Vietnamese language

8307:

lasted from 1975 to 1985. The first half of the program (1975–1980) resulted in 1.3 million people sent to the New Economic Zones (NEZs), most of which were relocated to the southern half of the country in previously uninhabited areas, and 550,000 of them were Northerners. The second half (1981–1985) saw almost 1 million Northerners relocated to the New Economic Zones. Government and military personnel from Northern and North-Central Vietnam are also posted to various locations throughout the country that were often away from their home regions. More recently, the growth of the free market system has resulted in increased interregional movement and relations between distant parts of Vietnam through business and travel. The movements have also resulted in some blending of dialects and more significantly have made the Northern dialect more easily understood in the South and vice versa. Most Southerners, when singing modern/old popular Vietnamese songs or addressing the public, do so in the standardized accent if possible, which uses the Northern pronunciation. That is true in both Vietnam and overseas Vietnamese communities.

3020: 2640: 7064: 2963: 634: 5756: 4130: 4334: 4080: 4283: 4232: 4181: 10950: 854: 4421: 4414: 4393: 4386: 258: 7034: 4533: 4526: 4428: 4400: 4449: 4505: 4498: 4477: 4470: 4540: 10421:) ensures, that a citizen of the Czech Republic, who belongs to a national or an ethnic minority, which traditionally and on long-term basis lives within the territory of the Czech Republic, have right to address an administrative agency and proceed before it in the language of the minority. In the case that the administrative agency doesn't have an employee with knowledge of the language, the agency is bound to obtain a translator at the agency's own expense. According to Act No. 273/2001 ( 4456: 3979: 4512: 4484: 384: 5764: 8225: 7113: 4442: 1544:, but were evidently present in the later Proto-Vietnamese stage. Subsequent loss of the minor-syllable prefixes phonemicized the fricatives. Ferlus 1992 proposes that originally there were both voiced and voiceless fricatives, corresponding to original voiced or voiceless stops, but Ferlus 2009 appears to have abandoned that hypothesis, suggesting that stops were softened and voiced at approximately the same time, according to the following pattern: 10344: 270: 10330: 3095:, with over 1.5 million speakers, who are concentrated in a handful of states. It is the third-most spoken language in Texas and Washington; fourth-most in Georgia, Louisiana, and Virginia; and fifth-most in Arkansas and California. Vietnamese is the third most spoken language in Australia other than English, after Mandarin and Arabic. In France, it is the most spoken Asian language and the eighth most spoken immigrant language at home. 7092: 235: 8045: 1903:, becoming a voiced fricative. The minor syllables were eventually lost, but not until the tone split had occurred. As a result, words in modern Vietnamese with voiced fricatives occur in all six tones, and the tonal register reflects the voicing of the minor-syllable prefix and not the voicing of the main-syllable stop in Proto-Viet–Muong that produced the fricative. For similar reasons, words beginning with 5801: 3131:. In countries with Vietnamese-speaking communities Vietnamese language education largely serves as a role to link descendants of Vietnamese immigrants to their ancestral culture. In neighboring countries and vicinities near Vietnam such as Southern China, Cambodia, Laos, and Thailand, Vietnamese as a foreign language is largely due to trade, as well as recovery and growth of the Vietnamese economy. 7015:

slang in daily conversation among teenagers will affect the formality and cadence of their general speech. Others argue that it is not slang that is the problem, but rather the lack of communication techniques for the instant internet messaging era. They believe slang should not be dismissed, but instead, youth should be adequately informed to recognise when to use it and when it is inappropriate.

435: 6706:. It is estimated that Vietnamese slang originating from Mandarin accounts for a tiny proportion (4.6% of surveyed data in newspapers). On the other hand, slang originating from Indo-European languages accounts for a more significant proportion (12%) and is much more common in today's usage. Slang borrowed from these languages can be either 8319:( in the Northern dialect and in the Central and Southern dialects). Thus, the Central and the Southern dialects can be said to have retained a pronunciation closer to Vietnamese orthography and resemble how Middle Vietnamese sounded, in contrast to the modern Northern (Hanoi) dialect, which has since undergone pronunciation shifts. 800:, with roots consisting of a reduced syllable followed by a full syllable, and featured many consonant clusters. Both of these features are found elsewhere in Austroasiatic and in modern conservative Vietic languages south of the Red River area. The language was non-tonal, but featured glottal stop and voiceless fricative codas. 6100:

words created by Japanese to represent Western concepts that were not readily available in Chinese or Japanese, where by the end of the 19th century they were imported to other Asian languages. This first influx is called Sino-Vietnamese words of Japanese origins. For example, the Vietnamese term for "association club",

6261: 2302:(c. 1259 – 1309). Old Vietnamese used Chinese characters phonetically where each word, monosyllabic in Modern Vietnamese, is written with two Chinese characters or in a composite character made of two different characters. This conveys the transformation of the Vietnamese lexicon from sesquisyllabic to fully 7380:, Gaspar do Amaral and Antonio Barbosa. It reflects a "Middle Vietnamese" dialect close to the Hanoi variety as spoken in the 17th century. Its vowels and final consonants correspond most closely to northern dialects while its initial consonants are most similar to southern dialects. (This is not unlike how 6099:

Japanese loanwords are a more recently studied phenomenon, with a paper by Nguyễn & Lê (2020) classifying three waves of Japanese influence - with the first two waves being the principal influxes and the third wave coming from the Vietnamese who studied Japanese. The first wave consisted of Kanji

8306:

in 1975, Northern and North-Central speakers from the densely-populated Red River Delta and the traditionally-poorer provinces of Nghệ An, Hà Tĩnh, and Quảng Bình have continued to move south to look for better economic opportunities allowed by the new government's New Economic Zones, a program that

7014:

Whilst older slang has been used by previous generations, the prevalence of modern slang used by young people in Vietnam (as teenspeak) has made conversations more difficult for older generations to understand. This has become subject for debate. Some believe that incorporating teenspeak or internet

6182:

romanisation. These loanwords are coined as "new Japanese loanwords". A significant number of new Japanese loanwords were also of Chinese origin. Sometimes the same concept can be described using both Sino-Vietnamese words of Japanese origin (first wave) and new Japanese loanwords (second wave). For

6161:

The second wave was during the brief Japanese occupation of Vietnam from 1940 until 1945. However, Japanese cultural influence in Vietnam started significantly from the 1980s. This newer second wave of Japanese-origin loanwords is distinctive from the Sino-Vietnamese words of Japanese origin in that

8212:

to Northern and Southern speakers. There is less internal variation within the Southern region than the other regions because of its relatively late settlement by Vietnamese-speakers (around the end of the 15th century). The North-Central region is particularly conservative since its pronunciation

2350:

glide, vowel nucleus, tone and final consonant), appears nearly identical between Middle Vietnamese and modern Hanoi pronunciation. On the other hand, the Middle Vietnamese pronunciation of the initial consonant differs greatly from all modern dialects, and in fact is significantly closer to the

8217:

attitudes, the North-Central varieties are often felt to be "peculiar" or "difficult to understand" by speakers of other dialects although their pronunciation fits the written language the most closely; that is typically because of various words in their vocabulary that are unfamiliar to other

7650:

sought to eliminate Chinese writing, Confucianism, and other Chinese influences from Vietnam. French superseded Literary Chinese in administration. Vietnamese written with the alphabet became required for all public documents in 1910 by issue of a decree by the French Résident Supérieur of the

6982:

of the word vô, meaning "in". Slogans when drinking at parties. Usually people in the south of Vietnam will pronounce it as "dô", but people in the north pronounce it as "dzô". The letter "z", which is not usually present in the Vietnamese alphabet, can be used for emphasis or for slang terms.

819:(2nd century BC). At this time, Vietic groups began to expand south from the Red River Delta and into the adjacent uplands, possibly to escape Chinese encroachment. The oldest layer of loans from Chinese into northern Vietic (which would become the Viet–Muong subbranch) date from this period. 8310:

Modern Standard Vietnamese is based on the Hanoi dialect. Nevertheless, the major dialects are still predominant in their respective areas and have also evolved over time with influences from other areas. Historically, accents have been distinguished by how each region pronounces the letters

3118:

a representative on the Government Council for Nationalities, an advisory body of the Czech Government for matters of policy towards national minorities and their members. It also grants the community the right to use Vietnamese with public authorities and in courts anywhere in the country.

8995:

Although regional variations developed over time, most of those words can be used interchangeably and be understood well, albeit with more or less frequency then others or with slightly different but often discernible word choices and pronunciations. Some accents may mix, with words such

3296:, whereas the back vowels (u, ô, o) are rounded. The vowels â and ă are pronounced very short, much shorter than the other vowels. Thus, ơ and â are basically pronounced the same except that ơ is of normal length while â is short – the same applies to the vowels long a and short ă . 5903:

and subsequent influence after Vietnam became independent. Early linguists thought that this meant the Vietnamese lexicon had only two influxes of Chinese words, one stemming from the period under actual Chinese rule and a second from afterwards. These words are grouped together as

2306:

under the pressure of Chinese linguistic influence, characterized by linguistic phenomena such as the reduction of minor syllables; loss of affixal morphology drifting towards analytical grammar; simplification of major syllable segments, and the change of suprasegment instruments.

6685:

Other compound words, such as nước non (chữ Nôm: 渃𡽫, "country/nation", lit. "water and mountains"), appear to be of purely Vietnamese origin and used to be inscribed in chữ Nôm characters (compounded, self-coined Chinese characters) but are now written in the Vietnamese alphabet.

8207:

The dialect regions differ mostly in their sound systems (see below) but also in vocabulary (including basic and non-basic vocabulary) and grammar. The North-Central and the Central regional varieties, which have a significant number of vocabulary differences, are generally less

1884:.) Subsequent to this, the plain-voiced stops became voiceless and the allotones became new phonemic tones. The implosive stops were unaffected, and in fact developed tonally as if they were unvoiced. (This behavior is common to all East Asian languages with implosive stops.) 10400:

Citizens belonging to minorities, which traditionally and on long-term basis live within the territory of the Czech Republic, enjoy the right to use their language in communication with authorities and in front of the courts of law (for the list of recognized minorities see

8266:

The large movements of people between North and South since the mid-20th century has resulted in a sizable number of Southern residents speaking in the Northern accent/dialect and, to a greater extent, Northern residents speaking in the Southern accent/dialect. After the

6876:

A noun whose literal translation is "buffalo kid". It is usually used to describe younger children or people who behave like a child, like putting on airs and acting foolishly to attract other people's attention (with negative actions, words, and thoughts).

8213:

has diverged less from Vietnamese orthography than the other varieties, which tend to merge certain sounds. Along the coastal areas, regional variation has been neutralized to a certain extent, but more mountainous regions preserve more variation. As for

8243: 4631:

Before Vietnamese switched from a Chinese-based script to a Latin-based script, Vietnamese had used the traditional Chinese system of classifying tones. Using this system, Vietnamese has 8 tones, but modern linguists only count 6 phonemic tones.

9914:

in Vietnamese involves disyllabic words in which the last syllable forms the first syllable of the next word in the chain. This game involves two members versing each other until the opponent is unable to think of another word. For instance:

7645:

The romanised script became predominant over the course of the early 20th century, when education became widespread and a simpler writing system was found to be more expedient for teaching and communication with the general population. The

10172:

is played by children. Here a nonsense syllable (chosen by the child) is prefixed onto a target word's syllables, then their initial consonants and rimes are switched with the tone of the original word remaining on the new switched rime.

2799:

de Rhodes' system has two different b letters, a regular b and a "hooked" b in which the upper section of the curved part of the b extends leftward past the vertical bar and curls down again in a semicircle. This apparently represented a

8203:

refers to dialects spoken from the northern Nghệ An Province to the southern (former) Thừa Thiên Province that preserve archaic features (like consonant clusters and undiphthongized vowels) that have been lost in other modern dialects.

9031:

digraphs are pronounced distinctly in the North-Central, Central, and Southern varieties but are merged in Northern varieties, which pronounce them the same way). Many North-Central varieties preserve three distinct pronunciations for

7154:

in Vietnamese) for official purposes. Up to the late 19th century (except for two brief interludes), all formal writing, including government business, scholarship and formal literature, was done in Literary Chinese, written with

893:

series, and a Buddhist sutra recorded in an early form of chu Nom, variously dated to the 12th and 15th centuries. Compared with Proto-Viet–Muong, the language had lost the voicing distinction on stop initials, giving rise to a

2283:

Old Vietnamese/Ancient Vietnamese was a Vietic language which was separated from Viet–Muong around the 9th century, and evolved into Middle Vietnamese by 16th century. The sources for the reconstruction of Old Vietnamese are

8105:

is considered by the Vietnamese government to be a dialect of Vietnamese, however it is also considered a separate Việt-Mường language or the southernmost dialect of Mường language. The Vietnamese language also has several

3803:(like "ph"), and others are written with more than one letter or digraph (the velar stop is written variously as "c", "k", or "q"). In some cases, they are based on their Middle Vietnamese pronunciation; since that period, 3299:

The centering diphthongs are formed with only the three high vowels (i, ư, u). They are generally spelled as ia, ưa, ua when they end a word and are spelled iê, ươ, uô, respectively, when they are followed by a consonant.

5915:

Valley by the 1st century CE, and its vocabulary significantly fused with the co-existing Proto-Viet-Muong language, the immediate ancestor of Vietnamese. He lists three major classes of Sino-Vietnamese borrowings: Early

7969:

as the decimal separator in lieu of dots, and either spaces or dots to group the digits. An example is 1 629,15 (one thousand six hundred twenty-nine point fifteen). Because a comma is used as the decimal separator, a

1911:

occur in both registers. (Thompson 1976 reconstructed voiceless resonants to account for outcomes where resonants occur with a first-register tone, but this is no longer considered necessary, at least by Ferlus.)

769:, with a slightly different proposal on subclassification, within which the term "Viet–Muong" refers to a lower subgrouping (within an eastern Vietic branch) consisting of Vietnamese dialects, Mường dialects, and 5892:) as well as other periods of influence. Besides English and French, which have made some contributions to the Vietnamese language, Japanese loanwords into Vietnamese are also a more recently studied phenomenon. 9565:

The consonant clusters that were originally present in Middle Vietnamese (in the 17th century) have been lost in almost all modern Vietnamese varieties although they have been retained in other closely related

8241: 10806:

Sources on Vietnamese variation include: Alves (forthcoming), Alves & Nguyễn (2007), Emeneau (1947), Hoàng (1989), Honda (2006), Nguyễn, Đ.-H. (1995), Pham (2005), Thompson (1991), Vũ (1982), Vương

6776:, which translates in English to "running shows", but its everyday use has the same connotation as "having to do a lot of tasks within a short amount of time". This is an example of transliteral slang. 4131: 4081: 4335: 970:

After France invaded Vietnam in the late 19th century, French gradually replaced Literary Chinese as the official language in education and government. Vietnamese adopted many French terms, such as

4284: 4233: 4182: 3114:, Vietnamese has been recognized as one of 14 minority languages, on the basis of communities that have resided in the country either traditionally or on a long-term basis. This status grants the 4693:(入; 'entering'). The reason for the extra two tones is that syllables ending in the stops /p/, /t/, /c/ and /k/ are treated as having entering tones, but phonetically they are exactly the same. 13128: 3103:

Vietnamese is the sole official and national language of Vietnam. It is the first language of the majority of the Vietnamese population, as well as a first or second language for the country's

8242: 1864:

distinction developed in the tones, whereby the tones in syllables with voiced initials were pronounced differently from those with voiceless initials. (Approximately speaking, the voiced

7754:

convention, though this is largely unnecessary with the increasing ubiquity of Unicode. There are many software tools that help type Roman-script Vietnamese on English keyboards, such as

1741:

Proto-Viet–Muong did not have tones. Tones developed later in some of the daughter languages from distinctions in the initial and final consonants. Vietnamese tones developed as follows:

662: 7224:

and native words with similar pronunciation or meaning. In addition, thousands of new compound characters were created to write Vietnamese words using a variety of methods, including

19185: 19165: 6257:

Basic vocabulary in Vietnamese has Proto-Vietic origins. Vietnamese shares a large amount of vocabulary with the Mường languages, a close relative of the Vietnamese language.

11025:

Of the approximately 90 millions speakers of Austroasiatic languages, over 70 million speak Vietnamese, nearly ten million speak Khmer and roughly five million speak Santali.

19328: 19190: 10902:, p. 29 gives the following context: "... a collaborator under the French administration was presented with a congratulatory panel featuring the two Chinese characters 12542: 12477:

Ostrowski, Brian Eugene (2010). "The Rise of Christian Nôm Literature in Seventeenth-Century Vietnam: Fusing European Content and Local Expression". In Wilcox, Wynn (ed.).

4356:

Tonal differences of three speakers as reported in Hwa-Froelich & Hodson (2002). The curves represent temporal pitch variation while two sloped lines (//) indicates a

10391:

The Bureau of Interpreters used Chinese approximations to record Vietnamese rather than use Sino-Vietnamese to record as has been done in Annan Yiyu 安南譯語, a prior work.

6786:. This more modern slang is commonly used in the younger generation's teenspeak in Vietnam. This recent slang is mostly pure Vietnamese, and almost all the words are 16990: 11969:"(Paper presented at the International workshop on the history of Colloquial Chinese – written and spoken, Rutgers University, New Brunswick NJ, 11–12 March 2016.)" 11841: 625:

and some native Vietnamese words that correspond to the meaning of the Chinese character, together with many locally invented characters to represent other words.

13089:, edited by Ratree Wayland et al. Canberra, Australia, 1–7. Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University 6846:-goer in its noun form and to "spilling something over" in its verb form. In slang terms, it is commonly used to emphasize an adjective or a verb - for example, 5899:

phonological and morphological features that original Vietnamese had. The Chinese influence on Vietnamese corresponds to various periods when Vietnam was under

757:, etc. The term "Vietic" was proposed by Hayes (1992), who proposed to redefine Viet–Muong as referring to a subbranch of Vietic containing only Vietnamese and 948:

as the formal medium of government, scholarship and literature. With the dominance of Chinese came wholesale importation of Chinese vocabulary. The resulting

857:

An Nam quốc dịch ngữ 安南國譯語 recorded the pronunciations of 15th century Vietnamese, such as for 天 (sky) - 雷 /luei/ representing blời (Modern Vietnamese: trời).

19180: 13739: 3011:

that is peculiar to the Hanoi dialect to the present day. This diacritic is often mistaken for a tilde in modern reproductions of early Vietnamese writing.

11881:

Deborah, H.-F., W., H. B., & T., E. H. (2002). Characteristics of Vietnamese Phonology. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 11(3), 264–273.

10566:

This description distinguishes four degrees of vowel height and a rounding contrast (rounded vs. unrounded) between back vowels. The relative shortness of

7739: 2639: 19170: 19155: 19150: 7004:"Lu bu" (from southern Vietnamese) meaning busy. "Lu xu bu" meaning so busy at a particular task or activity that the person cannot do much else - e.g., 838:

when those consonants disappeared. These characteristics have become part of many of the genetically unrelated languages of Southeast Asia; for example,

4022:

tone dot diacritic goes below the vowel). The six tones in the northern varieties (including Hanoi), with their self-referential Vietnamese names, are:

560:. Although it is often mistakenly thought as being an monosyllabic language, Vietnamese words typically consist of from one to many as eight individual 1895:(in addition to, and independent of, initial clusters in the main syllable). When a minor syllable occurred, the main syllable's initial consonant was 13170:

Luong, Hy Van. (1987). "Plural markers and personal pronouns in Vietnamese person reference: An analysis of pragmatic ambiguity and negative models".

11968: 3834:

Not all dialects of Vietnamese have the same consonant in a given word (although all dialects use the same spelling in the written language). See the

17125: 9985:

involves switching, adding or removing the tones in a pair of words and may also involve switching the order of words or the first consonant and the

8234: 13306:

Chamberlain, James (2019), "Vanishing Nomads: Languages and Peoples of Nakai, Laos, and Adjacent Areas", in Brunn, Stanley; Kehrein, Roland (eds.),

10413:

ensures right of the national and ethnic minorities for education and communication with authorities in their own language. Act No. 500/2004 Coll. (

10410: 7734:

character set contains all Vietnamese characters and the Vietnamese currency symbol. On systems that do not support Unicode, many 8-bit Vietnamese

3019: 10977: 14492: 5767:

A comparison between Sino-Vietnamese (left) vocabulary with Mandarin and Cantonese pronunciations below and native Vietnamese vocabulary (right).

2292:("Sūtra explained by the Buddha on the Great Repayment of the Heavy Debt to Parents"), old inscriptions, and a late 13th-century (possibly 1293) 19409: 1018:), resulting in a language that was Austroasiatic but with major Sino-influences and some minor French influences from the French colonial era. 497:. Vietnamese is spoken natively by around 85 million people, several times as many as the rest of the Austroasiatic family combined. It is the 20153: 20143: 19391: 18986: 13846: 7642:

or 'national language script') gradually expanded from its initial usage in Christian writing to become more popular among the general public.

12064: 11709: 10406: 6698:(tiếng lóng) has changed over time. Vietnamese slang consists of pure Vietnamese words as well as words borrowed from other languages such as 19541: 16983: 12860: 2654: 2332: 914: 12222: 19263: 14701: 952:

makes up about a third of the Vietnamese lexicon in all realms, and may account for as much as 60% of the vocabulary used in formal texts.

13139: 19256: 19175: 12173: 13788: 10963: 6964:

Similar to other particles (nhé, nghe, nhỉ, nhá), it can be used to end sentences. "Rửa chén, nhỉ" can mean "Wash the dishes... yeah?"

737:, and Vietnamese were part of what he termed "Mon–Annam languages" in a paper published in 1856. Later, in 1920, French-Polish linguist 19967: 19859: 12414: 10789:

Comparison note: As such its grammar relies on word order and sentence structure rather than morphology (in which word changes through

6207:

pronunciations, having been brought over by southern Chinese migrants, whereas in Hán-Việt, which has been described as being close to

6077:" (literally meaning "soft part"). Some scientific terms, such as "biological cell", were derived from chữ Hán. For example, the word 2795:

Most of the unusual correspondences between spelling and modern pronunciation are explained by Middle Vietnamese. Note in particular:

17485: 13093: 11724: 7623:

Thus, it is possible for diacritics to be stacked e.g. ể, combining letter with diacritic, ê, with diacritic for tone, ẻ, to make ể.

12676: 11829: 11761: 7180:), Chinese script known as chữ Hán in Vietnamese as well as chữ Nôm (together, Hán-Nôm) is still present in such activities such as 20138: 19908: 19301: 19296: 18747: 17504: 17497: 16976: 11692: 3092: 745:

is more closely related to Vietnamese than other Mon–Khmer languages, and a Viet–Muong subgrouping was established, also including

10402: 861:

After the split from Muong around the end of the first millennium AD, the following stages of Vietnamese are commonly identified:

18953: 16596: 14745: 12482: 8249:

The first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights spoken by Nghiem Mai Phuong, native speaker of a northern variety.

4016:

Tone is indicated by diacritics written above or below the vowel (most of the tone diacritics appear above the vowel; except the

3115: 1857: 823: 11742: 19599: 18941: 18776: 13100:(pp. 1–9). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies 12380:

Portuguese Pioneers of Vietnamese Linguistics Prior to 1650 – Pionniers Portugais de la Linguistique Vietnamienne Jusqu'en 1650

7808:, which means "month". Traditional Vietnamese, however, assigns other names to some months; these names are mostly used in the 1536:

The fricatives indicated above in parentheses developed as allophones of stop consonants occurring between vowels (i.e. when a

448: 13806: 2708:(with the difference between the two often indicating differences in the quality or length of the preceding vowel), and after 19333: 18946: 18849: 17118: 13662: 13587: 13474: 13451: 13315: 13296: 13246: 12848: 12791: 12490: 12323: 12249: 11867: 11814: 11610: 11120: 10107: 11954:"Lacquered Words: The Evolution Of Vietnamese Under Sinitic Influences From The 1St Century Bce Through The 17Th Century Ce" 20021: 19930: 19291: 19286: 18991: 17023: 14763: 10869:

is increasingly pronounced among educated speakers. Less educated speakers use more consistently throughout their speech.

10318:

This language game is often used as a "secret" or "coded" language useful for obscuring messages from adult comprehension.

6907:

A noun meaning "chicken". It is also commonly used to refer to someone's lack of ability to complete or compete in a task.

18834: 12144: 10910:

meaning 'all the king's subjects'. But those two syllables, when undergoing commutation of rhyme and tone, would generate

7767: 1026:

The following diagram shows the phonology of Proto–Viet–Muong (the nearest ancestor of Vietnamese and the closely related

19404: 19399: 19386: 19160: 14485: 13256:

Alves, Mark (2020). "Historical Ethnolinguistic Notes on Proto-Austroasiatic and Proto-Vietic Vocabulary in Vietnamese".

7774:

input method is often set as the default for many devices. Besides third-party software tools, operating systems such as

7680:

was still featured on banknotes, but fell out of official and mainstream use shortly thereafter. The education reform by

6809:

Some examples with newer and older slang that originate from northern, central, or southern Vietnamese dialects include:

6025:

In addition, modern Vietnamese pronunciations of French names correspond directly to the original French pronunciations (

2907: 452: 414: 17: 12926: 6949:

as bait for fish. Nowadays it is also used to describe the act of dropping hints to another person one is attracted to.

1631:

It is unclear what this sound was. According to Ferlus 1992, in the Archaic Vietnamese period (c. 10th century AD, when

14890: 13839: 12298: 11039:"The integration of French loanwords into Vietnamese: A corpus-based analysis of tonal, syllabic and segmental aspects" 288: 7346:, unsuccessfully petitioned the Court suggesting the adoption of a script for Vietnamese based on Chinese characters. 6162:

they were borrowed directly from Japanese. This vocabulary includes words representative of Japanese culture, such as

3960: 20073: 19777: 19526: 19482: 18919: 18839: 18760: 12880: 12829: 12810: 12564: 12387: 12103: 11661: 11018: 8088: 7725: 7063: 6087:

in chữ Hán, whilst other scientific names such as "acetylcholine" are unaltered. Words like "peptide" may be seen as

19354: 18844: 18829: 8070: 19784: 19228: 17111: 14694: 13492: 8195:

Vietnamese has traditionally been divided into three dialect regions: North (45%), Central (10%), and South (45%).

7395:

The Vietnamese alphabet contains 29 letters, supplementing the Latin alphabet with an additional consonant letter (

2244: 514: 389: 13279:

Alves, Mark (2021). "Linguistic influence of Chinese in Southeast Asia". In Sidwell, Paul; Jenny, Mathias (eds.).

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can be used to obscure the original meaning and thus soften the discussion of a socially sensitive issue, as with

10145:

The resulting transformed phrase often has a different meaning but sometimes may just be a nonsensical word pair.

9044:, but the Northern varieties have a three-way merger, and the Central and the Southern varieties have a merger of 2962: 19653: 19536: 19531: 18909: 16999: 14793: 13736: 10131: 6725: 404: 12406:

Từ Nước Mặn đến Roma: Những đóng góp của các giáo sĩ Dòng Tên trong quá trình La tinh hoá tiếng Việt ở thế kỷ 17

7343: 7220:) script to record folk literature in Vietnamese. The script used Chinese characters to represent both borrowed 20128: 19891: 19558: 19514: 18996: 18816: 14478: 14459: 9606:

There are six tones in Vietnamese, with phonetic differences between dialects, mostly in the pitch contour and

8055: 5788:. Austroasiatic origins are so far the most tenable to date, with some of the oldest words in Vietnamese being 4609:

Words with tones belonging to a particular tone group must occur in certain positions within the poetic verse.

3982:

Pitch contours and duration of the six Northern Vietnamese tones as spoken by a male speaker (not from Hanoi).

12753:. University of California publications in linguistics. Vol. 8. Berkeley: University of California Press. 10878:

Gregerson (1981) notes that the variation was present in de Rhodes's time in some initial consonant clusters:

10427:

The right to use language of a national minority in dealing with authorities and in front of the courts of law

7710:

minority in China (descendants of 16th-century migrants from Vietnam) use songbooks and scriptures written in

7313:

writing reached its zenith in the 18th century when many Vietnamese writers and poets composed their works in

2346:). The pronunciation of the "rime" of the syllable, i.e. all parts other than the initial consonant (optional 666: 20123: 19950: 19548: 19371: 18904: 17804: 17212: 13915: 13832: 12145:"What is the difference between "nhé" and "nha, nghe, nhà, nhỉ" ? "nhé" vs "nha, nghe, nhà, nhỉ" ?" 11925:

LaPolla, Randy J. (2010). ""Language Contact and Language Change in the History of the Sinitic Languages."".

7024: 3799:

Some consonant sounds are written with only one letter (like "p"), other consonant sounds are written with a

796:

This ancestral Vietic was typologically very different from later Vietnamese. It was polysyllabic, or rather

309: 10609:

The closing diphthongs and triphthongs as described by Thompson can be compared with the description above:

7198:

From around the 13th century, Vietnamese scholars used their knowledge of the Chinese script to develop the

327: 20118: 20108: 19705: 19670: 19251: 19115: 18781: 18740: 18653: 18373: 18334: 17492: 17369: 15826: 14886: 13910: 13747: 12586: 12198:"What is the meaning of "tôi chóng mặt luôn, quá lu bu quá mệt (plz english)"? - Question about Vietnamese" 8292: 5896: 5826:

around the 10th to 11th century and become the Vietnamese we know today. For instance, the Vietnamese word

5808:

on the left means "rice" whilst the character on the right "頗" was used to indicate the sound of the word (

3315:. The closing diphthongs and triphthongs consist of a main vowel component followed by a shorter semivowel 3145: 2922: 2700:

does not occur at the beginning of a syllable, but can occur at the end of a syllable, where it is notated

2203: 2106: 374: 18824: 13327:. University of California publications in linguistics (No. 52). Berkeley: University of California Press. 13149:

Vũ, Thanh Phương. (1982). "Phonetic properties of Vietnamese tones across dialects". In D. Bradley (Ed.),

12082: 10625: 10619: 9895: 9887: 9879: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9818: 9813: 9808: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9595: 8199:

and Nguyễn Tài Cẩn found that there was a separate North-Central dialect for Vietnamese as well. The term

7602: 7582: 7562: 7542: 7522: 6998: 6993: 6974: 6959: 6940: 6917: 6902: 6887: 6871: 6833: 6759: 6740: 4315: 4264: 4213: 4162: 4111: 3936: 3925: 3918: 3911: 3907: 3891: 3880: 3869: 3858: 3514: 3510: 3498: 3494: 3474: 3351: 3345: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3008: 3004: 2947: 2940: 2936: 2925: 2910: 2903: 2886: 2882: 2875: 2871: 2863: 2859: 2848: 2827: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2785: 2778: 2761: 2749: 2725: 2713: 2709: 2347: 1908: 1904: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1722: 1718: 1655: 1651: 1640: 1636: 1618: 1610: 1588: 1584: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1557: 1552: 1548: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1485: 1475: 1465: 1455: 1436: 1426: 1416: 1406: 1396: 1379: 1365: 1335: 1308: 1296: 1286: 1267: 1253: 1243: 1224: 1214: 1202: 1192: 1175: 1165: 1155: 1143: 1133: 1109: 1099: 1087: 1077: 830:

and similar syllable structure. Many languages in this area, including Viet–Muong, underwent a process of

633: 20133: 20113: 20033: 19636: 19592: 19472: 19349: 19110: 19051: 18887: 18796: 18791: 18786: 14741: 14687: 14663: 8183: 5049: 3149: 2130: 843: 545: 283: 10978:"Slovakia: Vietnamese community granted national minority status | European Website on Integration" 9462:

can be found even in mainstream Vietnamese in certain words. For example, the numeral "five" appears as

19717: 19700: 19677: 19499: 19306: 19278: 19142: 19006: 18931: 18914: 14385: 8159: 7751: 7633: 7339: 7221: 7125: 7047:

and the modern Vietnamese alphabet. Chinese characters representing Sino-Vietnamese words are shown in

6242: 5949: 5917: 5911:

However, according to linguist John Phan, “Annamese Middle Chinese” was already used and spoken in the

5905: 5900: 4612: 3473:

The correspondence between the orthography and pronunciation is complicated. For example, the offglide

2217: 1714: 1632: 967:

led to an expansion of the Vietnamese people and language, with distinctive local variations emerging.

949: 674: 622: 12009:"Japanese Loanwords Adopted into the Vietnamese Language by Vietnamese Students and Temporary Workers" 10821: 8155: 955:

Vietic languages were confined to the northern third of modern Vietnam until the "southward advance" (

774: 20148: 19886: 19622: 19587: 19223: 19211: 18981: 18976: 18897: 18507: 18193: 15735: 14441: 11648: 11057: 7327:(dubbed "the Queen of Nôm poetry"). However, it was only used for official purposes during the brief 5925: 3684: 3682: 3674: 3672: 3127:

Vietnamese is taught in schools and institutions outside of Vietnam, a large part contributed by its

3085: 2933: 2900: 2801: 2163: 2151: 2043: 923: 786: 18006: 14117: 13679:. Southeast Asian language series. Northern Illinois University, Center for Southeast Asian Studies. 10949: 8169: 7324: 7307:

is found in a list of names in the Tháp Miếu Temple Inscription, dating from early 13th century AD.

6922:

A noun meaning "crocodile". It is also commonly used to refer to someone's lack of beauty. The word

5755: 19804: 19674: 19617: 19504: 19494: 19477: 19366: 18936: 18806: 18660: 17738: 16216: 15755: 15720: 14821: 12453: 11985:

Phan, John (2010). ""Re-Imagining 'Annam': A New Analysis of Sino–Viet–Muong Linguistic Contact"".

11768: 10157:(above), or when implied (and not overtly spoken), to deliver a hidden subtextual message, as with 8272: 8268: 7655:. In turn, Vietnamese reformists and nationalists themselves encouraged and popularized the use of 7385: 7168: 5064: 5021: 3140:) have been established for youth in many Vietnamese-speaking communities around the world such as 3104: 2175: 1876:

and with lowered pitch. The quality difference predominates in today's northern varieties, e.g. in

1540:

occurred). These fricatives were not present in Proto-Viet–Muong, as indicated by their absence in

549: 368: 12684: 7636:

literature for more than 200 years. Starting from the late 19th century, the Vietnamese alphabet (

2742:

The language also has three clusters at the beginning of syllables, which have since disappeared:

2294: 826:, in which languages from genetically unrelated families converged toward characteristics such as 20026: 19849: 19819: 19737: 19695: 19120: 19105: 18963: 18733: 17993: 17134: 16917: 16611: 15869: 15780: 15662: 15657: 14618: 14534: 14365: 13888: 8066: 7225: 6703: 5789: 5785: 2336:. It reflects the pronunciation of the Vietnamese of Hanoi at that time, a stage commonly termed 690: 686: 638: 135: 10825: 9483: 19989: 19582: 19570: 19489: 19439: 19125: 18667: 18580: 16640: 16457: 16139: 14964: 14959: 14930: 14918: 14454: 14340: 14217: 14136: 13156:

Vương, Hữu Lễ. (1981). "Vài nhận xét về đặc diểm của vần trong thổ âm Quảng Nam ở Hội An" . In

12953: 12717: 11855: 11507: 10362: 8107: 7703: 7482: 7373: 7181: 5945: 5781: 3538: 847: 718: 658: 482: 19459: 14305: 13465:, in Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia; Blench, Roger; Ross, Malcolm D.; Ilia, Peiros; Lin, Marie (eds.), 13122:

Proceedings of the 11th Australasian International Conference on Speech Science and Technology

13098:

SEALS VIII: Papers from the 8th annual meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 1998

11798: 11008: 2878:

was based on the lack of any such place distinction between the two, with the result that the

20009: 19999: 19974: 19918: 19710: 19235: 19218: 19100: 18706: 18674: 18585: 16929: 16905: 16628: 16591: 15089: 14501: 13087:

SEALS XII Papers from the 12th Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 2002

11444:"Spirantisation des obstruantes médiales et formation du système consonantique du vietnamien" 11393:"Histoire abrégée de l'évolution des consonnes initiales du Vietnamien et du Sino-Vietnamien" 10794: 10429:) the same applies for the members of national minorities also in front of the courts of law. 8209: 8151: 8062: 8007: 7983: 7438: 5011: 3983: 3800: 3081: 3048: 2588: 2303: 1979: 1967: 586: 17511: 16803: 14091: 12870: 9859: 9581: 8137: 3509:"ear" is . Similarly, u and o indicate different pronunciations of the main vowel: au = ă + 785:

Austroasiatic is believed to have dispersed around 2000 BC. The arrival of the agricultural

19994: 19984: 19979: 19869: 19772: 19648: 19609: 19577: 19359: 19268: 19206: 18971: 18875: 18681: 18304: 16576: 16437: 16256: 16236: 16221: 15957: 15922: 15730: 14230: 14179: 13855: 13207: 13190: 10357: 9577: 9570:. However, some speech communities have preserved some of these archaic clusters: "sky" is 8147: 7771: 7332: 6745:

a word borrowed from English used to describe an ex-lover, usually pronounced similarly to

6179: 5060: 3161: 3141: 1991: 1749: 646: 642: 13597:

Haudricourt, André-Georges (1949). "Origine des particularités de l'alphabet vietnamien".

13231: 13153:(Vol. 8, pp. 55–75). Sydney: Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University. 13082: 12411:

400 năm hình thành và phát triển chữ Quốc ngữ trong lịch sử loan báo Tin Mừng tại Việt Nam

11721: 7117: 564:

or syllables; the majority of Vietnamese vocabulary are disyllabic and trisyllabic words.

8: 20004: 19940: 19876: 19809: 19799: 19767: 19755: 19690: 19665: 19553: 19376: 19320: 19088: 19063: 19046: 19041: 19029: 19024: 18926: 18521: 17875: 17480: 17344: 17092: 17031: 16889: 16869: 16633: 16261: 16211: 16206: 15617: 15184: 14768: 14577: 14449: 14360: 13117: 12673: 11772: 10633: 10476: 10438:

There are different descriptions of Hanoi vowels. Another common description is that of (

10367: 8179: 7381: 7369: 7355: 3665: 3643: 3376: 3211: 3180: 3128: 3028: 2944: 2914: 2890: 2862:

was dental. The choice of symbols was based on the dental rather than alveolar nature of

2648: 2524: 2379: 2327: 2188: 2140: 2118: 2094: 2082: 2071: 1323: 919: 899: 568: 518: 464: 205: 70: 64: 57: 50: 19844: 16246: 16231: 14846: 14355: 14335: 13332: 7150: 7139: 20066: 20043: 20038: 19935: 19881: 19836: 19750: 19565: 19521: 19444: 19427: 18892: 18768: 18415: 17978: 17764: 17516: 17142: 17071: 17046: 16834: 16606: 16540: 16489: 16442: 16386: 16116: 16059: 15785: 14941: 14710: 14552: 14325: 14096: 13897: 13556: 13371: 13179: 13063: 13017: 12976: 12770: 12737: 12587:"Repression in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Executions and Population Relocation" 11674: 11485: 11087: 10793:). Whereas European languages tend to use morphology to express tense, Vietnamese uses 10372: 8102: 7490: 7156: 7028: 5830:

meaning "management" (noun) or "manage" (verb), likely descended from the same word as

5076: 5033: 5029: 5007: 3991: 3561: 3001: 2870:

in Spanish and other Romance languages. The inconsistency with the symbols assigned to

2852: 2374: 2003: 1935: 1049: 835: 827: 770: 654: 610: 594: 537: 210: 19449: 17334: 16241: 14851: 14345: 14207: 13950: 11649:"2021 Australia, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics" 11443: 11419: 11392: 766: 360: 19923: 19903: 19864: 19814: 19794: 19745: 19660: 19509: 19467: 18619: 18612: 18597: 18590: 18516: 18455: 18342: 17912: 17840: 17651: 17612: 17446: 17061: 17036: 16813: 16473: 16347: 16292: 16184: 16092: 16087: 16044: 15966: 15697: 15677: 15602: 15579: 15352: 15234: 15204: 15046: 15037: 14989: 14979: 14826: 14758: 14431: 14272: 14112: 14081: 14018: 13658: 13583: 13470: 13447: 13375: 13311: 13292: 13242: 13129:"Strata of standardization: the Phong Nha dialect of Vietnamese (Quảng Bình Province) 13030: 13009: 12980: 12876: 12844: 12825: 12806: 12787: 12758: 12560: 12486: 12383: 12319: 12294: 12245: 11895: 11863: 11810: 11806: 11606: 11116: 11014: 7389: 7377: 7095: 5777: 5083: 5048:

distinction). Also like other languages in the region, Vietnamese syntax conforms to

5037: 5017: 3733: 3581: 3571: 3069: 2394: 2384: 1950: 1940: 1602: 1064: 1054: 945: 927: 702: 533: 502: 494: 490: 393: 383: 180: 108: 94: 18480: 18011: 17172: 14122: 13531:

Shorto, Harry L. edited by Sidwell, Paul, Cooper, Doug and Bauer, Christian (2006).

12524: 12291:

A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century

11167:

Hayes, La Vaughn H (1992). "Vietic and Việt-Mường: a new subgrouping in Mon-Khmer".

6225: 5822:

with Chinese heavily influenced the Vietnamese language, causing it to diverge from

3831:

have collapsed and converged together (into /z/ in the north and /j/ in the south).

2354:

The following diagram shows the orthography and pronunciation of Middle Vietnamese:

410: 20082: 20016: 19957: 19945: 19898: 19824: 19727: 19685: 19058: 19014: 18801: 18553: 18547: 18526: 18465: 18401: 18392: 18378: 18352: 18347: 18324: 18188: 18172: 18162: 18152: 18067: 17930: 17890: 17845: 17815: 17696: 17626: 17575: 17460: 17384: 17303: 17298: 17258: 17238: 16884: 16879: 16849: 16808: 16788: 16677: 16672: 16616: 16586: 16535: 16424: 16297: 16277: 16226: 16193: 16154: 16149: 16144: 16102: 16097: 16079: 15927: 15917: 15821: 15770: 15765: 15740: 15667: 15360: 15337: 15332: 15262: 15257: 15252: 15214: 15154: 15079: 15022: 15017: 15002: 14773: 14724: 14668: 14597: 14411: 14406: 14390: 14330: 14197: 14192: 14046: 13995: 13980: 13548: 13518: 13430: 13407: 13361: 13284: 13265: 13241:. Arizona State University, Program for Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 221–242. 13208:"Comparison of greetings in the Vietnamese dialects of Ha Noi and Ho Chi Minh City" 13055: 13001: 12989: 12968: 12913: 12729: 12506: 12020: 11934: 11907: 11731:. April 16, 2014. The Government Public Relations Department. Retrieved 2015-01-10. 11455: 11073: 11069: 11004: 10817: 9567: 8187: 8127: 7989: 7647: 7365: 7230: 7129: 7039: 6699: 6643: 6610: 6420: 6387: 6220: 6050: 5912: 5819: 5818:

Although Vietnamese roots are classified as Austroasiatic, Vietic, and Viet-Muong,

5025: 3778: 3617: 3556: 3551: 2989: 2981: 2616: 2369: 2364: 2326:

The writing system used for Vietnamese is based closely on the system developed by

2257: 2020: 1930: 1881: 1045: 1040: 812: 808: 762: 746: 682: 582: 140: 18276: 17656: 16968: 16432: 13467:

Past human migrations in East Asia: matching archaeology, linguistics and genetics

13031:"Tones and voice quality in modern northern Vietnamese: Instrumental case studies" 13021: 6842:

word that can be a noun or a verb depending on the context. It refers to a female

5509:"He/she/it only eats Vietnamese rice (or food, especially spoken by the elderly)." 853: 19913: 19789: 19722: 19036: 19019: 18602: 18496: 18491: 18445: 18440: 18435: 18430: 18319: 18286: 18142: 18137: 18085: 18016: 17983: 17780: 17682: 17661: 17565: 17425: 17329: 17263: 17248: 17202: 17197: 17192: 17187: 17167: 17162: 17066: 17056: 17051: 17041: 16864: 16854: 16844: 16793: 16783: 16657: 16530: 16525: 16520: 16409: 16399: 16394: 16362: 16352: 16337: 16327: 16317: 16287: 16251: 16201: 16164: 16129: 16069: 16049: 16029: 15994: 15979: 15974: 15897: 15836: 15816: 15811: 15806: 15750: 15642: 15612: 15561: 15536: 15521: 15495: 15490: 15470: 15455: 15400: 15342: 15327: 15322: 15307: 15302: 15247: 15179: 15159: 15094: 15069: 14997: 14974: 14876: 14841: 14836: 14811: 14783: 14778: 14587: 14582: 14426: 14421: 14310: 14280: 14262: 14257: 14238: 14202: 14169: 14086: 13985: 13970: 13965: 13960: 13940: 13920: 13743: 13135:, Dept. of Linguistics, University of California, 2015, 38 (1), pp. 124–162. 12680: 11953: 11938: 11728: 10671: 10579: 10512: 10349: 8214: 7606: 6843: 6707: 6276: 6238: 6216: 5865: 5045: 4420: 4413: 4392: 4385: 4319: 3576: 3414: 3243: 2893:

nature of the stops does not appear to have had any role in the choice of symbol.

2644: 2401: 2389: 1957: 1945: 1059: 903: 790: 706: 557: 506: 498: 127: 17539: 17207: 14350: 13925: 13653:

Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà. (1996). Vietnamese. In P. T. Daniels, & W. Bright (Eds.),

12927:"Northern and Southern Vietnamese Tone Coarticulation: A Comparative Case Study" 11157:

Ferlus, Michel. 1996. Langues et peuples viet-muong. Mon-Khmer Studies 26. 7–28.

8017: 7696:. Today, only a few scholars and some extremely elderly people are able to read 6219:

in Vietnam. Meanwhile, any new terms calqued from Chinese would be based on the

5776:

Many early studies hypothesized Vietnamese language-origins to have been either

4618: 4532: 4525: 4427: 4399: 3080:. A large number of Vietnamese speakers also reside in neighboring countries of 20087: 19854: 19132: 18700: 18642: 18629: 18624: 18575: 18531: 18486: 18474: 18425: 18420: 18410: 18281: 18260: 18255: 18239: 18234: 18224: 18127: 18104: 18062: 18037: 18032: 17963: 17955: 17895: 17830: 17786: 17743: 17733: 17591: 17526: 17441: 17349: 17339: 17319: 17243: 17217: 17182: 17177: 17013: 16874: 16818: 16798: 16601: 16566: 16555: 16550: 16545: 16452: 16404: 16342: 16312: 16307: 16169: 16159: 16124: 16034: 15999: 15984: 15932: 15892: 15887: 15882: 15831: 15775: 15745: 15725: 15715: 15710: 15687: 15607: 15592: 15587: 15556: 15531: 15516: 15511: 15480: 15475: 15465: 15460: 15450: 15445: 15440: 15435: 15390: 15365: 15312: 15224: 15209: 15174: 15144: 15139: 15119: 15109: 15104: 15099: 15027: 15012: 14954: 14949: 14856: 14816: 14801: 14638: 14628: 14572: 14562: 14547: 14515: 14416: 14315: 14295: 14290: 14187: 14159: 14154: 14054: 14036: 14028: 14013: 13975: 13955: 13935: 13905: 13575: 13281:

The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia: A Comprehensive Guide

13239:

Papers from the Ninth Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society

13144:

Toronto working papers in linguistics: Special issue on similarity in phonology

12917: 12688: 12152: 11187:

Papers from the First Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society

10694: 10530: 10335: 9883: 9863: 8303: 7809: 7804:". Each month's name is just the ordinal of that month appended after the word 7328: 6324: 6208: 5999: 4539: 4504: 4497: 4476: 4469: 4448: 4441: 3611: 3442: 3266: 3111: 3052: 3051:. Vietnamese has also been officially recognized as a minority language in the 3032: 2879: 2432: 2014: 1892: 1888: 1710: 1541: 1537: 1518:

are not accepted by all researchers. Ferlus 1992 also had additional phonemes *

1122: 1027: 834:, in which distinctions formerly expressed by final consonants became phonemic 797: 758: 742: 738: 730: 722: 710: 694: 678: 553: 525: 510: 263: 194: 170: 145: 14831: 13765: 13434: 13366: 13349: 13288: 12972: 12904:

Brunelle, Marc (2009). "Tone perception in Northern and Southern Vietnamese".

12653: 11911: 11882: 7293: 7282: 7261: 7246: 7193: 7162: 7044: 6782:

With the rise of the Internet, new slang is generated and popularized through

4511: 4483: 4455: 941: 616: 600: 460: 456: 214: 20102: 18859: 18854: 18229: 18167: 18157: 18132: 18057: 17968: 17940: 17835: 17759: 17708: 17677: 17641: 17596: 17549: 17534: 17420: 17324: 17293: 17273: 17233: 16859: 16733: 16709: 16652: 16481: 16414: 16372: 16357: 16282: 16134: 16039: 15912: 15907: 15760: 15672: 15652: 15647: 15637: 15627: 15622: 15597: 15551: 15546: 15541: 15526: 15485: 15430: 15425: 15420: 15415: 15410: 15405: 15395: 15385: 15380: 15370: 15317: 15297: 15292: 15287: 15282: 15277: 15272: 15267: 15219: 15199: 15194: 15189: 15169: 15149: 15134: 15129: 15124: 15084: 15074: 15059: 15054: 15007: 14969: 14871: 14861: 14643: 14623: 14592: 14567: 14542: 14320: 14300: 14252: 14242: 14225: 14164: 14149: 14144: 14074: 14059: 14008: 13945: 12990:"Final consonants and glottalization: New perspectives from Hanoi Vietnamese" 12941: 12428: 10456: 9986: 9974: 8288: 8284: 8196: 7994: 7681: 7397: 7320: 7102:(1838) represents Vietnamese (then Annamese) words in the Latin alphabet and 7033: 6892:

A noun meaning "bear". It is also commonly used to refer to someone's lover.

6803: 6673: 6354: 4001: 3707: 3364: 3199: 3176: 3060: 3040: 2299: 1869: 839: 804: 754: 750: 726: 13811: 13785:

its layout is compared with US, UK, Canada, France, and Germany's keyboards.

13721:. PALI language texts: Southeast Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 13412: 13395: 13160:(pp. 311–320). Hà Nội: Nhà Xuất Bản Ðại Học và Trung Học Chuyên Nghiệp. 12038:

Chung (2001). "Some returned loans, Japanese loanwords in Taiwan Mandarin".

11896:"Linguistic Research on the Origins of the Vietnamese Language: An Overview" 11038: 9398:

In addition to the regional variation described above, there is a merger of

6223:

pronunciation. Additionally, in the southern provinces of Vietnam, the term

5763: 4659:

group. Then, these tones were further divided in several other categorizes:

19068: 18607: 18368: 18001: 17935: 17861: 17646: 17570: 17544: 17404: 17399: 17253: 17157: 16839: 16704: 16667: 16367: 16332: 16322: 16302: 16174: 16054: 16019: 16009: 16004: 15989: 15877: 15801: 15705: 15682: 15375: 15242: 15164: 15114: 15064: 14866: 14806: 14633: 14557: 14069: 14064: 14003: 13930: 13483: 13146:(Vol. 24, pp. 183–459). Auckland, New Zealand: University of Auckland. 13013: 11459: 9891: 9867: 7743: 7677: 7546: 7526: 7361: 7177: 6783: 6272: 6065:- such as "TV", borrowed as "tivi" or just TV, but still officially called 5983: 5944:

Vietnam became a French protectorate/colonial territory in 1883 (until the

5933: 5929: 5885: 5056: 4549: 4357: 4166: 4115: 3978: 3820: 2977: 2061: 1896: 1880:, while in the southern varieties the pitch difference predominates, as in 1873: 964: 956: 734: 578: 541: 201: 17103: 13396:"Études sur la phonétique historique de la langue annamite. Les initiales" 12197: 11860:

Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World

10937: 9898:⟩; sub-dialectal variants are separated with commas. (See also the 6073:, translated into Vietnamese. For example, 'software' is translated into " 5952:

into the Indochina region (Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam). Examples include:

807:

in the last millennium BC, which is consistent with genetic evidence from

344: 18147: 17973: 17945: 17920: 17268: 16750: 16726: 16699: 16689: 16662: 16647: 16623: 16447: 16024: 15947: 15942: 15902: 15632: 14285: 13539:

Thompson, Laurence E (1967). "The history of Vietnamese final palatals".

13507:"A Reconstruction of Ancient Vietnamese Initials Using Chữ Nôm Materials" 12841:

Studies on Vietnamese Language and Literature: A Preliminary Bibliography

11136: 10780:

The name of each tone has the corresponding tonal diacritic on the vowel.

10652: 10494: 10451: 9875: 9871: 7112: 6979: 5921: 5041: 4352:

Other dialects of Vietnamese may have fewer tones (typically only five).

3756: 3395: 3359: 3304: 3293: 3227: 3194: 3068:

traditionally residing on three islands (now joined to the mainland) off

3065: 1449: 831: 816: 606: 14470: 13637:

Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà (1990). "Graphemic borrowing from Chinese: The case of

13487: 13382:

Gregerson, Kenneth J. (1969). "A study of Middle Vietnamese phonology".

13183: 12774: 11489: 8315:( in the Northern dialect and in the Central and Southern dialect) and 7120:

museum in Hanoi lists rules for visitors in both Vietnamese and English.

6260: 18450: 17925: 16778: 16716: 16694: 16064: 15937: 13824: 13782: 13270: 10942: 10790: 10707: 10549: 10461: 8258: 7707: 7566: 7437:

are not used. The script also represents additional phonemes using ten

6799: 6711: 6062: 5823: 5072: 5052: 4623:, in which each tone is assigned a specific note or sequence of notes. 4217: 3903: 3588: 3447: 3369: 3312: 3271: 3204: 1861: 1853: 1071: 895: 889: 670: 548:

order and modifiers following the words they modify. It also uses noun

13803:

RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)

13759: 13560: 13523: 13506: 13067: 13005: 12741: 8023: 8020: 8002: 7999: 7051:, characters borrowed for similar-sounding native Vietnamese words in 940:

After expelling the Chinese at the beginning of the 10th century, the

388:

Areas within Vietnam with majority Vietnamese speakers, mirroring the

16755: 16743: 16738: 16682: 16014: 14753: 14679: 14234: 13535:. Canberra: Australian National University. Pacific Linguistics. ISBN 12858:

Rhodes, Alexandre de (1991). L. Thanh; X. V. Hoàng; Q. C. Đỗ (eds.).

10169: 9911: 9607: 7971: 7735: 7418: 7068: 6855: 6839: 6795: 6791: 6234: 6204: 6038: 4010: 3701: 3566: 3419: 3308: 3248: 3036: 2867: 2739:

never contrast in any position, suggesting that they are allophones.

2230: 1350: 906:. Most of the minor syllables of Proto-Viet–Muong were still present. 590: 561: 529: 353: 337: 319: 301: 13769: 13310:, Vientiane: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1589–1606, 12557:

Encyclopedia of World Cultures, volume 6: Russia and Eurasia / China

12404: 11113:

The Chinese Writing System in Asia: An Interdisciplinary Perspective

8279:, and the surrounding Red River Delta areas) moved south (mainly to 8073:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 7782:

can also be installed with Vietnamese and Vietnamese keyboard, e.g.

7091: 6147: 2310:

For example, the modern Vietnamese word "trời" (heaven) was read as

959:) from the late 15th century. The conquest of the ancient nation of 18725: 16721: 13643:

Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica

13612: 13552: 13462: 13059: 12733: 12024: 10964:"Česko má nové oficiální národnostní menšiny. Vietnamce a Bělorusy" 10343: 9486:). In some northern varieties, the numeral appears with an initial 9020: 8276: 7280:'year' was written with a new character 𢆥 that is compounded from 6137: 6119: 6046: 5068: 3316: 1900: 1865: 698: 422: 275: 13127:

Machaud, Alexis; Ferlus, Michel; & Nguyễn, Minh-Châu. (2015).

13124:(pp. 454–459). Auckland, New Zealand: University of Auckland. 10403:

National Minorities Policy of the Government of the Czech Republic

7676:

was still in use during the French colonial period and as late as

5884:) in Korean). Instances of Chinese contact include the historical 5016:

Vietnamese, like Thai and many languages in Southeast Asia, is an

3994:, centered on the main vowel or group of vowels. Tones differ in: 3932:, but in such cases are believed to have resulted from an earlier 1646:

The following initial clusters occurred, with outcomes indicated:

18756: 16760: 14246: 13800: 13442:

Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà (2009). "Vietnamese". In Comrie, Bernard (ed.).

13350:"Chinese loans in Old Vietnamese with a sesquisyllabic phonology" 12008: 11823: 11710:Česko má nové oficiální národnostní menšiny. Vietnamce a Bělorusy 10407:Česko má nové oficiální národnostní menšiny. Vietnamce a Bělorusy 7775: 7731: 7364:

of Vietnamese was codified in the 17th century by the Avignonese

6787: 6011: 3849:

in Vietnamese has had different analyses. One analysis has final

3073: 2285: 1717:. These caused the original introduction of the retroflex sounds 717:, southern China and parts of Thailand). In 1850, British lawyer 486: 418: 240: 85: 12655:

Nhạc chế World Cup 2018 | TÂY BÁN NHÀ | Ronaldo còn có nhà mà về

12594: 12174:"Vã mồ hôi "giải mã" tiếng lóng tuổi teen – Xã hội – VietNamNet" 11626: 11185:

Diffloth, Gérard. (1992). "Vietnamese as a Mon-Khmer language".

10574:

would then be a secondary feature. Thompson describes the vowel

7770:

Vietnamese using Telex, VNI or VIQR input methods all included.

3990:

Each Vietnamese syllable is pronounced with one of six inherent

3815:) have evolved from aspirated stops into fricatives (like Greek 3537:

The consonants that occur in Vietnamese are listed below in the

13710:

Lâm, Lý-duc; Emeneau, M. B.; von den Steinen, Diether. (1944).

11189:, 125–128. Tempe, Arizona: Program for Southeast Asian Studies. 8280: 7652: 6858: 6111: 6070: 5889: 3044: 1841:. Both types of syllables could co-occur with a resonant (e.g. 960: 641:(previously known as Mon-Annam languages) by British linguists 11966: 11214: 11212: 11210: 8235:

The first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

7661:. By the middle of the 20th century, most writing was done in 5800: 2928:(as still in much of Spain and some parts of Portugal), while 850:), and Vietnamese each developed tones as a phonemic feature. 19962: 11693:"National Minorities | Government of the Czech Republic" 11603:

Language Power and Hierarchy: Multilingual Education in China

10130:(literal translation "House Dig Bucket", mainly used to mock 7966: 7798: 7779: 7747: 7626:

Despite the missionaries' creation of the alphabetic script,

7586: 6695: 6127: 6030: 5895:

Modern linguists describe modern Vietnamese having lost many

5875: 5805: 4268: 3172: 3077: 2973: 2686: 1877: 803:

Borrowed vocabulary indicates early contact with speakers of

597:

and some phonemes. Vietnamese was historically written using

90: 13613:"The origin of the peculiarities of the Vietnamese alphabet" 13421:

Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà (1986). "Alexandre de Rhodes' dictionary".

12344: 12007:

NGUYEN, Danh Hoang Thanh; LE, Trang Thi Huyen (2020-03-31).

11476:

Thompson, Laurence C. (1976), "Proto-Viet–Muong Phonology",

10106:(literal translation "West Sell House", mainly used to mock 5804:

Old Nôm character for rice noodle soup "phở". The character

5215:

Mai seem BE {student (college)} or {student (under-college)}

3493:

also indicate the pronunciation of the main vowel: ay = ă +

581:

and was officially adopted in the early 20th century during

13689:

Hoang, Thinh; Nguyen, Xuan Thu; Trinh, Quynh-Tram; (2000).

13140:"Vietnamese tonal system in Nghi Loc: A preliminary report" 12761:(1978). "Current developments in Sino-Vietnamese studies". 12332: 11510:[The place of Vietnamese in Austroasiatic (1953)]. 11501: 11499: 11365: 11207: 10928: 9965:

Etc., until someone cannot form the next word or gives up.

9862:

in which 1 represents the lowest pitch, and 5 the highest;

9858:

The table above shows the pitch contour of each tone using

7937:

When written in the short form, "DD/MM/YYYY" is preferred.

7801: 7750:

must be used, Vietnamese letters are often typed using the

6946: 6230: 714: 13110:

Vietnamese in different areas of the country: Dialectology

12382:(in English and French). Bangkok, Thailand: Orchid Press. 12270: 11522: 11508:"La place du Vietnamien dans les langues Austroasiatiques" 11341: 11329: 10765:

in Vietnamese. Tonal language in Vietnamese translates to

8006:), which is often considered the most significant work of 7759: 4548:

In Vietnamese poetry, tones are classed into two groups: (

922:. Another famous dictionary of this period was written by 421:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

13657:, (pp. 691–699). New York: Oxford University Press. 13142:. In C. Frigeni, M. Hirayama, & S. Mackenzie (Eds.), 12223:"Lo ngại thực trạng sử dụng ngôn ngữ mạng trong học sinh" 11722:

More Thai Students Interested in Learning ASEAN Languages

11197: 11195: 9072:, which, in turn, have also partially merged with velars 7795: 7763: 7755: 6768:

which has the same meaning, usually paired with the word

6215:

However, the Cantonese term is the better-known name for

5810: 4615:

practice a distinctive style of prayer recitation called

3986:

is plotted over time. From Nguyễn & Edmondson (1998).

3816: 12685:

itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/001788.html

12634: 12593:. Executive Publications, Singapore 1987. Archived from 12083:"Vãi là gì? Tại sao các bạn trẻ lại hay sử dụng từ này?" 11743:"More and more foreigners have need to learn Vietnamese" 11619: 11496: 11307: 11305: 7228:. For example, in the opening lines of the classic poem 7037:

The first two lines of the classic Vietnamese epic poem

6061:

Some English words were incorporated into Vietnamese as

6049:, etc.), whereas pronunciations of other foreign names ( 5966:(lit. "sour milk"), but it is also calqued from French ( 2288:

texts, such as the 12th-century/1486 Buddhist scripture

1605:, the outcome of these sounds was written with a hooked 12065:"Tiếng lóng trên các phương tiện truyền thông hiện nay" 11662:

La dynamique des langues en France au fil du XXe siècle

6945:

A verb used to describe the action of dropping roasted

5948:

of 1954), which resulted in significant influence from

4752:; for words that do end in /p/, /t/, /c/ and /k/), and 4744:; for words that do not end in /p/, /t/, /c/ and /k/), 4736:; for words that do not end in /p/, /t/, /c/ and /k/), 4635:

Vietnamese tones were classified into two main groups,

3330:

cannot occur after a front vowel (i, ê, e) nucleus and

3031:, Vietnamese speakers are also found in other parts of 2728:

it notated, have disappeared from the modern language.

13705:

Read Vietnamese: A graded course in written Vietnamese

13118:"F0 and phonation types in Nghe Tinh Vietnamese tones" 13094:"Notes on Thanh-Chương Vietnamese in Nghệ-An province" 12555:

Friedrich, Paul; Diamond, Norma, eds. (1994). "Jing".

12361: 12359: 11582: 11353: 11317: 11192: 10906:. This Sino-Vietnamese expression could be defined as 6249:), literally "fourteen, fifteen" to mean 'uncertain'. 3292:

Front and central vowels (i, ê, e, ư, â, ơ, ă, a) are

822:

The northern Vietic varieties thus became part of the

13325:

Pronominal reference in Thai, Burmese, and Vietnamese

12622: 11830:

Vietnamese teaching and learning overwhelming Germany

11558: 11546: 11302: 5743:

HORT stay here few minute until when 1.PRO turn again

2351:

modern Saigon dialect than the modern Hanoi dialect.

876: 13611:

Michaud, Alexis; Haudricourt, André-Georges (2010).

11272: 11260: 11248: 11236: 11224: 11036: 10933: 10931: 10325: 7789: 7740:

Vietnamese Standard Code for Information Interchange

7667:, which became the official script on independence. 6838:"Vãi" (predominately from northern Vietnamese) is a 5746:"Please stay here for a few minutes until I return." 552:. Its vocabulary has had significant influence from 16998: 12356: 12258: 11667: 10405:, Belarusian and Vietnamese since 4 July 2013, see 8218:speakers (see the example vocabulary table below). 5740:

Hãy {ở lại} đây ít phút {cho tới} khi tôi quay lại.

5218:"Mai seems to be a college or high school student." 4760:; for words that do end in /p/, /t/, /c/ and /k/). 3485:. In addition, in the diphthongs and the letters 3334:cannot occur after a back vowel (u, ô, o) nucleus. 3307:) and centering diphthongs, Vietnamese has closing 1829:Glottal-ending syllables ended with a glottal stop 1030:), along with the outcomes in the modern language: 13610: 13337:Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 13258:Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 13191:"Politeness strategies in Hanoi Vietnamese speech" 12403:Trần, Quốc Anh; Phạm, Thị Kiều Ly (October 2019). 12316:Languages, Scripts, and Chinese Texts in East Asia 12244:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 78–79, 82. 11570: 11534: 11424:Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 11043:Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 8275:, about a million northerners (mainly from Hanoi, 7335:dynasties (1400–1406 and 1778–1802 respectively). 7244:'destiny' was written with its original character 6749:("frog"). This is an example of vernacular slang. 793:at that time may correspond to the Vietic branch. 396:dominating around the lowland pale of the country. 13766:Swadesh list of Vietnamese basic vocabulary words 13698:Colloquial Vietnamese: A complete language course 13106:Tiếng Việt trên các miền đất nước: Phương ngữ học 13092:Alves, Mark J.; & Nguyễn, Duy Hương. (2007). 13046:Thompson, Laurence E (1959). "Saigon phonemics". 12961:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 7993:is an epic narrative poem by the celebrated poet 6203:from 臘腸 (Chinese sausage), primarily keep to the 6158:, resulting in indirect borrowing from Japanese. 5759:Ethnolinguistic Groups of Mainland Southeast Asia 713:languages spoken in eastern India, and others in 20100: 13693:, (3rd ed.). Hawthorn, Vic.: Lonely Planet. ISBN 13333:"A Layer of Dongsonian Vocabulary in Vietnamese" 13096:. In M. Alves, M. Sidwell, & D. Gil (Eds.), 12805:(updated ed.). Lincolnwood, Illinois: NTC. 12554: 11420:"A layer of Dongsonian vocabulary in Vietnamese" 10766: 10760: 10754: 10411:Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms 9589: 9571: 9501: 9495: 9477: 9471: 9056:distinct. At the end of syllables, the palatals 8295:. About 180,000 moved in the reverse direction ( 8011: 7711: 7697: 7691: 7685: 7671: 7662: 7656: 7637: 7627: 7612: 7592: 7572: 7552: 7532: 7512: 7314: 7308: 7302: 7286: 7275: 7266: 7254: 7239: 7199: 7167:). Although the writing system is now mostly in 7160: 7144: 7133: 7103: 7082: 7076: 6082: 4696:The tones in the old classification were called 4616: 3326:. There are restrictions on the high offglides: 3135: 2967: 2341: 1007: 995: 983: 971: 685:1942) classified Vietnamese as belonging to the 614: 598: 572: 476: 37: 13714:. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley. 13488:"The Vietic languages: a phylogenetic analysis" 13463:"The expansion of Setaria farmers in East Asia" 13384:Bulletin de la Société des Études Indochinoises 13283:. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 649–671. 13151:Papers in Southeast Asian linguistics: Tonation 13028: 12674:www.users.bigpond.com/doanviettrung/noilai.html 11760:Nguyen, Angie; Dao, Lien, eds. (May 18, 2007). 11512:Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris 11471: 11469: 9594:in Hanoi Vietnamese (initial single consonants 8010:. It was originally written in chữ Nôm (titled 7489:). Further diacritics are used to indicate the 912:(16th to 19th centuries) The language found in 13631:Quốc-ngữ: The modern writing system in Vietnam 13400:Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient 12127:"10 từ lóng thường dùng của giới trẻ ngày nay" 12104:"10 từ lóng thường dùng của giới trẻ ngày nay" 11842:School in Berlin maintains Vietnamese language 10848:are increasingly being merged as . Similarly, 7388:, with many spellings retained even after the 6141: 6131: 6053:excluded) are generally derived from English. 5851: 5845: 4309:creaky low falling constricted (short length) 3541:with the phonetic pronunciation to the right. 3134:Since the 1980s, Vietnamese language schools ( 1833:, while fricative-ending syllables ended with 18741: 17119: 16984: 14695: 14486: 13840: 13816: 13677:Contemporary Vietnamese: An intermediate text 13446:(2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. 677–692. 13223: 13029:Nguyễn, Văn Lợi; Edmondson, Jerold A (1998). 12861:Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum 12485:, Cornell University Press. pp. 23, 38. 11413: 11411: 11386: 11384: 11382: 11380: 11037:Scholvin, Vera; Meinschaefer, Judith (2018). 8674:"we, us (but not you, colloquial, familiar)" 7965:The Vietnamese prefer writing numbers with a 6105: 5835: 5365:person that.DET BE {older brother} POSS 3.PRO 2655:Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum 2333:Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum 915:Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum 882: 13686:. Teach Yourself. Chicago: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 13482: 12580: 12578: 12576: 12371: 11466: 11371: 11218: 10836: 10834: 10744:+ back offglide (i.e., ) is an apparent gap. 5879: 5869: 5082:Some Vietnamese sentences with English word 3058:As the national language, Vietnamese is the 2988:De Rhodes's orthography also made use of an 2826:de Rhodes' system has a second medial glide 1013: 1001: 989: 977: 18557:(unclassified; possibly a language isolate) 17133: 13596: 13580:Colonialism and language policy in Viet Nam 13308:Handbook of the Changing World Language Map 13305: 12293:. Cambridge University Press. p. 207. 12013:Asian and African Languages and Linguistics 11883:https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2002/031) 11505: 9080:in the Central and the Southern varieties. 8838:"he/him, that young man (of equal status)" 7301:The oldest example of an early form of the 7205: 6194: 5928:ca. 4th century CE), Late Sino-Vietnamese ( 5212:Mai {có vẻ} là {sinh viên} hoặc {học sinh}. 4626: 3481:; however, it may also be represented with 3137:trường Việt ngữ/ trường ngôn ngữ Tiếng Việt 2652: 1709:A large number of words were borrowed from 721:detected striking similarities between the 657:in the late 19th and early 20th centuries ( 18748: 18734: 17126: 17112: 16991: 16977: 14917: 14702: 14688: 14493: 14479: 13847: 13833: 13120:. In P. Warren & C. I. Watson (Eds.), 11484:, University of Hawai'i Press: 1113–1203, 11435: 11408: 11377: 11056:Thompson, Laurence C. (January 17, 1963). 10168:Another word game somewhat reminiscent of 6764:a word derived from the English word "show 6018:in French) is rendered into Vietnamese as 5958:in Vietnamese was derived from the French 3014: 2885:appeared more "normal" than the fricative 382: 14500: 13574: 13522: 13411: 13365: 13269: 12889:Uỷ ban Khoa học Xã hội Việt Nam. (1983). 12757: 12720:(1947). "Homonyms and puns in Annamese". 12573: 12476: 12396: 12350: 12338: 12276: 11967:Phan, John D.; de Sousa, Hilário (2016). 11927:Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 11759: 11359: 10914:meaning 'servant in a French household'." 10831: 10423:About The Rights of Members of Minorities 10113:initial consonant, rime, and tone switch 10069:initial consonant, rime, and tone switch 9517:in certain rural varieties in the South: 9500:"twenty-five", instead of the mainstream 9406:in certain rural varieties in the North: 8089:Learn how and when to remove this message 7974:is used to separate two numbers instead. 6211:pronunciation, it is actually pronounced 6183:example, judo can be referred to as both 5481: 5405: 5342: 5324: 5239: 5182: 5102: 4685:are counted twice in the system, once in 2290:Phật thuyết Đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh 13854: 13538: 13045: 12924: 12903: 12875:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 12868: 12784:Vietnamese Tradition on Trial, 1920–1945 12751:Studies in Vietnamese (Annamese) grammar 12413:. Hochiminh City: Committee on Culture, 12402: 12313: 12307: 12288: 12282: 12006: 11664:Insee, enquête Famille 1999. (in French) 11478:Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications 11475: 11137:"Mon–Khmer languages: The Vietic branch" 11055: 10439: 10189:Intermediate form with prefixed syllable 9466:by itself and in compound numerals like 7265:of the homophonous Sino-Vietnamese word 7111: 7090: 7062: 7032: 6259: 6252: 5799: 5771: 5762: 5754: 3977: 3961:Vietnamese phonology: Analysis of final 3914:that occur after the upper front vowels 3122: 3091:In the United States, Vietnamese is the 3018: 2961: 2913:of the modern language. In 17th-century 2638: 852: 632: 18815: 13504: 13393: 13205: 13188: 13075: 12987: 12748: 12716: 12415:Catholic Bishops' Conference of Vietnam 12377: 12318:. Oxford University Press. p. 63. 11924: 11528: 11347: 11335: 11323: 11058:"The Problem of the Word in Vietnamese" 7372:(1591–1660), based on works of earlier 6006:, a partial derivation from the French 3835: 2834:and appears in some words with initial 824:Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area 453:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 415:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 20101: 14709: 13789:The Free Vietnamese Dictionary Project 13636: 13460: 13441: 13420: 13330: 12934:Journal of Southeast Asian Linguistics 12857: 12838: 12819: 12800: 12640: 12239: 12121: 12119: 12117: 12098: 12096: 12059: 12057: 12055: 12053: 12051: 12049: 11552: 11448:Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 11441: 11417: 11390: 11311: 11298:(in Vietnamese). Vietnam: NXB Đà Nẵng. 11010:Languages of the Himalayas, Volume One 10899: 10740:The lack of diphthong consisting of a 8291:and the surrounding areas) as part of 8027:) and is widely taught in Vietnam (in 7766:on Macintosh, with popular methods of 7349: 4277: 'horse (Sino-Vietnamese), code' 2917:, the common language of the Jesuits, 2661:Vietnamese–Portuguese–Latin dictionary 1529: 1503: 20154:Tonal languages in non-tonal families 19334:National Defense and Security Council 18729: 17107: 16972: 15857: 14916: 14683: 14474: 13828: 13815: 13278: 13255: 13232:"What's So Chinese About Vietnamese?" 13229: 13133:Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 13103: 12951: 12822:Vietnamese: Tiếng Việt không son phấn 12689:tphcm.blogspot.com/2005/01/ni-li.html 12628: 12616: 12584: 12451: 12037: 12002: 12000: 11893: 11853: 11740: 11600: 11293: 11289: 11287: 11278: 11266: 11254: 11242: 11230: 11201: 11166: 11160: 11003: 10026:(literal translation "vinegar stage") 9368: 9337: 9306: 9271: 9240: 9209: 9174: 8034: 7794:Vietnamese speak date in the format " 7384:is based on the Chancery Standard of 7259:'our' was written with the character 7128:in 939, the Vietnamese state adopted 5235: 5086:and translations are provided below. 3064:in Vietnam. It is also spoken by the 2674:occurs only at the end of a syllable. 1887:As noted above, Proto-Viet–Muong had 69: 63: 56: 49: 18755: 13795:Research projects and data resources 13347: 13083:"A Look At North-Central Vietnamese" 12781: 12559:. New York: G.K. Hall. p. 454. 12507:"French Indochina 500 Piastres 1951" 12479:Vietnam and the West: New Approaches 12365: 12264: 11984: 11951: 11588: 11576: 11564: 11540: 8038: 6854:("very scary"). Similar uses to the 6271:Basic lexemes in Vietnamese, Mường, 5714: 5577: 5518: 5506:3.PRO just eat rice.FAM Vietnam only 5450: 5352: 3179:of Vietnamese from Hanoi (including 2321: 875:) Sources include the Ming glossary 701:, as well as various smaller and/or 19161:Permanent Member of the Secretariat 15858: 13807:Vietnamese in RWAAI Digital Archive 13158:Một Số Vấn Ðề Ngôn Ngữ Học Việt Nam 12803:NTC's Vietnamese–English dictionary 12114: 12093: 12046: 11803:Encyclopedia of Bilingual Education 11796: 11506:Haudricourt, André-Georges (2017). 10165:can be used for a humorous effect. 9084:Regional consonant correspondences 7719: 6241:idiom, "xập xí, xập ngầu" (十四, 十五, 6126:), and then in turn from Japanese ( 5435:Con chó này chẳng {bao giờ} sủa cả. 5276: 4018: 3525: 3519: 3116:Vietnamese community in the country 1021: 24: 18705:Languages between parentheses are 17481:Northern, Thanh Hóa, Huế, Southern 13762:(from the World Loanword Database) 13533:A Mon–Khmer comparative dictionary 12786:. University of California Press. 12429:"Alphabet | Vietnamese Typography" 12421: 11997: 11284: 11110: 10856:are increasingly being merged as . 10822:Vietnamese grammar: Demonstratives 10089:initial consonant and rime switch 8223: 7401:) and 6 additional vowel letters ( 7018: 5962:(coffee). Yogurt in Vietnamese is 5795: 5635: 5609: 5540: 5395: 5377: 5314: 4643:(仄; 'sharp tones'). Tones such as 3098: 2939:. The similarity of apicoalveolar 2676: 1858:mainland Southeast Asian languages 1736: 1650:*pr, *br, *tr, *dr, *kr, *gr > 1624: 1531: 1505: 729:and Vietnamese. He suggested that 649:. Vietnamese is shown as Annamese. 289:Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences 25: 20165: 18586:Western Khmer (Chanthaburi Khmer) 13725: 11987:Chinese Southern Diaspora Studies 11762:"Vietnamese in the United States" 11480:, Austroasiatic Studies Part II, 8778:"they/them (informal, familiar)" 8754:"he/she/it (informal, familiar)" 8328:Regional variation in vocabulary 8273:temporary division of the country 7790:Dates and numbers writing formats 7726:Vietnamese language and computers 6104:which was borrowed from Chinese ( 5656: 5644:1.PRO like FOC CL horse black DET 5368:"That person is his/her brother." 4651:group, while other tones such as 4175: 'cheek, mother (southern)' 3928:; although they also occur after 3303:In addition to single vowels (or 3171:Vietnamese has a large number of 2314:in Old/Ancient Vietnamese and as 2243: 2216: 2202: 2174: 2162: 2150: 2129: 2117: 2105: 2093: 2081: 2060: 2042: 2002: 1990: 1978: 1966: 1915: 628: 19166:History of central officeholders 13707:. Rutland, Vermont: C.E. Tuttle. 13493:Journal of Language Relationship 13354:Journal of Language Relationship 13237:. In Thurgood, Graham W. (ed.). 12667: 12646: 12458:Vietnamese Culture and Tradition 10948: 10893: 10886:"reason" (cf. modern Vietnamese 10872: 10859: 10342: 10328: 9981:is used by Vietnamese speakers. 9878:) is indicated with the ⟨ 9183: 9171: 8730:"you guys (informal, familiar)" 8299:, literally "go to the North".) 8257:Problems playing this file? See 8239: 8043: 7632:remained the dominant script in 7271:'little, few; rather, somewhat'; 6970:dô (South) and dzô or zô (North) 6233:, which may have derived from a 6191:, the Vietnamese reading of 柔道. 5986:was borrowed into Vietnamese as 4538: 4531: 4524: 4510: 4503: 4496: 4482: 4475: 4468: 4454: 4447: 4440: 4426: 4419: 4412: 4398: 4391: 4384: 3861:contrasting with syllable-final 2693: 1868:were pronounced with additional 918:(1651) of the Jesuit missionary 577:). The alphabet is based on the 567:Vietnamese is written using the 433: 268: 256: 233: 20139:Languages of the Czech Republic 19968:Traditional musical instruments 17000:Languages of the Czech Republic 13469:, Routledge, pp. 133–157, 13390:, 135–193. (Reprinted in 1981). 12954:"Vietnamese (Hanoi Vietnamese)" 12897: 12869:Thompson, Laurence C. (1991) . 12713:. Saigon: Bộ Quốc gia Giáo dục. 12698: 12609: 12548: 12535: 12517: 12499: 12470: 12445: 12233: 12215: 12190: 12166: 12137: 12075: 12031: 11978: 11960: 11945: 11918: 11887: 11875: 11847: 11835: 11801:. In González, Josué M. (ed.). 11790: 11753: 11741:Times, Vietnam (May 30, 2020). 11734: 11715: 11703: 11685: 11655: 11641: 11594: 11179: 11151: 11129: 11115:. Routledge. pp. 102–103. 10810: 10800: 10783: 10774: 10747: 10734: 10603: 10590: 10432: 10409:). The article 25 of the Czech 10394: 10385: 10132:Portugal national football team 9064:have merged with the alveolars 9014: 6926:can be pronounced similarly to 6794:. Some slang words may include 6154:) which came from the English " 5932:), and Recent Sino-Vietnamese ( 5718: 5581: 5522: 5454: 5356: 3906:variants of the velar phonemes 3894:. The other analysis has final 3023:Global distribution of speakers 2807:. Within a century or so, both 18709:of the language on their left. 14460:Ho Chi Minh City Sign Language 13669: 13568: 13112:]. Hanoi: Khoa học xã hội. 12872:A Vietnamese reference grammar 12820:——— (1997). 12763:Journal of Chinese Linguistics 12749:——— (1951). 11104: 11080: 11074:10.1080/00437956.1963.11659787 11049: 11030: 10997: 10984: 10970: 10956: 10596:In Vietnamese, diphthongs are 9614:Regional tone correspondences 8798:"he/him, that gentleman, sir" 8016: 7998: 7684:in 1950 eliminated the use of 7648:French colonial administration 7100:Dictionarium anamitico-latinum 6772:("to run") to make the phrase 6083: 5880: 5870: 5641:Tôi thích cái con ngựa đen đó. 5503:Nó chỉ ăn cơm {Việt Nam} thôi. 5441:"This dog never barks at all." 4689:(去; 'departing') and again in 2678: 2667: 1639:, distinct at that time from * 1626: 1594: 811:sites. Extensive contact with 515:other ethnic groups in Vietnam 13: 1: 20144:Subject–verb–object languages 19186:Central Inspection Commission 13641:, Vietnam's demotic script". 13164: 12824:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 12454:"Vietnamese Language History" 11900:Journal of Vietnamese Studies 11805:. Thousand Oaks, California: 11631:, Modern Language Association 10921: 10207:"beef or chicken noodle soup" 9989:of each word. Some examples: 8630:"I, me (informal, familiar)" 8322: 8176:Southern Vietnamese dialects 8124:Northern Vietnamese dialects 7977: 7124:After ending a millennium of 7055:, and invented characters in 7025:History of writing in Vietnam 5939: 5599: 3532: 2298:glossary by Chinese diplomat 1613:that was still distinct from 869: 691:Austroasiatic language family 18581:Northern Khmer (Surin Khmer) 13748:Northern Illinois University 13675:Nguyen, Bich Thuan. (1997). 13131:in historical perspective". 12843:. Cornell University Press. 12040:Language Change in East Asia 11939:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.05.036 11771:. p. 82. Archived from 11628:MLA Language Map Data Center 10826:Vietnamese grammar: Pronouns 10108:Spain national football team 9905: 8818:"she/her, that lady, madam" 8293:Operation Passage to Freedom 8144:Central Vietnamese dialects 7601: 7581: 7561: 7541: 7521: 7506: 7502:Vietnamese name and meaning 7075:(1851), Chinese characters ( 6069:. Some other borrowings are 5978:(cheese) is from the French 5438:CL dog DET NEG ever bark all 5067:system. Additionally, it is 4330: 4314: 4279: 4263: 4258:creaky high breaking-rising 4228: 4212: 4177: 4161: 4126: 4110: 4105:low falling (often breathy) 4076: 4065: 3841:Syllable-final orthographic 3155: 2695: 887:, c. 15th century) from the 765:" is used, among others, by 175: 7: 19329:Central Military Commission 19191:Central Military Commission 13717:Nguyễn, Đăng Liêm. (1970). 13655:The world's writing systems 13444:The World's Major Languages 13206:Sophana, Srichampa (2005). 13189:Sophana, Srichampa (2004). 13172:Anthropological Linguistics 12525:"North Vietnam 5 Dong 1946" 12242:Asia's Orthographic Dilemma 11605:. Bloomsbury. p. 188. 10797:or syntactic constructions. 10417:) in its paragraph 16 (4) ( 10321: 10137:word order and tone switch 10049:word order and tone switch 10029:word order and tone switch 9588:in Southern Vietnamese and 9576:with a cluster in Hảo Nho ( 9484:Vietnamese grammar#Cardinal 9470:"fifty", but it appears as 8694:"you (informal, familiar)" 8069:the claims made and adding 7274:the native Vietnamese word 7253:the native Vietnamese word 6094: 1856:occurred, as in many other 877: 865:Ancient (or Old) Vietnamese 10: 20170: 19297:Supreme People's Procuracy 13760:Vietnamese Vocabulary List 13703:Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà. (1967). 13629:Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà. (1955). 13224:Historical and comparative 13138:Pham, Andrea Hoa. (2005). 12918:10.1016/j.wocn.2008.09.003 12839:Nguyen, Dinh Tham (2018). 12709:Dương, Quảng-Hàm. (1941). 12703: 12543:"Ai “bức tử” chữ Hán-Nôm?" 12289:Holcombe, Charles (2017). 11894:Alves, Mark (2006-02-01). 11862:, Springer, p. 1162, 10865:In the southern dialects, 10578:as being slightly higher ( 10037:"pregnancy out of wedlock" 9899: 9601: 9509:There is also a merger of 9199: 7981: 7723: 7353: 7222:Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary 7191: 7187: 7022: 6056: 5998:. The Vietnamese term for 5906:Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary 5750: 5647:"I like that black horse." 5063:ordering), and has a noun 5040:(and, as a result, has no 5020:. Vietnamese does not use 5005: 5001: 4768:Traditional tone category 3887:with the syllable-initial 3836:language variation section 3159: 3093:sixth most spoken language 2669: 1715:Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary 1633:Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary 1596: 950:Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary 780: 623:Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary 20060: 19835: 19736: 19644: 19635: 19608: 19435: 19426: 19385: 19342: 19319: 19277: 19244: 19199: 19141: 19096: 19087: 19005: 18962: 18883: 18874: 18767: 18691: 18641: 18568: 18540: 18505: 18464: 18400: 18391: 18361: 18333: 18312: 18303: 18269: 18248: 18217: 18210: 18181: 18120: 18113: 18100: 18093: 18084: 18050: 18025: 17992: 17954: 17911: 17904: 17883: 17874: 17854: 17823: 17814: 17803: 17773: 17752: 17726: 17717: 17704: 17695: 17670: 17634: 17625: 17605: 17584: 17558: 17525: 17468: 17459: 17434: 17413: 17392: 17383: 17362: 17312: 17289: 17282: 17226: 17150: 17141: 17085: 17022: 17006: 16940: 16913:Southern (Shanghai) Sign 16898: 16827: 16771: 16575: 16513: 16466: 16423: 16385: 16270: 16192: 16183: 16115: 16078: 15965: 15956: 15868: 15864: 15853: 15794: 15696: 15578: 15504: 15351: 15233: 15045: 15036: 14988: 14940: 14929: 14925: 14912: 14905: 14885: 14792: 14740: 14733: 14717: 14656: 14611: 14533: 14524: 14508: 14442:Vietnamese sign languages 14440: 14399: 14378: 14271: 14216: 14178: 14135: 14105: 14045: 14027: 13994: 13896: 13887: 13878: 13862: 13822: 13817:Links to related articles 13737:Online Vietnamese lessons 13684:Teach Yourself Vietnamese 13633:. Washington, DC: Author. 13505:Shimizu, Maasaki (2015). 13435:10.1080/08351818609389247 13367:10.31826/jlr-2019-171-209 13323:Cooke, Joseph R. (1968). 13289:10.1515/9783110558142-027 12973:10.1017/S0025100311000181 12893:. Hanoi: Khoa học Xã hội. 12864:. Hanoi: Khoa học Xã hội. 12801:Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà (1995). 12069:khoavanhoc-ngonngu.edu.vn 11952:Phan, John (2013-01-28). 11912:10.1525/vs.2006.1.1-2.104 11858:, in Ember, Carol (ed.), 11854:Blanc, Marie-Eve (2004), 10683: 10678: 10624: 10618: 10558: 10460: 10455: 10450: 10448: 10057:"all the king's subjects" 9860:Chao tone number notation 9817: 9795: 9790: 9780: 9630: 9627: 9624: 9621: 9618: 9550: 9439: 9392: 9366: 9346: 9335: 9315: 9304: 9295: 9269: 9249: 9238: 9218: 9207: 9193: 9162: 9160: 9149: 9140: 9138: 9127: 9118: 9116: 9108: 7919: 7911: 7903: 7895: 7887: 7879: 7871: 7863: 7855: 7847: 7820: 7817: 7292: 7281: 7260: 7245: 7238:the Sino-Vietnamese word 7149: 7138: 6142: 6132: 6106: 5852: 5846: 5836: 5568:"I like the black horse." 5565:1.PRO like CL horse black 4952: 4905: 4858: 4843: 4796: 4781: 4767: 3838:for further elaboration. 3784: 3777: 3755: 3700: 3610: 3587: 3548: 3363: 3350: 3344: 3341: 3166: 2950:led to the assignment of 2901:alveolo-palatal fricative 2802:voiced bilabial fricative 2622: 2615: 2587: 2523: 2431: 2400: 2361: 2256: 2229: 2187: 2013: 1956: 1927: 1923:Old Vietnamese phonology 1899:and as a result suffered 1448: 1349: 1322: 1121: 1070: 1044: 1037: 926:in 1773 and published by 924:Pierre Pigneau de Behaine 883: 693:(which also includes the 401: 381: 367: 351: 335: 317: 299: 294: 282: 246: 228:Official language in 226: 221: 191: 163: 124: 114: 104: 78: 58:[tiəŋ˦˧˥viək̚˨˩ʔ] 45: 36: 31: 13719:Vietnamese pronunciation 13461:Sagart, Laurent (2008), 13104:Hoàng, Thị Châu (1989). 12988:Michaud, Alexis (2004). 12952:Kirby, James P. (2011). 12591:Indochina report; no. 11 12433:vietnamesetypography.com 12378:Jacques, Roland (2002). 12314:Kornicki, Peter (2018). 11799:"Vietnamese Immigration" 11769:California State Library 11372:Sidwell & Alves 2021 11219:Sidwell & Alves 2021 10378: 10194:Resulting "secret" word 9939:Tập trung (Concentrate) 7955:Ngày 28 tháng 3 năm 2018 7226:phono-semantic compounds 6955:nha (and other variants) 6689: 6229:can be used to refer to 6195:Modern Chinese influence 4627:Old tonal classification 4561:Tones within tone group 3973: 2842:. These later disappear. 963:and the conquest of the 503:Vietnamese (Kinh) people 71:[tiəŋ˦˥jiək̚˨˩˨] 65:[tiəŋ˦˥viək̚˨˩˨] 51:[tiəŋ˧˦viət̚˧˨ʔ] 17135:Austroasiatic languages 16910:Northern (Beijing) Sign 14619:Cambodian Sign Language 14400:Other foreign languages 13783:The Vietnamese keyboard 13413:10.3406/befeo.1912.2713 13394:Maspero, Henri (1912). 13331:Ferlus, Michel (2009). 13230:Alves, Mark J. (2001). 13116:Honda, Koichi. (2006). 12940:: 49–62. Archived from 12925:Brunelle, Marc (2009). 12782:Marr, David G. (1984). 12711:Việt-nam văn-học sử-yếu 12585:Desbarats, Jacqueline. 12240:Hannas, Wm. C. (1997). 11844:. Retrieved 2015-06-13. 11832:. Retrieved 2015-06-13. 11442:Ferlus, Michel (1982), 11418:Ferlus, Michel (2009), 11391:Ferlus, Michel (1992), 11092:Encyclopedia Britannica 11088:"Vietnamese literature" 10415:The Administrative Rule 9536:"Mainstream" varieties 9425:"Mainstream" varieties 8271:, which called for the 7374:Portuguese missionaries 6704:Indo-European languages 5924:ca. 1st century CE and 5562:Tôi thích con ngựa đen. 5362:Người đó là anh của nó. 5208:student (under-college) 4885:rể 'son-in-law; groom' 4639:(平; 'level tones') and 3939:which diphthongized to 3015:Geographic distribution 2923:apico-alveolar sibilant 988:('train station', from 936:(from the 19th century) 639:Austroasiatic languages 637:A 1906 analysis map of 532:, Vietnamese is highly 524:Like many languages in 19778:Language and computers 19527:Science and Technology 19287:Supreme People's Court 19229:Deputy Prime Ministers 19020:Hong (Red) River Delta 14919:Sino-Tibetan languages 14657:Main foreign languages 14455:Haiphong Sign Language 14379:Main foreign languages 13511:NINJAL Research Papers 13486:; Alves, Mark (2021). 11856:"Vietnamese in France" 11460:10.3406/clao.1982.1105 11013:. BRILL. p. 264. 10840:In southern dialects, 10767: 10761: 10755: 10363:Vietnamese calligraphy 9921:Hậu trường (backstage) 9590: 9572: 9502: 9496: 9478: 9472: 8269:Geneva Accords of 1954 8228: 8012: 7959:Vietnamese short form: 7821:Vietnamese month name 7786:in Microsoft Windows. 7738:are available such as 7712: 7704:Vietnamese calligraphy 7698: 7692: 7686: 7672: 7663: 7657: 7638: 7628: 7613: 7593: 7573: 7553: 7533: 7513: 7315: 7309: 7303: 7287: 7276: 7267: 7255: 7240: 7200: 7182:Vietnamese calligraphy 7161: 7145: 7134: 7121: 7109: 7104: 7088: 7083: 7077: 7060: 6267: 5815: 5768: 5760: 5732: 5724: 5710: 5702: 5694: 5686: 5678: 5670: 5662: 5652: 5631: 5623: 5615: 5605: 5595: 5587: 5573: 5554: 5546: 5536: 5528: 5514: 5495: 5487: 5476: 5468: 5460: 5446: 5427: 5419: 5411: 5401: 5391: 5383: 5373: 5348: 5338: 5330: 5320: 5309: 5301: 5282: 5272: 5264: 5245: 5231: 5223: 5204: 5196: 5188: 5178: 5170: 5162: 5157:"Trí is 13 years old," 5143: 5135: 5127: 5108: 5098: 5090: 4771:Traditional tone name 4671:(去; 'departing'), and 4617: 4328: 'rice seedling' 3987: 3970:for further details.) 3539:Vietnamese orthography 3477:is usually written as 3136: 3105:ethnic minority groups 3024: 3000:, to indicate a final 2985: 2968: 2966:de Rhodes's entry for 2716:, where it is notated 2664: 2653: 2643:The first page of the 2342: 2318:in Middle Vietnamese. 1891:words with an initial 1797:Low (second) register 1768:High (first) register 1713:, forming part of the 1635:was borrowed) it was * 1510:According to Ferlus, * 1014: 1008: 1002: 996: 990: 984: 978: 972: 858: 719:James Richardson Logan 650: 615: 599: 583:French rule of Vietnam 573: 483:Austroasiatic language 477: 441:This article contains 403:This article contains 38: 20129:Languages of Cambodia 20010:Person Dignity Theory 14502:Languages of Cambodia 13770:Swadesh-list appendix 13696:Moore, John. (1994). 13691:Vietnamese phrasebook 13682:Healy, Dana. (2004). 13609:English translation: 13423:Papers in Linguistics 13081:Alves, Mark J. 2007. 11675:"Vietnamese language" 11601:Tsung, Linda (2014). 11076:– via CrossRef. 10795:grammatical particles 8474:"thus, so, that way" 8227: 8210:mutually intelligible 8108:mutually intelligible 8013:Đoạn Trường Tân Thanh 8008:Vietnamese literature 7984:Vietnamese literature 7953:Vietnamese long form: 7716:in their ceremonies. 7115: 7094: 7066: 7036: 6263: 6253:Pure Vietnamese words 5803: 5772:Austroasiatic origins 5766: 5758: 5059:(displaying modified- 5012:Vietnamese morphology 3984:Fundamental frequency 3981: 3883:and identifies final 3123:As a foreign language 3022: 2965: 2889:. In both cases, the 2642: 1733:) into the language. 856: 636: 544:directionality, with 20124:Languages of Vietnam 19532:Traditional medicine 19410:Self-Defence Militia 18954:World Heritage Sites 18910:Environmental issues 13856:Languages of Vietnam 13700:. London: Routledge. 12906:Journal of Phonetics 12541:Vũ Thế Khôi (2009). 12481:. Ithaca, New York: 12452:admin (2014-02-05). 11809:. pp. 884–887. 10816:Some differences in 10358:Vietnamese Knowledge 9927:Trường học (School) 8110:regional varieties: 7920:Tháng mười một (11) 7421:. The Latin letters 7073:Nhật dụng thường đàm 6850:("very delicious"), 6199:Some words, such as 5296:"Giáp is very tall." 5122:"Minh is a teacher." 4613:Vietnamese Catholics 4226: 'tomb, grave' 3181:centering diphthongs 3162:Vietnamese phonology 3142:in the United States 2691:, is no longer used. 2343:tiếng Việt trung đại 1609:(ꞗ), representing a 902:initials had become 828:isolating morphology 787:Phùng Nguyên culture 647:Charles Otto Blagden 643:Walter William Skeat 517:, and still used by 485:spoken primarily in 20119:Isolating languages 20109:Vietnamese language 20005:Ho Chi Minh Thought 19181:Central Secretariat 18654:Proto-Austroasiatic 18374:Southern Nicobarese 17824:Khasi-Pnar-Lyngngam 17093:Czech Sign Language 16953:NM = Inner Mongolia 14450:Hanoi Sign Language 13768:(from Wiktionary's 12891:Ngữ-pháp tiếng Việt 12597:on 17 February 2015 12353:, pp. 101–105. 11681:. 29 November 2023. 11531:, pp. 143–155. 11350:, pp. 141–142. 11338:, pp. 151–152. 11294:Vương, Lộc (1995). 10419:Procedural Language 10368:Vietnamese pronouns 10309:choan hìm chanh kỉm 10301:chim hoàn chim cảnh 9953:Tâm lí (Mentality) 9615: 9529: 9418: 9085: 8329: 8180:South Central Coast 7928:Tháng mười hai (12) 7634:Vietnamese Catholic 7386:Late Middle English 7382:English orthography 7370:Alexandre de Rhodes 7356:Vietnamese alphabet 7350:Vietnamese alphabet 7340:Vietnamese Catholic 7215:Southern characters 7081:) are explained in 6813: 6718: 6279: 6008:volant directionnel 5970:) into Vietnamese ( 5897:Proto-Austroasiatic 5840:) in Chinese (also 5116:Minh là {giáo viên} 5050:subject–verb–object 4764: 4361: 4207:mid dipping-rising 4004:(i.e. pitch melody) 2851:was (and still is) 2649:Alexandre de Rhodes 2328:Alexandre de Rhodes 1924: 920:Alexandre de Rhodes 775:Quảng Bình Province 697:language spoken in 569:Vietnamese alphabet 556:and loanwords from 546:subject–verb–object 519:Vietnamese diaspora 248:Recognised minority 206:Vietnamese alphabet 18:Vietnamese Language 20134:Languages of China 20114:Analytic languages 20044:Vietnamese studies 19756:Overseas community 19549:Telecommunications 19302:Procurator-General 19257:Standing Committee 18947:Endangered species 17024:Minority languages 16490:Formosan languages 14711:Languages of China 13742:2009-10-10 at the 13712:An Annamese reader 13348:Gong, Xun (2019). 13076:Language variation 12759:Hashimoto, Mantaro 12691:for more examples. 12679:2008-02-22 at the 12341:, pp. 32, 38. 12227:baoninhbinh.org.vn 11727:2015-01-10 at the 11591:, pp. 55, 59. 11139:. SEAlang Projects 10373:Vietnamese studies 10009:Structural change 9947:Trung tâm (Centre) 9613: 9582:Ninh Bình Province 9520: 9454:Variation between 9409: 9083: 8327: 8229: 8134:Thanh Hóa dialect 8054:possibly contains 8035:Language variation 8031:transliteration). 7818:English month name 7493:of each syllable: 7157:Chinese characters 7122: 7110: 7089: 7061: 7029:Vietnamese Braille 6812: 6717: 6649:*k-jɔːʔ ~ *kʰjɔːʔ 6270: 6268: 5994:, from the French 5856:) in Japanese and 5816: 5769: 5761: 5256:Tài PRES.CONT talk 5077:verb serialization 5008:Vietnamese grammar 4763: 4355: 3988: 3857:as being phonemes 3523:"brass" is while 3025: 3007:, an allophone of 3002:labial-velar nasal 2986: 2943:to the Vietnamese 2665: 1922: 1860:. Essentially, an 1754:Initial consonant 859: 836:tonal distinctions 703:regional languages 651: 611:Chinese characters 211:Vietnamese Braille 74:(Hồ Chí Minh City) 20096: 20095: 20056: 20055: 20052: 20051: 20022:Traditional games 19706:Human trafficking 19631: 19630: 19422: 19421: 19418: 19417: 19315: 19314: 19252:National Assembly 19171:National Congress 19156:General Secretary 19151:Central Committee 19116:Foreign relations 19083: 19082: 19079: 19078: 19052:Central Highlands 18870: 18869: 18835:Chinese dominated 18723: 18722: 18717: 18716: 18701:extinct languages 18564: 18563: 18387: 18386: 18299: 18298: 18295: 18294: 18206: 18205: 18202: 18201: 18080: 18079: 18076: 18075: 18046: 18045: 17870: 17869: 17799: 17798: 17795: 17794: 17691: 17690: 17621: 17620: 17455: 17454: 17379: 17378: 17358: 17357: 17101: 17100: 17007:Official language 16966: 16965: 16509: 16508: 16505: 16504: 16501: 16500: 16494: 16486: 16478: 16381: 16380: 16111: 16110: 15849: 15848: 15845: 15844: 15574: 15573: 15570: 15569: 14901: 14900: 14677: 14676: 14652: 14651: 14509:Official language 14468: 14467: 14374: 14373: 14131: 14130: 13863:Official language 13663:978-0-19-507993-7 13617:Mon-Khmer Studies 13589:978-90-279-7643-7 13524:10.15084/00000465 13476:978-0-415-39923-4 13453:978-0-415-35339-7 13317:978-3-03002-437-6 13298:978-3-11-055606-3 13248:978-1-881044-27-7 13212:Mon–Khmer Studies 13195:Mon–Khmer Studies 13035:Mon–Khmer Studies 13006:10.1159/000082560 12850:978-1-501-71882-3 12793:978-0-520-90744-7 12683:, Language Log's 12643:, pp. 28–29. 12492:978-0-87727-782-8 12483:SEAP Publications 12325:978-0-192-51869-9 12251:978-0-8248-1892-0 11869:978-0-306-48321-9 11816:978-1-4129-3720-7 11807:SAGE Publications 11612:978-1-4411-4235-1 11567:, pp. 58–59. 11397:Mon–Khmer Studies 11169:Mon-Khmer Studies 11122:978-1-00-069906-7 11005:Driem, George van 10946:(27th ed., 2024) 10818:grammatical words 10729: 10728: 10562: 10561: 10314: 10313: 10181:Nonsense syllable 10141: 10140: 9971: 9970: 9882:⟩ symbol; 9856: 9855: 9598:, respectively). 9563: 9562: 9452: 9451: 9396: 9395: 9109:syllable-initial 9089:Syllable position 8993: 8992: 8610:"I, me (polite)" 8414:"thus, this way" 8244: 8193: 8192: 8184:Central Highlands 8099: 8098: 8091: 8056:original research 7935: 7934: 7706:. Priests of the 7621: 7620: 7509: 7390:Great Vowel Shift 7378:Francisco de Pina 7096:Jean-Louis Taberd 7043:, written in the 7012: 7011: 6780: 6779: 6714:. Some examples: 6683: 6682: 6247:thập tứ, thập ngũ 5259:"Tài is talking." 5192:student (college) 5018:analytic language 4999: 4998: 4774:Modern tone name 4675:(入; 'entering'). 4607: 4606: 4586:"oblique, sharp" 4546: 4545: 4350: 4349: 4295:U+0342 or U+0303 4193:U+0341 or U+0301 4142:U+0340 or U+0300 4068: 4028:Name and meaning 3998:length (duration) 3795: 3794: 3736: 3710: 3668: 3646: 3620: 3505:"hand" is while 3469: 3468: 3288: 3287: 2992:diacritic, as in 2635: 2634: 2559: 2531: 2501: 2473: 2439: 2338:Middle Vietnamese 2322:Middle Vietnamese 2279: 2278: 2195: 2143: 2074: 2023: 1852:At some point, a 1825: 1824: 1763:Fricative ending 1678:*kl, *gl > MV 1664:*pl, *bl > MV 1617:(then pronounced 1603:Middle Vietnamese 1499: 1498: 1392: 1357: 1282: 1239: 1188: 1129: 946:Classical Chinese 933:Modern Vietnamese 928:Jean-Louis Taberd 909:Middle Vietnamese 844:Malayo-Polynesian 842:(a member of the 495:official language 449:rendering support 429: 428: 411:rendering support 407:phonetic symbols. 394:ethnic Vietnamese 284:Regulated by 181:Middle Vietnamese 120:85 million (2019) 95:Dongxing, Guangxi 16:(Redirected from 20161: 20149:Vietic languages 20076: 20069: 19734: 19733: 19642: 19641: 19473:Renewable energy 19463: 19455: 19433: 19432: 19340: 19339: 19139: 19138: 19111:Fatherland Front 19094: 19093: 18960: 18959: 18881: 18880: 18813: 18812: 18750: 18743: 18736: 18727: 18726: 18398: 18397: 18310: 18309: 18215: 18214: 18118: 18117: 18098: 18097: 18091: 18090: 17909: 17908: 17881: 17880: 17821: 17820: 17812: 17811: 17783:(Northern Chong) 17724: 17723: 17702: 17701: 17632: 17631: 17501: 17489: 17466: 17465: 17390: 17389: 17287: 17286: 17148: 17147: 17128: 17121: 17114: 17105: 17104: 16993: 16986: 16979: 16970: 16969: 16922: 16492: 16484: 16476: 16190: 16189: 15963: 15962: 15866: 15865: 15855: 15854: 15043: 15042: 14938: 14937: 14927: 14926: 14914: 14913: 14910: 14909: 14738: 14737: 14725:Standard Chinese 14704: 14697: 14690: 14681: 14680: 14531: 14530: 14495: 14488: 14481: 14472: 14471: 14407:Mandarin Chinese 13894: 13893: 13885: 13884: 13849: 13842: 13835: 13826: 13825: 13813: 13812: 13801:rwaai | Projects 13650: 13624: 13606: 13593: 13564: 13528: 13526: 13517:(1–2): 135–158. 13501: 13479: 13457: 13438: 13417: 13415: 13379: 13369: 13344: 13320: 13302: 13275: 13273: 13252: 13236: 13219: 13202: 13113: 13071: 13042: 13025: 13000:(2–3): 119–146. 12984: 12958: 12948: 12946: 12931: 12921: 12886: 12865: 12854: 12835: 12816: 12797: 12778: 12754: 12745: 12692: 12671: 12665: 12664: 12663: 12662: 12650: 12644: 12638: 12632: 12626: 12620: 12615:Table data from 12613: 12607: 12606: 12604: 12602: 12582: 12571: 12570: 12552: 12546: 12539: 12533: 12532: 12521: 12515: 12514: 12503: 12497: 12496: 12474: 12468: 12467: 12465: 12464: 12449: 12443: 12442: 12440: 12439: 12425: 12419: 12418: 12400: 12394: 12393: 12375: 12369: 12363: 12354: 12348: 12342: 12336: 12330: 12329: 12311: 12305: 12304: 12286: 12280: 12279:, p. 24–26. 12274: 12268: 12262: 12256: 12255: 12237: 12231: 12230: 12219: 12213: 12212: 12210: 12209: 12194: 12188: 12187: 12185: 12184: 12170: 12164: 12163: 12161: 12160: 12151:. Archived from 12141: 12135: 12134: 12123: 12112: 12111: 12100: 12091: 12090: 12079: 12073: 12072: 12061: 12044: 12043: 12035: 12029: 12028: 12004: 11995: 11994: 11982: 11976: 11975: 11973: 11964: 11958: 11957: 11949: 11943: 11942: 11933:(5): 6858–6868. 11922: 11916: 11915: 11906:(1–2): 104–130. 11891: 11885: 11879: 11873: 11872: 11851: 11845: 11839: 11833: 11827: 11821: 11820: 11797:Lam, Ha (2008). 11794: 11788: 11787: 11785: 11783: 11778:on March 4, 2016 11777: 11766: 11757: 11751: 11750: 11738: 11732: 11719: 11713: 11707: 11701: 11700: 11689: 11683: 11682: 11671: 11665: 11659: 11653: 11652: 11645: 11639: 11638: 11637: 11636: 11623: 11617: 11616: 11598: 11592: 11586: 11580: 11574: 11568: 11562: 11556: 11550: 11544: 11538: 11532: 11526: 11520: 11519: 11503: 11494: 11492: 11473: 11464: 11462: 11439: 11433: 11431: 11415: 11406: 11404: 11388: 11375: 11369: 11363: 11357: 11351: 11345: 11339: 11333: 11327: 11321: 11315: 11309: 11300: 11299: 11291: 11282: 11276: 11270: 11264: 11258: 11252: 11246: 11240: 11234: 11228: 11222: 11216: 11205: 11204:, p. xviii. 11199: 11190: 11183: 11177: 11176: 11164: 11158: 11155: 11149: 11148: 11146: 11144: 11133: 11127: 11126: 11108: 11102: 11101: 11099: 11098: 11084: 11078: 11077: 11053: 11047: 11046: 11034: 11028: 11027: 11001: 10995: 10988: 10982: 10981: 10974: 10968: 10967: 10960: 10954: 10953: 10952: 10935: 10915: 10897: 10891: 10876: 10870: 10863: 10857: 10838: 10829: 10814: 10808: 10804: 10798: 10787: 10781: 10778: 10772: 10770: 10764: 10758: 10751: 10745: 10738: 10732: 10627: 10621: 10613: 10612: 10607: 10601: 10594: 10588: 10446: 10445: 10436: 10430: 10398: 10392: 10389: 10352: 10347: 10346: 10338: 10333: 10332: 10331: 10178: 10177: 10097:"Spain (España)" 9994: 9993: 9933:Học tập (Study) 9918: 9917: 9910:A basic form of 9897: 9889: 9881: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9662: 9637: Vinh 9616: 9612: 9597: 9593: 9575: 9568:Vietic languages 9539:Rural varieties 9530: 9519: 9505: 9499: 9481: 9475: 9428:Rural varieties 9419: 9408: 9390: 9364: 9333: 9293: 9267: 9236: 9086: 9082: 8330: 8326: 8246: 8245: 8226: 8188:Southern Vietnam 8128:Northern Vietnam 8113: 8112: 8094: 8087: 8083: 8080: 8074: 8071:inline citations 8047: 8046: 8039: 8026: 8015: 8005: 7990:The Tale of Kiều 7912:Tháng mười (10) 7815: 7814: 7784:Vietnamese Telex 7720:Computer support 7715: 7701: 7695: 7689: 7675: 7666: 7660: 7651:protectorate of 7641: 7631: 7616: 7604: 7596: 7584: 7576: 7564: 7556: 7544: 7536: 7524: 7516: 7507: 7496: 7495: 7344:Nguyễn Trường Tộ 7318: 7312: 7306: 7296: 7290: 7285: 7279: 7270: 7264: 7258: 7249: 7243: 7231:The Tale of Kiều 7219: 7216: 7213: 7210: 7207: 7203: 7166: 7153: 7148: 7142: 7137: 7130:Literary Chinese 7107: 7086: 7080: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7040:The Tale of Kiều 7000: 6995: 6976: 6961: 6942: 6919: 6904: 6889: 6873: 6835: 6814: 6811: 6790:or some form of 6761: 6742: 6719: 6716: 6280: 6269: 6145: 6144: 6135: 6134: 6109: 6108: 6086: 6085: 5936:and afterwards) 5883: 5882: 5873: 5872: 5855: 5854: 5849: 5848: 5839: 5838: 5820:language contact 5720: 5716: 5658: 5637: 5611: 5601: 5583: 5579: 5542: 5524: 5520: 5483: 5456: 5452: 5407: 5397: 5379: 5358: 5354: 5344: 5326: 5316: 5278: 5241: 5237: 5184: 5119:Minh BE teacher. 5104: 4765: 4762: 4622: 4555: 4554: 4542: 4535: 4528: 4514: 4507: 4500: 4486: 4479: 4472: 4458: 4451: 4444: 4430: 4423: 4416: 4402: 4395: 4388: 4374:Central dialect 4371:Southern dialect 4368:Northern dialect 4362: 4354: 4342: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4317: 4291: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4266: 4240: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4215: 4189: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4164: 4138: 4137: 4136: 4134: 4113: 4088: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4066: 4025: 4024: 4020: 3938: 3927: 3920: 3913: 3909: 3893: 3882: 3871: 3860: 3732: 3706: 3688: 3678: 3664: 3642: 3616: 3546: 3545: 3529:"raw silk" is . 3527: 3521: 3516: 3512: 3500: 3496: 3476: 3353: 3347: 3339: 3338: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3188: 3187: 3139: 3074:Guangxi Province 3010: 3006: 2971: 2949: 2942: 2938: 2927: 2912: 2906:rather than the 2905: 2888: 2884: 2877: 2873: 2865: 2861: 2850: 2830:that is written 2829: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2787: 2780: 2763: 2751: 2727: 2715: 2711: 2699: 2690: 2682: 2673: 2658: 2557: 2529: 2499: 2471: 2437: 2359: 2358: 2349: 2345: 2247: 2220: 2206: 2193: 2178: 2166: 2154: 2139: 2133: 2121: 2109: 2097: 2085: 2070: 2064: 2046: 2019: 2006: 1994: 1982: 1970: 1925: 1921: 1910: 1906: 1882:Ho Chi Minh City 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1746: 1745: 1724: 1720: 1657: 1653: 1642: 1638: 1630: 1620: 1612: 1600: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1559: 1554: 1550: 1535: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1487: 1477: 1467: 1457: 1438: 1428: 1418: 1408: 1398: 1390: 1381: 1367: 1355: 1337: 1310: 1298: 1288: 1280: 1269: 1255: 1245: 1237: 1226: 1216: 1204: 1194: 1186: 1177: 1167: 1157: 1145: 1135: 1127: 1111: 1101: 1089: 1079: 1035: 1034: 1022:Proto–Viet–Muong 1017: 1011: 1005: 999: 993: 987: 981: 975: 886: 885: 880: 874: 871: 809:Dong Son culture 620: 604: 576: 489:where it is the 480: 455: instead of 437: 436: 392:of Vietnam with 390:ethnic landscape 386: 377: 363: 347: 340: 331: 330: 322: 313: 312: 304: 274: 272: 271: 262: 260: 259: 250:language in 239: 237: 236: 197: 130: 73: 67: 60: 53: 41: 29: 28: 21: 20169: 20168: 20164: 20163: 20162: 20160: 20159: 20158: 20099: 20098: 20097: 20092: 20079: 20072: 20065: 20048: 19831: 19732: 19718:Public holidays 19701:Sex trafficking 19627: 19604: 19500:Five-Year Plans 19461: 19453: 19414: 19389: 19387:Public Security 19381: 19338: 19311: 19307:Military Courts 19273: 19240: 19195: 19143:Communist Party 19137: 19075: 19001: 18997:Electoral units 18958: 18915:Protected areas 18866: 18845:French colonial 18811: 18763: 18754: 18724: 18719: 18718: 18713: 18712: 18687: 18661:Proto-Palaungic 18644: 18637: 18560: 18536: 18501: 18460: 18383: 18357: 18329: 18291: 18265: 18244: 18198: 18177: 18109: 18072: 18042: 18021: 17988: 17950: 17900: 17866: 17850: 17806: 17791: 17769: 17748: 17719: 17713: 17687: 17666: 17617: 17601: 17580: 17554: 17521: 17495: 17483: 17451: 17430: 17409: 17375: 17354: 17308: 17278: 17222: 17137: 17132: 17102: 17097: 17081: 17018: 17002: 16997: 16967: 16962: 16936: 16916: 16894: 16823: 16767: 16578: 16571: 16497: 16477:(Indo-European) 16462: 16419: 16377: 16266: 16179: 16107: 16074: 15952: 15860: 15859:Other languages 15841: 15790: 15721:Central Tibetan 15692: 15566: 15500: 15347: 15229: 15032: 14984: 14932: 14921: 14897: 14881: 14788: 14729: 14713: 14708: 14678: 14673: 14648: 14607: 14526: 14520: 14504: 14499: 14469: 14464: 14436: 14395: 14370: 14267: 14212: 14174: 14127: 14101: 14041: 14023: 13990: 13880: 13874: 13858: 13853: 13818: 13744:Wayback Machine 13728: 13672: 13590: 13576:DeFrancis, John 13571: 13500:(3–4): 166–194. 13477: 13454: 13318: 13299: 13264:(2): xiii–xlv. 13249: 13234: 13226: 13167: 13078: 12956: 12944: 12929: 12900: 12883: 12851: 12832: 12813: 12794: 12706: 12701: 12696: 12695: 12681:Wayback Machine 12672: 12668: 12660: 12658: 12652: 12651: 12647: 12639: 12635: 12627: 12623: 12614: 12610: 12600: 12598: 12583: 12574: 12567: 12553: 12549: 12540: 12536: 12523: 12522: 12518: 12505: 12504: 12500: 12493: 12475: 12471: 12462: 12460: 12450: 12446: 12437: 12435: 12427: 12426: 12422: 12401: 12397: 12390: 12376: 12372: 12364: 12357: 12349: 12345: 12337: 12333: 12326: 12312: 12308: 12301: 12287: 12283: 12275: 12271: 12263: 12259: 12252: 12238: 12234: 12221: 12220: 12216: 12207: 12205: 12196: 12195: 12191: 12182: 12180: 12172: 12171: 12167: 12158: 12156: 12143: 12142: 12138: 12125: 12124: 12115: 12102: 12101: 12094: 12081: 12080: 12076: 12063: 12062: 12047: 12036: 12032: 12005: 11998: 11983: 11979: 11971: 11965: 11961: 11950: 11946: 11923: 11919: 11892: 11888: 11880: 11876: 11870: 11852: 11848: 11840: 11836: 11828: 11824: 11817: 11795: 11791: 11781: 11779: 11775: 11764: 11758: 11754: 11739: 11735: 11729:Wayback Machine 11720: 11716: 11708: 11704: 11691: 11690: 11686: 11673: 11672: 11668: 11660: 11656: 11647: 11646: 11642: 11634: 11632: 11625: 11624: 11620: 11613: 11599: 11595: 11587: 11583: 11575: 11571: 11563: 11559: 11551: 11547: 11539: 11535: 11527: 11523: 11504: 11497: 11474: 11467: 11440: 11436: 11416: 11409: 11389: 11378: 11370: 11366: 11358: 11354: 11346: 11342: 11334: 11330: 11322: 11318: 11310: 11303: 11296:An Nam dịch ngữ 11292: 11285: 11277: 11273: 11265: 11261: 11253: 11249: 11241: 11237: 11229: 11225: 11217: 11208: 11200: 11193: 11184: 11180: 11165: 11161: 11156: 11152: 11142: 11140: 11135: 11134: 11130: 11123: 11111:Li, Yu (2020). 11109: 11105: 11096: 11094: 11086: 11085: 11081: 11054: 11050: 11035: 11031: 11021: 11002: 10998: 10989: 10985: 10976: 10975: 10971: 10962: 10961: 10957: 10947: 10936: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10918: 10898: 10894: 10877: 10873: 10864: 10860: 10839: 10832: 10815: 10811: 10805: 10801: 10788: 10784: 10779: 10775: 10768:ngôn ngữ âm sắc 10753:Tone is called 10752: 10748: 10739: 10735: 10721: 10716: 10685: 10680: 10608: 10604: 10595: 10591: 10437: 10433: 10425:) paragraph 9 ( 10399: 10395: 10390: 10386: 10381: 10350:Language portal 10348: 10341: 10334: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10280:loan hà lanh cả 10272:la hoàn la cảnh 9997:Original phrase 9959:Lí do (Reason) 9908: 9643: 9604: 9482:"fifteen" (see 9377: 9376: 9355: 9354: 9324: 9323: 9280: 9279: 9258: 9257: 9227: 9226: 9200:syllable-final 9017: 8325: 8283:and heavily to 8264: 8263: 8255: 8253: 8252: 8251: 8250: 8247: 8240: 8237: 8230: 8224: 8215:sociolinguistic 8116:Dialect region 8095: 8084: 8078: 8075: 8060: 8048: 8044: 8037: 7986: 7980: 7904:Tháng chín (9) 7812:and in poetry. 7792: 7762:on Windows, or 7728: 7722: 7481:) and a single 7376:, particularly 7358: 7352: 7319:, most notably 7217: 7214: 7211: 7208: 7196: 7190: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7031: 7023:Main articles: 7021: 7019:Writing systems 6989:lu bu, lu xu bu 6844:Buddhist temple 6692: 6255: 6243:Sino-Vietnamese 6217:Chinese sausage 6197: 6124:keoi1 lok6 bou6 6097: 6059: 5996:note de musique 5942: 5918:Sino-Vietnamese 5798: 5796:Chinese contact 5774: 5753: 5748: 5738: 5730: 5722: 5708: 5700: 5692: 5684: 5676: 5668: 5660: 5649: 5639: 5629: 5621: 5613: 5603: 5593: 5585: 5570: 5560: 5552: 5544: 5534: 5526: 5511: 5501: 5493: 5485: 5474: 5466: 5458: 5443: 5433: 5425: 5417: 5409: 5399: 5389: 5381: 5370: 5360: 5346: 5336: 5328: 5318: 5307: 5298: 5288: 5280: 5270: 5261: 5251: 5243: 5229: 5220: 5210: 5202: 5194: 5186: 5176: 5168: 5159: 5149: 5141: 5133: 5124: 5114: 5106: 5096: 5014: 5006:Main articles: 5004: 4667:(上; 'rising'), 4629: 4336: 4333: 4332: 4285: 4282: 4281: 4234: 4231: 4230: 4183: 4180: 4179: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4082: 4079: 4078: 3976: 3902:as predictable 3560: 3535: 3461: 3456: 3446: 3433: 3428: 3418: 3280: 3270: 3257: 3247: 3169: 3164: 3158: 3125: 3101: 3099:Official status 3027:As a result of 3017: 2972:shows distinct 2692: 2684: 2675: 2373: 2324: 1918: 1760:Glottal ending 1739: 1737:Origin of tones 1024: 1000:('shirt', from 872: 815:began from the 791:Red River Delta 783: 767:Gérard Diffloth 655:linguistic work 631: 621:) to represent 505:, as well as a 499:native language 470: 469: 468: 447:Without proper 438: 434: 409:Without proper 397: 373: 359: 343: 336: 326: 325: 318: 308: 307: 300: 278: 269: 267: 266: 257: 255: 251: 249: 234: 232: 229: 222:Official status 213: 209: 198: 193: 187: 166: 159: 131: 128:Language family 126: 117: 116:Native speakers 100: 62: 55: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 20167: 20157: 20156: 20151: 20146: 20141: 20136: 20131: 20126: 20121: 20116: 20111: 20094: 20093: 20091: 20090: 20085: 20078: 20077: 20070: 20062: 20061: 20058: 20057: 20054: 20053: 20050: 20049: 20047: 20046: 20041: 20036: 20031: 20030: 20029: 20024: 20014: 20013: 20012: 20007: 20002: 19997: 19992: 19987: 19982: 19972: 19971: 19970: 19965: 19955: 19954: 19953: 19948: 19943: 19938: 19928: 19927: 19926: 19916: 19911: 19906: 19901: 19896: 19895: 19894: 19889: 19879: 19874: 19873: 19872: 19862: 19857: 19852: 19847: 19841: 19839: 19833: 19832: 19830: 19829: 19828: 19827: 19822: 19817: 19812: 19807: 19805:Folk religions 19797: 19792: 19787: 19782: 19781: 19780: 19775: 19770: 19760: 19759: 19758: 19753: 19742: 19740: 19731: 19730: 19725: 19720: 19715: 19714: 19713: 19708: 19703: 19698: 19693: 19683: 19682: 19681: 19680:hybrid variant 19668: 19658: 19657: 19656: 19645: 19639: 19633: 19632: 19629: 19628: 19626: 19625: 19623:Rail transport 19620: 19614: 19612: 19606: 19605: 19603: 19602: 19597: 19596: 19595: 19590: 19585: 19575: 19574: 19573: 19563: 19562: 19561: 19556: 19546: 19545: 19544: 19539: 19534: 19524: 19519: 19518: 19517: 19512: 19502: 19497: 19492: 19487: 19486: 19485: 19483:Power stations 19480: 19475: 19465: 19457: 19454:("Renovation") 19447: 19442: 19436: 19430: 19424: 19423: 19420: 19419: 19416: 19415: 19413: 19412: 19407: 19402: 19396: 19394: 19383: 19382: 19380: 19379: 19374: 19369: 19364: 19363: 19362: 19357: 19346: 19344: 19337: 19336: 19331: 19325: 19323: 19317: 19316: 19313: 19312: 19310: 19309: 19304: 19299: 19294: 19289: 19283: 19281: 19275: 19274: 19272: 19271: 19266: 19261: 19260: 19259: 19248: 19246: 19242: 19241: 19239: 19238: 19233: 19232: 19231: 19224:Prime Minister 19221: 19216: 19215: 19214: 19212:Vice President 19203: 19201: 19197: 19196: 19194: 19193: 19188: 19183: 19178: 19173: 19168: 19163: 19158: 19153: 19147: 19145: 19136: 19135: 19130: 19129: 19128: 19118: 19113: 19108: 19103: 19097: 19091: 19085: 19084: 19081: 19080: 19077: 19076: 19074: 19073: 19072: 19071: 19066: 19056: 19055: 19054: 19049: 19044: 19034: 19033: 19032: 19027: 19022: 19011: 19009: 19003: 19002: 19000: 18999: 18994: 18989: 18987:District-level 18984: 18979: 18977:Municipalities 18974: 18968: 18966: 18957: 18956: 18951: 18950: 18949: 18944: 18939: 18934: 18924: 18923: 18922: 18920:National parks 18912: 18907: 18902: 18901: 18900: 18898:Climate change 18890: 18884: 18878: 18872: 18871: 18868: 18867: 18865: 18864: 18863: 18862: 18857: 18847: 18842: 18837: 18832: 18827: 18821: 18819: 18810: 18809: 18804: 18799: 18794: 18789: 18784: 18779: 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17215: 17210: 17205: 17200: 17195: 17190: 17185: 17180: 17175: 17170: 17165: 17160: 17154: 17152: 17145: 17139: 17138: 17131: 17130: 17123: 17116: 17108: 17099: 17098: 17096: 17095: 17089: 17087: 17086:Sign languages 17083: 17082: 17080: 17079: 17074: 17069: 17064: 17059: 17054: 17049: 17044: 17039: 17034: 17028: 17026: 17020: 17019: 17017: 17016: 17010: 17008: 17004: 17003: 16996: 16995: 16988: 16981: 16973: 16964: 16963: 16961: 16960: 16957: 16954: 16951: 16948: 16947:HK = Hong Kong 16945: 16941: 16938: 16937: 16935: 16934: 16927: 16926: 16925: 16924: 16923: 16918:Hong Kong Sign 16911: 16902: 16900: 16896: 16895: 16893: 16892: 16887: 16882: 16877: 16872: 16867: 16862: 16857: 16852: 16847: 16842: 16837: 16831: 16829: 16825: 16824: 16822: 16821: 16816: 16811: 16806: 16801: 16796: 16791: 16786: 16781: 16775: 16773: 16769: 16768: 16766: 16765: 16764: 16763: 16758: 16748: 16747: 16746: 16741: 16731: 16730: 16729: 16724: 16714: 16713: 16712: 16707: 16702: 16697: 16692: 16687: 16686: 16685: 16680: 16675: 16660: 16655: 16650: 16645: 16644: 16643: 16638: 16637: 16636: 16626: 16621: 16620: 16619: 16609: 16604: 16599: 16594: 16583: 16581: 16573: 16572: 16570: 16569: 16564: 16558: 16553: 16548: 16543: 16538: 16533: 16528: 16523: 16517: 16515: 16511: 16510: 16507: 16506: 16503: 16502: 16499: 16498: 16496: 16495: 16493:(Austronesian) 16487: 16485:(Austronesian) 16479: 16470: 16468: 16464: 16463: 16461: 16460: 16455: 16450: 16445: 16440: 16435: 16429: 16427: 16421: 16420: 16418: 16417: 16412: 16407: 16402: 16397: 16391: 16389: 16383: 16382: 16379: 16378: 16376: 16375: 16370: 16365: 16360: 16355: 16350: 16345: 16340: 16335: 16330: 16325: 16320: 16315: 16310: 16305: 16300: 16295: 16290: 16285: 16280: 16274: 16272: 16268: 16267: 16265: 16264: 16259: 16254: 16249: 16244: 16239: 16234: 16229: 16224: 16219: 16214: 16209: 16204: 16198: 16196: 16187: 16181: 16180: 16178: 16177: 16172: 16167: 16162: 16157: 16152: 16147: 16142: 16137: 16132: 16127: 16121: 16119: 16113: 16112: 16109: 16108: 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13708: 13701: 13694: 13687: 13680: 13671: 13668: 13667: 13666: 13651: 13634: 13627: 13626: 13625: 13594: 13588: 13570: 13567: 13566: 13565: 13553:10.2307/411402 13547:(1): 362–371. 13536: 13529: 13502: 13480: 13475: 13458: 13452: 13439: 13418: 13391: 13380: 13360:(1–2): 55–72. 13345: 13328: 13321: 13316: 13303: 13297: 13276: 13253: 13247: 13225: 13222: 13221: 13220: 13203: 13186: 13166: 13163: 13162: 13161: 13154: 13147: 13136: 13125: 13114: 13101: 13090: 13077: 13074: 13073: 13072: 13060:10.2307/411232 13054:(3): 454–476. 13043: 13026: 12985: 12967:(3): 381–392. 12949: 12947:on 2018-11-13. 12922: 12899: 12896: 12895: 12894: 12887: 12881: 12866: 12855: 12849: 12836: 12830: 12817: 12811: 12798: 12792: 12779: 12755: 12746: 12734:10.2307/409878 12728:(3): 239–244. 12718:Emeneau, M. B. 12714: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12697: 12694: 12693: 12666: 12645: 12633: 12631:, p. 382. 12621: 12608: 12572: 12565: 12547: 12534: 12516: 12498: 12491: 12469: 12444: 12420: 12395: 12388: 12370: 12368:, p. 145. 12355: 12351:DeFrancis 1977 12343: 12339:DeFrancis 1977 12331: 12324: 12306: 12300:978-1107544895 12299: 12281: 12277:DeFrancis 1977 12269: 12267:, p. 141. 12257: 12250: 12232: 12214: 12189: 12165: 12136: 12113: 12092: 12074: 12045: 12030: 12025:10.15026/94521 11996: 11977: 11959: 11944: 11917: 11886: 11874: 11868: 11846: 11834: 11822: 11815: 11789: 11752: 11733: 11714: 11702: 11684: 11666: 11654: 11640: 11618: 11611: 11593: 11581: 11569: 11557: 11555:, p. 162. 11545: 11533: 11521: 11495: 11465: 11434: 11407: 11376: 11374:, p. 187. 11364: 11360:DeFrancis 1977 11352: 11340: 11328: 11326:, p. 136. 11316: 11314:, p. 678. 11301: 11283: 11281:, p. 659. 11271: 11269:, p. 663. 11259: 11257:, p. xix. 11247: 11245:, p. 662. 11235: 11233:, p. 661. 11223: 11221:, p. 189. 11206: 11191: 11178: 11159: 11150: 11128: 11121: 11103: 11079: 11048: 11029: 11019: 10996: 10983: 10980:. 7 June 2023. 10969: 10966:. 3 July 2013. 10955: 10926: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10917: 10916: 10892: 10871: 10858: 10830: 10809: 10799: 10782: 10773: 10746: 10733: 10731: 10730: 10727: 10726: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10710: 10704: 10703: 10700: 10697: 10691: 10690: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10674: 10668: 10667: 10664: 10661: 10658: 10655: 10649: 10648: 10645: 10642: 10639: 10636: 10630: 10629: 10623: 10617: 10602: 10589: 10564: 10563: 10560: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10546: 10545: 10542: 10539: 10536: 10533: 10527: 10526: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10509: 10508: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10491: 10490: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10473: 10472: 10469: 10465: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10449: 10431: 10393: 10383: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10376: 10375: 10370: 10365: 10360: 10354: 10353: 10339: 10336:Vietnam portal 10323: 10320: 10316: 10315: 10312: 10311: 10306: 10303: 10298: 10295: 10289: 10283: 10282: 10277: 10274: 10269: 10266: 10260: 10254: 10253: 10248: 10245: 10240: 10237: 10231: 10225: 10224: 10219: 10216: 10211: 10208: 10202: 10196: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10143: 10142: 10139: 10138: 10135: 10125: 10122: 10115: 10114: 10111: 10101: 10098: 10091: 10090: 10087: 10081: 10078: 10071: 10070: 10067: 10061: 10058: 10051: 10050: 10047: 10041: 10038: 10031: 10030: 10027: 10021: 10018: 10011: 10010: 10007: 10006:transformation 10000: 9998: 9969: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9960: 9957: 9954: 9951: 9948: 9944: 9943: 9940: 9937: 9934: 9931: 9928: 9925: 9922: 9907: 9904: 9884:murmured voice 9864:glottalization 9854: 9853: 9848: 9843: 9838: 9833: 9828: 9822: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9800: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9763: 9762: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9726: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9689: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9652: 9651: 9646: 9639: 9633: 9632: 9629: 9626: 9625:North-central 9623: 9620: 9603: 9600: 9561: 9560: 9558: 9552: 9551: 9549: 9547: 9541: 9540: 9537: 9534: 9450: 9449: 9447: 9441: 9440: 9438: 9436: 9430: 9429: 9426: 9423: 9394: 9393: 9391: 9370: 9369: 9367: 9365: 9348: 9347: 9345: 9339: 9338: 9336: 9334: 9317: 9316: 9314: 9308: 9307: 9305: 9303: 9297: 9296: 9294: 9273: 9272: 9270: 9268: 9251: 9250: 9248: 9242: 9241: 9239: 9237: 9220: 9219: 9217: 9211: 9210: 9208: 9206: 9201: 9197: 9196: 9194: 9192: 9186: 9185: 9182: 9176: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9164: 9163: 9161: 9159: 9153: 9152: 9150: 9148: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9137: 9131: 9130: 9128: 9126: 9120: 9119: 9117: 9115: 9110: 9106: 9105: 9102: 9099: 9096: 9093: 9090: 9016: 9013: 8991: 8990: 8987: 8982: 8977: 8971: 8970: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8951: 8950: 8947: 8939: 8934: 8928: 8927: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8908: 8907: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8884: 8883: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8864: 8863: 8860: 8851: 8846: 8840: 8839: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8820: 8819: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8800: 8799: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8780: 8779: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8756: 8755: 8752: 8747: 8738: 8732: 8731: 8728: 8715: 8706: 8696: 8695: 8692: 8687: 8682: 8676: 8675: 8672: 8659: 8650: 8632: 8631: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8612: 8611: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8592: 8591: 8588: 8583: 8574: 8564: 8563: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8544: 8543: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8524: 8523: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8504: 8503: 8502:"that yonder" 8500: 8495: 8486: 8476: 8475: 8472: 8463: 8454: 8440: 8439: 8436: 8431: 8422: 8416: 8415: 8412: 8407: 8398: 8388: 8387: 8384: 8379: 8370: 8364: 8363: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8344: 8343: 8342:English gloss 8340: 8337: 8334: 8324: 8321: 8304:Fall of Saigon 8297:Tập kết ra Bắc 8254: 8248: 8238: 8233: 8232: 8231: 8222: 8221: 8220: 8191: 8190: 8177: 8173: 8172: 8170:Thừa Thiên Huế 8167: 8163: 8162: 8145: 8141: 8140: 8135: 8131: 8130: 8125: 8121: 8120: 8117: 8103:Nguồn language 8097: 8096: 8051: 8049: 8042: 8036: 8033: 7982:Main article: 7979: 7976: 7963: 7962: 7956: 7950: 7933: 7932: 7929: 7926: 7922: 7921: 7918: 7914: 7913: 7910: 7906: 7905: 7902: 7898: 7897: 7896:Tháng tám (8) 7894: 7890: 7889: 7888:Tháng bảy (7) 7886: 7882: 7881: 7880:Tháng sáu (6) 7878: 7874: 7873: 7872:Tháng năm (5) 7870: 7866: 7865: 7862: 7858: 7857: 7854: 7850: 7849: 7848:Tháng hai (2) 7846: 7842: 7841: 7838: 7835: 7831: 7830: 7827: 7823: 7822: 7819: 7810:lunar calendar 7791: 7788: 7724:Main article: 7721: 7718: 7670:Nevertheless, 7619: 7618: 7610: 7599: 7598: 7590: 7579: 7578: 7577:'questioning' 7570: 7559: 7558: 7550: 7539: 7538: 7530: 7519: 7518: 7510: 7504: 7503: 7500: 7417:) formed with 7354:Main article: 7351: 7348: 7299: 7298: 7272: 7251: 7192:Main article: 7189: 7186: 7116:A sign at the 7098:'s dictionary 7020: 7017: 7010: 7009: 7002: 6991: 6985: 6984: 6977: 6972: 6966: 6965: 6962: 6957: 6951: 6950: 6943: 6938: 6932: 6931: 6920: 6915: 6909: 6908: 6905: 6900: 6894: 6893: 6890: 6885: 6879: 6878: 6874: 6869: 6863: 6862: 6836: 6831: 6825: 6824: 6821: 6818: 6778: 6777: 6762: 6757: 6751: 6750: 6743: 6738: 6732: 6731: 6728: 6723: 6691: 6688: 6681: 6680: 6677: 6667: 6662: 6660: 6655: 6651: 6650: 6647: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6618: 6617: 6614: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6585: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6563: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6538: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6516: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6494: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6472: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6450: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6428: 6427: 6424: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6395: 6394: 6391: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6362: 6361: 6358: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6329: 6328: 6325:Middle Chinese 6321: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6300: 6299: 6296: 6293: 6290: 6287: 6284: 6254: 6251: 6209:Middle Chinese 6196: 6193: 6178:from modified 6096: 6093: 6058: 6055: 6000:steering wheel 5946:Geneva Accords 5941: 5938: 5797: 5794: 5773: 5770: 5752: 5749: 5731: 5723: 5709: 5701: 5693: 5685: 5677: 5669: 5661: 5651: 5650: 5630: 5622: 5614: 5604: 5594: 5586: 5572: 5571: 5553: 5545: 5535: 5527: 5513: 5512: 5494: 5486: 5475: 5467: 5459: 5445: 5444: 5426: 5418: 5410: 5400: 5390: 5382: 5372: 5371: 5347: 5337: 5329: 5319: 5308: 5300: 5299: 5281: 5271: 5263: 5262: 5244: 5230: 5222: 5221: 5203: 5195: 5187: 5177: 5169: 5161: 5160: 5142: 5134: 5126: 5125: 5107: 5097: 5089: 5088: 5003: 5000: 4997: 4996: 4993: 4988: 4981: 4980: 4977: 4972: 4966: 4950: 4949: 4946: 4941: 4934: 4933: 4930: 4925: 4919: 4903: 4902: 4899: 4894: 4887: 4886: 4883: 4878: 4872: 4857: 4841: 4840: 4837: 4832: 4825: 4824: 4821: 4816: 4810: 4795: 4779: 4778: 4775: 4772: 4769: 4655:belong to the 4647:belong to the 4628: 4625: 4605: 4604: 4587: 4580: 4579: 4570: 4569:"level, flat" 4563: 4562: 4559: 4544: 4543: 4536: 4529: 4522: 4516: 4515: 4508: 4501: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4480: 4473: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4452: 4445: 4438: 4432: 4431: 4424: 4417: 4410: 4404: 4403: 4396: 4389: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4372: 4369: 4366: 4348: 4347: 4344: 4329: 4323: 4313: 4310: 4307: 4297: 4296: 4293: 4278: 4272: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4246: 4245: 4242: 4227: 4221: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4204:'questioning' 4195: 4194: 4191: 4176: 4170: 4160: 4157: 4154: 4144: 4143: 4140: 4125: 4119: 4109: 4106: 4103: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4075: 4074: 'ghost' 4069: 4064: 4061: 4058: 4048: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4014: 4013: 4008: 4005: 3999: 3975: 3972: 3797: 3796: 3793: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3729: 3728: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3679: 3669: 3661: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3639: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3554: 3549: 3534: 3531: 3471: 3470: 3467: 3466: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3450: 3439: 3438: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3422: 3411: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3290: 3289: 3286: 3285: 3282: 3277: 3274: 3263: 3262: 3259: 3254: 3251: 3240: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3168: 3165: 3160:Main article: 3157: 3154: 3124: 3121: 3112:Czech Republic 3100: 3097: 3053:Czech Republic 3033:Southeast Asia 3016: 3013: 2960: 2959: 2934:palatoalveolar 2894: 2880:stop consonant 2843: 2824: 2815:had merged as 2793: 2792: 2773: 2756: 2637: 2636: 2633: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2621: 2619: 2613: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2603: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2585: 2584: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2548: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2496: 2495: 2493: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2429: 2428: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2398: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2367: 2362: 2323: 2320: 2281: 2280: 2277: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2254: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2227: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2210: 2208: 2196: 2191: 2185: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2168: 2156: 2144: 2141:Implosive stop 2136: 2135: 2123: 2111: 2099: 2087: 2075: 2067: 2066: 2054: 2048: 2036: 2030: 2024: 2017: 2011: 2010: 2008: 1996: 1984: 1972: 1960: 1954: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1917: 1916:Old Vietnamese 1914: 1893:minor syllable 1889:sesquisyllabic 1827: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1815: 1808: 1801: 1798: 1794: 1793: 1786: 1779: 1772: 1769: 1765: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1757:Smooth ending 1755: 1752: 1738: 1735: 1711:Middle Chinese 1707: 1706: 1700: 1686: 1676: 1668:> Northern 1662: 1621:). See below. 1592: 1591: 1582: 1573: 1564: 1555: 1538:minor syllable 1501: 1500: 1497: 1496: 1494: 1492: 1482: 1472: 1462: 1452: 1446: 1445: 1443: 1433: 1423: 1413: 1403: 1393: 1387: 1386: 1376: 1374: 1372: 1362: 1360: 1358: 1353: 1347: 1346: 1344: 1342: 1332: 1330: 1328: 1326: 1320: 1319: 1317: 1315: 1305: 1303: 1293: 1283: 1277: 1276: 1274: 1264: 1262: 1260: 1250: 1240: 1234: 1233: 1231: 1221: 1211: 1209: 1199: 1189: 1183: 1182: 1172: 1162: 1152: 1150: 1140: 1130: 1125: 1119: 1118: 1116: 1106: 1096: 1094: 1084: 1074: 1068: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1043: 1038: 1028:Mường language 1023: 1020: 1012:('doll', from 976:('dame', from 938: 937: 934: 931: 910: 907: 866: 798:sesquisyllabic 782: 779: 739:Jean Przyluski 723:Korku language 705:, such as the 689:branch of the 630: 629:Classification 627: 554:Middle Chinese 526:Southeast Asia 521:in the world. 451:, you may see 439: 432: 431: 430: 427: 426: 413:, you may see 399: 398: 387: 379: 378: 371: 365: 364: 357: 349: 348: 341: 333: 332: 323: 315: 314: 305: 297: 296: 295:Language codes 292: 291: 286: 280: 279: 264:Czech Republic 254: 252: 247: 244: 243: 230: 227: 224: 223: 219: 218: 199: 195:Writing system 192: 189: 188: 186: 185: 184: 183: 176:Old Vietnamese 169: 167: 164: 161: 160: 158: 157: 156: 155: 154: 153: 134: 132: 125: 122: 121: 118: 115: 112: 111: 106: 102: 101: 99: 98: 88: 82: 80: 79:Native to 76: 75: 47: 43: 42: 34: 33: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 20166: 20155: 20152: 20150: 20147: 20145: 20142: 20140: 20137: 20135: 20132: 20130: 20127: 20125: 20122: 20120: 20117: 20115: 20112: 20110: 20107: 20106: 20104: 20089: 20086: 20084: 20081: 20080: 20075: 20071: 20068: 20064: 20063: 20059: 20045: 20042: 20040: 20037: 20035: 20032: 20028: 20025: 20023: 20020: 20019: 20018: 20015: 20011: 20008: 20006: 20003: 20001: 19998: 19996: 19993: 19991: 19988: 19986: 19983: 19981: 19978: 19977: 19976: 19973: 19969: 19966: 19964: 19961: 19960: 19959: 19956: 19952: 19949: 19947: 19944: 19942: 19939: 19937: 19934: 19933: 19932: 19929: 19925: 19922: 19921: 19920: 19917: 19915: 19912: 19910: 19907: 19905: 19902: 19900: 19897: 19893: 19890: 19888: 19885: 19884: 19883: 19880: 19878: 19875: 19871: 19868: 19867: 19866: 19863: 19861: 19858: 19856: 19853: 19851: 19848: 19846: 19843: 19842: 19840: 19838: 19834: 19826: 19823: 19821: 19818: 19816: 19813: 19811: 19808: 19806: 19803: 19802: 19801: 19798: 19796: 19793: 19791: 19788: 19786: 19785:Ethnic groups 19783: 19779: 19776: 19774: 19771: 19769: 19766: 19765: 19764: 19761: 19757: 19754: 19752: 19749: 19748: 19747: 19744: 19743: 19741: 19739: 19735: 19729: 19726: 19724: 19721: 19719: 19716: 19712: 19709: 19707: 19704: 19702: 19699: 19697: 19694: 19692: 19689: 19688: 19687: 19684: 19679: 19676: 19672: 19669: 19667: 19664: 19663: 19662: 19659: 19655: 19652: 19651: 19650: 19647: 19646: 19643: 19640: 19638: 19634: 19624: 19621: 19619: 19618:Air transport 19616: 19615: 19613: 19611: 19607: 19601: 19598: 19594: 19591: 19589: 19586: 19584: 19581: 19580: 19579: 19576: 19572: 19569: 19568: 19567: 19564: 19560: 19557: 19555: 19552: 19551: 19550: 19547: 19543: 19540: 19538: 19535: 19533: 19530: 19529: 19528: 19525: 19523: 19520: 19516: 19513: 19511: 19508: 19507: 19506: 19505:Manufacturing 19503: 19501: 19498: 19496: 19495:Foreign trade 19493: 19491: 19488: 19484: 19481: 19479: 19478:Nuclear power 19476: 19474: 19471: 19470: 19469: 19466: 19464: 19458: 19456: 19452: 19448: 19446: 19443: 19441: 19438: 19437: 19434: 19431: 19429: 19425: 19411: 19408: 19406: 19403: 19401: 19398: 19397: 19395: 19393: 19388: 19384: 19378: 19375: 19373: 19370: 19368: 19365: 19361: 19358: 19356: 19353: 19352: 19351: 19348: 19347: 19345: 19341: 19335: 19332: 19330: 19327: 19326: 19324: 19322: 19318: 19308: 19305: 19303: 19300: 19298: 19295: 19293: 19292:Chief Justice 19290: 19288: 19285: 19284: 19282: 19280: 19276: 19270: 19267: 19265: 19262: 19258: 19255: 19254: 19253: 19250: 19249: 19247: 19243: 19237: 19234: 19230: 19227: 19226: 19225: 19222: 19220: 19217: 19213: 19210: 19209: 19208: 19205: 19204: 19202: 19198: 19192: 19189: 19187: 19184: 19182: 19179: 19177: 19174: 19172: 19169: 19167: 19164: 19162: 19159: 19157: 19154: 19152: 19149: 19148: 19146: 19144: 19140: 19134: 19131: 19127: 19124: 19123: 19122: 19119: 19117: 19114: 19112: 19109: 19107: 19104: 19102: 19099: 19098: 19095: 19092: 19090: 19086: 19070: 19067: 19065: 19062: 19061: 19060: 19057: 19053: 19050: 19048: 19047:South Central 19045: 19043: 19042:North Central 19040: 19039: 19038: 19035: 19031: 19028: 19026: 19023: 19021: 19018: 19017: 19016: 19013: 19012: 19010: 19008: 19004: 18998: 18995: 18993: 18992:Commune-level 18990: 18988: 18985: 18983: 18980: 18978: 18975: 18973: 18970: 18969: 18967: 18965: 18961: 18955: 18952: 18948: 18945: 18943: 18940: 18938: 18935: 18933: 18930: 18929: 18928: 18925: 18921: 18918: 18917: 18916: 18913: 18911: 18908: 18906: 18903: 18899: 18896: 18895: 18894: 18891: 18889: 18886: 18885: 18882: 18879: 18877: 18873: 18861: 18860:South Vietnam 18858: 18856: 18855:North Vietnam 18853: 18852: 18851: 18848: 18846: 18843: 18841: 18838: 18836: 18833: 18831: 18828: 18826: 18823: 18822: 18820: 18818: 18814: 18808: 18805: 18803: 18800: 18798: 18795: 18793: 18790: 18788: 18785: 18783: 18780: 18778: 18775: 18774: 18772: 18770: 18766: 18762: 18758: 18751: 18746: 18744: 18739: 18737: 18732: 18731: 18728: 18708: 18704: 18702: 18698: 18695: 18694: 18690: 18684: 18683: 18679: 18677: 18676: 18672: 18670: 18669: 18668:Proto-Khmeric 18665: 18663: 18662: 18658: 18656: 18655: 18651: 18650: 18648: 18646: 18640: 18631: 18628: 18626: 18623: 18622: 18621: 18618: 18614: 18611: 18609: 18606: 18605: 18604: 18601: 18599: 18596: 18592: 18589: 18587: 18584: 18582: 18579: 18578: 18577: 18574: 18573: 18571: 18567: 18556: 18555: 18551: 18549: 18546: 18545: 18543: 18539: 18533: 18530: 18528: 18525: 18523: 18520: 18518: 18515: 18514: 18512: 18509: 18504: 18498: 18495: 18493: 18490: 18488: 18485: 18483: 18482: 18478: 18476: 18473: 18472: 18470: 18467: 18463: 18457: 18454: 18452: 18449: 18447: 18444: 18442: 18439: 18437: 18434: 18432: 18429: 18427: 18424: 18422: 18419: 18417: 18414: 18412: 18409: 18408: 18406: 18403: 18399: 18396: 18394: 18390: 18380: 18377: 18375: 18372: 18370: 18367: 18366: 18364: 18360: 18354: 18351: 18349: 18346: 18344: 18341: 18340: 18338: 18336: 18332: 18326: 18323: 18321: 18318: 18317: 18315: 18313:Chaura-Teresa 18311: 18308: 18306: 18302: 18288: 18285: 18283: 18280: 18278: 18275: 18274: 18272: 18268: 18262: 18259: 18257: 18254: 18253: 18251: 18247: 18241: 18238: 18236: 18233: 18231: 18228: 18226: 18223: 18222: 18220: 18216: 18213: 18209: 18195: 18192: 18190: 18187: 18186: 18184: 18180: 18174: 18171: 18169: 18166: 18164: 18161: 18159: 18156: 18154: 18151: 18149: 18146: 18144: 18141: 18139: 18136: 18134: 18131: 18129: 18126: 18125: 18123: 18119: 18116: 18112: 18106: 18103: 18102: 18099: 18096: 18092: 18089: 18087: 18083: 18069: 18066: 18064: 18061: 18059: 18056: 18055: 18053: 18049: 18039: 18036: 18034: 18031: 18030: 18028: 18024: 18018: 18015: 18013: 18010: 18008: 18005: 18003: 18000: 17999: 17997: 17995: 17991: 17985: 17982: 17980: 17977: 17975: 17972: 17970: 17967: 17965: 17962: 17961: 17959: 17957: 17953: 17947: 17944: 17942: 17939: 17937: 17934: 17932: 17929: 17927: 17924: 17922: 17919: 17918: 17916: 17914: 17910: 17907: 17903: 17897: 17894: 17892: 17889: 17888: 17886: 17882: 17879: 17877: 17873: 17863: 17860: 17859: 17857: 17853: 17847: 17844: 17842: 17839: 17837: 17834: 17832: 17829: 17828: 17826: 17822: 17819: 17817: 17813: 17810: 17808: 17802: 17788: 17787:Western Chong 17785: 17782: 17779: 17778: 17776: 17772: 17766: 17763: 17761: 17758: 17757: 17755: 17751: 17745: 17742: 17740: 17737: 17735: 17734:Central Chong 17732: 17731: 17729: 17725: 17722: 17716: 17710: 17707: 17706: 17703: 17700: 17698: 17694: 17684: 17681: 17679: 17676: 17675: 17673: 17669: 17663: 17660: 17658: 17655: 17653: 17650: 17648: 17645: 17643: 17640: 17639: 17637: 17633: 17630: 17628: 17624: 17614: 17611: 17610: 17608: 17604: 17598: 17595: 17593: 17590: 17589: 17587: 17583: 17577: 17574: 17572: 17569: 17567: 17564: 17563: 17561: 17557: 17551: 17548: 17546: 17543: 17541: 17538: 17536: 17533: 17532: 17530: 17528: 17524: 17518: 17515: 17513: 17510: 17506: 17503: 17499: 17494: 17491: 17487: 17482: 17479: 17478: 17477: 17474: 17473: 17471: 17467: 17464: 17462: 17458: 17448: 17445: 17443: 17440: 17439: 17437: 17433: 17427: 17424: 17422: 17419: 17418: 17416: 17412: 17406: 17403: 17401: 17398: 17397: 17395: 17391: 17388: 17386: 17382: 17371: 17368: 17367: 17365: 17361: 17351: 17348: 17346: 17343: 17341: 17338: 17336: 17333: 17331: 17328: 17326: 17323: 17321: 17318: 17317: 17315: 17311: 17305: 17302: 17300: 17297: 17295: 17292: 17291: 17288: 17285: 17281: 17275: 17272: 17270: 17267: 17265: 17262: 17260: 17257: 17255: 17252: 17250: 17247: 17245: 17242: 17240: 17237: 17235: 17232: 17231: 17229: 17225: 17219: 17216: 17214: 17211: 17209: 17206: 17204: 17201: 17199: 17196: 17194: 17191: 17189: 17186: 17184: 17181: 17179: 17176: 17174: 17171: 17169: 17166: 17164: 17161: 17159: 17156: 17155: 17153: 17149: 17146: 17144: 17140: 17136: 17129: 17124: 17122: 17117: 17115: 17110: 17109: 17106: 17094: 17091: 17090: 17088: 17084: 17078: 17075: 17073: 17070: 17068: 17065: 17063: 17060: 17058: 17055: 17053: 17050: 17048: 17045: 17043: 17040: 17038: 17035: 17033: 17030: 17029: 17027: 17025: 17021: 17015: 17012: 17011: 17009: 17005: 17001: 16994: 16989: 16987: 16982: 16980: 16975: 16974: 16971: 16958: 16956:XJ = Xinjiang 16955: 16952: 16949: 16946: 16943: 16942: 16939: 16933: 16931: 16928: 16921: 16919: 16915: 16914: 16912: 16909: 16908: 16907: 16904: 16903: 16901: 16897: 16891: 16888: 16886: 16883: 16881: 16878: 16876: 16873: 16871: 16868: 16866: 16863: 16861: 16858: 16856: 16853: 16851: 16848: 16846: 16843: 16841: 16838: 16836: 16833: 16832: 16830: 16826: 16820: 16817: 16815: 16812: 16810: 16807: 16805: 16802: 16800: 16797: 16795: 16792: 16790: 16787: 16785: 16782: 16780: 16777: 16776: 16774: 16770: 16762: 16759: 16757: 16754: 16753: 16752: 16749: 16745: 16742: 16740: 16737: 16736: 16735: 16732: 16728: 16725: 16723: 16720: 16719: 16718: 16715: 16711: 16708: 16706: 16703: 16701: 16698: 16696: 16693: 16691: 16688: 16684: 16681: 16679: 16676: 16674: 16671: 16670: 16669: 16666: 16665: 16664: 16661: 16659: 16656: 16654: 16651: 16649: 16646: 16642: 16639: 16635: 16632: 16631: 16630: 16627: 16625: 16622: 16618: 16615: 16614: 16613: 16610: 16608: 16605: 16603: 16600: 16598: 16595: 16593: 16590: 16589: 16588: 16585: 16584: 16582: 16580: 16574: 16568: 16565: 16562: 16559: 16557: 16554: 16552: 16549: 16547: 16544: 16542: 16539: 16537: 16534: 16532: 16529: 16527: 16524: 16522: 16519: 16518: 16516: 16512: 16491: 16488: 16483: 16480: 16475: 16472: 16471: 16469: 16465: 16459: 16458:Western Yugur 16456: 16454: 16451: 16449: 16446: 16444: 16441: 16439: 16436: 16434: 16431: 16430: 16428: 16426: 16422: 16416: 16413: 16411: 16408: 16406: 16403: 16401: 16398: 16396: 16393: 16392: 16390: 16388: 16384: 16374: 16371: 16369: 16366: 16364: 16361: 16359: 16356: 16354: 16351: 16349: 16346: 16344: 16341: 16339: 16336: 16334: 16331: 16329: 16326: 16324: 16321: 16319: 16316: 16314: 16311: 16309: 16306: 16304: 16301: 16299: 16296: 16294: 16291: 16289: 16286: 16284: 16281: 16279: 16276: 16275: 16273: 16269: 16263: 16260: 16258: 16255: 16253: 16250: 16248: 16245: 16243: 16240: 16238: 16235: 16233: 16230: 16228: 16225: 16223: 16220: 16218: 16215: 16213: 16210: 16208: 16205: 16203: 16200: 16199: 16197: 16195: 16191: 16188: 16186: 16182: 16176: 16173: 16171: 16168: 16166: 16163: 16161: 16158: 16156: 16153: 16151: 16148: 16146: 16143: 16141: 16140:Eastern Yugur 16138: 16136: 16133: 16131: 16128: 16126: 16123: 16122: 16120: 16118: 16114: 16104: 16101: 16099: 16096: 16094: 16091: 16089: 16086: 16085: 16083: 16081: 16077: 16071: 16068: 16066: 16063: 16061: 16060:Small Flowery 16058: 16056: 16053: 16051: 16048: 16046: 16043: 16041: 16038: 16036: 16033: 16031: 16028: 16026: 16023: 16021: 16018: 16016: 16013: 16011: 16008: 16006: 16003: 16001: 15998: 15996: 15993: 15991: 15988: 15986: 15983: 15981: 15978: 15976: 15973: 15972: 15970: 15968: 15964: 15961: 15959: 15955: 15949: 15946: 15944: 15941: 15939: 15936: 15934: 15931: 15929: 15926: 15924: 15921: 15919: 15916: 15914: 15911: 15909: 15906: 15904: 15901: 15899: 15896: 15894: 15891: 15889: 15886: 15884: 15881: 15879: 15876: 15875: 15873: 15871: 15870:Austroasiatic 15867: 15863: 15856: 15852: 15838: 15835: 15833: 15830: 15828: 15825: 15823: 15820: 15818: 15815: 15813: 15810: 15808: 15805: 15803: 15800: 15799: 15797: 15793: 15787: 15784: 15782: 15779: 15777: 15774: 15772: 15769: 15767: 15764: 15762: 15759: 15757: 15754: 15752: 15749: 15747: 15744: 15742: 15739: 15737: 15734: 15732: 15729: 15727: 15724: 15722: 15719: 15717: 15714: 15712: 15709: 15707: 15704: 15703: 15701: 15699: 15695: 15689: 15686: 15684: 15681: 15679: 15676: 15674: 15671: 15669: 15666: 15664: 15661: 15659: 15656: 15654: 15651: 15649: 15646: 15644: 15641: 15639: 15636: 15634: 15631: 15629: 15626: 15624: 15621: 15619: 15616: 15614: 15611: 15609: 15606: 15604: 15601: 15599: 15596: 15594: 15591: 15589: 15586: 15585: 15583: 15581: 15577: 15563: 15560: 15558: 15555: 15553: 15550: 15548: 15545: 15543: 15540: 15538: 15535: 15533: 15530: 15528: 15525: 15523: 15520: 15518: 15515: 15513: 15510: 15509: 15507: 15503: 15497: 15494: 15492: 15489: 15487: 15484: 15482: 15479: 15477: 15474: 15472: 15469: 15467: 15464: 15462: 15459: 15457: 15454: 15452: 15449: 15447: 15444: 15442: 15439: 15437: 15434: 15432: 15429: 15427: 15424: 15422: 15419: 15417: 15414: 15412: 15409: 15407: 15404: 15402: 15399: 15397: 15394: 15392: 15389: 15387: 15384: 15382: 15379: 15377: 15374: 15372: 15369: 15367: 15364: 15362: 15359: 15358: 15356: 15354: 15350: 15344: 15341: 15339: 15336: 15334: 15331: 15329: 15326: 15324: 15321: 15319: 15316: 15314: 15311: 15309: 15306: 15304: 15301: 15299: 15296: 15294: 15291: 15289: 15286: 15284: 15281: 15279: 15276: 15274: 15271: 15269: 15266: 15264: 15261: 15259: 15256: 15254: 15251: 15249: 15246: 15244: 15241: 15240: 15238: 15236: 15232: 15226: 15223: 15221: 15218: 15216: 15213: 15211: 15208: 15206: 15203: 15201: 15198: 15196: 15193: 15191: 15188: 15186: 15183: 15181: 15178: 15176: 15173: 15171: 15168: 15166: 15163: 15161: 15158: 15156: 15153: 15151: 15148: 15146: 15143: 15141: 15138: 15136: 15133: 15131: 15128: 15126: 15123: 15121: 15118: 15116: 15113: 15111: 15108: 15106: 15103: 15101: 15098: 15096: 15093: 15091: 15088: 15086: 15083: 15081: 15078: 15076: 15073: 15071: 15068: 15066: 15063: 15061: 15058: 15056: 15053: 15052: 15050: 15048: 15044: 15041: 15039: 15035: 15029: 15026: 15024: 15021: 15019: 15016: 15014: 15011: 15009: 15006: 15004: 15001: 14999: 14996: 14995: 14993: 14991: 14987: 14981: 14978: 14976: 14973: 14971: 14968: 14966: 14963: 14961: 14958: 14956: 14953: 14951: 14948: 14947: 14945: 14943: 14939: 14936: 14934: 14928: 14924: 14920: 14915: 14911: 14908: 14904: 14894: 14892: 14888: 14884: 14878: 14875: 14873: 14870: 14868: 14865: 14863: 14860: 14858: 14855: 14853: 14850: 14848: 14845: 14843: 14840: 14838: 14835: 14833: 14830: 14828: 14825: 14823: 14820: 14818: 14815: 14813: 14810: 14808: 14805: 14803: 14800: 14799: 14797: 14795: 14791: 14785: 14782: 14780: 14777: 14775: 14772: 14770: 14767: 14765: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14755: 14752: 14751: 14749: 14747: 14743: 14739: 14736: 14732: 14726: 14723: 14722: 14720: 14716: 14712: 14705: 14700: 14698: 14693: 14691: 14686: 14685: 14682: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14661: 14659: 14655: 14645: 14642: 14640: 14637: 14635: 14632: 14630: 14627: 14625: 14622: 14620: 14617: 14616: 14614: 14610: 14604: 14601: 14599: 14596: 14594: 14591: 14589: 14586: 14584: 14581: 14579: 14576: 14574: 14571: 14569: 14566: 14564: 14561: 14559: 14556: 14554: 14551: 14549: 14546: 14544: 14541: 14540: 14538: 14536: 14532: 14529: 14523: 14517: 14514: 14513: 14511: 14507: 14503: 14496: 14491: 14489: 14484: 14482: 14477: 14476: 14473: 14461: 14458: 14456: 14453: 14451: 14448: 14447: 14445: 14443: 14439: 14433: 14430: 14428: 14425: 14423: 14420: 14418: 14415: 14413: 14410: 14408: 14405: 14404: 14402: 14398: 14392: 14389: 14387: 14384: 14383: 14381: 14377: 14367: 14364: 14362: 14359: 14357: 14354: 14352: 14349: 14347: 14344: 14342: 14341:Tai Hang Tong 14339: 14337: 14334: 14332: 14329: 14327: 14324: 14322: 14319: 14317: 14314: 14312: 14309: 14307: 14304: 14302: 14299: 14297: 14294: 14292: 14289: 14287: 14284: 14282: 14279: 14278: 14276: 14274: 14270: 14264: 14261: 14259: 14256: 14254: 14251: 14248: 14244: 14240: 14236: 14232: 14229: 14227: 14224: 14223: 14221: 14219: 14215: 14209: 14206: 14204: 14201: 14199: 14196: 14194: 14191: 14189: 14186: 14185: 14183: 14181: 14177: 14171: 14168: 14166: 14163: 14161: 14158: 14156: 14153: 14151: 14148: 14146: 14143: 14142: 14140: 14138: 14134: 14124: 14121: 14119: 14116: 14114: 14111: 14110: 14108: 14104: 14098: 14095: 14093: 14090: 14088: 14085: 14083: 14080: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14061: 14058: 14057: 14056: 14053: 14052: 14050: 14048: 14044: 14038: 14035: 14034: 14032: 14030: 14026: 14020: 14017: 14015: 14012: 14010: 14007: 14005: 14002: 14001: 13999: 13997: 13993: 13987: 13984: 13982: 13979: 13977: 13974: 13972: 13969: 13967: 13964: 13962: 13959: 13957: 13954: 13952: 13949: 13947: 13944: 13942: 13939: 13937: 13934: 13932: 13929: 13927: 13924: 13922: 13919: 13917: 13914: 13912: 13909: 13907: 13904: 13903: 13901: 13899: 13895: 13892: 13890: 13889:Austroasiatic 13886: 13883: 13877: 13871: 13868: 13867: 13865: 13861: 13857: 13850: 13845: 13843: 13838: 13836: 13831: 13830: 13827: 13821: 13814: 13808: 13805: 13802: 13799: 13798: 13797: 13796: 13790: 13787: 13784: 13781: 13780: 13776: 13775: 13771: 13767: 13764: 13761: 13758: 13757: 13753: 13752: 13749: 13745: 13741: 13738: 13735: 13734: 13730: 13729: 13720: 13716: 13713: 13709: 13706: 13702: 13699: 13695: 13692: 13688: 13685: 13681: 13678: 13674: 13673: 13664: 13660: 13656: 13652: 13648: 13644: 13640: 13635: 13632: 13628: 13622: 13618: 13614: 13608: 13607: 13604: 13600: 13595: 13591: 13585: 13581: 13577: 13573: 13572: 13562: 13558: 13554: 13550: 13546: 13542: 13537: 13534: 13530: 13525: 13520: 13516: 13512: 13508: 13503: 13499: 13495: 13494: 13489: 13485: 13484:Sidwell, Paul 13481: 13478: 13472: 13468: 13464: 13459: 13455: 13449: 13445: 13440: 13436: 13432: 13428: 13424: 13419: 13414: 13409: 13405: 13401: 13397: 13392: 13389: 13385: 13381: 13377: 13373: 13368: 13363: 13359: 13355: 13351: 13346: 13342: 13338: 13334: 13329: 13326: 13322: 13319: 13313: 13309: 13304: 13300: 13294: 13290: 13286: 13282: 13277: 13272: 13267: 13263: 13259: 13254: 13250: 13244: 13240: 13233: 13228: 13227: 13217: 13213: 13209: 13204: 13200: 13196: 13192: 13187: 13185: 13181: 13177: 13173: 13169: 13168: 13159: 13155: 13152: 13148: 13145: 13141: 13137: 13134: 13130: 13126: 13123: 13119: 13115: 13111: 13107: 13102: 13099: 13095: 13091: 13088: 13084: 13080: 13079: 13069: 13065: 13061: 13057: 13053: 13049: 13044: 13040: 13036: 13032: 13027: 13023: 13019: 13015: 13011: 13007: 13003: 12999: 12995: 12991: 12986: 12982: 12978: 12974: 12970: 12966: 12962: 12955: 12950: 12943: 12939: 12935: 12928: 12923: 12919: 12915: 12911: 12907: 12902: 12901: 12892: 12888: 12884: 12882:0-8248-1117-8 12878: 12874: 12873: 12867: 12863: 12862: 12856: 12852: 12846: 12842: 12837: 12833: 12831:90-272-3809-X 12827: 12823: 12818: 12814: 12812:0-8442-8357-6 12808: 12804: 12799: 12795: 12789: 12785: 12780: 12776: 12772: 12768: 12764: 12760: 12756: 12752: 12747: 12743: 12739: 12735: 12731: 12727: 12723: 12719: 12715: 12712: 12708: 12707: 12690: 12686: 12682: 12678: 12675: 12670: 12657: 12656: 12649: 12642: 12637: 12630: 12625: 12618: 12612: 12596: 12592: 12588: 12581: 12579: 12577: 12568: 12566:0-8161-1810-8 12562: 12558: 12551: 12544: 12538: 12530: 12529:art-hanoi.com 12526: 12520: 12512: 12511:art-hanoi.com 12508: 12502: 12494: 12488: 12484: 12480: 12473: 12459: 12455: 12448: 12434: 12430: 12424: 12416: 12412: 12409:. Conference 12408: 12407: 12399: 12391: 12389:974-8304-77-9 12385: 12381: 12374: 12367: 12362: 12360: 12352: 12347: 12340: 12335: 12327: 12321: 12317: 12310: 12302: 12296: 12292: 12285: 12278: 12273: 12266: 12261: 12253: 12247: 12243: 12236: 12229:. 2018-12-07. 12228: 12224: 12218: 12203: 12199: 12193: 12179: 12178:vietnamnet.vn 12175: 12169: 12155:on 2022-06-17 12154: 12150: 12146: 12140: 12133:. 2016-06-25. 12132: 12131:vnexpress.net 12128: 12122: 12120: 12118: 12110:. 2016-06-25. 12109: 12108:vnexpress.net 12105: 12099: 12097: 12089:. 2020-07-18. 12088: 12084: 12078: 12070: 12066: 12060: 12058: 12056: 12054: 12052: 12050: 12041: 12034: 12026: 12022: 12018: 12014: 12010: 12003: 12001: 11992: 11988: 11981: 11970: 11963: 11955: 11948: 11940: 11936: 11932: 11928: 11921: 11913: 11909: 11905: 11901: 11897: 11890: 11884: 11878: 11871: 11865: 11861: 11857: 11850: 11843: 11838: 11831: 11826: 11818: 11812: 11808: 11804: 11800: 11793: 11774: 11770: 11763: 11756: 11748: 11747:Vietnam Times 11744: 11737: 11730: 11726: 11723: 11718: 11711: 11706: 11698: 11694: 11688: 11680: 11676: 11670: 11663: 11658: 11650: 11644: 11630: 11629: 11622: 11614: 11608: 11604: 11597: 11590: 11585: 11579:, p. 58. 11578: 11573: 11566: 11561: 11554: 11549: 11543:, p. 60. 11542: 11537: 11530: 11525: 11518:(1): 122–128. 11517: 11513: 11509: 11502: 11500: 11491: 11487: 11483: 11479: 11472: 11470: 11461: 11457: 11454:(1): 83–106, 11453: 11449: 11445: 11438: 11429: 11425: 11421: 11414: 11412: 11402: 11398: 11394: 11387: 11385: 11383: 11381: 11373: 11368: 11361: 11356: 11349: 11344: 11337: 11332: 11325: 11320: 11313: 11308: 11306: 11297: 11290: 11288: 11280: 11275: 11268: 11263: 11256: 11251: 11244: 11239: 11232: 11227: 11220: 11215: 11213: 11211: 11203: 11198: 11196: 11188: 11182: 11174: 11170: 11163: 11154: 11138: 11132: 11124: 11118: 11114: 11107: 11093: 11089: 11083: 11075: 11071: 11067: 11063: 11059: 11052: 11044: 11040: 11033: 11026: 11022: 11020:90-04-12062-9 11016: 11012: 11011: 11006: 11000: 10993: 10987: 10979: 10973: 10965: 10959: 10951: 10945: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10932: 10927: 10913: 10909: 10905: 10901: 10896: 10889: 10885: 10881: 10875: 10868: 10862: 10855: 10851: 10847: 10843: 10837: 10835: 10827: 10823: 10820:are noted in 10819: 10813: 10803: 10796: 10792: 10786: 10777: 10769: 10763: 10757: 10750: 10743: 10737: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10705: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10692: 10688: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10669: 10665: 10662: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10650: 10646: 10643: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10631: 10615: 10614: 10611: 10610: 10606: 10599: 10593: 10587: 10585: 10581: 10577: 10573: 10569: 10555: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10547: 10543: 10540: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10528: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10510: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10492: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10474: 10470: 10467: 10466: 10463: 10458: 10453: 10447: 10444: 10443: 10441: 10440:Thompson 1991 10435: 10428: 10424: 10420: 10416: 10412: 10408: 10404: 10397: 10388: 10384: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10355: 10351: 10345: 10340: 10337: 10326: 10319: 10310: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10296: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10284: 10281: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10267: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10255: 10252: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10238: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10227: 10226: 10223: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10209: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10197: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10180: 10179: 10176: 10175: 10174: 10171: 10166: 10164: 10161:. Naturally, 10160: 10156: 10152: 10148: 10136: 10133: 10129: 10126: 10123: 10120: 10117: 10116: 10112: 10109: 10105: 10102: 10099: 10096: 10093: 10092: 10088: 10085: 10082: 10079: 10076: 10073: 10072: 10068: 10066:"west waiter" 10065: 10062: 10059: 10056: 10053: 10052: 10048: 10046:"scared yet?" 10045: 10042: 10039: 10036: 10033: 10032: 10028: 10025: 10022: 10019: 10017:"(child) pee" 10016: 10013: 10012: 10008: 10005: 10002:Phrase after 10001: 9999: 9996: 9995: 9992: 9991: 9990: 9988: 9984: 9980: 9976: 9975:language game 9967: 9964: 9961: 9958: 9955: 9952: 9949: 9946: 9945: 9941: 9938: 9935: 9932: 9929: 9926: 9923: 9920: 9919: 9916: 9913: 9903: 9901: 9894:with ⟨ 9893: 9886:with ⟨ 9885: 9877: 9873: 9869: 9865: 9861: 9849: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9823: 9812: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9801: 9785: 9775: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9764: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9727: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9690: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9653: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9634: 9617: 9611: 9609: 9599: 9592: 9587: 9583: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9553: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9542: 9538: 9535: 9532: 9531: 9527: 9523: 9518: 9516: 9512: 9507: 9504: 9498: 9497:hai mươi nhăm 9493: 9489: 9485: 9480: 9474: 9469: 9465: 9461: 9457: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9442: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9431: 9427: 9424: 9421: 9420: 9416: 9412: 9407: 9405: 9401: 9389: 9385: 9381: 9375: 9372: 9371: 9363: 9359: 9353: 9350: 9349: 9344: 9341: 9340: 9332: 9328: 9322: 9319: 9318: 9313: 9310: 9309: 9302: 9299: 9298: 9292: 9288: 9284: 9278: 9275: 9274: 9266: 9262: 9256: 9253: 9252: 9247: 9244: 9243: 9235: 9231: 9225: 9222: 9221: 9216: 9213: 9212: 9205: 9202: 9198: 9195: 9191: 9188: 9187: 9181: 9178: 9177: 9169: 9166: 9165: 9158: 9155: 9154: 9151: 9147: 9144: 9143: 9136: 9133: 9132: 9129: 9125: 9122: 9121: 9114: 9111: 9107: 9103: 9100: 9098:North-central 9097: 9094: 9091: 9088: 9087: 9081: 9079: 9075: 9071: 9067: 9063: 9059: 9055: 9051: 9047: 9043: 9039: 9035: 9030: 9026: 9022: 9012: 9011: 9008:being created 9007: 9003: 8999: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8972: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8952: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8929: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8909: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8889: 8886: 8885: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8865: 8861: 8859: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8841: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8821: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8801: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8781: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8761: 8758: 8757: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8733: 8729: 8727: 8723: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8701: 8698: 8697: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8677: 8673: 8671: 8667: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8645: 8641: 8637: 8634: 8633: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8613: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8593: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8569: 8566: 8565: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8545: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8525: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8505: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8481: 8478: 8477: 8473: 8471: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8449: 8445: 8442: 8441: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8417: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8393: 8390: 8389: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8365: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8345: 8341: 8338: 8335: 8332: 8331: 8320: 8318: 8314: 8308: 8305: 8300: 8298: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8270: 8262: 8260: 8236: 8219: 8216: 8211: 8205: 8202: 8198: 8197:Michel Ferlus 8189: 8185: 8181: 8178: 8175: 8174: 8171: 8168: 8165: 8164: 8161: 8157: 8153: 8149: 8146: 8143: 8142: 8139: 8136: 8133: 8132: 8129: 8126: 8123: 8122: 8118: 8115: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8104: 8093: 8090: 8082: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8058: 8057: 8052:This section 8050: 8041: 8040: 8032: 8030: 8025: 8022: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 8001: 7996: 7992: 7991: 7985: 7975: 7973: 7968: 7960: 7957: 7954: 7951: 7949:28 March 2018 7948: 7945: 7944: 7943: 7942: 7938: 7930: 7927: 7924: 7923: 7916: 7915: 7908: 7907: 7900: 7899: 7892: 7891: 7884: 7883: 7876: 7875: 7868: 7867: 7864:Tháng tư (4) 7860: 7859: 7856:Tháng ba (3) 7852: 7851: 7844: 7843: 7839: 7837:Tháng một (1) 7836: 7833: 7832: 7828: 7825: 7824: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7800: 7797: 7787: 7785: 7781: 7777: 7773: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7727: 7717: 7714: 7709: 7705: 7702:or use it in 7700: 7694: 7688: 7683: 7682:North Vietnam 7679: 7674: 7668: 7665: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7643: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7624: 7615: 7611: 7608: 7600: 7595: 7591: 7588: 7580: 7575: 7571: 7568: 7560: 7555: 7551: 7548: 7540: 7535: 7531: 7528: 7520: 7515: 7511: 7505: 7501: 7498: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7488: 7484: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7432: 7428: 7424: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7399: 7393: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7357: 7347: 7345: 7341: 7336: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7325:Hồ Xuân Hương 7322: 7317: 7311: 7305: 7295: 7289: 7284: 7278: 7273: 7269: 7263: 7257: 7252: 7248: 7242: 7237: 7236: 7235: 7233: 7232: 7227: 7223: 7202: 7195: 7185: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7174: 7171: 7165: 7164: 7158: 7152: 7147: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7127: 7119: 7118:Hỏa Lò Prison 7114: 7106: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7085: 7079: 7074: 7070: 7065: 7046: 7042: 7041: 7035: 7030: 7026: 7016: 7007: 7003: 7001: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6986: 6981: 6978: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6967: 6963: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6952: 6948: 6944: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6910: 6906: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6895: 6891: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6864: 6860: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6826: 6822: 6819: 6816: 6815: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6804:play on words 6801: 6798:swear words ( 6797: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6733: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6721: 6720: 6715: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6687: 6678: 6675: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6648: 6645: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6620: 6619: 6615: 6612: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6587: 6586: 6582: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6565: 6564: 6560: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6535: 6533: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6518: 6517: 6513: 6511: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6496: 6495: 6491: 6489: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6474: 6473: 6469: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6452: 6451: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6430: 6429: 6425: 6422: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6397: 6396: 6392: 6389: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6359: 6356: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6302: 6301: 6298:Proto-Vietic 6297: 6294: 6291: 6288: 6285: 6282: 6281: 6278: 6274: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6250: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6227: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6192: 6190: 6186: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6159: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6139: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6103: 6092: 6090: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6054: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6023: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5951: 5947: 5937: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5907: 5902: 5898: 5893: 5891: 5887: 5877: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5843: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5813: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5793: 5791: 5790:Austroasiatic 5787: 5786:Austroasiatic 5783: 5779: 5765: 5757: 5747: 5744: 5741: 5737: 5734: 5729: 5726: 5721: 5712: 5707: 5704: 5699: 5696: 5691: 5688: 5683: 5680: 5675: 5672: 5667: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5648: 5645: 5642: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5625: 5620: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5589: 5584: 5575: 5569: 5566: 5563: 5559: 5556: 5551: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5530: 5525: 5516: 5510: 5507: 5504: 5500: 5497: 5492: 5489: 5484: 5478: 5473: 5470: 5465: 5462: 5457: 5448: 5442: 5439: 5436: 5432: 5429: 5424: 5421: 5416: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5369: 5366: 5363: 5359: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5334:older brother 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5311: 5306: 5303: 5297: 5294: 5293:Giáp INT tall 5291: 5290:Giáp rất cao. 5287: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5266: 5260: 5257: 5254: 5253:Tài đang nói. 5250: 5247: 5242: 5233: 5228: 5225: 5219: 5216: 5213: 5209: 5206: 5201: 5198: 5193: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5172: 5167: 5164: 5158: 5155: 5152: 5148: 5145: 5140: 5137: 5132: 5129: 5123: 5120: 5117: 5113: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5092: 5087: 5085: 5080: 5078: 5075:, and allows 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5022:morphological 5019: 5013: 5009: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4951: 4948:lạ 'strange' 4947: 4945: 4942: 4939: 4936: 4935: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4904: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4892: 4889: 4888: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4856: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4842: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4830: 4827: 4826: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4780: 4776: 4773: 4770: 4766: 4761: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4694: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4663:(平; 'even'), 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4633: 4624: 4621: 4620: 4614: 4610: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4588: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4578: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4560: 4557: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4541: 4537: 4534: 4530: 4527: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4506: 4502: 4499: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4478: 4474: 4471: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4450: 4446: 4443: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4422: 4418: 4415: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4394: 4390: 4387: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4353: 4345: 4343: 4339: 4327: 4324: 4321: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4299: 4298: 4294: 4292: 4288: 4276: 4273: 4270: 4260: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4248: 4247: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4225: 4222: 4219: 4209: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4197: 4196: 4192: 4190: 4186: 4174: 4171: 4168: 4158: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4146: 4145: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4123: 4120: 4117: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4095: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4085: 4073: 4070: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4050: 4049: 4045: 4043:Sample vowel 4042: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4030: 4027: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4003: 4002:pitch contour 4000: 3997: 3996: 3995: 3993: 3985: 3980: 3971: 3969: 3968: 3964: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3917: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3890: 3886: 3879: 3875: 3868: 3864: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3837: 3832: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3782: 3780: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3715: 3712: 3709: 3705: 3703: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3686: 3680: 3676: 3670: 3667: 3663: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3641: 3640: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3615: 3613: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3544: 3543: 3542: 3540: 3530: 3528: 3522: 3508: 3504: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3444: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3416: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3393: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3361: 3358: 3357: 3340: 3337: 3336: 3335: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3295: 3283: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3268: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3245: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3225: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3189: 3186: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3178: 3177:vowel diagram 3175:. Below is a 3174: 3163: 3153: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3132: 3130: 3120: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3106: 3096: 3094: 3089: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3062: 3061:lingua franca 3056: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3041:North America 3038: 3034: 3030: 3021: 3012: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2964: 2957: 2953: 2946: 2935: 2931: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2909: 2902: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2881: 2869: 2858: 2854: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2825: 2822: 2819:, spelled as 2803: 2798: 2797: 2796: 2791: 2784: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2767: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2748: 2745: 2744: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2723: 2719: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2697: 2688: 2683:This letter, 2681: 2680: 2672: 2671: 2662: 2657: 2656: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2620: 2618: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2556: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2528: 2526: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2498: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2470: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2356: 2355: 2352: 2344: 2339: 2335: 2334: 2330:for his 1651 2329: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2296: 2291: 2287: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2197: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2172: 2169: 2165: 2160: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2138: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2069: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2009: 2005: 2000: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1920: 1919: 1913: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1870:breathy voice 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1820: 1816: 1813: 1809: 1806: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1784: 1780: 1777: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1742: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1716: 1712: 1705: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1661: 1649: 1648: 1647: 1644: 1634: 1629: 1628: 1622: 1616: 1608: 1604: 1599: 1598: 1583: 1574: 1565: 1556: 1547: 1546: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1534: 1533: 1527: 1508: 1507: 1495: 1493: 1491: 1483: 1481: 1473: 1471: 1463: 1461: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1434: 1432: 1424: 1422: 1414: 1412: 1404: 1402: 1394: 1389: 1388: 1385: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1371: 1363: 1361: 1359: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1341: 1333: 1331: 1329: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1314: 1306: 1304: 1302: 1294: 1292: 1284: 1279: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1265: 1263: 1261: 1259: 1251: 1249: 1241: 1236: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1222: 1220: 1212: 1210: 1208: 1200: 1198: 1190: 1185: 1184: 1181: 1173: 1171: 1163: 1161: 1153: 1151: 1149: 1141: 1139: 1131: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1107: 1105: 1097: 1095: 1093: 1085: 1083: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1029: 1019: 1016: 1010: 1004: 998: 992: 986: 980: 974: 968: 966: 962: 958: 953: 951: 947: 943: 935: 932: 929: 925: 921: 917: 916: 911: 908: 905: 901: 897: 892: 891: 879: 878:Ānnánguó yìyǔ 867: 864: 863: 862: 855: 851: 849: 846:group within 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 820: 818: 814: 810: 806: 805:Tai languages 801: 799: 794: 792: 788: 778: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 727:Central India 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 648: 644: 640: 635: 626: 624: 619: 618: 612: 609:script using 608: 603: 602: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 575: 570: 565: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 522: 520: 516: 513:language for 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 479: 474: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 444: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 406: 400: 395: 391: 385: 380: 376: 372: 370: 366: 362: 358: 356: 355: 350: 346: 342: 339: 334: 329: 324: 321: 316: 311: 306: 303: 298: 293: 290: 287: 285: 281: 277: 265: 253: 245: 242: 231: 225: 220: 216: 212: 207: 203: 200: 196: 190: 182: 179: 178: 177: 174: 173: 172: 168: 162: 152: 149: 148: 147: 144: 143: 142: 139: 138: 137: 136:Austroasiatic 133: 129: 123: 119: 113: 110: 107: 103: 96: 92: 89: 87: 84: 83: 81: 77: 72: 66: 59: 52: 48: 46:Pronunciation 44: 40: 35: 30: 27: 19: 20027:Martial arts 19850:Architecture 19820:Christianity 19762: 19738:Demographics 19696:Prostitution 19654:Universities 19600:Water supply 19450: 19360:Border Guard 19355:Ground Force 19343:Armed forces 19121:Human rights 19106:Constitution 19069:Mekong Delta 18696: 18680: 18675:Proto-Aslian 18673: 18666: 18659: 18652: 18552: 18479: 17662:Phong-Kniang 17475: 17076: 16944:GX = Guangxi 16932: 16930:Tibetan Sign 16920: 16906:Chinese Sign 16772:Creole/Mixed 16641:Southeastern 16629:Southwestern 16592:Northeastern 16577:Varieties of 16560: 14602: 14218:Sino-Tibetan 14137:Austronesian 13869: 13794: 13793: 13718: 13711: 13704: 13697: 13690: 13683: 13676: 13654: 13646: 13642: 13638: 13630: 13620: 13616: 13602: 13599:Dân Việt-Nam 13598: 13579: 13544: 13540: 13532: 13514: 13510: 13497: 13491: 13466: 13443: 13426: 13422: 13406:(1): 1–124. 13403: 13399: 13387: 13383: 13357: 13353: 13340: 13336: 13324: 13307: 13280: 13261: 13257: 13238: 13215: 13211: 13198: 13194: 13178:(1), 49–70. 13175: 13171: 13157: 13150: 13143: 13132: 13121: 13109: 13105: 13097: 13086: 13051: 13047: 13038: 13034: 12997: 12993: 12964: 12960: 12942:the original 12937: 12933: 12912:(1): 79–96. 12909: 12905: 12898:Sound system 12890: 12871: 12859: 12840: 12821: 12802: 12783: 12766: 12762: 12750: 12725: 12721: 12710: 12699:Bibliography 12669: 12659:, retrieved 12654: 12648: 12636: 12629:Kirby (2011) 12624: 12617:Hoàng (1989) 12611: 12599:. Retrieved 12595:the original 12590: 12556: 12550: 12537: 12528: 12519: 12510: 12501: 12478: 12472: 12461:. Retrieved 12457: 12447: 12436:. Retrieved 12432: 12423: 12410: 12405: 12398: 12379: 12373: 12346: 12334: 12315: 12309: 12290: 12284: 12272: 12260: 12241: 12235: 12226: 12217: 12206:. Retrieved 12204:. 2019-12-05 12201: 12192: 12181:. Retrieved 12177: 12168: 12157:. Retrieved 12153:the original 12149:hinative.com 12148: 12139: 12130: 12107: 12086: 12077: 12068: 12039: 12033: 12016: 12012: 11990: 11986: 11980: 11962: 11947: 11930: 11926: 11920: 11903: 11899: 11889: 11877: 11859: 11849: 11837: 11825: 11802: 11792: 11780:. Retrieved 11773:the original 11755: 11746: 11736: 11717: 11705: 11697:www.vlada.cz 11696: 11687: 11678: 11669: 11657: 11643: 11633:, retrieved 11627: 11621: 11602: 11596: 11584: 11572: 11560: 11548: 11536: 11529:Shimizu 2015 11524: 11515: 11511: 11481: 11477: 11451: 11447: 11437: 11427: 11423: 11400: 11396: 11367: 11362:, p. 8. 11355: 11348:Shimizu 2015 11343: 11336:Shimizu 2015 11331: 11324:Shimizu 2015 11319: 11295: 11274: 11262: 11250: 11238: 11226: 11186: 11181: 11172: 11168: 11162: 11153: 11141:. Retrieved 11131: 11112: 11106: 11095:. Retrieved 11091: 11082: 11068:(1): 39–52. 11065: 11061: 11051: 11042: 11032: 11024: 11009: 10999: 10994:(2009, 2013) 10991: 10986: 10972: 10958: 10941: 10911: 10907: 10903: 10895: 10887: 10883: 10879: 10874: 10866: 10861: 10853: 10849: 10845: 10841: 10812: 10802: 10785: 10776: 10749: 10741: 10736: 10605: 10597: 10592: 10583: 10575: 10571: 10567: 10565: 10434: 10426: 10422: 10418: 10414: 10396: 10387: 10317: 10308: 10300: 10291: 10286: 10279: 10271: 10262: 10257: 10250: 10242: 10233: 10228: 10221: 10213: 10204: 10199: 10167: 10162: 10158: 10154: 10150: 10146: 10144: 10127: 10118: 10103: 10094: 10083: 10074: 10063: 10054: 10043: 10034: 10023: 10014: 10003: 9982: 9978: 9972: 9909: 9900:tone section 9892:glottal stop 9857: 9825: 9803: 9766: 9729: 9692: 9655: 9648: 9641: 9636: 9605: 9585: 9564: 9555: 9544: 9533:Orthography 9525: 9521: 9514: 9510: 9508: 9503:hai mươi lăm 9491: 9487: 9467: 9463: 9459: 9455: 9453: 9444: 9433: 9422:Orthography 9414: 9410: 9403: 9399: 9397: 9387: 9383: 9379: 9373: 9361: 9357: 9351: 9342: 9330: 9326: 9320: 9311: 9300: 9290: 9286: 9282: 9276: 9264: 9260: 9254: 9245: 9233: 9229: 9223: 9214: 9203: 9189: 9179: 9167: 9156: 9145: 9134: 9123: 9112: 9077: 9073: 9069: 9065: 9061: 9057: 9053: 9049: 9045: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9028: 9024: 9018: 9009: 9005: 9001: 8997: 8994: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8944: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8887: 8882:"rice bowl" 8877: 8872: 8867: 8857: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8759: 8749: 8744: 8740: 8735: 8725: 8721: 8717: 8712: 8708: 8703: 8699: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8669: 8665: 8661: 8656: 8652: 8647: 8643: 8639: 8635: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8605: 8600: 8595: 8585: 8580: 8576: 8571: 8567: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8497: 8492: 8488: 8483: 8479: 8469: 8465: 8460: 8456: 8451: 8447: 8443: 8433: 8428: 8424: 8419: 8409: 8404: 8400: 8395: 8391: 8381: 8376: 8372: 8367: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8316: 8312: 8309: 8301: 8296: 8265: 8256: 8206: 8200: 8194: 8166:Huế dialect 8100: 8085: 8076: 8053: 8029:chữ Quốc ngữ 8028: 7988: 7987: 7964: 7958: 7952: 7946: 7940: 7939: 7936: 7840:Tháng giêng 7829:Traditional 7805: 7793: 7783: 7744:Windows-1258 7729: 7678:World War II 7669: 7664:chữ Quốc ngữ 7658:chữ Quốc ngữ 7644: 7639:chữ Quốc ngữ 7625: 7622: 7547:acute accent 7527:grave accent 7486: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7396: 7394: 7362:romanisation 7359: 7337: 7300: 7229: 7197: 7178:Latin script 7172: 7169: 7126:Chinese rule 7123: 7099: 7072: 7038: 7013: 7005: 6997: 6988: 6969: 6954: 6935: 6927: 6923: 6912: 6897: 6882: 6866: 6851: 6847: 6828: 6823:Description 6808: 6802:) or just a 6784:social media 6781: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6754: 6746: 6741:/ɛk̚/,/ejk̚/ 6735: 6730:Description 6708:transliteral 6693: 6684: 6669: 6664: 6657: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6574: 6569: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6527: 6522: 6505: 6500: 6483: 6478: 6461: 6456: 6439: 6434: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6295:Comparative 6264: 6256: 6246: 6224: 6212: 6200: 6198: 6188: 6184: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6160: 6155: 6151: 6123: 6115: 6101: 6098: 6088: 6078: 6074: 6066: 6060: 6042: 6034: 6026: 6024: 6019: 6015: 6007: 6003: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5984:Musical note 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5954: 5943: 5934:Ming dynasty 5930:Tang dynasty 5910: 5901:Chinese rule 5894: 5861: 5857: 5841: 5831: 5827: 5817: 5809: 5782:Sino-Tibetan 5775: 5745: 5742: 5739: 5735: 5727: 5713: 5705: 5697: 5689: 5681: 5673: 5665: 5655: 5646: 5643: 5640: 5634: 5626: 5618: 5608: 5598: 5590: 5576: 5567: 5564: 5561: 5557: 5549: 5539: 5531: 5517: 5508: 5505: 5502: 5498: 5490: 5479: 5471: 5463: 5449: 5440: 5437: 5434: 5430: 5422: 5414: 5404: 5394: 5386: 5376: 5367: 5364: 5361: 5351: 5341: 5333: 5323: 5312: 5304: 5295: 5292: 5289: 5285: 5275: 5267: 5258: 5255: 5252: 5248: 5234: 5226: 5217: 5214: 5211: 5207: 5199: 5191: 5181: 5173: 5165: 5156: 5153: 5150: 5146: 5138: 5130: 5121: 5118: 5115: 5111: 5101: 5093: 5081: 5057:head-initial 5015: 4990: 4984: 4974: 4968: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4953: 4943: 4937: 4927: 4921: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4906: 4896: 4891:Dương thượng 4890: 4880: 4874: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4859: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4844: 4834: 4828: 4818: 4812: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4797: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4782: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4722:Dương thượng 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4695: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4677: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4634: 4630: 4611: 4608: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4583: 4576: 4572: 4566: 4550:tone pattern 4547: 4519: 4491: 4463: 4435: 4407: 4379: 4358:glottal stop 4351: 4331: 4325: 4301: 4300: 4280: 4274: 4250: 4249: 4229: 4223: 4199: 4198: 4178: 4172: 4167:acute accent 4156:high rising 4148: 4147: 4127: 4124: 'but' 4121: 4116:grave accent 4097: 4096: 4077: 4071: 4052: 4051: 4031:Description 4017: 4015: 4007:pitch height 3989: 3966: 3962: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3933: 3929: 3922: 3915: 3899: 3895: 3888: 3884: 3877: 3873: 3866: 3862: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3840: 3833: 3828: 3824: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3798: 3536: 3524: 3518: 3506: 3502: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3472: 3305:monophthongs 3302: 3298: 3291: 3170: 3133: 3126: 3109: 3102: 3090: 3072:in southern 3059: 3057: 3026: 2997: 2993: 2987: 2955: 2951: 2929: 2918: 2896: 2856: 2845: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2820: 2794: 2789: 2788:> modern 2782: 2775: 2769: 2768:(Northern), 2765: 2764:> modern 2758: 2753: 2752:> modern 2746: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2730: 2721: 2717: 2705: 2701: 2694: 2677: 2668: 2666: 2660: 2623: 2605: 2598: 2593: 2579: 2574: 2567: 2562: 2550: 2543: 2538: 2509: 2504: 2490: 2481: 2476: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2423: 2418: 2411: 2406: 2353: 2337: 2331: 2325: 2315: 2311: 2309: 2304:monosyllabic 2293: 2289: 2282: 2267: 2262: 2239: 2212: 2198: 2170: 2158: 2146: 2125: 2113: 2101: 2089: 2077: 2056: 2050: 2038: 2032: 2026: 1998: 1986: 1974: 1962: 1897:intervocalic 1886: 1874:creaky voice 1851: 1828: 1818: 1811: 1804: 1789: 1782: 1775: 1740: 1730: 1726: 1708: 1703: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1688:*ml > MV 1683: 1679: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1659: 1645: 1625: 1623: 1614: 1606: 1595: 1593: 1530: 1528: 1504: 1502: 1489: 1479: 1469: 1459: 1440: 1430: 1420: 1410: 1400: 1383: 1369: 1339: 1312: 1300: 1290: 1271: 1257: 1247: 1228: 1218: 1206: 1196: 1179: 1169: 1159: 1147: 1137: 1113: 1103: 1091: 1081: 1025: 969: 965:Mekong Delta 954: 939: 913: 888: 860: 848:Austronesian 821: 802: 795: 784: 761:. The term " 652: 579:Latin script 574:chữ Quốc ngữ 566: 542:head-initial 523: 472: 471: 465:chữ Quốc ngữ 442: 440: 402: 369:Linguasphere 352: 217:(historical) 150: 26: 19990:Nationalism 19941:News Agency 19892:Ingredients 19583:Expressways 19571:Visa policy 19537:Measurement 19490:Foreign aid 19440:Agriculture 19377:Coast Guard 19245:Legislative 18840:Monarchical 18825:Prehistoric 18682:Proto-Munda 17496: [ 17484: [ 16438:Fuyu Kyrgyz 16237:Tai Hongjin 15923:Muak Sa-aak 14263:Mantsi Lolo 13670:Pedagogical 13569:Orthography 13271:10524/52472 12769:(1): 1–26. 12641:Nguyễn 1997 12601:28 November 11782:January 10, 11553:Nguyen 2018 11312:Nguyễn 2009 11143:November 8, 10900:Nguyễn 1997 10294:"situation" 10265:"situation" 10184:Target word 10104:Tây Bán Nhà 10095:Tây Ban Nha 9676:˧˥35,˧˥˧353 9490:instead of 9092:Orthography 8119:Localities 7931:Tháng chạp 7742:(VSCII) or 7597:'tumbling' 7368:missionary 7071:dictionary 7008:(so busy). 6999:/lu:su:bu:/ 6980:Eye dialect 6975:/zo:/,/jow/ 6941:/tʰǎːtʰíŋ̟/ 6694:Vietnamese 6286:Vietnamese 6213:lạp trường. 6102:câu lạc bộ, 6067:truyền hình 5926:Jin dynasty 5922:Han dynasty 5878:: 5868:: 5792:in origin. 5151:Trí 13 tuổi 5024:marking of 4995:mặt 'face' 4823:ma 'ghost' 4558:Tone group 4255:'tumbling' 3757:Approximant 3513:, ao = a + 3497:, ai = a + 3313:triphthongs 3066:Jing people 2838:and hooked 2647:section in 2589:Approximant 2295:Annan Jishi 1821:"tumbling" 1672:, Southern 1450:Approximant 942:Ngô dynasty 873: 1500 832:tonogenesis 817:Han dynasty 741:found that 607:logographic 550:classifiers 417:instead of 165:Early forms 20103:Categories 20000:Trotskyism 19975:Philosophy 19951:Newspapers 19936:Television 19931:Mass media 19919:Literature 19711:Corruption 19559:Censorship 19542:Inventions 19515:Automotive 19462:(currency) 19219:Government 19101:Censorship 18905:Ecoregions 18522:Semaq Beri 18506:Semelaic ( 18404:(Northern) 18305:Nicobarese 18249:Gutob-Remo 18218:Sora-Gorum 18114:Kherwarian 17585:Phong–Liha 17476:Vietnamese 17469:Viet-Muong 17345:Mel-Khaonh 17077:Vietnamese 17032:Belarusian 16959:XZ = Tibet 16950:MC = Macau 16890:Zhangzhung 16634:Sichuanese 16561:Vietnamese 15958:Hmong-Mien 15837:Waxianghua 15618:Khroskyabs 14906:Indigenous 14794:Prefecture 14769:Portuguese 14603:Vietnamese 14525:Indigenous 14180:Hmong-Mien 13879:Indigenous 13870:Vietnamese 13754:Vocabulary 13649:: 383–432. 13582:. Mouton. 13201:: 137–157. 13165:Pragmatics 12661:2023-08-30 12463:2021-01-30 12438:2023-06-24 12208:2023-06-07 12183:2021-04-06 12159:2021-03-14 12042:: 161–179. 11712:(in Czech) 11679:Britannica 11635:2018-01-20 11279:Alves 2021 11267:Alves 2021 11255:Alves 2020 11243:Alves 2021 11231:Alves 2021 11202:Alves 2020 11175:: 211–228. 11097:2019-04-13 10992:Ethnologue 10943:Ethnologue 10938:Vietnamese 10922:References 10890:"reason"). 10791:inflection 10756:thanh điệu 10468:unrounded 10155:hoảng chưa 10128:Nhà Đào Bô 10121:"Portugal" 10119:Bồ Đào Nha 10044:hoảng chưa 10035:chửa hoang 9890:⟩; 9745:˩11,˩˧̰13̰ 9528:variation 9417:variation 9015:Consonants 9000:combining 8323:Vocabulary 8302:After the 8259:media help 8201:Haut-Annam 8156:Quảng Bình 8101:Currently 8079:April 2021 8063:improve it 7978:Literature 7736:code pages 7567:hook above 7499:Diacritic 7419:diacritics 7045:Nôm script 6800:derogatory 6712:vernacular 6341:mốch, môch 6323:N/A, from 6063:loan words 5992:"nốt nhạc" 5974:/j/a ua). 5964:"sữa chua" 5940:French era 5824:Viet-Muong 5154:Trí 13 age 5073:wh-in-situ 5065:classifier 5053:word order 4985:Dương nhập 4979:mắt 'eye' 4932:lá 'leaf' 4901:rễ 'root' 4829:Dương bình 4754:Dương nhập 4706:Dương bình 4218:hook above 4060:mid level 4037:Diacritic 3904:allophonic 3533:Consonants 3309:diphthongs 3029:emigration 2915:Portuguese 2855:, whereas 2772:(Southern) 2731:Note that 2724:, and the 1862:allophonic 1854:tone split 1771:Voiceless 896:tone split 890:Huayi yiyu 681:1924, and 591:diacritics 585:. It uses 478:tiếng Việt 473:Vietnamese 443:Vietnamese 171:Viet–Muong 151:Vietnamese 146:Viet–Muong 109:Vietnamese 39:Tiếng Việt 32:Vietnamese 19995:Socialism 19985:Communism 19980:Anarchism 19909:Festivals 19870:Animation 19773:Phonology 19649:Education 19610:Transport 19578:Transport 19510:Standards 19372:Air Force 19279:Judiciary 19269:Elections 19236:Ministers 19207:President 19200:Executive 19176:Politburo 19064:Southeast 19030:Northwest 19025:Northeast 18972:Provinces 18964:Divisions 18876:Geography 18782:Dynasties 18707:varieties 18699:indicate 18645:languages 18591:Khmer Khe 18468:(Central) 18416:Cheq Wong 18007:Quảng Lâm 17994:Bit-Khang 17979:Meung Yum 17876:Palaungic 17807:Palaungic 17635:Phay-Pram 17505:in the US 17072:Ukrainian 17047:Hungarian 16870:Tocharian 16804:Qoqmončaq 16756:Cantonese 16710:Shaojiang 16683:Hainanese 16612:Zhongyuan 16607:Jiao-Liao 16541:Esperanto 16443:Ili Turki 16150:Khamnigan 16015:Kiong Nai 15786:Zitsadegu 14764:Mongolian 14754:Cantonese 14639:Tai Phuan 14535:Mon–Khmer 14527:languages 14326:Tai Daeng 14235:Cantonese 14118:Quảng Lâm 13881:languages 13623:: 89–104. 13376:212689052 13343:: 95–108. 12994:Phonetica 12981:144227569 12366:Marr 1984 12265:Marr 1984 12087:tbtvn.org 11589:Gong 2019 11577:Gong 2019 11565:Gong 2019 11541:Gong 2019 11403:: 111–125 10904:quần thần 10672:Close-mid 10634:Centering 10628:offglide 10622:offglide 10580:upper low 10513:Close-mid 10477:Centering 10292:hoàn cảnh 10263:hoàn cảnh 10170:pig latin 10077:"secrets" 9977:known as 9912:word play 9906:Word play 9631:Southern 9622:Northern 9608:phonation 9104:Southern 9052:but keep 9023:-initial 8989:"father" 8700:chúng mày 8644:chúng tôi 8636:chúng tao 8160:Quảng Trị 8138:Thanh Hoá 8067:verifying 7995:Nguyễn Du 7972:semicolon 7961:28/3/2018 7901:September 7607:dot below 7508:(no mark) 7321:Nguyễn Du 7069:bilingual 7006:quá lu bu 6936:thả thính 6918:/káːʂə́w/ 6872:/ʈɛ̌ːʈəw/ 6856:expletive 6840:profanity 6796:profanity 6327:空 /kʰuŋ/ 6235:Cantonese 6205:Cantonese 6201:lạp xưởng 6043:"Boóc-đô" 6039:Marseille 6035:"Mác-xây" 6004:"vô lăng" 5976:"Phô mai" 5913:Red River 5205:học sinh. 5189:sinh viên 5109:giáo viên 5046:nonfinite 4938:Dương khứ 4914:departing 4875:Âm thượng 4839:mà 'but' 4738:Dương khứ 4714:Âm thượng 4408:Huyền (à) 4380:Ngang (a) 4320:dot below 4067:(no mark) 4011:phonation 3823:), while 3811:(but not 3708:voiceless 3702:Fricative 3666:implosive 3644:aspirated 3567:Retroflex 3415:Close-mid 3377:Centering 3354:offglide 3348:offglide 3294:unrounded 3244:Close-mid 3212:Centering 3156:Phonology 3049:Australia 3037:East Asia 2958:as above. 2945:retroflex 2891:implosive 2868:allophone 2530:voiceless 2525:Fricative 2500:implosive 2472:aspirated 2380:Retroflex 2231:Affricate 2189:Fricative 2072:aspirated 1866:allotones 1792:"asking" 1702:*kj > 1576:*c,*ɟ,*tʃ 1356:voiceless 1351:Fricative 1324:Affricate 1281:implosive 1238:aspirated 900:implosive 687:Mon–Khmer 679:Przyluski 562:morphemes 540:. It has 530:East Asia 354:Glottolog 338:ISO 639-3 320:ISO 639-2 302:ISO 639-1 105:Ethnicity 20083:Category 19877:Clothing 19810:Buddhism 19800:Religion 19768:Alphabet 19763:Language 19691:Gambling 19671:COVID-19 19666:HIV/AIDS 19593:Airports 19588:Railways 19554:Internet 19405:Security 19321:Military 19264:Chairman 19089:Politics 19059:Southern 19015:Northern 18942:Molluscs 18927:Wildlife 18850:Republic 18817:Timeline 18797:Monarchs 18792:Military 18787:Economic 18777:Capitals 18761:articles 18613:Nyah Kur 18517:Mah Meri 18508:Southern 18362:Southern 18343:Nancowry 18182:Santalic 18121:Mundaric 17841:Lyngngam 17753:Southern 17652:Ksingmul 17493:in China 17143:Bahnaric 17062:Silesian 17037:Croatian 16814:Tangwang 16794:Macanese 16789:Lingling 16722:Northern 16705:Northern 16668:Southern 16587:Mandarin 16514:Minority 16474:Sarikoli 16387:Tungusic 16348:Naxi Yao 16293:Cao Miao 16217:Ningming 16117:Mongolic 16093:Dzao Min 16088:Biao Min 16045:Qo Xiong 16040:Pingtang 15736:Dongwang 15678:Tshobdun 15603:Guiqiong 15205:Sangkong 14980:Muangphe 14942:Mondzish 14896:numerous 14887:Counties 14734:Regional 14718:Official 14432:Japanese 14321:Tày Sapa 13951:Maa (Mạ) 13898:Bahnaric 13740:Archived 13605:: 61–68. 13578:(1977). 13541:Language 13429:: 1–18. 13218:: 83–99. 13184:30028089 13048:Language 13014:15662108 12775:23752818 12722:Language 12677:Archived 12202:HiNative 11725:Archived 11490:20019198 11430:: 95–109 11007:(2001). 10695:Open-mid 10531:Open-mid 10471:rounded 10322:See also 10236:"to eat" 10086:"reveal" 9973:Another 9902:below.) 9831:˨˩̰ʔ21̰ʔ 9787:˧˩̰ʔ31̰ʔ 9772:˧˩˧̰31̰3 9628:Central 9479:mười lăm 9468:năm mươi 9095:Northern 9021:syllable 8969:"spoon" 8906:"ladle" 8862:"field" 8760:chúng nó 8657:bọn choa 8596:tôi, tui 8581:mần răng 8542:"which" 8522:"where" 8339:Southern 8333:Northern 8289:Vũng Tàu 8285:Biên Hòa 8277:Haiphong 7947:English: 7941:Example: 7925:December 7917:November 7845:February 7768:encoding 7764:MacVNKey 7756:WinVNKey 7746:. Where 7617:'heavy' 7557:'sharp' 7517:'level' 7483:trigraph 7439:digraphs 7173:Quốc ngữ 7135:văn ngôn 7132:(called 6994:/lu:bu:/ 6930:(ugly). 6867:trẻ trâu 6848:ngon vãi 6792:wordplay 6788:homonyms 6700:Mandarin 6492:*p-ruːʔ 6462:đằm, đăm 6283:English 6265:nước non 6221:Mandarin 6138:katakana 6120:jyutping 6095:Japanese 6075:phần mềm 6047:Bordeaux 6020:"cà vạt" 5956:"Cà phê" 5886:Nam Việt 5828:quản lý, 5488:Việt Nam 5112:teacher. 5069:pro-drop 5061:modifier 4961:entering 4777:Example 4619:đọc kinh 4520:Nặng (ạ) 4306:'heavy' 4153:'sharp' 4057:'level' 4046:Unicode 4040:Example 4034:Contour 3959:). (See 3604:ng/ngh 3562:Alveolar 3517:. Thus, 3501:. Thus, 3443:Open-mid 3317:offglide 3267:Open-mid 3129:diaspora 3082:Cambodia 3070:Dongxing 2921:was the 2899:was the 2866:and its 2853:alveolar 2689:⟩ 2685:⟨ 2375:Alveolar 1936:Alveolar 1901:lenition 1814:"heavy" 1785:"sharp" 1778:"level" 1750:Register 1725:(modern 1050:Alveolar 957:Nam tiến 944:adopted 930:in 1838. 699:Cambodia 683:Benedict 593:to mark 587:digraphs 534:analytic 491:national 481:) is an 423:Help:IPA 361:viet1252 276:Slovakia 54:(Hà Nội) 20067:Outline 20039:Theater 20034:Symbols 19882:Cuisine 19837:Culture 19751:Eunuchs 19637:Society 19566:Tourism 19522:Poverty 19451:Doi Moi 19445:Banking 19428:Economy 19392:Militia 19037:Central 19007:Regions 18932:Mammals 18893:Climate 18888:Borders 18830:Ancient 18769:History 18757:Vietnam 18697:Italics 18632:(Pakan) 18620:Pakanic 18554:Kenaboi 18548:Jah Hut 18527:Semelai 18451:Ten'edn 18379:Shompen 18353:Katchal 18348:Camorta 18335:Central 18325:Teressa 18189:Santali 18173:Agariya 18163:Majhwar 18153:Mundari 18068:Tai Loi 17931:Man Met 17913:Angkuic 17891:Palaung 17846:Maharam 17727:Central 17720:(Chong) 17718:Western 17576:Thavưng 17304:Tampuan 17299:Tariang 17283:Central 17259:Nyaheun 16885:Xianbei 16880:Tuyuhun 16850:Old Yue 16828:Extinct 16809:Sanqiao 16700:Central 16690:Eastern 16673:Hokkien 16617:Lan-Yin 16597:Beijing 16579:Chinese 16536:Russian 16298:Chadong 16278:Ai-Cham 16247:Tai Nüa 16232:Tai Dón 16227:Tai Dam 16185:Kra-Dai 16155:Monguor 16145:Kangjia 16103:Kim Mun 16098:Iu Mien 16020:Luobohe 16010:Huishui 15990:Guiyang 15967:Hmongic 15928:Palaung 15918:Man Met 15822:Longjia 15771:Ladakhi 15766:Kyirong 15756:Khalong 15741:Drugchu 15698:Tibetic 15668:Shixing 15580:Qiangic 15361:Alingpo 15353:Nisoish 15338:Yangliu 15333:Xuzhang 15263:Laizisi 15258:Kuamasi 15253:Kua-nsi 15235:Lisoish 15215:Tsukong 15155:Laomian 15080:Baihong 15047:Hanoish 15038:Loloish 15023:Lhao Vo 15018:Chashan 15003:Xiandao 14990:Burmish 14933:Burmese 14891:Banners 14847:Tai Nüa 14774:Tibetan 14759:English 14669:English 14598:Tampuan 14412:Russian 14391:English 14366:Lao Bóc 14361:Thu Lao 14356:Tày Tac 14336:Tai Dón 14331:Tai Dam 14273:Kra-Dai 14247:Hokkien 14239:Teochew 14231:Chinese 14198:Kim Mun 14193:Iu Mien 13981:Tariang 13639:chữ nôm 13041:: 1–18. 12704:General 11993:: 3–24. 10912:bồi tây 10908:bầy tôi 10807:(1981). 10725: 10712: 10616: 10582:) than 10489:ua~uô 10486:ưa~ươ 10481:ia~iê 10457:Central 10163:nói lái 10159:bồi tây 10151:dấm đài 10147:Nói lái 10064:bồi tây 10055:bầy tôi 10024:dấm đài 10015:đái dầm 10004:nói lái 9983:Nói lái 9979:nói lái 9649:Hà Tĩnh 9596:/ʈ/,/z/ 9184:Varies 9172:Varies 9101:Central 8998:dạ vâng 8926:"head" 8726:bọn mày 8722:tụi bây 8718:tụi mầy 8713:bọn bây 8704:bọn mày 8670:bọn tui 8666:tụi tui 8662:tụi tao 8648:bọn tôi 8640:bọn tao 8586:làm sao 8572:như nào 8568:thế nào 8558:tại sao 8548:tại sao 8452:thế đấy 8438:"that" 8410:như vầy 8396:như này 8392:thế này 8386:"this" 8336:Central 8152:Hà Tĩnh 8148:Nghệ An 8061:Please 7909:October 7834:January 7776:Windows 7732:Unicode 7713:chữ Nôm 7699:chữ Nôm 7693:chữ Nôm 7687:chữ Hán 7673:chữ Hán 7629:chữ Nôm 7537:'deep' 7333:Tây Sơn 7297:'year'. 7209: 7201:chữ Nôm 7194:Chữ Nôm 7188:Chữ Nôm 7163:chữ Hán 7146:Hán văn 7105:chữ Nôm 7084:chữ Nôm 7078:chữ Nho 7067:In the 6888:/ɣə̆́w/ 6774:chạy sô 6644:Mundari 6611:Mundari 6561:*ciːnʔ 6536:*saːmʔ 6448:*poːnʔ 6421:Santali 6388:Santali 6239:Teochew 6226:xí ngầu 6189:nhu đạo 6180:Hepburn 6172:samurai 6071:calques 6057:English 6051:Chinese 6027:"Pa-ri" 6016:cravate 6012:necktie 5980:fromage 5972:da ua - 5862:gwan+ri 5778:Kra-Dai 5751:Lexicon 5695:cho tới 5491:Vietnam 5412:bao giờ 5084:glosses 5002:Grammar 4969:Âm nhập 4813:Âm bình 4746:Âm nhập 4698:Âm bình 4492:Ngã (ã) 4464:Hỏi (ả) 4436:Sắc (á) 4346:U+0323 4244:U+0309 4102:'deep' 3881:/n/,/ŋ/ 3870:/t/,/k/ 3859:/c/,/ɲ/ 3801:digraph 3635:c/k/q 3582:Glottal 3572:Palatal 3365:Central 3342: 3222:ua/uô 3219:ưa/ươ 3216:ia/iê 3200:Central 3191: 3146:Germany 3110:In the 2720:. This 2395:Glottal 2385:Palatal 2300:Chen Fu 1951:Glottal 1941:Palatal 1807:"deep" 1800:Voiced 1065:Glottal 1055:Palatal 1006:), and 1003:chemise 813:Chinese 789:in the 781:History 747:Thavung 675:Schmidt 617:chữ Hán 601:chữ Nôm 536:and is 501:of the 487:Vietnam 461:chữ Hán 457:chữ Nôm 419:Unicode 241:Vietnam 215:Chữ Nôm 86:Vietnam 20088:Portal 20017:Sports 19924:Poetry 19904:Emblem 19887:Dishes 19865:Cinema 19860:Awards 19845:Anthem 19815:Taoism 19795:Racism 19746:People 19661:Health 19468:Energy 19400:Police 18982:Cities 18759: 18643:Proto- 18569:Others 18541:Others 18497:Temiar 18492:Semnam 18466:Senoic 18446:Mintil 18441:Minriq 18436:Kintaq 18431:Kensiu 18402:Jahaic 18393:Aslian 18320:Chaura 18287:Kharia 18270:Others 18143:Birhor 18138:Birjia 18051:Others 18017:Bumang 17984:Savaiq 17855:Others 17816:Khasic 17805:Khasi– 17781:Somray 17774:Others 17765:Sa'och 17744:Kasong 17697:Pearic 17683:Mlabri 17671:Others 17627:Khmuic 17606:Others 17566:Maleng 17461:Vietic 17435:Others 17426:Phuong 17385:Katuic 17372:(East) 17363:Others 17335:Raʼong 17330:Stieng 17264:Sapuan 17203:Rengao 17198:Bahnar 17193:Sedang 17188:Todrah 17168:Kayong 17163:Halang 17067:Slovak 17057:Romany 17052:Polish 17042:German 16865:Tangut 16855:Rouran 16845:Khitan 16835:Ba–Shu 16799:Maojia 16784:Hezhou 16695:Puxian 16678:Teoswa 16563:(Kinh) 16531:Kyrgyz 16526:Korean 16521:Kazakh 16425:Turkic 16410:Oroqen 16400:Manchu 16395:Evenki 16363:Qabiao 16353:Ong Be 16338:Maonan 16328:Lakkja 16318:Jiamao 16288:Buyang 16252:Tai Ya 16242:Tai Lü 16202:Bouyei 16194:Zhuang 16175:Torgut 16130:Buryat 16080:Mienic 16070:Younuo 16050:Raojia 16030:Pa-Hng 16025:Mashan 15995:Hm Nai 15980:Bu-Nao 15975:A-Hmao 15898:Bumang 15817:Jingpo 15812:Derung 15807:Caijia 15781:Zhongu 15751:Gserpa 15643:Namuyi 15613:Japhug 15562:Zauzou 15537:Namuyi 15522:Kucong 15496:Zokhuo 15491:Thopho 15471:Phupha 15456:Phukha 15401:Khlula 15343:Zibusi 15328:Toloza 15323:Sonaga 15308:Mangdi 15303:Lolopo 15248:Hlersu 15185:Phana’ 15180:Nuomei 15160:Laopin 15095:Bukong 15070:Angluo 14998:Achang 14975:Mondzi 14877:Zhuang 14852:Tai Lü 14842:Kazakh 14837:Kyrgyz 14822:Korean 14812:Bouyei 14784:Zhuang 14779:Uyghur 14664:French 14588:Stieng 14583:Somray 14578:Sa’och 14427:Korean 14422:German 14386:French 14346:Tai Lü 14311:Qabiao 14281:Caolan 14208:Ná-Meo 14203:Mo Piu 14170:Roglai 14087:Maleng 14047:Vietic 13996:Katuic 13986:Todrah 13971:Stieng 13966:Sedang 13961:Rengao 13941:Kayong 13921:Halang 13661: 13586: 13561:411402 13559: 13473: 13450: 13374: 13314: 13295: 13245: 13182: 13068:411232 13066: 13022:462578 13020: 13012: 12979: 12879: 12847: 12828: 12809: 12790: 12773: 12742:409878 12740: 12687:, and 12563: 12489: 12386: 12322: 12297: 12248: 12019:: 21. 11866: 11813: 11609: 11488: 11119: 11017: 10598:âm đôi 10222:lơ phả 10214:la phở 10084:bật mí 10075:bí mật 9868:creaky 9851:˨˩˨212 9814:˩˧̰13̰ 9809:˧ʔ˥3ʔ5 9797:˨˩˦214 9792:˧˩˨312 9755:˩˧̰13̰ 9750:˩˧̰13̰ 9698:˨˩̤21̤ 9644:Chương 9610:type. 9584:) but 9578:Yên Mô 9378:after 9356:after 9325:after 9281:after 9259:after 9228:after 9040:, and 8949:"car" 8945:(ô tô) 8942:xe hơi 8829:anh nớ 8824:anh ấy 8789:ông nớ 8784:ông ấy 8774:tụi nó 8769:bọn nớ 8764:bọn nó 8590:"how" 8562:"why" 8470:vậy đó 8461:rứa tê 8448:thế ấy 8401:như ri 8362:"yes" 8281:Saigon 7893:August 7826:Normal 7760:Unikey 7653:Tonkin 7477:, and 7366:Jesuit 7053:purple 6913:cá sấu 6859:bloody 6852:sợ vãi 6834:/vǎːj/ 6616:*k-ma 6583:*maːl 6519:eight 6497:seven 6398:three 6393:*haːr 6360:*moːc 6289:Mường 6176:bonsai 6174:, and 6164:kimono 6152:kurabu 6148:rōmaji 6116:jùlèbù 6112:pinyin 6089:peptit 6079:tế bào 5968:yaourt 5950:French 5890:Nanyue 5874:; 5866:Korean 5858:gwalli 5832:guǎnlǐ 5690:minute 5305:person 5042:finite 5034:number 5030:gender 4922:Âm khứ 4867:rising 4861:thượng 4730:Âm khứ 4665:thượng 4600:, and 4304: 4253: 4202: 4151: 4100: 4055: 3779:Rhotic 3749:g/gh 3742:d/gi 3734:voiced 3618:tenuis 3557:Dental 3552:Labial 3173:vowels 3167:Vowels 3150:France 3047:, and 3045:Europe 2982:apices 2978:acutes 2974:breves 2932:was a 2908:dental 2617:Rhotic 2558:voiced 2438:tenuis 2424:ng/ngh 2370:Dental 2365:Labial 2258:Liquid 2194:voiced 2021:tenuis 1999:ng/ngh 1931:Labial 1391:voiced 1187:voiced 1128:tenuis 1114:ng/ngh 1046:Dental 1041:Labial 1015:poupée 1009:búp bê 979:madame 961:Champa 904:nasals 898:, and 763:Vietic 677:1905, 673:1889, 669:1888, 667:Müller 665:1881, 663:Forbes 661:1852, 653:Early 558:French 507:second 375:46-EBA 273: 261: 238: 141:Vietic 20074:Index 19963:V-pop 19958:Music 19946:Voice 19899:Dance 19825:Islam 19728:Women 19686:Crime 19675:Delta 19460:Đồng 18937:Birds 18807:Naval 18802:Names 18630:Bugan 18625:Bolyu 18603:Monic 18576:Khmer 18532:Temoq 18487:Semai 18481:Sabüm 18475:Lanoh 18456:Wila' 18426:Jedek 18421:Jahai 18411:Batek 18282:Juang 18261:Gutob 18256:Bonda 18240:Lodhi 18235:Juray 18225:Gorum 18211:South 18128:Korwa 18105:Korku 18094:North 18086:Munda 18063:Danau 18038:Kiorr 18033:Lamet 18026:Lamet 18012:Kháng 17964:Blang 17896:Riang 17831:Khasi 17739:Samre 17592:Phong 17517:Nguồn 17512:Mường 17500:] 17488:] 17447:Ta'Oi 17442:Pacoh 17350:Thmon 17340:Mnong 17320:Chrau 17313:South 17244:Laven 17218:Katua 17183:Monom 17178:Takua 17173:Kacoʼ 17151:North 17014:Czech 16875:Tuoba 16819:Wutun 16734:Xiang 16727:Auish 16653:Hakka 16602:Ji-Lu 16567:Wakhi 16556:Uzbek 16551:Tuvan 16546:Tatar 16467:Other 16453:Salar 16405:Nanai 16343:Mulam 16308:Gelao 16271:Other 16170:Santa 16165:Ordos 16160:Oirat 16125:Bonan 16065:Xixiu 16035:Pa Na 16000:Hmong 15985:Gejia 15933:Riang 15893:Bugan 15888:Bolyu 15883:Blang 15832:Tujia 15795:Other 15776:Tseku 15761:Khams 15746:Groma 15726:Choni 15716:Basum 15711:Baima 15688:Zhaba 15608:Horpa 15593:Choyo 15588:Baima 15557:Sanie 15532:Naruo 15517:Katso 15512:Gokhy 15505:Other 15481:Samei 15476:Phuza 15466:Phupa 15461:Phuma 15451:Phowa 15446:Phola 15441:Phala 15436:Nuosu 15391:Bokha 15366:Alugu 15313:Micha 15225:Yiche 15210:Suobi 15175:Nuobi 15145:Kaduo 15140:Kabie 15120:Habei 15110:Duota 15105:Duoni 15100:Cosao 15028:Zaiwa 15013:Lashi 14965:Mango 14960:Manga 14955:Maang 14950:Kathu 14931:Lolo- 14857:Zaiwa 14827:Qiang 14817:Tujia 14802:Hmong 14629:Jarai 14612:Other 14573:Samre 14563:Mnong 14553:Kaco’ 14548:Chong 14516:Khmer 14417:Czech 14296:Lachi 14291:Gelao 14258:Xapho 14243:Hakka 14188:Hmong 14160:Jarai 14155:Haroi 14123:Kháng 14106:Other 14097:Nguồn 14092:Mường 14037:Khmer 14029:Khmer 14019:Ta'Oi 14014:Pacoh 13976:Takua 13956:Monom 13936:Katua 13906:Chrau 13746:from 13557:JSTOR 13372:S2CID 13235:(PDF) 13180:JSTOR 13108:[ 13064:JSTOR 13018:S2CID 12977:S2CID 12957:(PDF) 12945:(PDF) 12930:(PDF) 12771:JSTOR 12738:JSTOR 11972:(PDF) 11776:(PDF) 11765:(PDF) 11486:JSTOR 10990:From 10762:thanh 10653:Close 10647:uôi 10644:ươi 10641:ươu 10638:iêu 10495:Close 10452:Front 10379:Notes 10251:lăn a 10243:la ăn 9876:harsh 9872:stiff 9846:˨̰22̰ 9841:˨̰22̰ 9819:˨̰22̰ 9693:huyền 9656:ngang 9642:Thanh 9619:Tone 9602:Tones 9006:vâng, 8965:muỗng 8854:ruộng 8849:nương 8844:ruộng 8809:bà nớ 8804:bà ấy 7967:comma 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