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and the intangibles of artistic and aesthetic demands in video game creation create difficulty in predicting milestones. The use of crunch time is also seen to be exploitative of the younger male-dominated workforce in video games, who have not had the time to establish a family and who were eager to advance within the industry by working long hours. Because crunch time tends to come from a combination of corporate practices as well as peer influence, the term "crunch culture" is often used to discuss video game development settings where crunch time may be seen as the norm rather than the exception.
573:
688:
1053:, can create a culture of "toxic geek masculinity" within the workplace. In addition, the conditions behind crunch time are far more discriminating towards women as this requires them to commit time exclusively to the company or to more personal activities like raising a family. These factors established conditions within some larger development studios where female developers have found themselves discriminated in workplace hiring and promotion, as well as the target of sexual harassment. This can be coupled from similar harassment from external groups, such as during the 2014
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members, assisting across all areas of video game development, but as contractors, do not get any benefits such as paid time-off or health care from the employer; they also are typically not credited on games that they work on for this reason. The practice itself is legal and common in other engineering and technology areas, and generally it is expected that this is meant to lead into a full-time position, or otherwise the end of the contract. But more recently, its use in the video game industry has been compared to
1182:. This is a result of the industry being driven more by creativity and innovation rather than production, the lack of distinction between management and employees in the white-collar area, and the pace at which the industry moves that makes union actions difficult to plan out. However, when situations related to crunch time become prevalent in the news, there have typically been followup discussions towards the potential to form a union. A survey performed by the
816:. Successful developers may maintain several teams working on different games for different publishers. Generally, however, third-party developers tend to be small, close-knit teams. Third-party game development is a volatile sector, since small developers may depend on income from a single publisher; one canceled game may devastate a small developer. Because of this, many small development companies are short-lived.
1253:(CODE), in January 2020. Initial efforts for CODE were aimed to determine what approach to unionization would be best suited for the video game industry. Whereas some video game employees believe they should follow the craft-based model used by SAG-AFTRA which would unionize based on job function, others feel an industry-wide union, regardless of job position, would be better.
1147:
year. While discrimination by age in hiring practices is generally illegal, companies often target their oldest workers first during layoffs or other periods of reduction. Older developers with experience may find themselves too qualified for the types of positions that other game development companies seek given the salaries and compensations offered.
1221:(IGDA), the professional association for developers. Statements made by the IGDA's current executive director Jen MacLean relating to IGDA's activities had been seen by as anti-union, and Game Workers Unite desired to start a conversation to lay out the need for developers to unionize. In the wake of the sudden near-closure of
1117:
game developers typically draw from personal experiences in building game characters, this diversity gap has led to few characters of racial minority to be featured as main characters within video games. Minority developers have also been harassed from external groups due to the toxic nature of the video game culture.
1080:'s Game Developer Salary Survey 2014, women in the United States made 86 cents for every dollar men made. Game designing women had the closest equity, making 96 cents for every dollar men made in the same job, while audio professional women had the largest gap, making 68% of what men in the same position made.
1046:, women constituted only 3% of the gaming industry, while a 2017 IGDA survey found that the female demographic in game development had risen to about 20%. Taking into account that a 2017 ESA survey found 41% of video game players were female, this represented a significant gender gap in game development.
1164:", contract workers that were continually renewed and treated for all purposes as employees but received no benefits. While Microsoft has waned from the practice, the video game industry has adapted it more frequently. Around 10% of the workforce in video games is estimated to be from contract labor.
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issue, discriminating against the hiring and retention of older developers. A 2016 IGDA survey found only 3% of developers were over 50 years old, while at least two-thirds were between 20 and 34; these numbers show a far lower average age compared to the U.S. national average of about 41.9 that same
1116:
estimate the U.S. population to be 13% of
African descent and 18% Hispanic. In a 2014 and 2015 survey of job positions and salaries, the IGDA found that people of color were both underrepresented in senior management roles as well as underpaid in comparison to white developers. Further, because video
851:
console, setting a 30% licensing fee that covered game cartridge manufacturing costs and development fees. The 30% licensing fee for third-party developers has also persisted to the present, being a de facto rate used for most digital storefronts for third-party developers to offer their games on the
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intended to be delivered over a period of time. By updating its milestones, the publisher verifies that work is progressing quickly enough to meet its deadline and can direct the developer if the game is not meeting expectations. When each milestone is completed (and accepted), the publisher pays the
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preceding layoffs. The situation was argued to be "exploitive", as
Telltale had been known to force its employees to frequently work under "crunch time" to deliver its games. By the end of 2018, a United Kingdom trade union, Game Workers Unite UK, an affiliate of the Game Workers Unite movement, had
1005:
Some video game developers and publishers have been accused of the excessive invocation of "crunch time". "Crunch time" is the point at which the team is thought to be failing to achieve milestones needed to launch a game on schedule. The complexity of workflow, reliance on third-party deliverables,
946:
Other indie game developers create game software for a number of video-game publishers on several gaming platforms. In recent years this model has been in decline; larger publishers, such as
Electronic Arts and Activision, increasingly turn to internal studios (usually former independent developers
775:
and develop games exclusive to that platform, i.e. a non-owned developer making games for a first-party company. As a balance to not being able to release their game for other platforms, second-party developers are usually offered higher royalty rates than third-party developers. These studios may
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and other gender or sexual orientations, the video game industry typically shares the same demographics as with the larger population based on a 2005 IGDA survey. Those in the LGBT community do not find workplace issues with their identity, though work to improve the representation of LGBT themes
955:
Video game development is usually conducted in a casual business environment, with t-shirts and sandals as common work attire. Many workers find this type of environment rewarding and pleasant professionally and personally. However, the industry also requires long working hours from its employees
1225:
in
September 2018, the movement again called out for the industry to unionize. The movement argued that Telltale had not given any warning to its 250 employees let go, having hired additional staff as recently as a week prior, and left them without pensions or health-care options; it was further
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This racial diversity issue has similar ties to the gender one, and similar methods to result both have been suggested, such as improving grade school education, developing games that appeal beyond the white, male gamer stereotype, and identifying toxic behavior in both video game workplaces and
963:
An entry-level programmer can make, on average, over $ 66,000 annually only if they are successful in obtaining a position in a medium to large video game company. An experienced game-development employee, depending on their expertise and experience, averaged roughly $ 73,000 in 2007. Indie game
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and word of mouth for publicity. Without the large marketing budgets of mainstream publishers, their products may receive less recognition than those of larger publishers such as Sony, Microsoft or
Nintendo. With the advent of digital distribution of inexpensive games on game consoles, it is now
842:
game cartridges were programmed to create their own games for the system, founding
Activision in 1979 to sell these. Atari took legal action to try to block the sale of these games, but the companies ultimately settled, with Activision agreeing to pay a portion of their sales as a license fee to
1155:
Some of the larger video game developers and publishers have also engaged contract workers through agencies to help add manpower in game development in part to alleviate crunch time from employees. Contractors are brought on for a fixed period and generally work similar hours as full-time staff
823:
for a successful video game developer is to sell the company to a publisher, becoming an in-house developer. In-house development teams tend to have more freedom in game design and content than third-party developers. One reason is that since the developers are the publisher's employees, their
892:(2005). All these developers continue operating much as they did before acquisition, the primary differences being exclusivity and financial details. Publishers tend to be more forgiving of their own development teams going over budget (or missing deadlines) than third-party developers.
776:
have exclusive publishing agreements (or other business relationships) with the platform holder, but maintain independence so that upon completion or termination of their contracts, they are able to continue developing games for other publishers if they choose to. For example, while
855:
In recent years, larger publishers have acquired several third-party developers. While these development teams are now technically "in-house", they often continue to operate in an autonomous manner (with their own culture and work practices). For example, Activision acquired
1238:'s financial report for the previous quarter in February 2019, the company said that they would be laying off around 775 employees (about 8% of their workforce) despite having record profits for that quarter. Further calls for unionization came from this news, including the
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on the part of the console manufacturer, which is wasted if the developer fails to produce a hit game on time. However, using first-party developers saves the cost of having to make royalty payments on a game's profits. Current examples of first-party studios include
1111:
There is also a significant gap in racial minorities within the video game industry; a 2019 IGDA survey found only 2% of developers considered themselves to be of
African descent and 7% Hispanic, while 81% were Caucasian; in contrast, 2018 estimates from the
1083:
Increasing the representation of women in the video game industry required breaking a feedback loop of the apparent lack of female representation in the production of video games and in the content of video games. Efforts have been made to provide a strong
1205:
lasted for over 300 days into 2017 before a new deal was made between SAG-AFTRA and the publishers. While this had some effects on a few games within the industry, it brought to the forefront the question of whether video game developers should unionize.
979:) require long working hours and dedication from their employees, such as willingness to relocate and/or required to develop games that do not appeal to their personal taste. The creative rewards of work in the entertainment business attracts
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within video games in the same manner as with racial minorities. However, LGBT developers have also come under the same type of harassment from external groups like women and racial minorities due to the nature of the video game culture.
2421:
592:– the process and related disciplines of creating video games. A game developer can range from one person who undertakes all tasks to a large business with employee responsibilities split between individual disciplines, such as
1360:: "Someone who was part of the co-creation of that world and those characters isn't getting a credit or a nickel for the work they put into it. Maybe we need unions in the video game industry to be able to protect creators."
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such as at colleges and universities, where game development programs tend to reflect the male-dominated demographics of the industry, a factor that may lead women with strong STEM backgrounds to choose other career goals.
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A developer may not be the primary entity creating a piece of software, usually providing an external software tool which helps organize (or use) information for the primary software product. Such tools may be a
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Atari for developing for the console. This established the use of licensing fees as a model for third-party development that persists into the present. The licensing fee approach was further enforced by
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784:, they became one of the earliest second-party developers for Nintendo, developing exclusively for Nintendo's consoles starting with the Famicom, though they would self-publish their mobile games.
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991:(IGDA), are conducting increasing discussions about the problem; they are concerned that working conditions in the industry cause a significant deterioration in employees' quality of life.
2484:
3470:
727:, a first-party developer is part of a company that manufactures a video game console and develops mainly for it. First-party developers may use the name of the company itself (such as
2192:
2586:
1057:. Major investigations into allegations of sexual harassment and misconduct that went unchecked by management, as well as discrimination by employers, have been brought up against
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interests align with those of the publisher; the publisher may spend less effort ensuring that the developer's decisions do not enrich the developer at the publisher's expense.
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1932:
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Sweden presents a unique case where nearly all parts of its labor force, including white-collar jobs such as video game development, may engage with labor unions under the
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in the late 2010s and early 2020s, alongside smaller studios and individual developers. However, while other entertainment industries have had similar exposure through the
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A third-party developer may also publish games, or work for a video game publisher to develop a title. Both publisher and developer have considerable input in the game's
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2787:
1329:. In Australia, video game developers could join other unions, but the first video game-specific union, Game Workers Unite Australia, was formed in December 2021 under
674:). However, since publishing is still their primary activity they are generally described as "publishers" rather than "developers". Developers may be private as well.
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became one of the first major publishers to support unionization efforts in June 2020 with its own agreements to cover its
Swedish employees within two labor unions
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Independents are software developers which are not owned by (or dependent on) a single publisher. Some of these developers self-publish their games, relying on the
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however, different regions and costs of living will add a wide range to the minimum and maximum pay scales. Most larger developers such as
Ubisoft will include
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3373:
3211:
1718:
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1213:, was established around 2017 to discuss and debate issues related to unionization of game developers. The group came to the forefront during the March 2018
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games from one system to another, or translating games from one language to another. Less commonly, some do software development work in addition to games.
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and have tried to address the symptoms of these problems industry-wide, the video game industry has yet to have its Me Too-moment, even as late as 2021.
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to become active in 2022. In Canada, in a historic move, video game workers in
Edmonton unanimously voted to unionize for the first time in June 2022.
1085:
771:
Second-party developer is a colloquial term often used by gaming enthusiasts and media to describe game studios that take development contracts from
804:
and content. However, the publisher's wishes generally override those of the developer. Work for hire studios solely execute the publishers vision.
1186:
in 2014 found that more than half of the 2,200 developers surveyed favored unionization. A similar survey of over 4,000 game developers run by the
1021:. Since then, there has generally been negative perception of crunch time from most of the industry as well as from its consumers and other media.
2711:
2474:
1326:
314:
3462:
2225:
559:
17:
1017:, a situation known as the "EA Spouses" case. A similar "Rockstar Spouses" case gained further attention in 2010 over working conditions at
2182:
2576:
3023:
2924:
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2648:
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1924:
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746:). Whether by purchasing an independent studio or by founding a new team, the acquisition of a first-party developer involves a huge
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Starting in 2021, several smaller game studios in the United States began efforts to unionize. These mostly involved teams doing
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and provisions related to the safety of their vocal performances, when their union's standard contract was up for renewal. The
254:
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financial and usually marketing support. Self-funded developers are known as independent or indie developers and usually make
3587:
3568:
2777:
2419:
Prescott, Julie; Bogg, Jan (2011). "Segregation in a Male-Dominated Industry: Women Working in the Computer Games Industry".
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argued that the studio considered this a closure rather than layoffs, as to get around failure to notify required by the
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possible for indie game developers to forge agreements with console manufacturers for broad distribution of their games.
340:
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developers may only earn between $ 10,000 and $ 50,000 a year depending on how financially successful their titles are.
3526:
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838:, partially over the lack of respect that the new management gave to programmers, they used their knowledge of how
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The business arrangement between the developer and publisher is governed by a contract, which specifies a list of
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that demands a high level of commitment and performance from employees. Industry communities, such as the
732:
526:
378:
1597:
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1280:, which had previously acquired Zenimax and announced plans to acquire Blizzard via the acquisition of
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99:
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319:
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1835:"A year into the pandemic, game developers reflect on burnout, mental health and avoiding crunch"
1330:
344:
284:
738:) or have been an independent studio before being acquired by the console manufacturer (such as
34:
1293:
1261:
1197:(SAG-AFTRA) union doing work for video games struck several major publishers, demanding better
589:
200:
106:
56:
2059:"" EA Spouse" and the Crisis of Video Game Labour: Enjoyment, Exclusion, Exploitation, Exodus"
1076:
There also tends to be pay-related discrimination against women in the industry. According to
572:
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1310:
1285:
1054:
835:
752:
659:
593:
486:
289:
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185:
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The male-dominated industry, most who have grown up playing video games and are part of the
2914:
1284:, stated it supported these unionization efforts. After this acquisition, the employees of
1113:
1106:
1000:
957:
747:
639:
605:
383:
269:
259:
232:
121:
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in early 2019 found that 47% of respondents felt the video game industry should unionize.
1040:
Game development had generally been a predominately male workforce. In 1989, according to
8:
2220:
1351:
1318:
1281:
1235:
1089:
1066:
724:
620:
456:
366:
128:
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2642:"Developer Satisfaction Survey 2014 & 2015 - Diversity in the Games Industry Report"
2018:
967:
In addition to being part of the software industry, game development is also within the
687:
3183:
2981:"GDC survey: Half of game developers support unionization, believe Steam is too greedy"
2577:"The $ 150 billion video game industry grapples with a murky track record on diversity"
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585:
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889:
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624:
411:
304:
222:
180:
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1009:
The use of crunch time as a workplace standard gained attention first in 2004, when
3494:"How 'The Last of Us' changed gaming, strained relationships and spawned an empire"
2070:
1910:
917:
772:
760:
705:
416:
309:
133:
3397:"Paradox Reaches Agreement With Swedish Unions For Better Pay, Benefits, And More"
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or performance-related bonuses to reward their employees. from GameCareerGuide.com
1249:
established a new campaign to push for unionization of video game developers, the
3051:
2919:
1902:
1269:
1198:
1070:
1014:
643:
324:
3212:"US labor organization AFL-CIO urges game developers to unionize in open letter"
2075:
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2678:
1906:
1869:
1746:
1314:
1265:
1222:
857:
777:
739:
628:
361:
2216:"Why is the games industry so burdened with crunch? It starts with labor laws"
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writing an open letter to video game developers encouraging them to unionize.
3612:
3463:"Canada's first video game union shows that labour organizing is on the rise"
2392:
1803:
1602:
1581:
1343:
1273:
968:
901:
885:
865:
820:
3047:"After Destroying Lives For Decades, Gaming Is Finally Talking Unionization"
847:
when it decided to allow other third-party developers to make games for the
2985:
2716:
2512:
1347:
1121:
online communities that perpetuate discrimination against gender and race.
1010:
984:
663:
481:
406:
396:
373:
190:
138:
1178:
Similar to other tech industries, video game developers are typically not
3080:"This is the group using GDC to bolster game studio unionization efforts"
2614:
1427:
Creating Games in maps for happy wills Mechanics, Content, and Technology
1239:
881:
831:
801:
743:
709:
671:
651:
616:
440:
351:
165:
111:
2508:"'I was always told I was unusual': why so few women design video games"
1987:
1618:"The Studio Behind Smash Bros. And Kirby, HAL Laboratory Turns 35 Today"
3364:"Scandinavian Crunch: Pid Developer Might and Delight Goes Its Own Way"
3245:"Major union launches campaign to organize video game and tech workers"
2712:"The video game industry has a diversity problem – but it can be fixed"
2183:""Rockstar Spouse" accuses dev of pushing its employees "to the brink""
2092:"EA Spouse, 14 Years Later: How One Person Tried Correcting EA Culture"
1195:
Screen Actors Guild‐American Federation of Television and Radio Artists
1058:
976:
929:
909:
827:
655:
609:
428:
205:
175:
156:
3527:"The Last of Us director calls for unionization in the games industry"
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rather than developers. These studios included three QA studios under
3315:
3216:
2815:
2749:
2479:
2475:"Gender wage gap: How the game industry compares to the U.S. average"
2154:
2121:
2023:
1277:
1194:
1179:
1161:
1157:
1077:
980:
913:
861:
839:
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in 1979 became the first third-party video game developer. When four
813:
647:
461:
3179:"Game Workers Unite UK Is That Country's First Games Industry Union"
1742:"Epic's Battle With Apple and Google Actually Dates Back to Pac-Man"
3146:"Telltale's treatment of staff "a problem endemic in the industry""
2446:
939:
897:
877:
873:
844:
728:
423:
212:
195:
3113:"Telltale Employees Left Stunned By Company Closure, No Severance"
2844:"Blockbuster Video Games Mint Millions While Grunts Get Exploited"
2388:"Gaming culture is toxic. A major lawsuit might finally change it"
2284:"Game companies are failing on diversity, according to new report"
2174:
3401:
2352:"Dozens of Women in Gaming Speak Out About Sexism and Harassment"
2316:"2017 Essential Facts About the Computer and Video Game Industry"
1322:
1062:
848:
632:
3339:"Microsoft's 'World of Warcraft' Gaming Staff Votes to Unionize"
1774:"The End Game: How Top Developers Sold Their Studios - Part One"
780:
initially began developing games on personal computers like the
3434:
3117:
3018:
2096:
1622:
1143:
1036:
Women and video games § Treatment of women in the industry
869:
2679:"Video games: How big is industry's racial diversity problem?"
971:
industry; most sectors of the entertainment industry (such as
27:
Software developer specializing in the creation of video games
576:
A group of game developers accepts a game developers' award.
2581:
1960:
1130:
972:
3430:"Australian Video Games Industry Is Getting Its Own Union"
2141:
2683:
1595:"The Next Generation 1996 Lexicon A to Z: Second Party".
1228:
Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act of 1988
956:(sometimes to an extent seen as unsustainable). Employee
781:
2422:
International Journal of Gender, Science, and Technology
1925:"Game Developer Salary Survey 2014: The results are in!"
1484:(2nd ed.). Thomson Course Technology. p. 239.
1086:
STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics)
2056:
1459:
1288:, part of Zenimax under Microsoft, unionized under the
3278:"The game studios changing the industry by unionizing"
2249:"Videogame Biz: Women Still Very Much in the Minority"
3603:
2345:
2343:
2341:
1740:
Mochizuki, Takahashi; Savov, Vlad (August 25, 2020).
1429:. Wellesley, Massachusetts: A K Peters. p. 25.
3014:"Union Reps Meet With Game Devs About Unionization"
2540:"Developer Satisfaction Survey 2019 Summary Report"
834:programmers left the company following its sale to
2350:Lorenz, Taylor; Browning, Kellen (June 23, 2020).
2338:
1425:McGuire, Morgan; Jenkins, Odest Chadwicke (2009).
1302:division also unionized with CWA that same month.
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
1686:. 1982-12-26. pp. Business 1. Archived from
1651:"HAL Laboratory's first mobile game is out today"
3610:
2532:
1572:"Is Your Favorite Game Company Ripping You Off?"
1024:
623:, or may develop for several systems (including
3563:. Hingham, Massachusetts: Charles River Media.
2057:Dyer-Witheford, Nick; de Peuter, Greig (2006).
3311:"Bethesda Game Studios workers have unionized"
2381:
2379:
2349:
2043:
1739:
1538:"Naughty Dog discusses being acquired by Sony"
1424:
1292:(CWA) in July 2024. Over 500 employees within
2908:
2906:
2904:
1498:
1336:In January 2023, after not being credited in
553:
2418:
1865:"Top Gaming Studios, Schools & Salaries"
1245:In January 2020, Game Workers Unite and the
1217:by holding a roundtable discussion with the
604:, etc. Most game development companies have
162:Specialized / alternative-paradigmatic types
3604:"Quality of Life in the Videogame Industry"
2948:"56% of devs in favor of unionizing - IGDA"
2376:
2277:
2275:
2246:
2240:
1956:"Why Crunch Mode Doesn't Work: Six Lessons"
1142:The industry also is recognized to have an
3578:Moore, Michael E.; Novak, Jeannie (2010).
3577:
2901:
2150:""Rockstar Spouse" attacks dev conditions"
2016:
1922:
1672:
1317:had reached its union agreements in 2004.
766:
731:), have a specific division name (such as
560:
546:
3558:
3524:
3275:
3144:Handradan, Matthew (September 24, 2018).
3143:
2978:
2649:International Game Developers Association
2547:International Game Developers Association
2074:
1219:International Game Developers Association
1184:International Game Developers Association
989:International Game Developers Association
787:
718:
3460:
3427:
3336:
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3011:
2945:
2877:"The game industry's disposable workers"
2874:
2841:
2775:
2610:"Confronting racial bias in video games"
2281:
2272:
2147:
2089:
1953:
1566:
1564:
1562:
983:to the industry, creating a competitive
923:
571:
3491:
3209:
3125:from the original on September 24, 2018
2912:
2742:
2709:
2607:
2442:"Emerging from the shadow of GamerGate"
2439:
2213:
2114:
1985:
947:acquired for their development needs).
712:(right) are well-known game developers.
615:A developer may specialize in specific
14:
3611:
3361:
3308:
3224:from the original on February 15, 2019
3177:Fogel, Stephanie (December 14, 2018).
2927:from the original on February 22, 2017
2913:Maiberg, Emanuel (February 22, 2017).
2808:
2676:
2574:
2520:from the original on February 26, 2021
2385:
1784:from the original on 23 September 2017
1721:from the original on December 20, 2016
1648:
1399:
1251:Campaign to Organize Digital Employees
642:maintain development studios (such as
3537:from the original on January 20, 2023
3506:from the original on January 15, 2023
3442:from the original on December 7, 2021
3394:
3276:Carpenter, Nicole (January 8, 2023).
3257:from the original on January 13, 2020
3210:McAloon, Alissa (February 15, 2019).
3191:from the original on January 29, 2019
3176:
3077:
2993:from the original on January 25, 2019
2875:Campbell, Colin (December 19, 2016).
2505:
2487:from the original on January 27, 2016
2472:
2228:from the original on October 15, 2021
2195:from the original on November 7, 2017
2180:
2162:from the original on October 30, 2017
1754:from the original on November 6, 2021
1630:from the original on November 6, 2021
1615:
1559:
1504:
1479:
1404:. Texas: Wordware 2, Inc. p. 4.
3525:Broadwell, Josh (January 19, 2023).
3290:from the original on January 8, 2023
3242:
3110:
2979:Takahashi, Dean (January 24, 2019).
2889:from the original on August 24, 2020
2856:from the original on August 27, 2020
2823:from the original on August 17, 2021
2811:"No industry for old men (or women)"
2790:from the original on August 17, 2021
2757:from the original on August 17, 2021
2691:from the original on August 17, 2021
2622:from the original on August 17, 2021
2589:from the original on August 17, 2021
2440:Conditt, Jessica (August 30, 2019).
2400:from the original on August 11, 2021
2129:from the original on August 25, 2021
2090:Paprocki, Matt (February 27, 2018).
1986:Harkins, Peter Bhat (5 April 2009).
1935:from the original on August 25, 2021
1896:The Game Industry Salary Survey 2007
1832:
1814:from the original on 6 November 2018
1708:
3461:Weststar, Johanna (June 21, 2022).
3428:Plunkett, Luke (December 6, 2021).
3376:from the original on April 25, 2020
3059:from the original on March 23, 2018
2960:from the original on March 23, 2018
2946:Sinclair, Brendan (June 24, 2014).
2842:Schreier, Jason (August 27, 2020).
2677:Sheikh, Rahil (December 20, 2017).
2556:from the original on March 15, 2020
2454:from the original on August 3, 2021
2326:from the original on August 3, 2021
2296:from the original on August 3, 2021
2282:Campbell, Colin (January 8, 2018).
2214:Thomsen, Michael (March 24, 2021).
2115:McCarty, Jared (October 15, 2019).
2017:Frauenheim, Ed (11 November 2004).
1375:List of independent game developers
1150:
24:
3492:Martens, Todd (January 15, 2023).
3473:from the original on July 22, 2022
3158:from the original on March 8, 2021
3111:Gach, Ethan (September 24, 2018).
3092:from the original on July 19, 2021
3012:Crecente, Brian (March 21, 2018).
2778:"Ageism: The issue never gets old"
2724:from the original on June 28, 2019
2710:Ramanan, Chella (March 15, 2017).
2506:Caddy, Becca (February 17, 2020).
2364:from the original on June 23, 2020
2320:Entertainment Software Association
2148:Bramwell, Tom (January 11, 2010).
1680:"Stream of video games is endless"
1013:exposed the use of crunch time at
950:
934:Independent video game development
522:List of video game industry people
25:
3640:
3597:
3362:Fridén, Eric (October 23, 2013).
3078:Frank, Allegra (March 21, 2018).
2776:Peterson, Steve (April 4, 2018).
2743:Ochalla, Bryan (March 30, 2007).
2063:Canadian Journal of Communication
2031:from the original on 3 April 2019
1998:from the original on 15 July 2012
1616:Fahey, Mike (February 21, 2015).
1535:
1290:Communications Workers of America
1247:Communications Workers of America
1092:level, but there are issues with
3045:Williams, Ian (March 23, 2018).
2575:Browne, Ryan (August 14, 2020).
2181:Brice, Kath (January 11, 2010).
1845:from the original on 28 May 2022
1507:"What Exactly is an Indie Game?"
908:software; this is also known as
695:
686:
315:Intellectual property protection
33:
3629:Video game industry occupations
3552:
3518:
3485:
3454:
3421:
3388:
3355:
3330:
3302:
3269:
3236:
3203:
3170:
3137:
3104:
3071:
3038:
3005:
2972:
2939:
2868:
2835:
2802:
2769:
2736:
2703:
2670:
2658:from the original on 2020-06-04
2634:
2608:Peckham, Eric (June 21, 2020).
2601:
2568:
2499:
2466:
2433:
2412:
2386:Romano, Aja (August 10, 2021).
2308:
2261:from the original on 2016-05-04
2247:Marc Graser (October 1, 2013).
2207:
2108:
2083:
2010:
1979:
1947:
1916:
1889:
1857:
1833:Liao, Shannon (15 April 2021).
1826:
1796:
1766:
1733:
1702:
1661:from the original on 2022-08-19
1642:
1548:from the original on 2018-06-29
1449:
1402:Game development and production
1174:Unionization in the tech sector
1167:
3395:Olsen, Mathew (June 3, 2020).
2809:Parkin, Simon (May 30, 2017).
1609:
1588:
1529:
1473:
1443:
1418:
1393:
796:Third-party software component
13:
1:
3337:Eidelson, Josh (2024-07-24).
3309:Peters, Jay (July 19, 2024).
3243:Dean, Sam (January 7, 2020).
2473:Graft, Kris (July 22, 2014).
2117:"Crunch Culture Consequences"
2019:"No fun for game developers?"
1649:Devore, Jordan (2018-02-26).
1505:Gnade, Mike (July 15, 2010).
1387:
1382:Video game industry practices
1370:List of video game developers
1193:In 2016, voice actors in the
1025:Discrimination and harassment
517:List of video game publishers
505:List of video game developers
18:Video game development studio
3582:. Delmar: Cengage Learning.
1923:Kris Graft (July 22, 2014).
1584:. June 1997. pp. 39–40.
1088:background for women at the
532:List of video game magazines
7:
2076:10.22230/cjc.2006v31n3a1771
1711:"The History Of Activision"
1363:
912:. Examples of this include
527:List of video game websites
10:
3645:
3580:Game Industry Career Guide
1231:been legally established.
1215:Game Developers Conference
1188:Game Developers Conference
1171:
1104:
1033:
998:
927:
864:(1999), which merged with
793:
451:Advertising in video games
1605:. March 1996. p. 40.
1307:Employment Protection Act
1100:
1029:
994:
320:Digital rights management
3559:McShaffry, Mike (2009).
1452:"Electronic Game School"
812:developer an advance on
677:
2745:"'Out' in the Industry"
1954:Robinson, Evan (2005).
1511:The Indie Game Magazine
1400:Bethke, Erik K (2003).
1331:Professionals Australia
1272:, and Proletariat; and
1209:A grassroots movement,
1124:
767:Second-party developers
42:Part of a series on the
3619:Video game development
1313:agreements. Developer
1294:Blizzard Entertainment
1262:Blizzard Entertainment
1137:
788:Third-party developers
719:First-party developers
590:video game development
577:
3624:Video game developers
3250:The Los Angeles Times
2549:. November 20, 2019.
2104:on February 27, 2018.
1804:"EA: The Human Story"
1517:on September 27, 2013
1311:collective bargaining
1286:Bethesda Game Studios
1055:Gamergate controversy
924:Indie game developers
836:Warner Communications
660:Radical Entertainment
640:video game publishers
575:
3561:Game Coding Complete
1810:. 10 November 2004.
1114:United States Census
1107:Race and video games
1001:Crunch (video games)
748:financial investment
606:video game publisher
582:video game developer
384:Downloadable content
2221:The Washington Post
1988:"The Game Industry"
1839:The Washington Post
1709:Flemming, Jeffrey.
1480:Bates, Bob (2004).
1352:video game industry
1319:Paradox Interactive
1282:Activision Blizzard
1236:Activision Blizzard
1090:secondary education
1067:Activision Blizzard
753:PlayStation Studios
725:video game industry
621:video game consoles
367:Episodic video game
48:Video game industry
2357:The New York Times
1901:2021-10-06 at the
1211:Game Workers Unite
1203:voice actor strike
1094:tertiary education
1051:video game culture
1019:Rockstar San Diego
625:personal computers
586:software developer
578:
392:Games as a service
3589:978-1-4283-7647-2
3570:978-1-58450-680-5
3499:Los Angeles Times
3151:GamesIndustry.biz
3026:on March 30, 2018
2953:GamesIndustry.biz
2783:GamesIndustry.biz
2188:GamesIndustry.biz
1778:www.gamasutra.com
1684:Milwaukee Journal
1436:978-1-56881-305-9
1357:Los Angeles Times
1299:World of Warcraft
1258:quality assurance
960:is not uncommon.
890:Vicarious Visions
757:Xbox Game Studios
736:Polyphony Digital
668:Polyphony Digital
631:). Some focus on
570:
569:
412:Microtransactions
181:Interactive movie
16:(Redirected from
3636:
3593:
3574:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3467:The Conversation
3458:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3405:. Archived from
3392:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3022:. Archived from
3009:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2910:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2657:
2646:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2572:
2566:
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2563:
2561:
2555:
2544:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2407:
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2383:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2347:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
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2303:
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2279:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
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2233:
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2205:
2204:
2202:
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2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2100:. Archived from
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2054:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1964:. Archived from
1951:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1920:
1914:
1911:royalty payments
1893:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1873:. Archived from
1861:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1780:. 3 March 2004.
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1568:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1513:. Archived from
1502:
1496:
1495:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1458:. Archived from
1447:
1441:
1440:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1397:
1342:HBO adaptation,
1199:royalty payments
1160:'s past use of "
1151:Contract workers
773:platform holders
761:Microsoft Gaming
706:Shigeru Miyamoto
699:
690:
588:specializing in
562:
555:
548:
417:In-game currency
37:
30:
29:
21:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3609:
3608:
3600:
3590:
3571:
3555:
3550:
3540:
3538:
3523:
3519:
3509:
3507:
3490:
3486:
3476:
3474:
3459:
3455:
3445:
3443:
3426:
3422:
3412:
3410:
3409:on June 3, 2020
3393:
3389:
3379:
3377:
3360:
3356:
3347:
3345:
3335:
3331:
3321:
3319:
3307:
3303:
3293:
3291:
3274:
3270:
3260:
3258:
3241:
3237:
3227:
3225:
3208:
3204:
3194:
3192:
3175:
3171:
3161:
3159:
3142:
3138:
3128:
3126:
3109:
3105:
3095:
3093:
3076:
3072:
3062:
3060:
3043:
3039:
3029:
3027:
3010:
3006:
2996:
2994:
2977:
2973:
2963:
2961:
2944:
2940:
2930:
2928:
2915:"Walk the Line"
2911:
2902:
2892:
2890:
2873:
2869:
2859:
2857:
2840:
2836:
2826:
2824:
2807:
2803:
2793:
2791:
2774:
2770:
2760:
2758:
2741:
2737:
2727:
2725:
2708:
2704:
2694:
2692:
2675:
2671:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2625:
2623:
2606:
2602:
2592:
2590:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2523:
2521:
2504:
2500:
2490:
2488:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2455:
2438:
2434:
2417:
2413:
2403:
2401:
2384:
2377:
2367:
2365:
2348:
2339:
2329:
2327:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2299:
2297:
2280:
2273:
2264:
2262:
2245:
2241:
2231:
2229:
2212:
2208:
2198:
2196:
2179:
2175:
2165:
2163:
2146:
2142:
2132:
2130:
2113:
2109:
2088:
2084:
2055:
2044:
2034:
2032:
2015:
2011:
2001:
1999:
1984:
1980:
1971:
1969:
1952:
1948:
1938:
1936:
1921:
1917:
1903:Wayback Machine
1894:
1890:
1880:
1878:
1877:on 19 July 2013
1863:
1862:
1858:
1848:
1846:
1831:
1827:
1817:
1815:
1808:livejournal.com
1802:
1801:
1797:
1787:
1785:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1757:
1755:
1738:
1734:
1724:
1722:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1664:
1662:
1647:
1643:
1633:
1631:
1614:
1610:
1601:. No. 15.
1598:Next Generation
1594:
1593:
1589:
1580:. No. 30.
1577:Next Generation
1570:
1569:
1560:
1551:
1549:
1536:Ahmed, Shahed.
1534:
1530:
1520:
1518:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1478:
1474:
1465:
1463:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1366:
1270:Blizzard Albany
1176:
1170:
1153:
1140:
1127:
1109:
1103:
1071:Me Too movement
1038:
1032:
1027:
1015:Electronic Arts
1003:
997:
953:
951:Quality of life
936:
926:
798:
790:
769:
721:
716:
715:
714:
713:
702:
701:
700:
692:
691:
680:
644:Electronic Arts
566:
537:
536:
500:
492:
491:
487:Game journalism
477:
469:
468:
453:
347:
333:
332:
325:Copy protection
250:
240:
239:
152:
144:
143:
122:Creation system
71:
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3642:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3607:
3606:
3599:
3598:External links
3596:
3595:
3594:
3588:
3575:
3569:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3517:
3484:
3453:
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3387:
3354:
3329:
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3268:
3235:
3202:
3169:
3136:
3103:
3070:
3037:
3004:
2971:
2938:
2900:
2867:
2849:Bloomberg News
2834:
2801:
2768:
2735:
2702:
2669:
2651:. 2016-09-12.
2633:
2600:
2567:
2531:
2498:
2465:
2432:
2411:
2375:
2337:
2307:
2271:
2239:
2206:
2173:
2140:
2107:
2082:
2069:(3): 599–617.
2042:
2009:
1978:
1946:
1915:
1907:profit-sharing
1888:
1870:Big Fish Games
1856:
1825:
1795:
1765:
1747:Bloomberg News
1732:
1701:
1671:
1641:
1608:
1587:
1558:
1528:
1497:
1490:
1472:
1442:
1435:
1417:
1410:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1365:
1362:
1354:. He told the
1339:The Last of Us
1309:often through
1266:Raven Software
1223:Telltale Games
1169:
1166:
1152:
1149:
1139:
1136:
1129:In regards to
1126:
1123:
1102:
1099:
1034:Main article:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
999:Main article:
996:
993:
952:
949:
925:
922:
789:
786:
778:HAL Laboratory
768:
765:
755:for Sony, and
720:
717:
704:
703:
694:
693:
685:
684:
683:
682:
681:
679:
676:
629:mobile devices
568:
567:
565:
564:
557:
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542:
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529:
524:
519:
514:
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371:
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364:
362:Expansion pack
359:
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1462:on 2018-10-12
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3553:Bibliography
3539:. Retrieved
3530:
3520:
3508:. Retrieved
3497:
3487:
3475:. Retrieved
3466:
3456:
3444:. Retrieved
3433:
3423:
3411:. Retrieved
3407:the original
3400:
3390:
3378:. Retrieved
3367:
3357:
3346:. Retrieved
3342:
3332:
3320:. Retrieved
3314:
3304:
3292:. Retrieved
3281:
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3259:. Retrieved
3248:
3238:
3228:February 15,
3226:. Retrieved
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3193:. Retrieved
3182:
3172:
3160:. Retrieved
3149:
3139:
3127:. Retrieved
3116:
3106:
3094:. Retrieved
3083:
3073:
3061:. Retrieved
3050:
3040:
3028:. Retrieved
3024:the original
3017:
3007:
2995:. Retrieved
2986:Venture Beat
2984:
2974:
2962:. Retrieved
2951:
2941:
2931:February 23,
2929:. Retrieved
2918:
2891:. Retrieved
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2858:. Retrieved
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2825:. Retrieved
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2738:
2726:. Retrieved
2717:The Guardian
2715:
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2636:
2624:. Retrieved
2613:
2603:
2591:. Retrieved
2580:
2570:
2558:. Retrieved
2534:
2522:. Retrieved
2513:The Guardian
2511:
2501:
2491:December 27,
2489:. Retrieved
2478:
2468:
2456:. Retrieved
2445:
2435:
2429:(1): 205–27.
2426:
2420:
2414:
2402:. Retrieved
2391:
2366:. Retrieved
2355:
2328:. Retrieved
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2164:. Retrieved
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2143:
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2110:
2102:the original
2095:
2085:
2066:
2062:
2035:17 September
2033:. Retrieved
2022:
2012:
2000:. Retrieved
1991:
1981:
1970:. Retrieved
1966:the original
1959:
1949:
1937:. Retrieved
1928:
1918:
1891:
1879:. Retrieved
1875:the original
1868:
1859:
1847:. Retrieved
1838:
1828:
1816:. Retrieved
1807:
1798:
1786:. Retrieved
1777:
1768:
1756:. Retrieved
1745:
1735:
1725:December 30,
1723:. Retrieved
1714:
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1692:. Retrieved
1688:the original
1683:
1674:
1663:. Retrieved
1654:
1644:
1632:. Retrieved
1621:
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1550:. Retrieved
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1515:the original
1510:
1500:
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1475:
1464:. Retrieved
1460:the original
1455:
1445:
1426:
1420:
1401:
1395:
1355:
1348:unionization
1337:
1335:
1304:
1297:
1276:'s QA team.
1255:
1244:
1233:
1208:
1192:
1177:
1168:Unionization
1154:
1141:
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1119:
1110:
1082:
1075:
1048:
1041:
1039:
1011:Erin Hoffman
1008:
1004:
985:labor market
966:
962:
954:
945:
937:
904:, or add-in
894:
854:
826:
818:
806:
799:
791:
770:
722:
664:Nintendo EPD
654:'s studios,
637:
619:or specific
617:game engines
614:
581:
579:
482:Game studies
407:Free-to-play
397:Cloud gaming
379:Crowdfunding
374:Early access
345:monetization
341:Distribution
285:Localization
161:
100:Level design
68:
3541:January 20,
3510:January 19,
3446:December 6,
3195:January 29,
2997:January 24,
2615:Tech Crunch
2199:October 31,
2166:October 31,
2133:February 3,
1655:Destructoid
1482:Game Design
1346:called for
888:(2003) and
832:Atari, Inc.
744:Naughty Dog
710:John Romero
708:(left) and
672:Naughty Dog
666:and Sony's
652:Square Enix
610:indie games
594:programmers
441:Battle pass
436:Season pass
352:Buy-to-play
275:South Korea
107:Programming
57:Development
3613:Categories
3348:2024-07-24
3294:January 8,
3261:January 7,
2893:August 27,
2860:August 27,
2827:August 17,
2794:August 17,
2761:August 17,
2695:August 17,
2626:August 17,
2593:August 17,
2524:August 19,
2404:August 11,
2368:August 17,
2265:2013-10-20
2232:August 19,
1972:2009-03-07
1818:6 November
1788:14 October
1758:August 25,
1694:10 January
1665:2022-06-16
1552:2018-05-26
1521:January 9,
1466:2020-07-20
1450:Bob, Ogo.
1388:References
1234:Following
1172:See also:
1105:See also:
1059:Riot Games
977:television
930:Indie game
928:See also:
910:middleware
852:platform.
828:Activision
809:milestones
794:See also:
656:Activision
290:Censorship
248:Publishing
186:Nonviolent
157:Video game
85:Programmer
3531:USA Today
3316:The Verge
3217:Gamasutra
3063:March 23,
3030:March 22,
2964:March 22,
2816:Gamasutra
2750:Gamasutra
2728:March 15,
2480:Gamasutra
2458:August 3,
2330:August 3,
2300:August 3,
2155:Eurogamer
2122:Gamasutra
2024:CNet News
2002:20 August
1939:April 23,
1929:Gamasutra
1715:Gamasutra
1634:March 25,
1278:Microsoft
1180:unionized
1162:permatemp
1158:Microsoft
1078:Gamasutra
914:SpeedTree
906:interface
868:in 2014;
862:Neversoft
840:Atari VCS
819:A common
814:royalties
648:EA Canada
598:designers
462:Advergame
233:Accessory
69:Developer
3535:Archived
3504:Archived
3477:July 22,
3471:Archived
3440:Archived
3374:Archived
3322:July 20,
3288:Archived
3255:Archived
3222:Archived
3189:Archived
3156:Archived
3123:Archived
3090:Archived
3057:Archived
2991:Archived
2958:Archived
2925:Archived
2887:Archived
2854:Archived
2821:Archived
2788:Archived
2755:Archived
2722:Archived
2689:Archived
2653:Archived
2620:Archived
2587:Archived
2551:Archived
2518:Archived
2485:Archived
2452:Archived
2447:Engadget
2398:Archived
2362:Archived
2324:Archived
2322:. 2017.
2294:Archived
2259:Archived
2226:Archived
2193:Archived
2160:Archived
2127:Archived
2029:Archived
1996:Archived
1992:Push.cox
1933:Archived
1899:Archived
1843:Archived
1812:Archived
1782:Archived
1752:Archived
1719:Archived
1659:Archived
1628:Archived
1546:Archived
1542:GameSpot
1364:See also
940:Internet
898:database
884:(2002);
880:(2002);
878:Luxoflux
876:(2001);
874:Treyarch
872:(2001);
860:(1997);
845:Nintendo
729:Nintendo
424:Loot box
357:AAA game
213:Non-game
206:Exergame
196:Art game
151:Products
129:Graphics
75:Designer
64:Producer
3413:June 3,
3402:USGamer
3380:June 3,
3369:Polygon
3283:Polymer
3184:Variety
3085:Polygon
2882:Polygon
2662:June 4,
2560:June 4,
2289:Polygon
2254:Variety
1909:plans,
1881:30 July
1849:26 July
1456:Teacher
1350:of the
1323:Unionen
1240:AFL–CIO
1063:Ubisoft
1043:Variety
958:burnout
849:Famicom
723:In the
633:porting
602:artists
476:Related
457:in-game
255:Markets
228:Console
201:Edugame
191:Serious
139:Testing
3586:
3567:
3435:Kotaku
3118:Kotaku
3019:Glixel
2097:Glixel
1623:Kotaku
1488:
1433:
1408:
1144:ageism
1101:Racial
1030:Gender
995:Crunch
870:Z-Axis
802:design
733:Sony's
305:Piracy
171:Erotic
166:Casual
112:Engine
95:Design
80:Artist
2656:(PDF)
2645:(PDF)
2554:(PDF)
2543:(PDF)
981:labor
973:films
918:Havoc
882:Shaba
858:Raven
678:Types
638:Most
584:is a
510:Indie
499:Lists
429:gacha
310:Clone
270:Japan
260:China
176:Indie
134:Music
3584:ISBN
3565:ISBN
3543:2023
3512:2023
3479:2022
3448:2021
3415:2020
3382:2020
3324:2024
3296:2023
3263:2020
3230:2019
3197:2019
3164:2018
3131:2018
3098:2018
3065:2018
3052:Vice
3032:2018
2999:2019
2966:2018
2933:2017
2920:Vice
2895:2020
2862:2020
2829:2021
2796:2021
2763:2021
2730:2017
2697:2021
2664:2020
2628:2021
2595:2021
2582:CNBC
2562:2020
2526:2021
2493:2015
2460:2021
2406:2021
2370:2021
2332:2021
2302:2021
2234:2021
2201:2017
2168:2017
2135:2020
2037:2018
2004:2009
1961:IGDA
1941:2015
1883:2013
1851:2022
1820:2018
1790:2019
1760:2020
1727:2016
1696:2015
1636:2021
1523:2011
1486:ISBN
1431:ISBN
1406:ISBN
1327:SACO
1325:and
1315:DICE
1131:LGBT
1125:LGBT
1065:and
975:and
932:and
916:and
759:for
740:Rare
670:and
627:and
343:and
265:U.S.
2684:BBC
2393:Vox
2071:doi
1296:'s
1138:Age
782:MSX
742:or
658:'s
646:'s
3615::
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3115:.
3088:.
3082:.
3055:.
3049:.
3016:.
2989:.
2983:.
2956:.
2950:.
2923:.
2917:.
2903:^
2885:.
2879:.
2852:.
2846:.
2819:.
2813:.
2786:.
2780:.
2753:.
2747:.
2720:.
2714:.
2687:.
2681:.
2647:.
2618:.
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2585:.
2579:.
2545:.
2516:.
2510:.
2483:.
2477:.
2450:.
2444:.
2425:.
2396:.
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