
19436:
19434:
19433:
19428:
19423:
19418:
19413:
19407:
19405:
19404:Descent probes
19401:
19400:
19398:
19397:
19390:
19385:
19378:
19371:
19364:
19359:
19354:
19349:
19344:
19339:
19334:
19329:
19324:
19319:
19314:
19309:
19301:
19299:
19295:
19294:
19292:
19291:
19284:
19279:
19274:
19269:
19264:
19259:
19251:
19249:
19242:
19238:
19237:
19218:
19216:
19213:
19212:
19210:
19209:
19203:
19197:
19189:
19182:
19180:
19176:
19175:
19173:
19172:
19164:
19162:
19155:
19151:
19150:
19139:
19138:
19131:
19124:
19116:
19107:
19106:
19003:
19002:
18990:
18978:
18966:
18960:
18957:
18956:
18952:
18951:
18948:
18947:
18945:
18944:
18939:
18934:
18929:
18924:
18918:
18916:
18912:
18911:
18909:
18908:
18903:
18902:
18901:
18896:
18886:
18881:
18876:
18871:
18866:
18861:
18855:
18853:
18849:
18848:
18846:
18845:
18843:Scattered disc
18840:
18835:
18834:
18833:
18823:
18818:
18817:
18816:
18811:
18810:
18809:
18799:
18794:
18789:
18784:
18774:
18769:
18764:
18759:
18754:
18749:
18744:
18739:
18734:
18729:
18724:
18719:
18714:
18709:
18704:
18699:
18694:
18693:
18692:
18687:
18677:
18672:
18667:
18662:
18657:
18652:
18647:
18642:
18637:
18632:
18631:
18630:
18628:Excretion disk
18623:Accretion disk
18620:
18615:
18613:Star formation
18609:
18607:
18599:
18598:
18596:
18595:
18590:
18585:
18580:
18575:
18570:
18565:
18560:
18559:
18558:
18548:
18543:
18538:
18537:
18536:
18526:
18521:
18516:
18515:
18514:
18509:
18504:
18502:space stations
18494:
18493:
18492:
18487:
18477:
18476:
18475:
18470:
18465:
18455:
18449:
18447:
18435:
18434:
18432:
18431:
18426:
18421:
18416:
18411:
18406:
18401:
18396:
18391:
18386:
18381:
18375:
18373:
18362:
18359:
18358:
18356:
18355:
18350:
18349:
18348:
18343:
18341:Scattered disc
18338:
18333:
18328:
18327:
18326:
18321:
18306:
18305:
18304:
18299:
18289:
18288:
18287:
18282:
18277:
18272:
18267:
18262:
18257:
18252:
18247:
18237:
18232:
18227:
18226:
18225:
18220:
18215:
18210:
18209:
18208:
18203:
18193:
18188:
18183:
18173:
18172:
18171:
18166:
18161:
18156:
18151:
18146:
18141:
18136:
18128:
18123:
18122:
18121:
18116:
18106:
18101:
18096:
18090:
18088:
18076:
18075:
18073:
18072:
18067:
18062:
18057:
18052:
18047:
18042:
18032:
18027:
18020:
18018:
18012:
18011:
18009:
18008:
18007:
18006:
17996:
17995:
17994:
17984:
17983:
17982:
17972:
17971:
17970:
17960:
17959:
17958:
17953:
17943:
17942:
17941:
17936:
17931:
17926:
17921:
17911:
17910:
17909:
17899:
17898:
17897:
17892:
17887:
17882:
17872:
17871:
17870:
17865:
17860:
17855:
17850:
17845:
17835:
17834:
17833:
17828:
17823:
17818:
17813:
17808:
17803:
17798:
17793:
17788:
17778:
17777:
17776:
17771:
17766:
17761:
17756:
17746:
17745:
17744:
17739:
17729:
17728:
17727:
17722:
17713:
17711:
17705:
17704:
17702:
17701:
17700:
17699:
17694:
17689:
17684:
17679:
17674:
17669:
17664:
17659:
17649:
17648:
17647:
17646:
17645:
17640:
17630:
17629:
17628:
17623:
17608:
17607:
17606:
17601:
17596:
17591:
17580:
17578:
17561:
17558:
17557:
17555:
17554:
17547:
17540:
17533:
17526:
17519:
17512:
17505:
17498:
17493:
17488:
17483:
17478:
17471:
17466:
17461:
17456:
17451:
17403:
17400:
17399:
17392:
17391:
17384:
17377:
17369:
17360:
17359:
17357:
17356:
17346:
17335:
17332:
17331:
17329:
17328:
17323:
17318:
17313:
17308:
17303:
17298:
17293:
17287:
17285:
17281:
17280:
17277:
17276:
17274:
17273:
17268:
17262:
17260:
17256:
17255:
17253:
17252:
17247:
17241:
17235:
17233:
17227:
17226:
17224:
17223:
17218:
17213:
17208:
17203:
17198:
17193:
17187:
17185:
17181:
17180:
17178:
17177:
17172:
17167:
17162:
17157:
17151:
17149:
17145:
17144:
17142:
17141:
17134:
17126:
17124:
17120:
17119:
17117:
17116:
17111:
17104:
17097:
17092:
17085:
17078:
17071:
17070:
17069:
17064:
17054:
17053:
17052:
17046:
17035:
17034:
17033:
17023:
17022:
17021:
17014:
17007:
17000:
16988:
16987:
16986:
16981:
16976:
16971:
16966:
16961:
16956:
16951:
16946:
16941:
16936:
16931:
16926:
16921:
16916:
16911:
16906:
16901:
16896:
16891:
16886:
16881:
16876:
16871:
16866:
16855:
16854:
16853:
16842:
16840:
16833:
16827:
16826:
16823:
16822:
16820:
16819:
16814:
16809:
16803:
16801:
16795:
16794:
16792:
16791:
16786:
16781:
16776:
16771:
16766:
16761:
16755:
16753:
16747:
16746:
16744:
16743:
16738:
16733:
16727:
16725:
16718:
16714:
16713:
16710:
16709:
16707:
16706:
16701:
16696:
16691:
16686:
16680:
16678:
16674:
16673:
16671:
16670:
16665:
16660:
16655:
16650:
16645:
16640:
16635:
16630:
16625:
16620:
16615:
16610:
16605:
16600:
16595:
16590:
16585:
16580:
16575:
16573:Goeppert-Mayer
16570:
16565:
16560:
16555:
16550:
16545:
16540:
16535:
16530:
16525:
16520:
16515:
16510:
16505:
16499:
16497:
16491:
16490:
16488:
16487:
16482:
16477:
16472:
16467:
16462:
16460:Artemis Chasma
16457:
16455:Aikhulu Chasma
16451:
16449:
16438:
16437:
16435:
16434:
16432:Sedna Planitia
16429:
16427:Lakshmi Planum
16424:
16418:
16416:
16405:
16404:
16402:
16401:
16396:
16391:
16386:
16381:
16376:
16371:
16369:Siddons Patera
16366:
16361:
16356:
16351:
16346:
16341:
16336:
16331:
16329:Pavlova Corona
16326:
16321:
16316:
16311:
16309:Maxwell Montes
16306:
16301:
16296:
16291:
16286:
16281:
16276:
16271:
16266:
16261:
16259:Ciuacoatl Mons
16256:
16251:
16246:
16244:Artemis Corona
16241:
16236:
16231:
16225:
16223:
16211:
16210:
16207:
16206:
16204:
16203:
16198:
16193:
16187:
16185:
16179:
16178:
16176:
16175:
16170:
16165:
16160:
16154:
16152:
16145:
16141:
16140:
16138:
16137:
16132:
16127:
16122:
16117:
16111:
16109:
16102:
16098:
16097:
16095:
16094:
16088:
16085:
16084:
16077:
16076:
16069:
16062:
16054:
16048:
16047:
16041:
16032:
16023:
16014:
16003:
16000:
15999:
15998:
15993:
15987:
15974:
15963:
15958:
15948:
15935:
15927:
15926:External links
15924:
15921:
15920:
15913:
15893:
15862:
15835:(4): 109–113.
15812:
15782:
15725:
15711:
15685:
15678:
15660:
15653:
15635:
15628:
15610:
15603:
15586:
15556:
15528:
15521:
15495:
15466:
15459:
15441:
15434:
15416:
15409:
15382:
15351:
15321:
15288:
15281:
15273:Atlas of Venus
15263:
15256:
15227:
15163:
15120:
15101:
15078:
15064:
15041:
15011:
14967:
14940:
14909:
14892:Laughing Squid
14878:
14844:
14837:
14811:
14796:(in Russian).
14781:
14724:
14693:
14662:
14631:
14600:
14581:
14573:10.17226/11584
14553:
14523:
14486:(7): 631–635.
14469:
14426:
14373:
14338:
14331:) – via
14315:
14288:
14257:
14203:
14172:
14110:
14077:
14015:
13979:
13948:
13917:
13855:
13797:
13766:
13748:Universe Today
13733:
13703:
13684:
13661:
13634:
13607:(3): 283–306.
13589:
13538:
13506:
13487:
13456:
13405:
13372:
13366:10.1086/146433
13331:
13300:
13273:
13268:10.1086/143130
13238:
13207:(3–4): 35–52.
13185:
13152:(11): 78–126.
13132:
13119:10.1086/140593
13089:
13059:
13022:
12955:
12948:
12930:
12903:(2): 109–129.
12885:
12866:
12846:
12827:
12807:
12800:
12778:
12748:
12735:10.1086/350839
12703:
12668:
12649:
12625:
12606:
12599:
12570:
12551:
12542:
12503:
12460:
12398:
12369:
12338:
12307:
12254:
12201:
12170:
12140:
12109:
12078:
12048:
12017:
11991:
11961:
11927:
11896:
11877:
11858:
11838:
11827:on 4 June 2023
11808:
11777:
11764:10.2514/2.3650
11734:
11710:
11663:
11633:
11591:
11560:
11505:
11474:
11443:
11412:
11379:
11346:
11287:
11226:
11183:
11127:
11121:10.1086/182975
11084:
11049:
10992:
10935:
10916:
10902:Brunier, Serge
10893:
10860:
10834:
10820:
10796:
10769:
10739:
10712:
10697:. 5 May 2021.
10682:
10629:
10598:
10567:
10531:
10498:
10472:
10446:
10413:
10376:
10301:
10278:Descent Craft"
10265:
10234:(5): 137–141.
10207:
10196:(3): 325–330.
10172:
10120:
10057:
10026:
10007:
9985:
9924:
9894:
9825:
9782:
9731:
9693:
9663:
9632:
9595:
9549:
9538:(2): 280–285.
9522:
9451:
9402:
9350:
9338:
9289:(7): 655–664.
9265:
9228:
9164:
9101:
9061:
9017:
8994:
8963:
8924:(3): 472–494.
8910:Kasting, J. F.
8901:
8870:
8838:
8763:
8710:
8679:
8630:
8581:
8538:
8461:
8400:
8374:
8348:(2): 175–188.
8325:
8318:
8306:Academic Press
8288:
8258:
8232:
8213:
8187:
8111:
8052:
8029:
7978:
7925:
7893:
7881:
7813:
7754:
7735:
7709:
7702:
7680:
7651:
7598:
7567:
7536:(2): 967–974.
7516:
7448:
7441:
7419:
7406:Pergamon Press
7392:
7385:
7363:
7344:(1): 253–281.
7328:
7271:
7240:
7189:
7163:
7126:
7101:"Ganis Chasma"
7092:
7066:
7005:
6972:
6929:
6893:
6882:
6855:
6841:
6821:
6774:
6744:
6693:
6662:
6633:(11): L11201.
6610:
6581:
6560:(3): 155–180.
6539:
6512:(2): 127–148.
6495:
6463:
6418:
6404:
6375:
6311:
6259:
6247:
6235:
6228:
6206:
6187:
6167:
6140:(3): 285–336.
6122:
6101:10.1.1.22.6440
6069:(March 2001).
6057:
6001:
5982:
5960:
5929:
5895:
5888:
5882:. p. 61.
5863:
5829:
5806:Walker, John.
5798:
5767:
5736:
5687:
5672:
5654:
5588:
5552:
5522:
5469:(8): 973–982.
5447:
5414:
5384:
5328:
5248:
5218:
5161:
5108:
5057:
5046:on 12 May 2020
5031:
4994:(7): 676–683.
4978:
4945:
4915:
4854:
4833:(3): 155–180.
4808:
4767:
4756:(2): 663–683.
4735:
4693:
4643:
4609:
4575:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4505:
4495:
4480:
4412:465.1011 m/s =
4369:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4320:
4306:
4290:
4287:
4283:Star of Ishtar
4281:, as with the
4239:Mercury symbol
4200:Main article:
4197:
4194:
4173:
4172:Modern culture
4170:
4164:("Lone Star")
3985:; alternately
3921:ancient Greeks
3881:Meli-Shipak II
3877:boundary stone
3853:Star of Ishtar
3757:Main article:
3754:
3751:
3688:
3685:
3659:gravity assist
3642:
3639:
3628:gravity assist
3615:Main article:
3612:
3611:Human presence
3609:
3588:
3585:
3552:administrator
3522:
3521:
3518:photosynthesis
3514:carbon dioxide
3488:microorganisms
3473:Main article:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3398:
3395:
3319:Vega programme
3285:Venera 13
3239:Maxwell Montes
3220:gravity assist
3169:
3117:of the Soviet
3095:
3092:
3087:tidally locked
3033:
3030:
2952:half-lit phase
2911:
2910:
2901:
2900:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2732:
2729:
2724:Main article:
2721:
2718:
2709:
2706:
2691:June 5–6, 2012
2646:243 years
2625:synodic period
2595:Main article:
2592:
2589:
2556:
2553:
2516:Main article:
2513:
2510:
2472:
2469:
2458:lowest delta-v
2407:
2404:
2360:200 years
2334:
2206:Orbit of Venus
2204:Main article:
2201:
2198:
2135:. In 2006–07,
2099:Maxwell Montes
2072:ferric sulfate
2058:
2022:habitable zone
1995:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1953:climate change
1927:
1908:carbon dioxide
1884:Main article:
1881:
1878:
1795:magnetic field
1793:found Venus's
1784:
1781:
1777:magnetic field
1734:differentiated
1725:
1722:
1717:kinetic energy
1692:Impact craters
1684:
1681:
1598:Main article:
1595:
1592:
1538:Sedna Planitia
1534:crater Ariadne
1530:prime meridian
1471:impact craters
1448:Maxwell Montes
1372:
1369:
1363:out of mainly
1292:
1289:
1281:global warming
1238:gravity assist
1136:carbon dioxide
1110:is the second
1103:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1010:carbon dioxide
1005:
1003:
997:
996:
980:
974:
971:
970:
966:
965:
960:
955:
952:
951:
948:
940:
937:
936:
935:−4.92 to −2.98
933:
928:
925:
924:
915:
905:
904:
897:
887:
886:
883:
882:
880:
877:
875:
869:
868:
866:
863:
861:
855:
854:
852:
849:
847:
841:
840:
837:
834:
831:
820:
819:
812:
806:
805:
803:
802:
795:
787:
785:
779:
778:
775:
769:
766:
765:
763:
762:
759:
753:
751:
743:
740:
739:
730:
725:
722:
721:
718:
715:
712:
711:
705:
700:
697:
696:
687:−116.75 d
684:
679:
676:
675:
672:
667:
664:
663:
658:
651:
646:
643:
642:
637:
631:
628:
627:
625:
624:
621:
611:
609:
603:
602:
600:
599:
596:
586:
584:
578:
577:
575:
574:
571:
561:
559:
554:
551:
550:
547:
541:
540:
538:
537:
532:
520:
518:
513:
510:
509:
505:
504:
501:
495:
494:
491:
486:
483:
482:
479:
474:
471:
470:
468:
467:
461:
451:
437:
435:
429:
428:
425:
420:
417:
416:
409:
403:
400:
399:
396:
391:
388:
387:
385:
384:
378:
366:
364:224.701 d
360:
358:
353:
350:
349:
346:
340:
339:
336:
331:
328:
327:
324:
318:
317:
312:0.728213
310:
304:
303:
294:
293:
287:
286:
279:
273:
272:
139:
133:
132:
119:
116:
113:
112:
73:
69:
68:
64:
63:
54:
26:
18:Venus (planet)
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
20016:
20005:
20002:
20000:
19997:
19995:
19992:
19990:
19987:
19985:
19982:
19981:
19979:
19969:
19959:
19957:
19947:
19945:
19940:
19935:
19934:
19931:
19917:
19916:
19913:
19907:
19904:
19902:
19899:
19897:
19894:
19892:
19889:
19887:
19884:
19882:
19879:
19877:
19874:
19873:
19871:
19867:
19861:
19858:
19856:
19855:Pioneer Venus
19853:
19851:
19848:
19844:
19841:
19840:
19839:
19836:
19835:
19833:
19829:
19823:
19820:
19818:
19815:
19813:
19810:
19808:
19805:
19803:
19800:
19799:
19797:
19793:
19783:
19780:
19778:
19775:
19773:
19770:
19769:
19767:
19763:
19757:
19756:
19752:
19750:
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19740:
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19735:
19732:
19730:
19727:
19725:
19722:
19720:
19717:
19715:
19712:
19710:
19707:
19705:
19702:
19700:
19697:
19696:
19694:
19690:
19687:
19683:
19672:
19669:
19666:
19663:
19662:
19660:
19656:
19649:
19646:
19643:
19642:
19638:
19637:
19635:
19631:
19624:
19621:
19618:
19615:
19612:
19609:
19608:
19606:
19602:
19599:
19595:
19585:
19582:
19580:
19577:
19575:
19572:
19570:
19567:
19565:
19562:
19560:
19557:
19555:
19552:
19550:
19547:
19545:
19542:
19540:
19537:
19535:
19532:
19531:
19529:
19525:
19519:
19516:
19514:
19511:
19510:
19508:
19504:
19498:
19495:
19493:
19490:
19488:
19485:
19483:
19480:
19478:
19475:
19473:
19470:
19468:
19465:
19463:
19460:
19458:
19455:
19453:
19450:
19448:
19445:
19444:
19442:
19438:
19432:
19429:
19427:
19424:
19422:
19419:
19417:
19414:
19412:
19409:
19408:
19406:
19402:
19396:
19395:
19391:
19389:
19386:
19384:
19383:
19379:
19377:
19376:
19372:
19370:
19369:
19365:
19363:
19360:
19358:
19355:
19353:
19350:
19348:
19345:
19343:
19340:
19338:
19335:
19333:
19330:
19328:
19325:
19323:
19320:
19318:
19315:
19313:
19310:
19308:
19307:
19303:
19302:
19300:
19296:
19290:
19289:
19288:Venus Express
19285:
19283:
19280:
19278:
19275:
19273:
19270:
19268:
19265:
19263:
19260:
19258:
19257:
19253:
19252:
19250:
19246:
19243:
19241:Past missions
19239:
19234:
19228:
19222:
19207:
19204:
19201:
19200:Solar Orbiter
19198:
19195:
19194:
19190:
19187:
19184:
19183:
19181:
19177:
19171:
19170:
19166:
19165:
19163:
19159:
19156:
19152:
19148:
19144:
19137:
19132:
19130:
19125:
19123:
19118:
19117:
19114:
19104:
19095:
19088:
19081:
19074:
19068:
19062:
19056:
19049:
19042:
19035:
19028:
19021:
19014:
19007:
19001:
18991:
18989:
18979:
18977:
18967:
18965:
18962:
18961:
18958:
18943:
18942:Tidal locking
18940:
18938:
18935:
18933:
18930:
18928:
18925:
18923:
18922:Double planet
18920:
18919:
18917:
18913:
18907:
18904:
18900:
18897:
18895:
18892:
18891:
18890:
18887:
18885:
18882:
18880:
18877:
18875:
18874:Minor planets
18872:
18870:
18867:
18865:
18862:
18860:
18857:
18856:
18854:
18850:
18844:
18841:
18839:
18836:
18832:
18829:
18828:
18827:
18824:
18822:
18819:
18815:
18812:
18808:
18807:Merging stars
18805:
18804:
18803:
18800:
18798:
18795:
18793:
18790:
18788:
18785:
18783:
18780:
18779:
18778:
18775:
18773:
18770:
18768:
18765:
18763:
18760:
18758:
18755:
18753:
18750:
18748:
18745:
18743:
18740:
18738:
18735:
18733:
18730:
18728:
18725:
18723:
18720:
18718:
18715:
18713:
18710:
18708:
18705:
18703:
18700:
18698:
18695:
18691:
18688:
18686:
18683:
18682:
18681:
18678:
18676:
18673:
18671:
18668:
18666:
18663:
18661:
18658:
18656:
18653:
18651:
18648:
18646:
18643:
18641:
18638:
18636:
18633:
18629:
18626:
18625:
18624:
18621:
18619:
18616:
18614:
18611:
18610:
18608:
18606:
18600:
18594:
18591:
18589:
18586:
18584:
18581:
18579:
18576:
18574:
18571:
18569:
18566:
18564:
18561:
18557:
18554:
18553:
18552:
18549:
18547:
18544:
18542:
18539:
18535:
18532:
18531:
18530:
18527:
18525:
18522:
18520:
18517:
18513:
18510:
18508:
18505:
18503:
18500:
18499:
18498:
18495:
18491:
18488:
18486:
18483:
18482:
18481:
18478:
18474:
18471:
18469:
18466:
18464:
18461:
18460:
18459:
18456:
18454:
18451:
18450:
18448:
18445:
18440:
18436:
18430:
18427:
18425:
18422:
18420:
18417:
18415:
18412:
18410:
18409:Subsatellites
18407:
18405:
18402:
18400:
18397:
18395:
18392:
18390:
18387:
18385:
18382:
18380:
18377:
18376:
18374:
18372:
18369:Hypothetical
18366:
18363:
18354:
18351:
18347:
18344:
18342:
18339:
18337:
18334:
18332:
18329:
18325:
18322:
18320:
18317:
18316:
18315:
18312:
18311:
18310:
18307:
18303:
18300:
18298:
18295:
18294:
18293:
18290:
18286:
18283:
18281:
18278:
18276:
18273:
18271:
18268:
18266:
18263:
18261:
18258:
18256:
18253:
18251:
18248:
18246:
18243:
18242:
18241:
18238:
18236:
18235:Asteroid belt
18233:
18231:
18228:
18224:
18221:
18219:
18216:
18214:
18211:
18207:
18204:
18202:
18199:
18198:
18197:
18194:
18192:
18189:
18187:
18184:
18182:
18179:
18178:
18177:
18174:
18170:
18167:
18165:
18162:
18160:
18157:
18155:
18152:
18150:
18147:
18145:
18142:
18140:
18137:
18135:
18132:
18131:
18129:
18127:
18124:
18120:
18117:
18115:
18112:
18111:
18110:
18109:Minor planets
18107:
18105:
18102:
18100:
18097:
18095:
18092:
18091:
18089:
18087:
18077:
18071:
18068:
18066:
18063:
18061:
18058:
18056:
18053:
18051:
18048:
18046:
18043:
18040:
18036:
18033:
18031:
18028:
18025:
18022:
18021:
18019:
18017:
18013:
18005:
18002:
18001:
18000:
17997:
17993:
17990:
17989:
17988:
17985:
17981:
17978:
17977:
17976:
17973:
17969:
17966:
17965:
17964:
17961:
17957:
17954:
17952:
17949:
17948:
17947:
17944:
17940:
17937:
17935:
17932:
17930:
17927:
17925:
17922:
17920:
17917:
17916:
17915:
17912:
17908:
17905:
17904:
17903:
17900:
17896:
17893:
17891:
17888:
17886:
17883:
17881:
17878:
17877:
17876:
17873:
17869:
17866:
17864:
17861:
17859:
17856:
17854:
17851:
17849:
17846:
17844:
17841:
17840:
17839:
17836:
17832:
17829:
17827:
17824:
17822:
17819:
17817:
17814:
17812:
17809:
17807:
17804:
17802:
17799:
17797:
17794:
17792:
17789:
17787:
17784:
17783:
17782:
17779:
17775:
17772:
17770:
17767:
17765:
17762:
17760:
17757:
17755:
17752:
17751:
17750:
17747:
17743:
17740:
17738:
17735:
17734:
17733:
17730:
17726:
17723:
17721:
17718:
17717:
17715:
17714:
17712:
17710:
17706:
17698:
17695:
17693:
17690:
17688:
17685:
17683:
17680:
17678:
17675:
17673:
17670:
17668:
17665:
17663:
17660:
17658:
17655:
17654:
17653:
17650:
17644:
17641:
17639:
17636:
17635:
17634:
17631:
17627:
17624:
17622:
17619:
17618:
17617:
17614:
17613:
17612:
17609:
17605:
17602:
17600:
17597:
17595:
17592:
17590:
17587:
17586:
17585:
17582:
17581:
17579:
17577:
17572:
17568:
17565:
17564:
17559:
17553:
17552:
17548:
17546:
17545:
17541:
17539:
17538:
17534:
17532:
17531:
17527:
17525:
17524:
17520:
17518:
17517:
17513:
17511:
17510:
17506:
17504:
17503:
17499:
17497:
17494:
17492:
17489:
17487:
17484:
17482:
17479:
17477:
17476:
17472:
17470:
17467:
17465:
17462:
17460:
17457:
17455:
17452:
17450:
17447:
17446:
17401:
17397:
17390:
17385:
17383:
17378:
17376:
17371:
17370:
17367:
17355:
17351:
17347:
17345:
17337:
17336:
17333:
17327:
17324:
17322:
17319:
17317:
17314:
17312:
17309:
17307:
17304:
17302:
17299:
17297:
17294:
17292:
17289:
17288:
17286:
17282:
17272:
17269:
17267:
17264:
17263:
17261:
17257:
17251:
17248:
17245:
17242:
17240:
17237:
17236:
17234:
17228:
17222:
17219:
17217:
17214:
17212:
17209:
17207:
17204:
17202:
17199:
17197:
17194:
17192:
17189:
17188:
17186:
17182:
17176:
17173:
17171:
17168:
17166:
17163:
17161:
17158:
17156:
17153:
17152:
17150:
17146:
17140:
17139:
17135:
17133:
17132:
17128:
17127:
17125:
17121:
17115:
17114:Venus Express
17112:
17110:
17109:
17105:
17103:
17102:
17098:
17096:
17093:
17091:
17090:
17086:
17084:
17083:
17079:
17077:
17076:
17072:
17068:
17065:
17063:
17060:
17059:
17058:
17055:
17050:
17047:
17044:
17041:
17040:
17039:
17038:Pioneer Venus
17036:
17032:
17029:
17028:
17027:
17024:
17020:
17019:
17015:
17013:
17012:
17008:
17006:
17005:
17001:
16999:
16998:
16994:
16993:
16992:
16989:
16985:
16982:
16980:
16977:
16975:
16972:
16970:
16967:
16965:
16962:
16960:
16957:
16955:
16952:
16950:
16947:
16945:
16942:
16940:
16937:
16935:
16932:
16930:
16927:
16925:
16922:
16920:
16917:
16915:
16912:
16910:
16907:
16905:
16902:
16900:
16897:
16895:
16892:
16890:
16887:
16885:
16882:
16880:
16877:
16875:
16872:
16870:
16867:
16865:
16862:
16861:
16859:
16856:
16852:
16849:
16848:
16847:
16844:
16843:
16841:
16837:
16834:
16832:
16828:
16818:
16815:
16813:
16812:Venus trojans
16810:
16808:
16805:
16804:
16802:
16800:
16796:
16790:
16787:
16785:
16782:
16780:
16777:
16775:
16772:
16770:
16767:
16765:
16762:
16760:
16757:
16756:
16754:
16752:
16748:
16742:
16739:
16737:
16734:
16732:
16729:
16728:
16726:
16722:
16719:
16715:
16705:
16702:
16700:
16697:
16695:
16692:
16690:
16687:
16685:
16682:
16681:
16679:
16675:
16669:
16666:
16664:
16661:
16659:
16656:
16654:
16651:
16649:
16646:
16644:
16641:
16639:
16636:
16634:
16631:
16629:
16626:
16624:
16621:
16619:
16616:
16614:
16611:
16609:
16608:Maria Celeste
16606:
16604:
16601:
16599:
16596:
16594:
16591:
16589:
16586:
16584:
16581:
16579:
16576:
16574:
16571:
16569:
16566:
16564:
16561:
16559:
16556:
16554:
16551:
16549:
16546:
16544:
16541:
16539:
16536:
16534:
16531:
16529:
16526:
16524:
16521:
16519:
16516:
16514:
16511:
16509:
16506:
16504:
16501:
16500:
16498:
16496:
16492:
16486:
16483:
16481:
16478:
16476:
16475:Devana Chasma
16473:
16471:
16468:
16466:
16465:Baltis Vallis
16463:
16461:
16458:
16456:
16453:
16452:
16450:
16448:
16443:
16439:
16433:
16430:
16428:
16425:
16423:
16420:
16419:
16417:
16415:
16410:
16406:
16400:
16397:
16395:
16392:
16390:
16387:
16385:
16382:
16380:
16377:
16375:
16372:
16370:
16367:
16365:
16362:
16360:
16357:
16355:
16352:
16350:
16347:
16345:
16342:
16340:
16337:
16335:
16332:
16330:
16327:
16325:
16322:
16320:
16319:Onatah Corona
16317:
16315:
16312:
16310:
16307:
16305:
16302:
16300:
16299:Jaszai Patera
16297:
16295:
16292:
16290:
16287:
16285:
16282:
16280:
16279:Heng-o Corona
16277:
16275:
16272:
16270:
16267:
16265:
16262:
16260:
16257:
16255:
16252:
16250:
16249:Baʽhet Corona
16247:
16245:
16242:
16240:
16237:
16235:
16232:
16230:
16227:
16226:
16224:
16222:
16216:
16212:
16202:
16199:
16197:
16194:
16192:
16189:
16188:
16186:
16184:
16180:
16174:
16171:
16169:
16166:
16164:
16163:Asteria Regio
16161:
16159:
16156:
16155:
16153:
16149:
16146:
16142:
16136:
16133:
16131:
16128:
16126:
16123:
16121:
16118:
16116:
16113:
16112:
16110:
16106:
16103:
16099:
16093:
16090:
16089:
16086:
16082:
16075:
16070:
16068:
16063:
16061:
16056:
16055:
16052:
16045:
16042:
16040:
16036:
16033:
16031:
16027:
16024:
16022:
16018:
16015:
16013:
16009:
16006:
16005:
15997:
15994:
15991:
15988:
15985:
15981:
15978:
15975:
15973:
15972:
15967:
15964:
15962:
15959:
15956:
15952:
15949:
15947:
15943:
15939:
15936:
15933:
15932:Venus profile
15930:
15929:
15916:
15910:
15906:
15905:
15897:
15881:
15877:
15873:
15866:
15858:
15854:
15850:
15846:
15842:
15838:
15834:
15830:
15829:
15821:
15819:
15817:
15808:
15804:
15803:
15802:New Scientist
15798:
15791:
15789:
15787:
15778:
15774:
15769:
15764:
15760:
15756:
15752:
15748:
15744:
15740:
15736:
15729:
15714:
15708:
15704:
15699:
15698:
15689:
15681:
15675:
15671:
15664:
15656:
15650:
15646:
15639:
15631:
15625:
15621:
15614:
15606:
15600:
15596:
15590:
15574:
15570:
15566:
15560:
15545:
15541:
15540:
15532:
15524:
15518:
15514:
15509:
15508:
15499:
15483:
15479:
15478:
15470:
15462:
15456:
15452:
15445:
15437:
15431:
15427:
15420:
15412:
15406:
15402:
15398:
15397:
15392:
15386:
15370:
15366:
15362:
15355:
15338:
15334:
15333:
15325:
15309:
15305:
15301:
15295:
15293:
15284:
15278:
15274:
15267:
15259:
15253:
15249:
15245:
15241:
15234:
15232:
15223:
15219:
15215:
15211:
15207:
15203:
15199:
15195:
15191:
15187:
15183:
15179:
15172:
15170:
15168:
15151:
15147:
15143:
15139:
15135:
15131:
15124:
15108:
15104:
15098:
15094:
15093:
15085:
15083:
15067:
15061:
15057:
15056:
15048:
15046:
15029:
15025:
15021:
15015:
14996:
14992:
14991:Arts Magazine
14985:
14983:
14977:
14976:Boime, Albert
14971:
14963:
14959:
14955:
14951:
14944:
14928:
14924:
14920:
14913:
14897:
14893:
14889:
14882:
14874:
14870:
14866:
14862:
14858:
14851:
14849:
14840:
14834:
14830:
14826:
14822:
14815:
14799:
14795:
14791:
14785:
14777:
14773:
14769:
14765:
14760:
14755:
14751:
14747:
14743:
14739:
14735:
14728:
14712:
14708:
14704:
14697:
14681:
14677:
14673:
14666:
14650:
14646:
14642:
14635:
14619:
14615:
14611:
14604:
14588:
14584:
14578:
14574:
14570:
14566:
14565:
14557:
14541:
14537:
14533:
14527:
14519:
14515:
14511:
14507:
14503:
14499:
14494:
14489:
14485:
14481:
14473:
14464:
14459:
14454:
14449:
14445:
14441:
14437:
14430:
14422:
14418:
14414:
14410:
14406:
14402:
14397:
14392:
14388:
14384:
14377:
14361:
14357:
14353:
14349:
14342:
14334:
14330:
14326:
14319:
14303:
14299:
14292:
14276:
14272:
14268:
14261:
14253:
14249:
14245:
14241:
14237:
14233:
14228:
14223:
14219:
14215:
14207:
14191:
14187:
14183:
14176:
14168:
14164:
14160:
14156:
14152:
14148:
14144:
14140:
14135:
14130:
14126:
14122:
14114:
14098:
14094:
14093:
14088:
14081:
14065:
14061:
14057:
14053:
14049:
14045:
14041:
14040:
14034:
14029:
14025:
14019:
14011:
14007:
14003:
13999:
13995:
13991:
13983:
13967:
13963:
13959:
13952:
13936:
13932:
13931:New Scientist
13928:
13921:
13913:
13909:
13905:
13901:
13896:
13891:
13887:
13883:
13879:
13875:
13871:
13867:
13859:
13851:
13847:
13842:
13837:
13833:
13829:
13825:
13821:
13817:
13813:
13809:
13801:
13785:
13781:
13777:
13770:
13754:
13750:
13749:
13744:
13737:
13721:
13717:
13713:
13707:
13691:
13687:
13681:
13677:
13676:
13671:
13665:
13649:
13645:
13638:
13630:
13626:
13622:
13618:
13614:
13610:
13606:
13602:
13601:
13593:
13585:
13581:
13577:
13573:
13569:
13565:
13561:
13557:
13553:
13549:
13542:
13526:
13522:
13521:
13516:
13510:
13502:
13498:
13491:
13475:
13471:
13467:
13460:
13452:
13448:
13444:
13440:
13436:
13432:
13428:
13424:
13420:
13416:
13409:
13390:
13383:
13376:
13367:
13362:
13358:
13354:
13350:
13346:
13342:
13335:
13319:
13315:
13311:
13304:
13296:
13292:
13288:
13284:
13277:
13269:
13265:
13261:
13257:
13253:
13249:
13242:
13226:
13222:
13218:
13214:
13210:
13206:
13202:
13201:
13196:
13189:
13173:
13168:
13163:
13159:
13155:
13151:
13147:
13143:
13136:
13128:
13124:
13120:
13116:
13112:
13108:
13104:
13100:
13093:
13077:
13073:
13069:
13063:
13054:
13049:
13045:
13041:
13037:
13033:
13026:
13007:
13003:
12999:
12994:
12989:
12985:
12981:
12977:
12973:
12966:
12959:
12951:
12945:
12941:
12934:
12926:
12922:
12918:
12914:
12910:
12906:
12902:
12898:
12897:
12889:
12873:
12869:
12863:
12859:
12858:
12850:
12834:
12830:
12824:
12820:
12819:
12811:
12803:
12797:
12793:
12789:
12782:
12766:
12762:
12758:
12752:
12744:
12740:
12736:
12732:
12728:
12724:
12721:(1): 39–47 .
12720:
12716:
12715:
12707:
12699:
12695:
12691:
12687:
12683:
12679:
12672:
12656:
12652:
12646:
12642:
12638:
12637:
12629:
12621:
12617:
12610:
12602:
12596:
12592:
12588:
12584:
12580:
12574:
12566:
12562:
12555:
12546:
12527:
12523:
12516:
12515:
12507:
12499:
12495:
12491:
12487:
12483:
12479:
12475:
12471:
12464:
12448:
12444:
12440:
12436:
12432:
12428:
12421:
12419:
12417:
12415:
12413:
12411:
12409:
12407:
12405:
12403:
12394:
12390:
12386:
12382:
12381:
12373:
12357:
12353:
12349:
12342:
12326:
12322:
12318:
12311:
12303:
12299:
12295:
12291:
12287:
12283:
12279:
12275:
12271:
12267:
12266:
12258:
12242:
12238:
12234:
12230:
12226:
12222:
12218:
12213:
12205:
12189:
12185:
12181:
12174:
12158:
12154:
12150:
12144:
12128:
12124:
12120:
12113:
12097:
12093:
12089:
12082:
12066:
12062:
12058:
12052:
12036:
12032:
12028:
12021:
12006:
12002:
11995:
11979:
11975:
11971:
11965:
11949:
11945:
11941:
11934:
11932:
11915:
11911:
11907:
11900:
11892:
11888:
11881:
11865:
11861:
11855:
11851:
11850:
11842:
11826:
11822:
11818:
11812:
11796:
11792:
11788:
11781:
11773:
11769:
11765:
11761:
11757:
11753:
11749:
11745:
11738:
11730:
11726:
11722:
11721:Physics Today
11714:
11706:
11702:
11698:
11694:
11690:
11686:
11682:
11678:
11674:
11673:Physics Today
11667:
11661:
11647:
11643:
11637:
11630:
11628:
11613:
11609:
11605:
11598:
11596:
11579:
11575:
11571:
11564:
11556:
11552:
11548:
11544:
11540:
11536:
11531:
11526:
11522:
11518:
11517:
11509:
11493:
11489:
11485:
11478:
11462:
11458:
11454:
11447:
11431:
11427:
11423:
11416:
11400:
11396:
11395:
11390:
11383:
11367:
11363:
11362:
11357:
11350:
11342:
11338:
11333:
11328:
11324:
11320:
11315:
11310:
11307:(2): 886–93.
11306:
11302:
11298:
11291:
11283:
11279:
11274:
11269:
11265:
11261:
11256:
11251:
11248:(1): 728–39.
11247:
11243:
11242:
11237:
11230:
11221:
11216:
11212:
11208:
11204:
11200:
11199:
11194:
11187:
11179:
11175:
11171:
11167:
11163:
11159:
11154:
11149:
11145:
11141:
11134:
11132:
11122:
11117:
11113:
11109:
11106:: L123–L126.
11105:
11101:
11100:
11095:
11088:
11080:
11076:
11072:
11068:
11065:(3): 356–66.
11064:
11060:
11053:
11034:
11030:
11026:
11022:
11018:
11014:
11010:
11003:
10996:
10977:
10973:
10969:
10965:
10961:
10957:
10953:
10946:
10939:
10923:
10919:
10913:
10909:
10908:
10903:
10897:
10881:
10877:
10873:
10867:
10865:
10848:
10844:
10838:
10823:
10817:
10813:
10812:
10807:
10800:
10784:
10780:
10773:
10757:
10753:
10749:
10743:
10727:
10723:
10716:
10700:
10696:
10692:
10686:
10677:
10672:
10668:
10664:
10659:
10654:
10650:
10646:
10645:
10640:
10633:
10617:
10613:
10609:
10602:
10586:
10582:
10578:
10571:
10563:
10559:
10555:
10551:
10547:
10543:
10535:
10519:
10515:
10514:
10509:
10502:
10486:
10482:
10476:
10460:
10456:
10450:
10434:
10430:
10429:
10424:
10417:
10409:
10405:
10400:
10395:
10391:
10387:
10380:
10361:
10357:
10353:
10349:
10345:
10341:
10337:
10333:
10329:
10325:
10321:
10320:
10312:
10305:
10289:
10285:
10284:
10279:
10277:
10269:
10253:
10249:
10245:
10241:
10237:
10233:
10229:
10228:
10222:
10214:
10212:
10203:
10199:
10195:
10191:
10187:
10183:
10176:
10168:
10164:
10159:
10154:
10150:
10146:
10142:
10138:
10134:
10127:
10125:
10116:
10112:
10107:
10102:
10098:
10094:
10089:
10084:
10080:
10076:
10072:
10064:
10062:
10045:
10041:
10037:
10030:
10014:
10010:
10004:
10000:
9996:
9989:
9973:
9969:
9965:
9961:
9957:
9953:
9949:
9945:
9941:
9940:
9935:
9928:
9912:
9908:
9904:
9898:
9879:
9875:
9871:
9867:
9863:
9859:
9855:
9851:
9847:
9843:
9836:
9829:
9821:
9817:
9813:
9809:
9805:
9801:
9798:(5979): 677.
9797:
9793:
9786:
9778:
9774:
9769:
9764:
9760:
9756:
9752:
9748:
9747:
9742:
9735:
9728:
9724:
9720:
9716:
9712:
9708:
9704:
9697:
9681:
9677:
9673:
9667:
9651:
9647:
9646:Science Times
9643:
9636:
9628:
9624:
9620:
9616:
9612:
9608:
9607:
9599:
9591:
9587:
9583:
9579:
9575:
9571:
9567:
9563:
9556:
9554:
9545:
9541:
9537:
9533:
9526:
9510:
9506:
9502:
9497:
9492:
9488:
9484:
9479:
9474:
9470:
9466:
9462:
9455:
9439:
9435:
9431:
9427:
9423:
9419:
9418:New Scientist
9414:
9406:
9398:
9394:
9389:
9384:
9380:
9376:
9371:
9366:
9362:
9358:
9354:
9342:
9326:
9322:
9318:
9314:
9310:
9306:
9302:
9297:
9292:
9288:
9284:
9280:
9272:
9270:
9253:
9249:
9245:
9241:
9235:
9233:
9224:
9220:
9216:
9212:
9208:
9204:
9200:
9196:
9191:
9186:
9182:
9178:
9171:
9169:
9160:
9156:
9152:
9148:
9143:
9138:
9134:
9130:
9126:
9122:
9115:
9108:
9106:
9097:
9093:
9089:
9085:
9081:
9077:
9076:
9071:
9065:
9054:
9050:
9046:
9042:
9038:
9031:
9028:(July 2003).
9027:
9021:
9013:
9009:
9005:
8998:
8982:
8978:
8974:
8967:
8951:
8947:
8943:
8939:
8935:
8931:
8927:
8923:
8919:
8915:
8911:
8905:
8889:
8885:
8881:
8874:
8866:
8862:
8858:
8854:
8853:
8848:
8842:
8834:
8830:
8825:
8820:
8816:
8812:
8808:
8804:
8800:
8796:
8791:
8786:
8782:
8778:
8774:
8767:
8759:
8755:
8751:
8747:
8743:
8739:
8734:
8729:
8725:
8721:
8714:
8698:
8694:
8690:
8683:
8675:
8671:
8667:
8663:
8659:
8655:
8651:
8647:
8642:
8634:
8626:
8622:
8617:
8612:
8608:
8604:
8600:
8596:
8592:
8585:
8577:
8573:
8569:
8565:
8561:
8557:
8553:
8549:
8542:
8526:
8522:
8518:
8514:
8510:
8506:
8502:
8498:
8494:
8490:
8486:
8482:
8478:
8473:
8465:
8449:
8445:
8441:
8437:
8433:
8429:
8425:
8421:
8417:
8412:
8404:
8388:
8384:
8378:
8359:
8355:
8351:
8347:
8343:
8336:
8329:
8321:
8315:
8311:
8307:
8302:
8301:
8292:
8276:
8272:
8268:
8262:
8246:
8242:
8236:
8220:
8216:
8210:
8206:
8202:
8198:
8191:
8172:
8168:
8164:
8160:
8156:
8152:
8148:
8144:
8140:
8136:
8132:
8125:
8118:
8116:
8107:
8103:
8099:
8095:
8091:
8087:
8083:
8079:
8075:
8071:
8067:
8063:
8056:
8048:
8044:
8040:
8033:
8025:
8021:
8017:
8013:
8009:
8005:
8001:
7997:
7993:
7989:
7982:
7974:
7970:
7966:
7962:
7958:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7940:
7936:
7929:
7921:
7917:
7913:
7909:
7905:
7901:
7900:
7892:
7885:
7866:
7862:
7858:
7854:
7850:
7846:
7842:
7838:
7834:
7827:
7820:
7818:
7798:
7794:
7790:
7786:
7782:
7779:(1–2): 1–11.
7778:
7774:
7773:
7765:
7758:
7742:
7738:
7732:
7728:
7724:
7720:
7713:
7705:
7699:
7695:
7691:
7684:
7676:
7672:
7668:
7664:
7663:
7655:
7647:
7643:
7639:
7635:
7631:
7627:
7623:
7619:
7615:
7611:
7610:
7602:
7586:
7582:
7581:New Scientist
7578:
7571:
7555:
7551:
7547:
7543:
7539:
7535:
7531:
7527:
7520:
7501:
7497:
7493:
7489:
7485:
7481:
7477:
7473:
7469:
7462:
7455:
7453:
7444:
7438:
7433:
7432:
7423:
7415:
7411:
7407:
7403:
7396:
7388:
7382:
7378:
7374:
7367:
7359:
7355:
7351:
7347:
7343:
7339:
7332:
7313:
7309:
7305:
7301:
7297:
7293:
7289:
7282:
7275:
7259:
7255:
7251:
7244:
7236:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7218:
7214:
7210:
7206:
7205:
7200:
7193:
7177:
7173:
7167:
7151:
7147:
7143:
7139:
7133:
7131:
7114:
7110:
7106:
7102:
7096:
7080:
7076:
7070:
7062:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7034:
7030:
7026:
7022:
7021:
7016:
7009:
6993:
6989:
6988:
6983:
6976:
6968:
6964:
6960:
6956:
6952:
6948:
6944:
6940:
6933:
6924:
6919:
6915:
6911:
6907:
6903:
6902:
6897:
6886:
6870:
6866:
6859:
6844:
6838:
6834:
6833:
6825:
6818:
6813:
6809:
6805:
6801:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6778:
6762:
6758:
6754:
6748:
6740:
6736:
6732:
6728:
6724:
6720:
6716:
6712:
6708:
6704:
6697:
6681:
6677:
6673:
6666:
6658:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6640:
6636:
6632:
6628:
6621:
6614:
6598:
6594:
6593:
6585:
6576:
6571:
6567:
6563:
6559:
6555:
6551:
6543:
6535:
6531:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6515:
6511:
6507:
6499:
6483:
6479:
6478:
6470:
6468:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6429:
6422:
6407:
6401:
6396:
6395:
6386:
6384:
6382:
6380:
6363:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6347:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6331:
6330:
6325:
6318:
6316:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6278:
6270:
6268:
6266:
6264:
6257:
6251:
6245:
6239:
6231:
6225:
6221:
6220:W. H. Freeman
6217:
6210:
6194:
6190:
6184:
6180:
6179:
6171:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6134:
6126:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6080:
6072:
6068:
6061:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6016:
6011:
6005:
5989:
5985:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5964:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5933:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5899:
5891:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5867:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5836:
5834:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5802:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5771:
5755:
5751:
5750:New Scientist
5747:
5740:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5703:
5694:
5692:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5669:
5665:
5658:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5609:
5603:
5595:
5593:
5576:
5572:
5571:
5566:
5559:
5557:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5526:
5518:
5512:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5463:
5458:
5451:
5435:
5431:
5430:
5425:
5418:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5388:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5335:
5333:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5255:
5253:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5222:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5172:
5165:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5112:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5064:
5062:
5045:
5041:
5035:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4982:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4952:
4950:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4919:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4873:
4865:
4858:
4849:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4827:
4822:
4815:
4813:
4803:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4771:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4750:
4742:
4740:
4732:
4728:
4714:
4710:
4709:
4704:
4697:
4681:
4677:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4639:
4631:
4627:
4626:
4620:
4613:
4605:
4597:
4593:
4592:
4586:
4579:
4571:
4570:
4565:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4548:
4543:
4537:
4533:
4519:
4515:
4512:The American
4509:
4499:
4491:
4484:
4373:
4364:
4360:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4321:
4318:
4307:
4304:
4293:
4286:
4284:
4280:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4244:
4243:hermaphrodite
4240:
4236:
4232:
4231:gender symbol
4228:
4224:
4223:ancient Greek
4220:
4216:
4208:
4203:
4193:
4191:
4186:
4179:
4169:
4167:
4166:Flag of Chile
4163:
4162:
4157:
4155:
4154:Dresden Codex
4150:
4149:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4131:
4129:
4128:Five elements
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4102:metal element
4098:
4096:
4093:
4089:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4061:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4036:William Blake
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3906:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3891:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3869:crescent moon
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3841:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3806:ancient Greek
3803:
3799:
3798:ancient Roman
3794:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3776:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3750:
3748:
3743:
3741:
3740:sulfuric acid
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3694:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3641:Crewed flight
3638:
3636:
3635:lander probes
3631:
3629:
3625:
3618:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3534:
3532:
3527:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3475:Life on Venus
3463:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3438:Solar Orbiter
3435:
3427:
3426:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3404:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3383:
3381:
3380:Venus Express
3377:
3376:Venus Express
3373:
3369:
3368:
3367:Venus Express
3363:
3362:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3344:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3311:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3262:
3253:
3252:
3251:Venera 9
3246:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3223:
3221:
3216:
3215:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3202:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3140:
3137:Additionally
3135:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3077:
3076:cirrus clouds
3073:
3069:
3065:
3064:Frank E. Ross
3060:
3058:
3054:
3053:Doppler shift
3050:
3049:Vesto Slipher
3045:
3043:
3039:
3038:spectroscopic
3029:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2980:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2905:
2896:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2798:
2787:
2776:
2770:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2746:cylinder seal
2742:
2738:
2727:
2717:
2715:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2699:December 1882
2696:
2695:December 1874
2692:
2688:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2588:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2569:Edmund Halley
2561:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2524:
2519:
2509:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2477:
2471:Observability
2468:
2466:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2412:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2385:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2337:
2328:
2327:524522 Zoozve
2324:
2320:
2315:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2297:
2289:
2285:
2277:
2276:Venus Express
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2256:anticlockwise
2248:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2212:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2194:gravity waves
2191:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2167:Venus Express
2164:
2160:
2159:Venus Express
2155:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2138:Venus Express
2134:
2133:Venera probes
2129:
2127:
2126:sunspot cycle
2121:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2064:sulfuric acid
2053:
2050:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2013:solar forcing
2008:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1877:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1735:
1730:
1721:
1718:
1709:
1693:
1689:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1663:Venus Express
1659:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1633:
1629:
1628:oceanic crust
1625:
1620:
1611:
1610:pancake domes
1606:
1601:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1551:
1550:Venus Express
1546:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1491:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1297:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1240:waypoint for
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1203:life on Venus
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1175:Internal heat
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1140:sulfuric acid
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1124:mass and size
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1002:
998:
995:
989:
985:
981:
978:
972:
967:
961:
958:
953:
949:
946:
945:
938:
934:
931:
926:
921:10 μSv/h
916:
914:
911:
906:
903:10 μGy/h
898:
896:
893:
892:absorbed dose
888:
881:
878:
876:
874:
871:
870:
867:
864:
862:
860:
857:
856:
853:
850:
848:
846:
843:
842:
838:
835:
832:
830:
826:
825:
821:
817:
813:
811:
807:
800:
796:
793:
789:
788:
786:
784:
780:
776:
773:
767:
760:
755:
754:
752:
748:
741:
735:
731:
728:
723:
720:1.81 m/s
719:
713:
706:
703:
698:
692:
685:
682:
677:
673:
670:
665:
661:
657:
652:
649:
644:
638:
635:
629:
622:
613:
612:
610:
608:
604:
597:
588:
587:
585:
583:
579:
572:
563:
562:
560:
557:
552:
548:
546:
542:
533:
522:
521:
519:
516:
511:
506:
502:
500:
496:
492:
489:
484:
480:
477:
472:
466:
462:
460:
456:
452:
450:
439:
438:
436:
434:
430:
426:
423:
418:
410:
407:
406:orbital speed
401:
397:
394:
389:
383:
379:
376:
367:
362:
361:
359:
356:
351:
347:
345:
341:
337:
334:
329:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
309:
305:
302:
299:
295:
292:
288:
284:
280:
278:
274:
269:
234:
199:
191:
144:
140:
138:
134:
130:
129:goddess Venus
126:
123:
120:
114:
107:
100:
74:
72:Pronunciation
70:
65:
60:
59:
52:
47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
19984:Solar System
19901:Terraforming
19876:Colonization
19753:
19648:MBR Explorer
19639:
19392:
19380:
19373:
19366:
19304:
19286:
19254:
19191:
19167:
19146:
19098:Each arrow (
19020:Local Bubble
19006:Solar System
19004:
18797:Planetesimal
18752:Kuiper cliff
18480:Space probes
18453:Colonization
18292:Kirkwood gap
18213:Saturn Moons
18126:Planetesimal
17593:
17584:Terrestrials
17549:
17542:
17535:
17528:
17521:
17514:
17507:
17500:
17473:
17458:
17396:Solar System
17250:Terraforming
17239:Colonization
17221:Shukrayaan-1
17136:
17129:
17106:
17099:
17087:
17080:
17073:
17057:Vega program
17026:Zond program
17016:
17009:
17002:
16995:
16889:Venera 1964A
16485:Ganis Chasma
16480:Diana Chasma
16354:Sachs Patera
16339:Pancake dome
16269:Fotla Corona
16254:Boala Corona
16196:Ishtar Terra
16080:
16035:Map of Venus
15969:
15903:
15896:
15884:. Retrieved
15875:
15865:
15832:
15826:
15807:the original
15800:
15742:
15738:
15728:
15716:. Retrieved
15696:
15688:
15669:
15663:
15644:
15638:
15619:
15613:
15594:
15589:
15577:. Retrieved
15568:
15559:
15547:. Retrieved
15538:
15531:
15506:
15498:
15486:. Retrieved
15476:
15469:
15450:
15444:
15425:
15419:
15395:
15385:
15373:. Retrieved
15364:
15354:
15341:. Retrieved
15337:the original
15331:
15324:
15312:. Retrieved
15308:the original
15303:
15272:
15266:
15239:
15181:
15177:
15154:. Retrieved
15137:
15133:
15123:
15111:. Retrieved
15091:
15069:. Retrieved
15054:
15032:. Retrieved
15023:
15014:
15002:. Retrieved
14990:
14982:Starry Night
14981:
14980:"Van Gogh's
14970:
14953:
14949:
14943:
14933:20 September
14931:. Retrieved
14922:
14912:
14900:. Retrieved
14891:
14881:
14873:the original
14860:
14820:
14814:
14802:. Retrieved
14793:
14784:
14741:
14737:
14727:
14715:. Retrieved
14706:
14696:
14686:21 September
14684:. Retrieved
14675:
14665:
14655:21 September
14653:. Retrieved
14644:
14634:
14622:. Retrieved
14613:
14603:
14591:. Retrieved
14563:
14556:
14544:. Retrieved
14535:
14526:
14483:
14479:
14472:
14443:
14439:
14429:
14386:
14382:
14376:
14364:. Retrieved
14351:
14341:
14318:
14308:14 September
14306:. Retrieved
14291:
14281:16 September
14279:. Retrieved
14271:The Guardian
14270:
14260:
14217:
14214:Astrobiology
14213:
14206:
14196:14 September
14194:. Retrieved
14185:
14175:
14124:
14121:Astrobiology
14120:
14113:
14101:. Retrieved
14090:
14080:
14070:17 September
14068:. Retrieved
14043:
14037:
14018:
13993:
13989:
13982:
13970:. Retrieved
13961:
13951:
13939:. Retrieved
13930:
13920:
13869:
13865:
13858:
13815:
13811:
13800:
13788:. Retrieved
13779:
13769:
13757:. Retrieved
13746:
13736:
13724:. Retrieved
13715:
13706:
13694:. Retrieved
13674:
13664:
13652:. Retrieved
13637:
13604:
13598:
13592:
13551:
13547:
13541:
13529:. Retrieved
13525:the original
13518:
13509:
13496:
13490:
13478:. Retrieved
13469:
13459:
13418:
13414:
13408:
13396:. Retrieved
13375:
13348:
13344:
13334:
13322:. Retrieved
13313:
13303:
13286:
13282:
13276:
13251:
13247:
13241:
13229:. Retrieved
13204:
13198:
13188:
13176:. Retrieved
13149:
13145:
13135:
13102:
13098:
13092:
13080:. Retrieved
13071:
13062:
13035:
13031:
13025:
13013:. Retrieved
12975:
12971:
12958:
12939:
12933:
12900:
12894:
12888:
12876:. Retrieved
12856:
12849:
12837:. Retrieved
12817:
12810:
12787:
12781:
12769:. Retrieved
12760:
12751:
12718:
12712:
12706:
12681:
12677:
12671:
12659:. Retrieved
12635:
12628:
12615:
12609:
12582:
12573:
12564:
12560:
12554:
12545:
12533:. Retrieved
12513:
12506:
12473:
12469:
12463:
12451:. Retrieved
12434:
12430:
12384:
12378:
12372:
12360:. Retrieved
12351:
12341:
12329:. Retrieved
12325:the original
12320:
12310:
12272:(1): 19–32.
12269:
12263:
12257:
12245:. Retrieved
12220:
12216:
12204:
12192:. Retrieved
12173:
12161:. Retrieved
12152:
12143:
12131:. Retrieved
12122:
12112:
12100:. Retrieved
12091:
12081:
12069:. Retrieved
12060:
12051:
12039:. Retrieved
12030:
12020:
12008:. Retrieved
12004:
11994:
11982:. Retrieved
11973:
11964:
11952:. Retrieved
11948:the original
11943:
11918:. Retrieved
11914:the original
11899:
11890:
11886:
11880:
11868:. Retrieved
11848:
11841:
11829:. Retrieved
11825:the original
11820:
11811:
11799:. Retrieved
11790:
11780:
11747:
11743:
11737:
11720:
11713:
11672:
11666:
11650:. Retrieved
11646:the original
11636:
11623:
11616:. Retrieved
11607:
11582:. Retrieved
11573:
11563:
11523:(1): 63–76.
11520:
11514:
11508:
11496:. Retrieved
11487:
11477:
11465:. Retrieved
11456:
11446:
11434:. Retrieved
11425:
11415:
11403:. Retrieved
11392:
11382:
11370:. Retrieved
11359:
11349:
11304:
11300:
11290:
11245:
11239:
11229:
11202:
11196:
11186:
11146:(1): 12–16.
11143:
11139:
11103:
11097:
11087:
11062:
11058:
11052:
11040:. Retrieved
11015:(1): 24–45.
11012:
11008:
10995:
10983:. Retrieved
10955:
10951:
10938:
10928:17 September
10926:. Retrieved
10906:
10896:
10884:. Retrieved
10880:the original
10851:. Retrieved
10837:
10825:. Retrieved
10810:
10799:
10787:. Retrieved
10772:
10760:. Retrieved
10742:
10730:. Retrieved
10715:
10703:. Retrieved
10694:
10685:
10651:(2): 42–51.
10648:
10642:
10632:
10620:. Retrieved
10611:
10601:
10589:. Retrieved
10580:
10570:
10548:(2): 85–88.
10545:
10541:
10534:
10522:. Retrieved
10511:
10501:
10489:. Retrieved
10475:
10463:. Retrieved
10449:
10437:. Retrieved
10426:
10416:
10389:
10379:
10369:10 September
10367:. Retrieved
10360:the original
10323:
10317:
10304:
10294:10 September
10292:. Retrieved
10281:
10275:
10268:
10258:10 September
10256:. Retrieved
10231:
10225:
10193:
10189:
10185:
10181:
10175:
10140:
10136:
10078:
10074:
10048:. Retrieved
10029:
10017:. Retrieved
9998:
9988:
9976:. Retrieved
9943:
9937:
9927:
9915:. Retrieved
9907:NASA Science
9906:
9897:
9885:. Retrieved
9845:
9841:
9828:
9795:
9791:
9785:
9750:
9744:
9734:
9726:
9706:
9703:Science News
9702:
9696:
9684:. Retrieved
9675:
9666:
9654:. Retrieved
9645:
9635:
9610:
9604:
9598:
9565:
9561:
9535:
9531:
9525:
9513:. Retrieved
9468:
9464:
9454:
9442:. Retrieved
9417:
9405:
9360:
9356:
9341:
9331:14 September
9329:. Retrieved
9286:
9282:
9258:14 September
9256:. Retrieved
9252:the original
9247:
9240:Drake, Nadia
9180:
9176:
9124:
9120:
9079:
9073:
9064:
9053:the original
9040:
9036:
9020:
9012:the original
9007:
8997:
8985:. Retrieved
8976:
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8921:
8917:
8904:
8892:. Retrieved
8883:
8873:
8856:
8850:
8841:
8780:
8776:
8766:
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8713:
8701:. Retrieved
8692:
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8633:
8598:
8594:
8584:
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8547:
8541:
8529:. Retrieved
8480:
8476:
8464:
8452:. Retrieved
8419:
8415:
8403:
8391:. Retrieved
8377:
8365:. Retrieved
8358:the original
8345:
8341:
8328:
8299:
8291:
8279:. Retrieved
8275:the original
8261:
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8245:the original
8235:
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8200:
8190:
8178:. Retrieved
8134:
8130:
8065:
8061:
8055:
8038:
8032:
7991:
7987:
7981:
7938:
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7928:
7903:
7897:
7890:
7884:
7872:. Retrieved
7836:
7832:
7804:. Retrieved
7776:
7770:
7757:
7745:. Retrieved
7725:. New York:
7722:
7712:
7689:
7683:
7666:
7660:
7654:
7613:
7607:
7601:
7589:. Retrieved
7580:
7570:
7558:. Retrieved
7533:
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7507:. Retrieved
7471:
7467:
7430:
7422:
7401:
7395:
7372:
7366:
7341:
7337:
7331:
7319:. Retrieved
7294:(1): 13–19.
7291:
7287:
7274:
7262:. Retrieved
7243:
7208:
7202:
7192:
7180:. Retrieved
7176:the original
7166:
7154:. Retrieved
7117:. Retrieved
7104:
7095:
7083:. Retrieved
7069:
7024:
7018:
7008:
6996:. Retrieved
6985:
6975:
6945:(1): 25–28.
6942:
6938:
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6899:
6885:
6873:. Retrieved
6858:
6846:. Retrieved
6831:
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6783:
6777:
6765:. Retrieved
6756:
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6684:. Retrieved
6675:
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6613:
6601:. Retrieved
6591:
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6509:
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6498:
6486:. Retrieved
6476:
6454:. Retrieved
6434:
6421:
6409:. Retrieved
6393:
6366:. Retrieved
6333:
6327:
6284:(1): 23–53.
6281:
6275:
6250:
6238:
6218:. New York:
6215:
6209:
6197:. Retrieved
6177:
6170:
6137:
6131:
6125:
6114:the original
6086:(1): 19–37.
6083:
6077:
6060:
6019:
6013:
6004:
5992:. Retrieved
5973:
5963:
5951:. Retrieved
5947:the original
5942:
5932:
5920:. Retrieved
5911:
5898:
5875:
5866:
5854:. Retrieved
5845:
5820:. Retrieved
5811:
5801:
5789:. Retrieved
5785:the original
5780:
5770:
5760:17 September
5758:. Retrieved
5749:
5739:
5706:
5700:
5663:
5657:
5645:. Retrieved
5612:
5606:
5579:. Retrieved
5568:
5543:. Retrieved
5534:
5525:
5511:cite journal
5499:. Retrieved
5466:
5460:
5450:
5438:. Retrieved
5427:
5417:
5405:. Retrieved
5396:
5387:
5344:
5340:
5319:. Retrieved
5268:
5264:
5239:. Retrieved
5235:the original
5230:
5221:
5209:. Retrieved
5181:
5177:
5164:
5121:
5117:
5111:
5078:
5074:
5048:. Retrieved
5044:the original
5034:
4991:
4987:
4981:
4969:. Retrieved
4936:. Retrieved
4918:
4907:the original
4876:
4870:
4857:
4830:
4824:
4784:
4780:
4770:
4753:
4747:
4717:. Retrieved
4706:
4696:
4684:. Retrieved
4623:
4612:
4589:
4578:
4567:
4557:the original
4545:
4536:
4508:
4498:
4489:
4483:
4372:
4363:
4276:
4257:
4250:
4215:Venus symbol
4212:
4202:Venus symbol
4181:
4159:
4152:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4132:
4099:
4085:
4080:
4058:
4056:
4040:Robert Frost
4017:
4011:
4005:
3990:
3986:
3976:
3936:
3932:
3929:mesopotamian
3914:
3909:
3903:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3795:
3780:
3772:
3744:
3712:
3673:Soviet Union
3670:
3644:
3632:
3620:
3590:
3570:
3558:
3538:Jane Greaves
3535:
3523:
3503:
3485:extremophile
3482:
3478:
3453:
3446:
3436:, and ESA's
3423:
3421:
3384:
3379:
3375:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3347:
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3339:
3328:
3322:
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3249:
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3160:
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3144:
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3136:
3125:
3123:
3112:
3103:
3080:
3061:
3046:
3035:
2995:
2960:
2941:
2844:
2842:
2828:argued that
2807:
2771:
2734:
2711:
2703:
2687:June 8, 2004
2684:
2676:Captain Cook
2669:
2650:
2638:8 years
2630:8 years
2614:
2587:March 1865.
2566:
2529:
2502:
2482:
2462:
2451:
2436:
2417:
2389:
2372:impact event
2316:
2303:solar nebula
2300:
2275:
2271:
2264:sidereal day
2253:
2240:eccentricity
2217:
2189:
2187:
2166:
2158:
2156:
2147:intermittent
2136:
2130:
2122:
2103:
2088:
2054:
2047:
2009:
1998:
1969:temperature
1901:
1865:dissociation
1862:
1857:
1855:
1847:
1827:
1788:
1786:
1766:
1750:geochemistry
1739:
1710:
1697:
1674:
1667:Ganis Chasma
1662:
1660:
1656:
1640:
1615:
1569:
1555:
1548:
1542:
1527:
1496:
1460:
1454:, after the
1436:Ishtar Terra
1429:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1337:Solar System
1329:
1246:
1244:from Earth.
1215:
1191:Solar System
1152:
1130:. Venus has
1107:
1106:
1090:Ishtar Terra
1084:
1034:water vapour
943:
710:(retrograde)
655:
623:0.815 Earths
598:0.857 Earths
573:0.902 Earths
556:Surface area
422:Mean anomaly
344:Eccentricity
67:Designations
56:
40:
19968:Outer space
19956:Spaceflight
19673:(2031–2032)
19193:BepiColombo
19061:Local Sheet
19055:Local Group
18838:Rubble pile
18826:Roche limit
18821:Ring system
18772:Outer space
18747:Kuiper belt
18717:Hill sphere
18712:Hills cloud
18660:Debris disk
18655:Cosmic dust
18439:Exploration
18394:Planet Nine
18379:Fifth giant
18353:Hills cloud
18314:Kuiper belt
18285:exceptional
18201:Trojan camp
17138:BepiColombo
16831:Exploration
16684:Geodynamics
16668:Yablochkina
16470:Dali Chasma
16394:Zisa Corona
16344:Renpet Mons
16294:Irnini Mons
16284:Iaso Tholus
16234:Akna Montes
16229:Abeona Mons
16158:Alpha Regio
16125:Dune fields
15990:Geody Venus
15986:at NASA.gov
15579:26 December
15396:The Planets
15391:Sobel, Dava
15156:28 December
15140:: 163–164.
14950:Art History
14902:1 September
14804:2 September
14446:: L18–L22.
14103:3 September
14024:Sagan, Carl
13996:: 396–405.
13972:30 December
13941:30 December
13480:27 December
13324:27 December
13105:: 284–299.
12661:28 December
12535:26 December
12453:28 December
12437:: 161–172.
12223:: 574–579.
11893:(1): 51–56.
11042:9 September
10985:9 September
10958:(1): 1–23.
10465:25 December
10439:29 November
8652:: 128–140.
8554:(1): 2–79.
8422:: 146–171.
8281:21 December
7321:15 December
5856:3 September
5321:20 November
5184:: 178–205.
4879:(1): 3–18.
4719:30 November
4585:"Cytherean"
4467:23.934472 h
4410:, yielding
4235:Mars symbol
3933:Tioumoutiri
3925:Late Period
3655:conjunction
3442:BepiColombo
3389:spacecraft
3066:found that
3042:ultraviolet
2877:astronomer
2869:astronomer
2857:astronomer
2737:without aid
2714:ashen light
2708:Ashen light
2548:elongations
2544:conjunction
2465:tidal force
2026:cell growth
2001:noble gases
1896:ultraviolet
1869:ultraviolet
1507:Alpha Regio
1349:megapascals
1209:, before a
1185:instead of
1183:resurfacing
1161:, and
810:Temperature
772:declination
732:2.64° (for
529:1.0 km
515:Mean radius
433:Inclination
398:583.92 days
380:1.92 Venus
117:Named after
19978:Categories
19564:3MV-1 No.2
19554:2MV-2 No.1
19549:2MV-1 No.2
19544:2MV-1 No.1
19208:(en route)
19202:(en route)
19196:(en route)
19188:(en route)
19080:Local Hole
19027:Gould Belt
18767:Oort cloud
18603:Formation,
18593:Deep space
18429:Vulcanoids
18346:Oort cloud
18270:first 1000
18206:Greek camp
18104:Meteoroids
18099:Damocloids
18045:Charikloan
17326:Phosphorus
17301:In fiction
17296:In culture
17018:Mariner 10
16944:Kosmos 482
16919:Kosmos 167
16879:Sputnik 21
16874:Sputnik 20
16869:Sputnik 19
16704:Venusquake
16699:Venus snow
16628:Merit Ptah
16563:De Lalande
16389:Ushas Mons
16384:Theia Mons
16379:Skadi Mons
16359:Sapas Mons
16289:Idunn Mons
16239:Anala Mons
16201:Lada Terra
16173:Ovda Regio
16168:Beta Regio
16120:Atmosphere
15966:Venus page
15718:3 February
15375:15 January
15343:3 February
15314:3 February
15071:2 February
14956:(3): 356.
14593:19 January
14493:2010.14305
14453:2010.15188
14396:2010.09761
14366:26 October
14227:2009.06474
14134:2009.06499
12331:11 January
12031:Goines.net
11920:11 January
11870:12 January
11801:21 October
11618:30 October
11498:21 January
11467:21 January
11436:21 January
11205:(3): L63.
10886:12 January
10827:31 January
10658:2008.04927
10622:17 January
10591:17 January
10524:31 January
10491:31 January
10088:1907.09683
10081:(3): 126.
10019:18 October
9978:2 December
9515:29 January
9478:2010.09761
9444:29 January
9370:2101.09837
9363:(2): L44.
9296:2009.06593
9190:1911.12788
8790:1608.00706
8733:2003.05704
8308:. p.
8225:12 January
8203:. Oxford:
7948:1710.01770
7806:6 November
7560:17 January
6998:10 January
6848:30 January
6603:13 January
6488:13 January
6411:30 January
5994:12 January
5647:27 October
5581:27 October
5354:1808.01973
5278:1911.12788
5271:. Fig. 6.
5131:1609.05048
5001:2103.01504
4971:20 January
4727:osculating
4640:required.)
4606:required.)
4564:"Venusian"
4542:"Venusian"
4528:References
4349:Venus zone
4227:femininity
4176:See also:
4118:Vietnamese
4088:Indonesian
3983:phosphorus
3978:Phōsphoros
3861:solar disk
3857:Babylonian
3753:In culture
3691:See also:
3687:Habitation
3679:-MAVR and
3651:opposition
3577:Rocket Lab
3496:Carl Sagan
3492:atmosphere
3387:solar sail
3214:Mariner 10
3083:oblateness
3078:above it.
3010:scattering
2926:Copernicus
2871:Ibn Bajjah
2867:Andalusian
2830:Parmenides
2822:Pythagoras
2810:Phosphorus
2762:Babylonian
2678:sailed to
2577:Luxembourg
2540:telescopic
2268:fluctuates
2236:elliptical
2179:ionosphere
2110:Venus snow
2106:spacecraft
2095:axial tilt
2091:isothermal
1955:on Earth.
1949:Carl Sagan
1941:irradiance
1904:atmosphere
1842:insulating
1834:convection
1830:conducting
1803:solar wind
1799:ionosphere
1632:subduction
1619:Big Island
1515:Ovda Regio
1511:Beta Regio
1484:arachnoids
1444:Babylonian
1341:atmosphere
1263:after the
1253:inferiorly
1234:accessible
1222:solar year
1218:retrograde
1171:solar wind
1118:. It is a
986:(9.3
969:Atmosphere
963:9.7″–66.0″
873:Fahrenheit
734:retrograde
727:Axial tilt
691:retrograde
619:10 kg
594:10 km
569:10 km
545:Flattening
499:Satellites
322:Perihelion
137:Adjectives
19777:Laplace-P
19772:Mercury-P
19641:Dragonfly
19569:Kosmos 27
19559:Kosmos 21
19539:Mariner 1
19382:MESSENGER
19337:Venera 11
19327:Mariner 5
19312:Mariner 2
19041:Milky Way
19034:Orion Arm
18802:Formation
18787:Migration
18782:Disrupted
18650:Coatlicue
18618:Accretion
18605:evolution
18551:Asteroids
18463:astronomy
18458:Discovery
18319:Cubewanos
18240:Asteroids
18070:Quaoarian
18060:Neptunian
18050:Chironean
18035:Saturnian
17811:Enceladus
17316:Mythology
17291:Cytherean
17101:MESSENGER
17011:Mariner 5
17004:Mariner 2
16997:Mariner 1
16984:Venera 16
16979:Venera 15
16974:Venera 14
16969:Venera 13
16964:Venera 12
16959:Venera 11
16954:Venera 10
16909:Kosmos 96
16894:Kosmos 27
16884:Kosmos 21
16851:Sputnik 7
16799:Asteroids
16717:Astronomy
16633:Mona Lisa
16578:Golubkina
16568:Dickinson
16548:Cleopatra
16324:Ozza Mons
16304:Maat Mons
16274:Gula Mons
16264:Fand Mons
16221:volcanoes
16215:Mountains
16115:Arachnoid
16101:Geography
15759:0959-8138
15549:8 January
15488:8 January
15365:Theoi.com
15300:"Lucifer"
15222:120565237
15206:0080-4614
15146:1971-8608
15113:23 August
14776:219558707
14768:0094-5765
14707:Space.com
14518:236090264
14421:224803085
14252:221127006
14167:221655331
13912:256599851
13904:0038-6308
13629:122107496
13531:2 January
13178:25 August
13127:123671250
13002:162838538
12978:: 34–40.
12925:117985979
12743:120700705
12678:Mnemosyne
12520:(Ph.D.).
12498:121539390
12443:1971-8608
12286:0035-9149
12247:8 January
12237:186212060
12123:Space.com
12005:Space.com
11772:0022-4650
11705:241077611
11697:1945-0699
11555:117795811
11530:0911.2357
11405:7 January
11372:7 January
11341:118661720
11314:1303.3705
11282:118535095
11255:1208.4444
11153:0906.2781
10853:7 January
10513:Space.com
10408:129514118
10276:Venera 12
10167:2197-4284
10143:(1): 34.
10115:198179774
10050:21 August
9887:21 August
9777:1520-0469
9505:224803085
9434:229020261
9397:231699227
9321:221655755
9223:208513344
9215:0004-6361
9159:244168415
9151:0019-1035
8977:Space.com
8815:0094-8276
8758:2169-9097
8674:0019-1035
8625:2156-2202
8576:0019-1035
8505:1476-4687
8444:0016-7037
8393:17 August
8180:11 August
8167:133864520
8159:1752-0894
8090:0036-8075
7973:119487513
7861:0091-7613
7638:0091-7613
7496:134766723
6812:257745255
6739:126225959
6731:1572-9672
6657:1944-8007
6534:189850694
6358:127759323
6096:CiteSeerX
5922:7 January
5637:264530764
5545:26 August
5491:2397-3366
5347:: 10–24.
5311:208513344
5303:0004-6361
5241:3 January
5156:119307693
5124:: 19–33.
5103:0923-2958
5081:(3): 22.
5026:232092194
4938:26 August
4889:CiteSeerX
4503:location.
4185:habitable
4104:. Modern
4092:Malaysian
4073:Navagraha
3987:Ēōsphoros
3973:Aphrodite
3959:, son of
3810:Aphrodite
3787:astrology
3783:mythology
3724:aerostats
3546:phosphine
3361:MESSENGER
3321:with its
3297:Venera 15
3211:In 1974,
3192:Mariner 5
3161:Mariner 2
3127:Mariner 2
3094:Space age
3026:24 h
2797:Chánggēng
2767:cuneiform
2756:from the
2748:from the
2610:telescope
2485:naked eye
2432:pentagram
2284:solar day
2157:In 2007,
2114:tellurium
2034:phosphine
1874:deuterium
1838:heat flux
1787:In 1967,
1671:Maat Mons
1594:Volcanism
1371:Geography
1310:, Venus,
1114:from the
792:geometric
736:rotation)
463:2.15° to
453:3.86° to
382:solar day
198:Cytherean
58:MESSENGER
19812:TMK-Mavr
19724:Venera-D
19623:EnVision
19604:Orbiters
19447:Venera 7
19411:Venera 3
19322:Venera 2
19306:Venera 1
19267:Venera 9
19256:Magellan
19248:Orbiters
19169:Akatsuki
19161:Orbiters
19094:Universe
18932:Moonlets
18512:programs
18485:timeline
18473:timeline
18404:Planet X
18399:Planet V
18336:Sednoids
18324:Plutinos
18297:Centaurs
18275:families
18004:Dysnomia
17992:Xiangliu
17987:Gonggong
17975:Makemake
17934:Kerberos
17821:Hyperion
17759:Callisto
17754:Ganymede
17687:Gonggong
17682:Makemake
17537:Gonggong
17530:Makemake
17344:Category
17306:Hesperus
17230:Proposed
17184:Proposed
17170:Venera-D
17160:EnVision
17131:Akatsuki
17075:Magellan
16949:Venera 9
16939:Venera 8
16934:Venera 7
16929:Venera 6
16924:Venera 5
16914:Venera 4
16904:Venera 3
16899:Venera 2
16864:Venera 1
16860:program
16751:Transits
16663:Wheatley
16653:Stefania
16598:Isabella
16593:Guilbert
16558:Danilova
16414:plateaus
16374:Sif Mons
16130:Features
15980:Archived
15886:17 April
15880:Archived
15857:87030547
15777:16373733
15573:Archived
15482:Archived
15393:(2005).
15369:Archived
15150:Archived
15107:Archived
15034:15 April
15028:Archived
14995:Archived
14927:Archived
14896:Archived
14798:Archived
14717:24 April
14711:Archived
14680:Archived
14649:Archived
14624:22 April
14618:Archived
14587:Archived
14540:Archived
14360:Archived
14352:Syfy.com
14302:Archived
14300:. CNet.
14275:Archived
14244:32787733
14190:Archived
14159:34283644
14097:Archived
14064:Archived
14060:11784372
13966:Archived
13962:BBC News
13935:Archived
13850:35864851
13790:29 April
13784:Archived
13759:22 April
13753:Archived
13726:11 April
13720:Archived
13690:Archived
13648:Archived
13584:32590584
13576:17792750
13474:Archived
13451:21133097
13443:17743054
13389:Archived
13318:Archived
13225:Archived
13172:Archived
13076:Archived
13006:Archived
12872:Archived
12833:Archived
12765:Archived
12655:Archived
12581:(1959).
12526:Archived
12447:Archived
12356:Archived
12354:. NASA.
12321:NBC News
12302:59314888
12241:Archived
12188:Archived
12157:Archived
12133:19 April
12127:Archived
12102:19 April
12096:Archived
12065:Archived
12041:19 April
12035:Archived
11984:10 April
11978:Archived
11864:Archived
11795:Archived
11791:Mashable
11652:19 March
11612:Archived
11584:17 March
11578:Archived
11574:EarthSky
11492:Archived
11461:Archived
11430:Archived
11399:Archived
11366:Archived
11178:15252548
11033:Archived
10976:Archived
10922:Archived
10904:(2002).
10847:Archived
10789:16 April
10783:Archived
10762:16 April
10756:Archived
10732:16 April
10726:Archived
10705:28 April
10699:Archived
10695:EarthSky
10616:Archived
10585:Archived
10581:BBC News
10518:Archived
10485:Archived
10459:Archived
10433:Archived
10428:BBC News
10348:18046401
10288:Archived
10286:. NASA.
10252:Archived
10182:Venera 9
10044:Archived
10013:Archived
9972:Archived
9968:13338382
9917:14 April
9911:Archived
9878:Archived
9874:15670045
9820:20448159
9680:Archived
9650:Archived
9509:Archived
9438:Archived
9325:Archived
8981:Archived
8950:Archived
8946:11538226
8912:(1988).
8888:Archived
8833:28408771
8703:21 April
8697:Archived
8525:Archived
8513:11536499
8448:Archived
8387:Archived
8354:17893191
8251:12 April
8219:Archived
8205:Elsevier
8171:Archived
8106:36740141
8098:17783310
8049:. 18876.
8016:18046393
7865:Archived
7797:Archived
7741:Archived
7646:13293506
7585:Archived
7554:Archived
7500:Archived
7312:Archived
7264:19 March
7258:Archived
7235:16309185
7150:Archived
7119:14 April
7113:Archived
7079:Archived
7061:31922004
6992:Archived
6967:59323909
6875:14 April
6869:Archived
6767:16 April
6761:Archived
6686:13 April
6680:Archived
6597:Archived
6482:Archived
6447:Archived
6362:Archived
6216:Universe
6199:20 April
6193:Archived
6162:21736261
6052:12832924
6044:17830154
5988:Archived
5953:24 March
5916:Archived
5906:(2016).
5850:Archived
5822:19 April
5816:Archived
5754:Archived
5731:45474562
5682:39464951
5641:Archived
5575:Archived
5539:Archived
5495:Archived
5434:Archived
5401:Archived
5379:69912809
5315:Archived
5202:Archived
5050:12 April
4965:Archived
4932:Archived
4713:Archived
4686:15 April
4680:Archived
4474:1674.364
4441:s/3600 =
4414:1674.364
4408:10 rad/s
4289:See also
4110:Japanese
4069:Sanskrit
3992:Hesperos
3927:, under
3867:and the
3816:goddess
3734:such as
3624:Akatsuki
3425:Akatsuki
3352:(1990),
3343:Magellan
3335:aerobots
3261:Venera 9
3201:Venera 7
3187:Venera 4
3177:Venera 4
3157:Venera 4
3152:Venera 4
3146:Venera 3
3114:Venera 1
3072:infrared
2912:In 1610
2859:Avicenna
2846:Almagest
2814:Hesperus
2752:and the
2591:Transits
2439:inferior
2296:the west
2272:Magellan
2190:Akatsuki
2104:Magellan
1801:and the
1790:Venera 4
1676:Magellan
1643:volcanic
1556:Magellan
1467:calderas
1421:Magellan
1345:nitrogen
1277:Venera 7
1269:Venera 1
1144:pressure
1050:0.0007%
1044:0.0012%
1038:0.0017%
1032:0.0020%
1026:0.0070%
1016:nitrogen
982:93
977:pressure
975:Surface
908:Surface
890:Surface
827:Surface
761:272.76°
449:ecliptic
404:Average
348:0.006772
308:Aphelion
143:Venusian
19930:Portals
19869:Related
19850:Mariner
19671:DAVINCI
19617:VERITAS
19440:Landers
19394:Shin-en
19368:Galileo
18915:Related
18894:by size
18583:Neptune
18568:Jupiter
18519:Mercury
18444:outline
18389:Phaeton
18384:Nemesis
18371:objects
18223:Neptune
18196:Jupiter
18176:Trojans
18169:Neptune
18154:Jupiter
18134:Mercury
18065:Haumean
18055:Uranian
18037: (
17951:Hiʻiaka
17885:Proteus
17875:Neptune
17863:Miranda
17853:Umbriel
17843:Titania
17831:all 146
17796:Iapetus
17749:Jupiter
17643:Neptune
17621:Jupiter
17589:Mercury
17571:Planets
17496:Neptune
17481:Jupiter
17454:Mercury
17284:Related
17246:(flyby)
17165:VERITAS
17155:DAVINCI
17148:Planned
17123:Current
17108:Shin'en
17082:Galileo
16731:Aspects
16724:General
16689:Geology
16638:Nanichi
16623:Meitner
16588:Gregory
16528:Aurelia
16523:Ariadne
16495:Craters
16447:valleys
16442:Canyons
16144:Regions
16108:General
16028:by the
16019:by the
16010:by the
15944:at the
15849:1217734
15768:1322246
15186:Bibcode
15004:28 July
14746:Bibcode
14498:Bibcode
14401:Bibcode
14333:Twitter
14186:Science
14139:Bibcode
13998:Bibcode
13874:Bibcode
13841:9286398
13820:Bibcode
13696:19 July
13654:19 July
13609:Bibcode
13556:Bibcode
13548:Science
13423:Bibcode
13415:Science
13353:Bibcode
13291:Bibcode
13289:: 165.
13256:Bibcode
13209:Bibcode
13154:Bibcode
13107:Bibcode
13082:12 July
13040:Bibcode
12980:Bibcode
12905:Bibcode
12771:4 March
12723:Bibcode
12698:4433390
12620:Penguin
12587:Bibcode
12478:Bibcode
12389:Bibcode
12387:: 325.
12071:17 July
11954:20 June
11831:25 June
11752:Bibcode
11677:Bibcode
11535:Bibcode
11319:Bibcode
11260:Bibcode
11207:Bibcode
11158:Bibcode
11108:Bibcode
11067:Bibcode
11017:Bibcode
10960:Bibcode
10663:Bibcode
10550:Bibcode
10356:4418778
10328:Bibcode
10236:Bibcode
10198:Bibcode
10145:Bibcode
10093:Bibcode
9948:Bibcode
9854:Bibcode
9800:Bibcode
9792:Science
9755:Bibcode
9723:3960800
9686:11 June
9656:11 June
9615:Bibcode
9590:4369293
9570:Bibcode
9540:Bibcode
9483:Bibcode
9375:Bibcode
9301:Bibcode
9195:Bibcode
9129:Bibcode
9084:Bibcode
9045:Bibcode
8956:25 June
8926:Bibcode
8861:Bibcode
8859:: 540.
8824:5385710
8795:Bibcode
8738:Bibcode
8654:Bibcode
8603:Bibcode
8556:Bibcode
8531:14 July
8521:4357750
8485:Bibcode
8454:14 July
8424:Bibcode
8367:27 July
8267:"Venus"
8139:Bibcode
8070:Bibcode
8062:Science
8043:Bibcode
8024:1242297
7996:Bibcode
7953:Bibcode
7908:Bibcode
7874:28 June
7841:Bibcode
7833:Geology
7781:Bibcode
7747:19 July
7671:Bibcode
7669:: 675.
7618:Bibcode
7609:Geology
7538:Bibcode
7476:Bibcode
7410:Bibcode
7346:Bibcode
7296:Bibcode
7213:Bibcode
7182:20 June
7156:20 June
7085:21 July
7052:6941908
7029:Bibcode
7020:Science
6947:Bibcode
6910:Bibcode
6792:Bibcode
6711:Bibcode
6635:Bibcode
6562:Bibcode
6514:Bibcode
6456:12 July
6439:Bibcode
6368:25 June
6338:Bibcode
6286:Bibcode
6142:Bibcode
6088:Bibcode
6024:Bibcode
6015:Science
5939:"Venus"
5908:"Venus"
5846:Gizmodo
5791:13 June
5711:Bibcode
5617:Bibcode
5531:"Moons"
5471:Bibcode
5359:Bibcode
5283:Bibcode
5211:25 June
5186:Bibcode
5136:Bibcode
5083:Bibcode
5006:Bibcode
4881:Bibcode
4835:Bibcode
4805:. A133.
4789:Bibcode
4758:Bibcode
4470:
4458:
4268:Mercury
4260:alchemy
4196:Symbols
4139:Chac ek
4106:Chinese
4006:Lūcifer
3941:phoenix
3865:Shamash
3791:fiction
3745:NASA's
3349:Galileo
2875:Maragha
2855:Persian
2851:Ptolemy
2834:Lucifer
2617:transit
2483:To the
2378:million
2342:2012 XE
2333:2001 CK
2288:Mercury
1990:Minimum
1974:Maximum
1967:Surface
1937:Mercury
1919:⁄
1898:imaging
1851:sulphur
1773:viscous
1769:subduct
1683:Craters
1652:olivine
1624:erosion
1425:sulphur
1308:Mercury
1257:Mercury
1195:Mercury
1157:,
1020:0.015%
859:Celsius
790:0.689 (
777:67.16°
757:18 11 2
634:density
525:6,051.8
493:54.884°
481:76.680°
459:equator
427:50.115°
196:rarely
19838:Venera
19765:Flybys
19755:Zephyr
19734:VISAGE
19667:(2025)
19650:(2028)
19644:(2028)
19633:Flybys
19625:(2031)
19619:(2031)
19613:(2028)
19513:Vega 1
19487:Vega 1
19388:IKAROS
19357:Vega 1
19317:Zond 1
19298:Flybys
19179:Flybys
19089:
19082:
19075:
19050:
19043:
19036:
19029:
19022:
19015:
19008:
18937:Syzygy
18859:Comets
18792:System
18777:Planet
18670:EXCEDE
18578:Uranus
18573:Saturn
18563:Comets
18556:mining
18534:mining
18424:Vulcan
18265:active
18260:Hygiea
18255:Pallas
18218:Uranus
18164:Uranus
18159:Saturn
18094:Comets
18086:bodies
18084:System
18030:Jovian
17968:Weywot
17963:Quaoar
17956:Namaka
17946:Haumea
17919:Charon
17895:all 16
17890:Nereid
17880:Triton
17868:all 28
17848:Oberon
17838:Uranus
17826:Phoebe
17806:Tethys
17781:Saturn
17774:all 95
17769:Europa
17742:Deimos
17737:Phobos
17716:Earth
17677:Quaoar
17672:Haumea
17652:Dwarfs
17638:Uranus
17626:Saturn
17611:Giants
17576:dwarfs
17523:Quaoar
17516:Haumea
17491:Uranus
17486:Saturn
17354:Portal
17232:crewed
17206:VISAGE
17095:IKAROS
17067:Vega 2
17062:Vega 1
17031:Zond 1
16858:Venera
16817:Zoozve
16741:Phases
16613:Mariko
16603:Jeanne
16583:Grimke
16553:Cunitz
16538:Barton
16518:Alcott
16513:Agnesi
16508:Adivar
16503:Addams
16409:Plains
16183:Terrae
15911:
15855:
15847:
15775:
15765:
15757:
15709:
15705:–135.
15676:
15651:
15626:
15601:
15519:
15457:
15432:
15407:
15279:
15254:
15220:
15212:
15204:
15144:
15134:KASKAL
15099:
15062:
14993:: 88.
14835:
14774:
14766:
14579:
14546:13 May
14516:
14419:
14389:: L2.
14250:
14242:
14165:
14157:
14058:
14039:Nature
13990:Icarus
13910:
13902:
13848:
13838:
13682:
13627:
13582:
13574:
13449:
13441:
13398:7 July
13254:: 57.
13125:
13015:10 May
13000:
12946:
12923:
12878:18 May
12864:
12839:18 May
12825:
12798:
12741:
12696:
12647:
12597:
12496:
12441:
12431:KASKAL
12362:14 May
12300:
12294:530738
12292:
12284:
12235:
12194:11 May
12010:5 June
11856:
11770:
11703:
11695:
11553:
11488:JHUAPL
11339:
11280:
11176:
11140:Icarus
11059:Icarus
11009:Icarus
10952:Icarus
10914:
10818:
10406:
10390:Nature
10354:
10346:
10319:Nature
10165:
10113:
10005:
9966:
9872:
9818:
9775:
9721:
9588:
9562:Nature
9503:
9471:: L2.
9432:
9395:
9319:
9221:
9213:
9157:
9149:
9121:Icarus
8944:
8918:Icarus
8831:
8821:
8813:
8756:
8672:
8646:Icarus
8623:
8574:
8548:Icarus
8519:
8511:
8503:
8477:Nature
8442:
8352:
8316:
8211:
8165:
8157:
8104:
8096:
8088:
8022:
8014:
7988:Nature
7971:
7859:
7733:
7700:
7644:
7636:
7530:Icarus
7494:
7439:
7383:
7338:Icarus
7288:Icarus
7233:
7059:
7049:
6965:
6839:
6810:
6737:
6729:
6655:
6532:
6402:
6356:
6306:862354
6304:
6226:
6185:
6160:
6098:
6079:Icarus
6050:
6042:
5980:
5886:
5729:
5680:
5670:
5635:
5501:28 May
5489:
5440:28 May
5407:29 May
5377:
5309:
5301:
5178:Icarus
5154:
5118:Icarus
5101:
5024:
4891:
4872:Icarus
4787:: 11.
4733:epoch.
4547:Lexico
4476:
4445:23.934
4424:
4420:
4416:
4382:
4378:
4264:copper
4143:Noh Ek
4114:Korean
4081:Shukra
4060:Shukra
4032:Virgil
4024:Sappho
4012:Vesper
3969:Hathor
3953:Osiris
3937:Ouaiti
3855:, the
3830:Friday
3818:Inanna
3662:flybys
3526:albedo
3505:Nature
3430:
3391:IKAROS
3330:Vega 2
3324:Vega 1
3180:'s
3119:Venera
2975:
2948:phases
2838:Vesper
2786:Qǐmíng
2775:Tàibái
2680:Tahiti
2585:
2532:phases
2512:Phases
2447:
2380:
2376:
2321:: the
2312:
2292:
2280:
2232:orbits
2118:galena
1982:Normal
1858:contra
1807:dynamo
1760:, and
1758:mantle
1713:
1706:
1701:
1636:
1561:felsic
1513:, and
1475:
1442:, the
1440:Ishtar
1438:after
1416:Venera
1399:terrae
1387:, and
1314:, the
1159:mantle
1112:planet
1068:Trace
1062:Trace
1056:Trace
1046:helium
1008:96.5%
879:867 °F
865:464 °C
845:Kelvin
797:0.76 (
783:Albedo
615:4.8675
590:9.2843
582:Volume
565:4.6023
413:
373:
277:Symbol
19989:Venus
19944:Stars
19906:VeSpR
19822:Vesta
19744:VOICE
19714:HOVER
19709:HAVOC
19147:Venus
18852:Lists
18588:Pluto
18546:Ceres
18524:Venus
18419:Tyche
18414:Theia
18250:Vesta
18245:Ceres
18186:Earth
18181:Venus
18144:Earth
18139:Venus
18119:moons
18082:Solar
18080:Small
18039:Rhean
18024:Earth
18016:Rings
17929:Hydra
17914:Pluto
17907:Vanth
17902:Orcus
17858:Ariel
17816:Mimas
17801:Dione
17786:Titan
17709:Moons
17697:Sedna
17667:Pluto
17662:Orcus
17657:Ceres
17599:Earth
17594:Venus
17551:Sedna
17509:Pluto
17502:Orcus
17475:Ceres
17464:Earth
17459:Venus
17259:Other
16736:Orbit
16677:Other
16658:Wanda
16643:Riley
16533:Balch
16151:Regio
16081:Venus
15853:S2CID
15845:JSTOR
15828:Taxon
15645:Venus
15515:–40.
15218:S2CID
15214:74274
15210:JSTOR
15024:Getty
14998:(PDF)
14987:(PDF)
14772:S2CID
14514:S2CID
14488:arXiv
14448:arXiv
14417:S2CID
14391:arXiv
14329:Tweet
14248:S2CID
14222:arXiv
14163:S2CID
14129:arXiv
14056:S2CID
13908:S2CID
13625:S2CID
13580:S2CID
13447:S2CID
13392:(PDF)
13385:(PDF)
13351:: 1.
13231:4 May
13123:S2CID
13009:(PDF)
12998:S2CID
12968:(PDF)
12921:S2CID
12739:S2CID
12694:JSTOR
12529:(PDF)
12518:(PDF)
12494:S2CID
12298:S2CID
12290:JSTOR
12233:S2CID
12163:2 May
11701:S2CID
11660:Solex
11551:S2CID
11525:arXiv
11337:S2CID
11309:arXiv
11278:S2CID
11250:arXiv
11174:S2CID
11148:arXiv
11036:(PDF)
11005:(PDF)
10979:(PDF)
10948:(PDF)
10653:arXiv
10404:S2CID
10363:(PDF)
10352:S2CID
10314:(PDF)
10111:S2CID
10083:arXiv
9964:S2CID
9881:(PDF)
9870:S2CID
9848:(3).
9838:(PDF)
9719:JSTOR
9586:S2CID
9501:S2CID
9473:arXiv
9430:S2CID
9393:S2CID
9365:arXiv
9317:S2CID
9291:arXiv
9219:S2CID
9185:arXiv
9155:S2CID
9117:(PDF)
9056:(PDF)
9033:(PDF)
8987:9 May
8894:5 May
8785:arXiv
8728:arXiv
8517:S2CID
8361:(PDF)
8350:S2CID
8338:(PDF)
8174:(PDF)
8163:S2CID
8127:(PDF)
8102:S2CID
8020:S2CID
7969:S2CID
7943:arXiv
7868:(PDF)
7829:(PDF)
7800:(PDF)
7767:(PDF)
7642:S2CID
7591:2 May
7509:3 May
7503:(PDF)
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