Culture of Vietnam

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realities. Up to 1997, there have been 44 people operating in cultural and artistic fields honored with the Hồ Chi Minh Award, 130 others conferred with People's Artist Honor, and 1011 people awarded with the Excellent Artist Honor. At the start of 1997, there were 191 professional artistic organizations and 26 film studios (including central and local ones). There have been 28 movies, 49 scientific and documentary films receiving international motion picture awards in many countries.

2431: 2981: 7329: 2177: 7339: 3907: 1915: 1055: 2705: 2105: 35: 2387:), is a distinct Vietnamese art form which had its origins in the 10th century and very popular in northern region. In Water puppetry a split-bamboo screen obscures puppets which stand in water, and are manipulated using long poles hidden beneath the water. Epic story lines are played out with many different puppets, often using traditional scenes of Vietnamese life. The puppets are made from quality wood, such as the Southeast Asian 219: 2935:. Commoners now had a limited choice of similarly plain and simple clothes for everyday use, as well as being limited in the colors they were allowed to use. For instance, commoners were not allowed to wear clothes with dyes other than black, brown or white (with the exception of special occasions such as festivals), but in actuality these rules could change often based upon the whims of the current ruler. 2601: 3552: 3027:(conical hat) came in several different shapes and sizes, now only two styles still persist. For footwear, peasants would typically go barefoot for its convenience in their daily life and jobs though they might wear wooden clogs and sandals (and depending on the times shoes) especially during formal occasions, whereas shoes were worn mostly by the wealthy upper class, the aristocracy and royalty. 2671: 1100: 2939: 1646: 2358:: Chèo is a form of generally satirical musical theatre, often encompassing dance, traditionally performed by Vietnamese peasants in north Vietnam. It is usually performed outdoors by semi-amateur touring groups, stereotypically in a village square or the courtyard of a public building, although it is today increasingly also performed indoors and by professional performers 1525:. Literature using Nôm script began roughly in the 10th century. Up until the 21st century, there had been two components existing at the same time: works written in Literary Chinese (with poems and prose demonstrating Vietnamese history and realities; thus, they are regarded as Vietnamese literature) and works written in Nôm script (mostly poems). 3199:

husband. The father - child, wife - husband relationship shows that the father has the biggest role and position in the family and has a strong influence on the rest of the family. Today, the father - child relationship has started to transition into a parent child relationship as both parents have profound influence on their children.

2905:, Ming-style clothing was imposed by a Ming official within a month. Due to the previous centuries of conflict between China and Vietnam, Ming administrators said that their mission was to attempt to "civilize" the unorthodox Vietnamese "barbarians", which ironically reduced the amount of Taoist institutions in the process. 2632:("the three religions"). Recently, scholars have provided empirical evidence on the existence of the socio-cultural phenomenon called "cultural additivity" in Vietnamese history and society. Some elements considered to be unique of Vietnamese culture include ancestor veneration and respect for community and family. 5197:. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association. Vol. 2 of Indo-Pacific Prehistory: Proceedings of the 15th Congress of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 5–12 January 1994. The Chiang Mai Papers. Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, Australian National University. p. 94. 3337:

the Vietnamese themselves were ordering Cambodian Khmer to adopt Han culture style by ceasing habits like cropping hair and ordering them to grow it long besides making them replace skirts with trousers. Han Chinese Ming dynasty refugees numbering 3,000 came to Vietnam at the end of the Ming dynasty.

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emperors wore white. Each member of the royal court had an assortment of different formal gowns they would wear at a particular ceremony, or for a particular occasion. The rules governing the fashion of the royal court could change dynasty by dynasty, thus costumes of the Vietnamese court were quite

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When a death occurs in a Vietnamese household, the family members of the deceased would hold a wake ceremony or vigil that typically lasts for approximately five to six days. However, the duration of the ceremony may extend if the family is expecting the arrival of relatives residing abroad. The body

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Since the 1920s, literature has been mainly composed in the national language script (Vietnamese alphabet) with profound renovations in form and category such as novels, new-style poems, short stories and dramas, and with diversity in artistic tendency. Written literature attained speedy development

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In the 20th century, in contact with the Western culture, especially after national independence, many new categories of arts like plays, photography, cinemas, and modern art had taken shape and developed strongly, obtaining huge achievements with the contents reflecting the social and revolutionary

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However, this changed upon the advent of foreign European rule with the introduction of the romanized script (known as chữ Quốc Ngữ) As a result, although the Latin alphabet provided widespread literacy and access to the Vietnamese language in terms of oral and written literacy, the precise meaning

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Vietnam has had a diverse range of cultural poetry throughout its history. Historically, Vietnamese poetry consists of three language traditions. Each poetry was written exclusively in Classical Chinese and later incorporated Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary. It was also often centered around the themes

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is one of the most popular forms of art in Vietnam, favored for the mystical atmosphere that can be achieved with the medium. During the 19th and 20th centuries, French influence was absorbed into Vietnamese art and the liberal and modern use of color especially began to differentiate Vietnamese

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Communication culture in traditional Vietnamese families tends to follow the top-down stereotype and is highly hierarchical. Vietnamese people transmit the family culture through teach communication. The three core relationships in the Vietnamese society are king - people, father - child, wife -

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Despite nearly dying out in the 20th century, water puppetry has been recognized by the Vietnamese government as an important part of Vietnam's cultural heritage. Today, puppetry is commonly performed by professional puppeteers, who typically are taught by their elders in rural areas of Vietnam.

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writing system for the Vietnamese language was adapted for poetry as well. This writing system was also supported by the Vietnamese government and recognized as the primary language of the nation. It remained as the main writing system for Vietnamese poetry until the end of the 20th century.

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is worn by both genders but today it is worn mainly by women, except for certain important traditional culture-related occasions where some men do wear it. Áo dài consists of a long gown with a slit on both sides, worn over cotton or silk trousers. Adoption and enforcement of

1467:(111 BC) with the introducing of Old Chinese and Classical Chinese in modern-day North and Central Vietnam. They, however, only had been materialized in form of fragments, short sentences engraved on bricks and coins. The first surviving literature in Vietnam is the Sanskrit 3118:, they have developed their own characteristics throughout the millennia in combination with other influences from their neighbours. Vietnamese martial arts are deeply spiritual due to the influence of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, and are strongly reliant on the " 2786:, is laid between the teeth and a pinch of rice and three coins are placed in the mouth. The body is put on a grass mat laid on the ground according to the saying, "being born from the earth, one must return to the earth." The dead body is enveloped with white cloth, 1612:

and traditions of Buddhism and Confucianism. This style of poetry remained prominent until the 13th century. Thereafter, poetry and literature in the Vietnamese language emerged as the primary rival to literature written in Classical Chinese in Vietnam.

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varies slightly in the three regions: North, Central, and South. Northern classical music is Vietnam's oldest and is traditionally more formal. Vietnamese classical music can be traced to the Mongol invasions, when the Vietnamese captured a Chinese

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Modern Vietnamese literature has developed from romanticism to realism, from heroism in wartime to all aspects of life, and developed into ordinary life of the Vietnamese. Modern Vietnamese fables have recently been introduced in English as well.

3245:(a group that existed from 1000 BC to 1000 AD), saying that they possessed habits like adapting to water, having their hair cropped short, and possessing body tattoos. The ancient Northern Yue are considered one of the progenitor groups of modern 2859: 2417:

In the imperial court, there also developed throughout the centuries a series of complex court dances which require great skill. Some of the more widely known are the imperial lantern dance, fan dance, and platter dance, among others.

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In daily life, the traditional Vietnamese styles are now replaced by Western styles. Traditional clothing is worn instead on special occasions, with the exception of the white áo dài commonly seen with high school girls in Vietnam.

2855:: Nowadays, mourning ceremonies follow new rituals which are simplified; they consist of covering and putting the dead body into the coffin, the funeral procession, the burial of the sike into the grave, and the visits to the tomb. 2409:

Vietnam also has 54 different ethnicities, each with their own tradition. Among the ethnic Vietnamese majority, there are several traditional dances performed widely at festivals and other special occasions, such as the

3249:(Cantonese culture), while the Southern Yue people are considered one of the progenitor groups of modern Vietnamese culture. Ancient Han Chinese had described ancient Yue people occupying Nanyue as barbaric, comparing 2038:

In the past, when literacy in the old character-based writing systems of were restricted to Vietnamese scholars, calligraphy nevertheless still played an important part in Vietnamese life. On special occasions such as

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were worn. White áo dài is the required uniform for girls in many high schools across Vietnam. In some types of offices (e.g. receptionists, secretaries, tour guides), women are also required to wear áo dài.

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is commonly practised amongst the older generation of Vietnamese. Most Vietnamese, regardless of religious denomination, practice ancestor worship and have an ancestor altar at their home or business.

3238:. Water transport was paramount in the south, so the Yue became advanced in shipbuilding and developed maritime warfare technology mapping trade routes to Eastern coasts of China and Southeast Asia. 2091:

have reached a level of popularity outside of Vietnam. Organic materials are used to make the paint, which is applied to wood and pressed on paper. The process is repeated with different colors.

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silk paintings from their Chinese, Japanese and Korean counterparts. Vietnamese silk paintings typically showcase the countryside, landscapes, pagodas, historical events or scenes of daily life.

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Vietnamese cuisine is extremely diverse, often divided into three main categories, each pertaining to Vietnam's three main regions (north, central and south). It uses very little oil and many

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in 1474 forbidding Vietnamese from adopting foreign languages, hairstyles and clothing of the Lao, Champa or the "Northerners" which referred to the Ming. The edict was recorded in the 1479

2281:. It is an elaborate form of music which features an extensive array of musicians and dancers, dressed in extravagant costumes. It was an integral part of the rituals of the Imperial court. 805: 1208:) was the language used for formal writing. Between the 15th and 19th centuries, popular literature and folk songs were written in the Vietnamese language using a Vietnamese script ( 3895:

There are a number of other potential world heritage sites, as well as intangible cultural heritage which Vietnam has completed documents on for UNESCO's recognition in the future.

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Vietnamese martial arts are highly developed from the country's long history of warfare and attempts to defend itself from foreign occupation. Although most heavily influenced by

3169:. However, this is seeing a definite change as schools teaching various styles of Vietnamese martial arts are starting to pop up all over the world, notably in countries such as 5920: 5900: 4858: 2530:

and noodle soups. Different regions invented typically different types of noodles, varying in shapes, tastes, colors, etc. One of the nation's most famous type of noodles is

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Vuong, Quan-Hoang; Bui, Quang-Khiem; La, Viet-Phuong; Vuong, Thu-Trang; Ho, Manh-Toan; Nguyen, Hong-Kong T.; Nguyen, Hong-Ngoc; Nghiem, Kien-Cuong P.; Ho, Manh-Tung (2019).

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is set as the official language of Vietnam, there are currently more than 100 speaking languages in the country. They belong to five different major linguistic families:

3267: 2308: 4888: 3650: 2849:, or the end of the tears. After one year is the ceremony of the first anniversary of the relative's death and after two years is the ceremony of the end of mourning. 1265:

Some elements considered to be characteristic of Vietnamese culture include ancestor veneration, respect for community and family, and living in harmony with nature.

2543:), a type of noodle soup originating in North Vietnam, which consists of rice noodles and beef soup (sometimes chicken soup) with several other ingredients such as 3023:, a vast array of other hats and caps were available, constructed from numerous different types of materials, ranging from silk to bamboo and horse hair. Even the 2913: 2917: 5915: 3062: 2959: 4479: 5905: 5890: 5885: 2338:, it transitioned from being entertainment for the royal court to travelling troupes who performed for commoners and peasants, featuring many well-known 4504: 3234:, tattooed their faces, and dominated the coastal regions from shores all the way to the fertile valleys in the interior mountains. They also practiced 2051: 1968: 2973:

bodice which accompanied it. Peasants across the country also gradually came to wear silk pajama-like costumes, known as "áo cánh" in the north and

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after the August Revolution, when it was directed by the Vietnamese Communist Party's guideline and focused on the people's fighting and work life.

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holidays which have been celebrated in Vietnam for thousands of years, along with modern holidays imported predominantly from western countries.

2829:, must be carefully selected. Relatives, friends, and descendants take part in the funeral procession to accompany the dead along the way to the 2563:

the paper-thin slices of raw beef just before serving. Phở is meant to be savored, incorporating several different flavors: the sweet flavour of

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Vietnam has some 50 national music instruments, in which the set of percussion instruments is the most popular, diverse and long-lasting such as

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are dropped along the way. At the grave site, the coffin is lowered and buried. After three days of mourning, the family visits the tomb again

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Nguyễn emperors had the exclusive right to wear the color gold, while nobles wore red or purple. In the past the situation was different,

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and the Việt, were that other ethnic groups did not share the same passion for wet-rice cultivation as the Vietnamese Kinh people did.

2927:, people not of noble birth could dress quite liberally with only few restrictions on styles. For example, wearing yellow color in the 2551:(spring onions). It is often eaten for breakfast, but also makes a satisfying lunch or light dinner. The boiling stock, fragrant with 4593: 2204:

troupe. Central classical music shows the influences of Champa culture with its melancholic melodies. Southern music exudes a lively

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Traditionally, people wore white clothes along with white turbans during funerals. Vietnamese officials Hồ Đắc Trung, Tôn Thất Hân,

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In traditional Vietnamese culture, kinship plays an important role in Vietnam. Whilst Western culture is known for its emphasis on

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in Vietnam. The deities are believed to guard the village against disasters such as natural disasters or crises and bring fortune.

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tree. Each puppet is carefully carved, and then painted with numerous successive layers of paint in order to protect the puppets.

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and beauty of Vietnamese poems in Hán-Nôm may have gotten lost in the translation process to the Latin alphabet of chữ Quốc Ngữ.

7304: 6890: 6334: 5676: 5511: 2215:... The set of blowing instruments is represented by flutes and pan-pipes, while the set of string instruments is specified by 1322:

language, with monosyllabic and tonal features, sharing similarities with some other Northern Austroasiatic languages, such as

1113: 1005: 71: 3287:, the Vietnamese were ordered to stop growing their hair long, switch to Han Chinese style clothing, and stop the practice of 6068: 5681: 5584: 5448: 5421: 5340: 5153: 5084: 5031: 5006: 4975: 4825: 4333: 4169: 4141: 3241:

The ancient Han Chinese referred to the various tribal groups of people living in southern China and northern Vietnam as the

736: 4896: 2303:, but recently it has seen a revival as appreciation for its cultural significance has grown. Ca trù has been recognized by 6968: 6756: 6665: 6026: 6021: 5726: 3280: 2902: 2056: 1698: 482: 5569: 78: 7218: 6139: 6134: 6121: 5895: 2726: 2126: 1487: 1117: 502: 462: 52: 4187:"Cultural evolution in Vietnam's early 20th century: A Bayesian networks analysis of Hanoi Franco-Chinese house designs" 7368: 6848: 5394: 5367: 5283: 5256: 5128: 4530: 4358: 3349:

Both the Lingnan and historical Northern Vietnamese cultures are similar in possessing Nanyue and Han Chinese culture.

2011:, calligraphy, and traditional architecture. Currently, Vietnamese lacquer paintings have proven to be quite popular. 667: 17: 3141: 7263: 6808: 6512: 6261: 6217: 5654: 5574: 5495: 5313: 4514: 4437: 4409: 2752: 2152: 1010: 990: 876: 599: 520: 118: 6089: 5579: 5564: 3814: 3796: 3535: 2734: 2134: 2043:, people would go to scholars to make them a calligraphy hanging (often poetry, folk sayings or even single words). 403: 85: 6519: 5963: 1938: 1076: 4619:"Cultural additivity: behavioural insights from the interaction of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism in folktales" 4569: 6388: 6271: 6266: 5644: 946: 2931:

was tolerable since the Imperial clan wore red and white color. However, things changed at the beginning of the

6626: 6293: 6249: 5731: 5551: 3848: 2845:, the family stops bringing rice for the dead to the altar. And finally, after 100 days, the family celebrates 2730: 2130: 1693: 67: 56: 3153:

Vietnamese martial arts remain relatively unknown in the world today when compared to their counterparts from

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The three folk practices that are considered to be important or common amongst Vietnamese people may include:

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They opposed the Qing dynasty and were fiercely loyal to the Ming dynasty. Their descendants became known as

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cultures as barbaric. David G. Marr noted that a possible reason for social stratification, such as with the

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who most enjoyed the genre. It was condemned in the 20th century by the government, being tied falsely with

2295:-type of entertainment where talented female musicians entertained rich and powerful men, often scholars and 453: 345: 1976:

is a part of art practiced in Vietnam or by Vietnamese artists, from ancient times (including the elaborate

1586: 7053: 6440: 6405: 5986: 5850: 5516: 5475: 4919:"Characteristics of Traditional Vietnamese Family and ITS Influence on Communication Culture in the Family" 3758: 3576: 3358: 2969:

or "four-part dress" is one such example of an ancient dress widely worn by commoner women, along with the

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A lantern procession during Tết Trung Thu in Vietnam, which is also celebrated as "Children's Festival".

1456: 7258: 7163: 6920: 6452: 6435: 6412: 6234: 6041: 6013: 5877: 5741: 5666: 5649: 5248: 4998: 3940: 3323: 1899: 1564: 1312: 1304: 1195: 539: 4722: 3838: 3440: 3434: 3386: 1590: 1569: 1545: 1468: 6864: 6621: 6357: 6322: 5958: 5946: 5716: 5711: 5632: 5278:. Introduction to Asian Civilizations (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 87. 4425: 335: 3069:. They decided that their garments had to be distinctive to set themselves apart from the people of 2864: 1582: 1502:

script. It remains today as the oldest attested epigraph of any Southeast Asian language, predating

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Doan, Thien Thuat; Nguyen, Khanh Ha; Pham, Nhu Quynh; Truong dai hoc tong hop Ha Noi, eds. (2001).

4749:"On how religions could accidentally incite lies and violence: folktales as a cultural transmitter" 3950: 3776: 2715: 2613: 2115: 1734: 1660: 1551: 1300: 1164: 1030: 1581:), all of which are transliterated or annotated in chữ Quốc ngữ. Some famous female poets include 1182:

were found spread throughout Southeast Asia and South China, suggesting a spread of ancient Viet (

412: 300: 7213: 7178: 7133: 6761: 6584: 6554: 6472: 6430: 5855: 5840: 5698: 5468: 5389:. Book collections on Project MUSE (illustrated ed.). Cornell University Press. p. 39. 4558:(History and culture of Hanoi and Tonkin). Chiang Mai. Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006DCCM9Q. 4186: 3119: 3109: 2719: 2119: 1894: 1776: 1754: 1296: 45: 3702: 3689: 3663: 2226:

Vietnamese folksongs are rich in forms and melodies of regions across the country, ranging from

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Ancient China and the Yue: Perceptions and Identities on the Southern Frontier, c.400 BCE–50 CE

4275:"Extensive ethnolinguistic diversity in Vietnam reflects multiple sources of genetic diversity" 3996:"Extensive ethnolinguistic diversity in Vietnam reflects multiple sources of genetic diversity" 3790: 3322:

views towards their surrounding neighbors such as the Chams and Cambodians, and considered non-

3195:. In current rural Vietnam, one can still see three or four generations living under one roof. 3182: 2028: 1683: 1464: 1292: 926: 780: 161: 6194: 5386:

Southern Vietnam under the Reign of Minh Mang (1820–1841): Central Policies and Local Response

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The general Vietnamese term for martial arts is "Võ Thuật". Some of the more popular include:

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In feudal Vietnam, clothing was one of the most important marks of social status and strict

1556: 1332:) in the 13th century which used Chinese script as a basis, to the current Latin iteration ( 629: 7309: 7188: 7183: 7063: 6925: 6900: 6729: 6719: 6714: 6604: 6507: 6383: 6344: 6312: 6094: 6003: 5941: 5706: 5610: 3960: 3930: 3676: 3327: 3115: 2886: 1667: 639: 375: 2908: 2868: 2352:

techniques. It remains very popular in modern Vietnam when compared to other folk styles.

8: 7283: 7253: 7203: 7158: 7138: 7128: 7028: 6954: 6930: 6910: 6880: 6739: 6675: 6611: 6544: 6534: 6502: 6497: 6490: 6425: 6400: 6288: 6111: 6055: 5823: 5798: 5781: 5776: 5764: 5759: 5661: 4723:"Promoting The Value Of Vietnamese People Folk Beliefs: Policies And Recommend Solutions" 3955: 3754: 3524: 3446: 3367: 3284: 3192: 2966: 2881: 2591: 2539: 2500: 2008: 1744: 1726: 1688: 1353: 1333: 1288: 1248: 1142: 1129: 1107: 310: 136: 6579: 4660:"Vietnam: Traditional Cultural Concepts of Human Relations with the Natural Environment" 4273:

Liu D, Duong NT, Ton ND, Van Phong N, Pakendorf B, Van Hai N, Stoneking M (April 2020).

4236:"Vietnam: Traditional Cultural Concepts of Human Relations with the Natural Environment" 4045:"Dong Son drums from Timor-Leste: prehistoric bronze artefacts in Island Southeast Asia" 3449:; in practice, celebrations are held during the weeks before and after those four days. 3308: 3191:, Vietnamese culture places value on the roles of family. For specific information, see 2075: 559: 492: 155: 7143: 7123: 7008: 6998: 6915: 6801: 6778: 6773: 6670: 6616: 6485: 6300: 6256: 6179: 6162: 5627: 5503: 4948: 4780: 4760: 4640: 4301: 4274: 4216: 4198: 4111: 4072: 4020: 3995: 3991: 3970: 3935: 3869: 3363: 3334: 2996: 2955: 2932: 2924: 2770: 2560: 2472: 2348:: A kind of modern folk opera originating from south Vietnam, which utilizes extensive 2345: 2325: 2278: 2189: 1981: 1709: 1653: 1345:(glyph added to a letter) to represent tones in Vietnamese writing. When computerised, 676: 649: 207: 174: 6184: 3070: 2655: 2181: 1578: 1430:

Vietnamese calligraphy depicting people on a boat, the calligraphy says, "Thuyền nhân"

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Among the traditional holidays, the two most important and widely celebrated are the

3371: 3065:(the predecessor of the áo dài) took place in the mid 18th century by the rulers of 2951: 2947: 2891: 2605: 2461: 1842: 1803: 1798: 1749: 1606: 1199: 1160: 956: 718: 435: 146: 142: 5054:. Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, University of Pennsylvania. 4644: 2334:(also known as Hát bội): Traditional Vietnamese opera: A theatre form influenced by 1287:

Vietnam is one of the most linguistic diverse countries in Southeast Asia. Although

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which originated in the imperial court. It gradually came to be associated with a

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A trio of Vietnamese musicians performing together. The man on the far left plays

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The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia: A Comprehensive Guide

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in the 16th century and draws together various disparate beliefs and practices.

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Silk painting of Trịnh Đình Kiên (1715-1786) in the 18th century, exhibited in

1973: 1964: 1919: 1768: 1511: 1507: 1495: 1323: 1168: 1059: 1040: 819: 589: 5209: 4775: 4748: 4635: 4618: 4376:"Some Things Poetry Can Tell Us about the Process of Social Change in Vietnam" 3008: 2999:

often put on a plain piece of cloth wrapped around the head (generally called

2024: 2020: 1616: 1522: 1328: 1216: 1210: 1150: 1125: 1121: 529: 7357: 7332: 5594: 5589: 5190: 4944: 4797:

Asian Ethnology, Volumes 67-68 2008 p.305 "mother goddess religion (Đạo Mẫu)"

4683: 4432:. Translated by D. M. Hawke. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 7. 4375: 4291: 4259: 4157: 4107: 4068: 3480: 3472: 3227: 3188: 2974: 2830: 2355: 2335: 2288: 2205: 2063: 1540: 1319: 1179: 791: 745: 6833: 5207: 4534: 3782: 3300: 3035: 3016: 3004: 2970: 2928: 1426: 1349:

are used. For example, input 'a' generates 'a', but input 'aa' generates â.

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Possessed by the Spirits: Mediumship in Contemporary Vietnamese Communities

4310: 4029: 3732: 3511: 3315: 2649: 2621: 2504: 2300: 1993: 1985: 1739: 1503: 1274: 1244: 1232: 1224: 916: 906: 4480:"(Un)contextualizing Underground Poetry: Reimagining a Critical Community" 4060: 7342: 3889: 3520: 3379: 3319: 3253:

to animal shrieking and had regarded them as lacking morals and modesty.

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Following independence from China in the 10th century, Vietnam began a

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Oliveira, Nuno Vasco; O'Connor, Sue; Bellwood, Peter (February 2019).

3483:. And the start of a transition period to the formal reunification of 2176: 5308:(illustrated ed.). Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. pp. 53, 111. 3626: 3476: 2783: 2687: 2388: 1472: 1455:

19th-century manuscript of "Mysterious tales of the Southern Realm" (

1342: 1187: 280: 5024:

Becoming Chinese American: A History of Communities and Institutions

4935: 4918: 4506:

Memories of a Lost War: American Poetic Responses to the Vietnam War

3990:

Liu, Dang; Duong, Nguyen Thuy; Ton, Nguyen Dang; Phong, Nguyen Van;

3884: 3291:

so that they could have white teeth and long hair like the Chinese.

2704: 2284: 2258: 2104: 34: 5460: 4765: 4203: 4011: 3503:

Celebrates the economic and social achievements of labour workers.

3421: 3166: 2992: 2617: 2548: 1484: 325: 218: 6946: 5491: 3822: 3484: 3132: 2834: 2811: 2663: 2531: 2527: 2349: 2292: 2040: 1262:'National Language Script'), were introduced in Vietnam. 896: 165: 5440:

Ming China and Vietnam: Negotiating Borders in Early Modern Asia

5244:

Ming China and Vietnam: Negotiating Borders in Early Modern Asia

3445:

Largest holiday of the year, falling on the first three days of

2019:

Calligraphy has had a long history in Vietnam, previously using

1235:, resulting in various influences on the Vietnamese. During the 5272:

Dutton, George; Werner, Jayne; Whitmore, John K., eds. (2012).

3925: 3920: 3786: 3750: 3589: 3242: 3219: 2815: 2791: 2625: 2600: 2568: 2516: 2304: 1997: 1989: 1480: 1228: 1198:" (111 BCE – 939 CE). From this period until the 19th century, 1183: 1175:

due to the influence of Chinese culture on Vietnamese culture.

886: 866: 3551: 2265:

Two of the most well-known Vietnamese traditional genres are:

6697: 5174:

Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, Issue 15

3818: 3170: 3162: 3158: 3154: 2818:

for the funeral. There are two types of funeral processions:

2556: 2552: 2520: 2496: 2372: 2201: 1476: 1385: 856: 5102:

The Glory of Yue: An Annotated Translation of the Yuejue shu

5049:"Tattooed Faces and Stilt Houses: Who were the Ancient Yue?" 4042: 2670: 1517:

Historically Vietnamese literature was initially written in

1463:

The first evidence of writing in Vietnam appeared after the

1326:. The writing of Vietnamese started with Vietnamese script ( 3558: 3400: 2938: 2867:

and Đoàn Đình Duyệt depicted during the funeral of emperor

2564: 2488: 2309:

Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity

3294: 3019:

leaving the head bare was more common. Beside the popular

2686:

refers to the deities that is enshrined in each village's

2269:

Imperial Court music: When referring specifically to the "

1645: 4730:

Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business and Government

3744: 3271:

Vietnamese statues depicting the traditional practice of

5194:

Indo-Pacific Prehistory: The Chiang Mai Papers, Volume 2

5177:. Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association. 1996. p. 94. 3043:

diverse. However, certain fundamental concepts applied.

1419:", the five tones used for vowels along with flat tone " 186:, a modernized national garment created around the 1930s 5191:

Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association. Congress (1996).

4424: 3779:: Complex of monuments in the former imperial capital. 2987:

hat, a popular type of women's hat in northern Vietnam

2841:, or worship the opening of the grave. After 49 days, 5211:

A concise Vietnamese grammar: for non-native speakers

5047:

Peters, Heather (April 1990). H. Mair, Victor (ed.).

2616:, religion in Vietnam has historically been a mix of 2007:

The Chinese influence on Vietnamese art extends into

5271: 4272: 3902: 3352: 1494:, dating from late 4th century, was erected by King 3218:Prior to Han Chinese migration from the north, the 3129:

Võ Cổ Truyền Việt Nam (Võ Thuật Cổ Truyền Việt Nam)

2769:Vietnamese painting depicting a funeral during the 2249:. Apart from this, there are also other forms like 1311:. The Vietnamese language contains a large body of 59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5121:Lineage Society on the Southeastern Coast of China 4800: 4698:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency" 3046:The most popular and widely recognized Vietnamese 1969:List of traditional Vietnamese handicraft villages 7355: 5230:. Vol. 3. Vietnam Review. 1997. p. 35. 4399: 3989: 3051: 2825:: The date and time for the funeral procession, 2382: 4184: 4164:. University of California Press. p. 141. 3994:; Hai, Nong Van; Stoneking, Mark (2019-11-28). 3931:Indigenous peoples of Vietnam Central Highlands 3857: 3707:Tết Trung Nguyên, Rằm tháng bảy hoặc Lễ Vu Lan 2890:Portrait of Nguyễn Quý Đức (1648-1720) wearing 1190:. Vietnamese culture was heavily influenced by 1178:Ancient Vietnamese cultural artifacts, such as 5416:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 75–81. 5186: 5184: 4806: 2950:was a traditional cross-collared robe worn by 1227:and annexed territories formerly belonging to 6962: 6863: 6849: 5476: 4452: 3098:A Kinh Vietnamese woman with blackened teeth. 2559:, is poured over the noodles and vegetables, 1939: 1077: 4616: 4323: 3761:. These are split into specific categories: 3378:Vietnam celebrates many holidays, including 3342:. They did not wear Manchu hairstyle unlike 2585: 5181: 5167: 5165: 5146:A History of Chinese Science and Technology 4178: 4134:Colonialism and language policy in Viet Nam 3222:cultivated wet rice, practiced fishing and 3122:" (philosophy of Vietnamese martial arts). 3103: 2733:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2133:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2087:A folk art with a long history in Vietnam, 1257: 6969: 6955: 6856: 6842: 5483: 5469: 4567: 3764: 3527:in 1945, declaring Vietnam's independence 3207: 2995:differed from time to time. People of the 2571:, salty fish sauce, and fresh vegetables. 1946: 1932: 1084: 1070: 4934: 4774: 4764: 4634: 4502: 4300: 4290: 4202: 4128: 4019: 3828: 2753:Learn how and when to remove this message 2153:Learn how and when to remove this message 1459:), a copy of 15th-century original tale. 119:Learn how and when to remove this message 5436: 5409: 5355: 5240: 5162: 4990: 4430:An Introduction to Vietnamese Literature 4373: 4162:Vietnamese Tradition on Trial, 1920–1945 4092:"A Brief History of the Dongson Concept" 3550: 3362: 3266: 2979: 2937: 2907: 2885: 2858: 2764: 2669: 2599: 2582:or 𥯖) are a common utensil in Vietnam. 2495:. Its characteristic flavors are sweet ( 2366: 2273:" form it includes court music from the 2175: 2074: 2050: 1450: 1425: 1278: 1247:romanizing the Vietnamese language, the 1159:) are the customs and traditions of the 5550: 5099: 4889:"Ancient costumes of Vietnamese people" 4886: 4089: 3785:: Ancient temple complex of the former 3757:, as well as cultural relics deemed as 3295:Later cultural relations with neighbors 3149:Võ Nam Huỳnh Đạo (Master Nam Huỳnh Đạo) 2875: 2810:The surviving family wear coarse gauze 2035:, which has proven to be very popular. 2031:instead uses the Roman-character based 1118:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 7356: 5362:(4 ed.). Routledge. p. 153. 5298: 5214:. Hanoi, Vietnam: The Gioi Publishers. 5046: 5021: 4965: 4923:Anthropological Researches and Studies 4850: 4477: 4324:Sidwell, Paul; Jenny, Mathias (2021). 4266: 3745:World and intangible cultural heritage 3176: 6950: 6837: 6069:National Defense and Security Council 5464: 5332:Vietnamese Anticolonialism, 1885-1925 5072: 5022:Him, Mark Lai; Hsu, Madeline (2004). 4746: 4568:Magazine, Smithsonian; Bramen, Lisa. 4402:A Thousand Years of Vietnamese Poetry 4348: 4191:Social Sciences & Humanities Open 3773:: An ancient city and trading centre. 3655:Rằm tháng Giêng hoặc Tết Nguyên Tiêu 2638:is also practiced in modern Vietnam. 2538: 2004:also played a smaller role later on. 1984:art which was strongly influenced by 1341:The current Vietnamese alphabet uses 5490: 5382: 5328: 5305:Brother Enemy: The War After the War 4880: 4156: 3431:Between late January–early February 3346:to Vietnam during the Qing dynasty. 2954:before the 19th century. During the 2731:adding citations to reliable sources 2698: 2526:Vietnam also has a large variety of 2425: 2247:, dum, ví giặm, ca Huế, bài chòi, ly 2213:đàn đáy, đàn tranh, đàn nhị, đàn bầu 2131:adding citations to reliable sources 2098: 2057:Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts 806:Provisional Revolutionary Government 417: 57:adding citations to reliable sources 28: 6976: 5896:Permanent Member of the Secretariat 5118: 4968:Rice: Origin, Antiquity and History 4846:. Vietnam Review. 1997. p. 35. 4834: 4657: 4556:Vietnam Past and Present: The North 4554:Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David: 4233: 2694: 2188:and the man on the right plays the 2070: 1214:) derived from Chinese characters ( 24: 5410:Brindley, Erica Fox (2015-09-03). 5335:. University of California Press. 5143: 5104:. Sinica Leidensia. Vol. 93. 4916: 4856: 4720: 4714: 3866:: a form of Vietnamese court music 3738:Lễ cúng Ông Công, Ông Táo về trời 3396: 2184:, the man in the middle plays the 2094: 1498:of Champa, and was written in Old 1483:culture. Following Võ Cạnh is the 25: 7380: 5437:Baldanza, Kathlene (2016-03-29). 4843:The Vietnam Review: VR., Volume 3 4820:. SEAP Publications. p. 38. 3983: 3546: 3353:Holidays and other important days 3263:Teeth blackening § Elsewhere 2798:. Finally, the funeral ceremony, 2362: 7337: 7328: 7327: 5901:History of central officeholders 4374:Jamieson, Neil (December 2001). 3905: 3299:A royal edict was issued by the 3091: 2703: 2515:), and flavored by a variety of 2429: 2103: 2046: 1913: 1644: 1392:; and a bar through the letter " 1098: 1053: 750:(Democratic Republic of Vietnam) 217: 173: 154: 135: 33: 6703:Traditional musical instruments 5430: 5403: 5376: 5349: 5322: 5292: 5275:Sources of Vietnamese Tradition 5265: 5234: 5227:The Vietnam Review: VR Volume 3 5218: 5201: 5137: 5112: 5093: 5076:China: An Environmental History 5066: 5040: 5015: 4984: 4959: 4917:LE, Thi Kim Dung (2021-04-27). 4910: 4791: 4740: 4690: 4651: 4610: 4586: 4561: 4548: 4523: 4496: 4471: 4446: 4418: 4393: 4367: 4351:The Kingfisher Story Collection 4342: 4279:Molecular Biology and Evolution 3479:forces overthrow government of 2942:Court attires of Nguyễn Dynasty 2009:Vietnamese pottery and ceramics 1186:) culture all the way south to 145:architecture (seen here is the 44:needs additional citations for 7295:British Indian Ocean Territory 5443:. Cambridge University Press. 4721:Vu, Hong Van (February 2021). 4317: 4227: 4150: 4122: 4083: 4036: 3815:Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long 3797:Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long 3305:Complete Chronicle of Dai Viet 3202: 2014: 1958: 1561:(Lament of the soldier's wife) 1318:The Vietnamese language is an 1155: 760:Provisional Central Government 13: 1: 5921:Central Inspection Commission 5329:Marr, David G. (1980-01-01). 4676:10.1080/10225706.1999.9684048 4594:"Religious fusion in Vietnam" 4478:Thuyên, Nhã (November 2018). 4404:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 4252:10.1080/10225706.1999.9684048 3976: 3318:, the Vietnamese had adopted 2628:, known in Vietnamese as the 1532:Classical literature include 1434: 168:, the former imperial capital 5079:. Rowman & Littlefield. 4658:CUC, Le Trong (1999-01-01). 4453:corneliatrent (2018-01-10). 4428:; Nguyen Tran Huan (1985) . 4234:CUC, Le Trong (1999-01-01). 4090:SOLHEIM, WILHELM G. (1988). 3858:Intangible cultural heritage 3359:List of festivals in Vietnam 3256: 2608:, a historic Buddhist temple 2405:Traditional Vietnamese dance 2081:Đông Hồ folk woodblock print 1548:(Complaint of a Palace Maid) 877:Cát Tiên archaeological site 7: 6064:Central Military Commission 5926:Central Military Commission 5241:Baldanza, Kathlene (2016). 4991:Brindley, Erica F. (2015). 4570:"The History of Chopsticks" 4503:Chattarji, Subarno (2001). 4353:. Amazon Digital Services. 4328:. De Gruyter. p. 626. 4213:10.1016/j.ssaho.2019.100001 4136:. Mouton. pp. 32, 38. 3898: 3805:: The pagoda is a historic 2912:Empress Nam Phương wearing 2802:, is officially performed. 2089:Vietnamese woodblock prints 1268: 1196:1000 years of Northern Rule 810:(Republic of South Vietnam) 10: 7385: 6032:Supreme People's Procuracy 5249:Cambridge University Press 4999:Cambridge University Press 4747:Vuong, Quan-Hoang (2020). 4349:Vuong, Quan-Hoang (2022). 3941:List of museums in Vietnam 3723: 3710: 3697: 3684: 3671: 3658: 3645: 3634: 3621: 3608: 3597: 3571: 3530: 3506: 3490: 3452: 3426:Tết Dương lịch or Tết Tây 3356: 3260: 3224:slash-and-burn agriculture 3211: 3180: 3107: 2879: 2805: 2589: 2476: 2470: 2466: 2459: 2402: 2323: 2319: 2169: 1974:Traditional Vietnamese art 1962: 1604: 1475:, which belongs to either 1444: 1438: 1313:Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary 1272: 540:Anarchy of the 12 Warlords 7369:Culture of Southeast Asia 7323: 7282: 7242: 6984: 6871: 6865:Culture of Southeast Asia 6795: 6570: 6471: 6379: 6370: 6343: 6170: 6161: 6120: 6077: 6054: 6012: 5979: 5934: 5876: 5831: 5822: 5740: 5697: 5618: 5609: 5502: 5383:Choi, Byung Wook (2018). 5148:. Springer. p. 438. 5073:Marks, Robert B. (2017). 4994:Ancient China and the Yue 4970:. CRC Press. p. 27. 4776:10.1057/s41599-020-0442-3 4636:10.1057/s41599-018-0189-2 4400:Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1975). 3577:International Women's Day 2958:, it was replaced by the 2901:were enforced. After the 2782:is washed and dressed. A 2674:Ceremonial procession of 2586:Religion & philosophy 2536:Vietnamese pronunciation: 2487:, and is mainly based on 2421: 1600: 1488:Đông Yên Châu inscription 7044:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 5356:Chandler, David (2018). 5100:Milburn, Olivia (2010). 5058:. Sino-Platonic Papers. 3951:Social issues in Vietnam 3749:Vietnam has a number of 3104:Traditional martial arts 3007:often wore a hat called 2903:Ming conquest of Vietnam 2574:Chopsticks (Vietnamese: 2398: 2371:Water puppet theatre in 2165: 2027:. However, most modern 1735:Vietnamese folk religion 1399:It also has six tones: " 1356:Latin alphabet uses the 1275:Vietnam § Languages 1165:ethnic groups of Vietnam 473:Trung sisters' rebellion 7305:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 6891:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 5119:Lim, Ivy Maria (2010). 4887:Unknown, T.Van (2013), 4859:"Đi tìm ngàn năm áo mũ" 4753:Palgrave Communications 4623:Palgrave Communications 4455:"The Poetry of Vietnam" 4383:Southeast Asian Studies 3765:Cultural heritage sites 3618:Ngày Nhà giáo Việt Nam 3540:Ngày Giỗ Tổ Hùng Vương 3208:Pre-Sinicization Nanyue 3110:Vietnamese martial arts 2776: 1777:Vietnamese martial arts 967:Principality of Hà Tiên 6513:Language and computers 6262:Science and Technology 6022:Supreme People's Court 5964:Deputy Prime Ministers 5755:Hong (Red) River Delta 5144:Lu, Yongxiang (2016). 4966:Sharma, S. D. (2010). 4292:10.1093/molbev/msaa099 3829:Natural heritage sites 3556: 3500:Ngày Quốc tế Lao động 3437:(Vietnamese New Year) 3375: 3344:later Chinese migrants 3276: 3183:Vietnamese family life 3052: 2988: 2943: 2920: 2894: 2872: 2773: 2679: 2609: 2575: 2438:This section is empty. 2383: 2375: 2193: 2084: 2059: 2029:Vietnamese calligraphy 1471:(4th century AD) near 1465:Han conquest of Nanyue 1460: 1431: 1284: 1283:Handwritten Vietnamese 1252: 1237:French colonial period 1146: 1106:This article contains 848:Non-Vietnamese history 600:4th Chinese domination 503:3rd Chinese domination 483:2nd Chinese domination 463:1st Chinese domination 149:) prevalent in Vietnam 6745:Person Dignity Theory 5359:A History of Cambodia 5056:East Asian Collection 4617:Vuong, Q.-H. (2018). 4598:www.insightguides.com 4484:Words Without Borders 4061:10.15184/aqy.2018.177 3880:Space of gong culture 3852:Karst Plateau Geopark 3605:Ngày Phụ nữ Việt Nam 3586:March/April (Sunday) 3554: 3366: 3270: 3214:Baiyue § Culture 3212:Further information: 3038:rulers wore red, and 2983: 2962:and became obsolete. 2941: 2911: 2889: 2862: 2768: 2673: 2662:, was established in 2603: 2596:Vietnamese philosophy 2370: 2287:: An ancient form of 2179: 2078: 2054: 1454: 1441:Vietnamese literature 1429: 1282: 1167:. Vietnam is part of 796:(Republic of Vietnam) 713:1887–1945 / 1945–1954 701:1883–1945 / 1946–1948 691:1883–1945 / 1945–1948 681:1862–1945 / 1945–1949 7219:United Arab Emirates 6267:Traditional medicine 6145:Self-Defence Militia 5689:World Heritage Sites 5645:Environmental issues 4574:Smithsonian Magazine 3961:Vietnamese mythology 3777:Imperial City of Huế 3755:World Heritage Sites 3602:Vietnam Women's Day 3281:Ming rule of Vietnam 3116:Chinese martial arts 2876:Traditional clothing 2727:improve this section 2658:, or the worship of 2127:improve this section 1986:Chinese Buddhist art 1870:World Heritage Sites 781:North–South division 630:Later Lê Restoration 336:Phùng Nguyên culture 68:"Culture of Vietnam" 53:improve this article 7246:limited recognition 6740:Ho Chi Minh Thought 5916:Central Secretariat 4509:. Clarendon Press. 3992:Pakendorf, Brigitte 3956:Vietnamese language 3839:Quảng Bình province 3759:intangible heritage 3447:Vietnamese calendar 3368:Vietnamese New Year 3193:Vietnamese pronouns 3177:Traditional kinship 3138:Võ Thuật Văn Võ Đạo 2882:Vietnamese clothing 2592:Religion in Vietnam 2033:Viẹtnamese alphabet 1591:Bà Huyện Thanh Quan 1469:Võ Cạnh inscription 1457:Lĩnh Nam chích quái 1249:Vietnamese alphabet 1225:southward expansion 1006:Historical capitals 927:Nung-Zhuang kingdom 274:12,000 BC–10,000 BC 253:20,000 BC–12,000 BC 180:A woman wearing an 7364:Culture of Vietnam 6779:Vietnamese studies 6491:Overseas community 6284:Telecommunications 6037:Procurator-General 5992:Standing Committee 5682:Endangered species 5026:. AltaMira Press. 4426:Durand, Maurice M. 4096:Asian Perspectives 3971:Vietnamese studies 3936:History of Vietnam 3791:Quảng Nam province 3557: 3389:, followed by the 3376: 3277: 3142:Võ thuật Bình Định 2989: 2944: 2921: 2895: 2873: 2790:, and placed in a 2774: 2680: 2610: 2473:Vietnamese cuisine 2376: 2326:Vietnamese theatre 2230:(reciting poems), 2194: 2085: 2060: 1982:Chinese domination 1920:Vietnam portal 1639:Culture of Vietnam 1546:Cung Oán Ngâm Khúc 1537:(The Tale of Kieu) 1461: 1432: 1285: 1139:culture of Vietnam 1060:Vietnam portal 677:French Cochinchina 295:10,000 BC–8,000 BC 18:Vietnamese culture 7351: 7350: 7288:other territories 6944: 6943: 6831: 6830: 6791: 6790: 6787: 6786: 6757:Traditional games 6441:Human trafficking 6366: 6365: 6157: 6156: 6153: 6152: 6050: 6049: 5987:National Assembly 5906:National Congress 5891:General Secretary 5886:Central Committee 5851:Foreign relations 5818: 5817: 5814: 5813: 5787:Central Highlands 5605: 5604: 5570:Chinese dominated 5450:978-1-316-53131-0 5423:978-1-316-35228-1 5342:978-0-520-04277-3 5155:978-3-662-51388-0 5123:. Cambria Press. 5086:978-1-442-27789-2 5033:978-0-759-10458-7 5008:978-1-107-08478-0 4977:978-1-57808-680-1 4857:Vu, Thuy (2014), 4827:978-0-87727-141-3 4335:978-3-11055-814-2 4171:978-0-520-90744-7 4143:978-90-279-7643-7 3821:, the capital of 3803:One Pillar Pagoda 3742: 3741: 3677:Buddha's Birthday 3544: 3543: 3536:Giỗ Tổ Hùng Vương 3458:Reunification Day 2763: 2762: 2755: 2606:One Pillar Pagoda 2462:Cinema of Vietnam 2458: 2457: 2163: 2162: 2155: 1956: 1955: 1804:Vietnamese poetry 1799:Vietnamese comics 1607:Vietnamese poetry 1575:Poetry Collection 1372:for the letters " 1360:for the letters " 1261: 1200:Classical Chinese 1114:rendering support 1094: 1093: 975: 974: 957:Sip Song Chau Tai 838: 837: 811: 797: 751: 727: 726: 719:Empire of Vietnam 658: 657: 511: 510: 444: 443: 413:Hồng Bàng dynasty 394: 393: 380:(1,000 BC–200 AD) 370:(1,000 BC–100 AD) 350:1,500 BC–1,000 BC 340:2,000 BC–1,500 BC 315:4,000 BC–3,000 BC 305:8,000 BC–6,000 BC 301:Quỳnh Văn culture 147:One Pillar Pagoda 129: 128: 121: 103: 16:(Redirected from 7376: 7341: 7331: 7330: 7300:Christmas Island 6986:Sovereign states 6978:Culture of Asia 6971: 6964: 6957: 6948: 6947: 6886:Christmas Island 6858: 6851: 6844: 6835: 6834: 6811: 6804: 6469: 6468: 6377: 6376: 6208:Renewable energy 6198: 6190: 6168: 6167: 6075: 6074: 5874: 5873: 5846:Fatherland Front 5829: 5828: 5695: 5694: 5616: 5615: 5548: 5547: 5485: 5478: 5471: 5462: 5461: 5455: 5454: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5407: 5401: 5400: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5353: 5347: 5346: 5326: 5320: 5319: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5269: 5263: 5262: 5238: 5232: 5231: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5205: 5199: 5198: 5188: 5179: 5178: 5169: 5160: 5159: 5141: 5135: 5134: 5116: 5110: 5109: 5106:Brill Publishers 5097: 5091: 5090: 5070: 5064: 5063: 5053: 5044: 5038: 5037: 5019: 5013: 5012: 4988: 4982: 4981: 4963: 4957: 4956: 4938: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4899:on June 17, 2015 4895:, archived from 4884: 4878: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4869:on June 17, 2015 4865:, archived from 4854: 4848: 4847: 4838: 4832: 4831: 4812:Nguyễn, Thị Hiền 4804: 4798: 4795: 4789: 4788: 4778: 4768: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4727: 4718: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4708: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4664:Asian Geographer 4655: 4649: 4648: 4638: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4604: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4580: 4565: 4559: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4542: 4533:. Archived from 4531:"Art of Vietnam" 4527: 4521: 4520: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4490: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4466: 4465: 4450: 4444: 4443: 4422: 4416: 4415: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4380: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4321: 4315: 4314: 4304: 4294: 4285:(9): 2503–2519. 4270: 4264: 4263: 4240:Asian Geographer 4231: 4225: 4224: 4206: 4182: 4176: 4175: 4154: 4148: 4147: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4055:(367): 163–180. 4040: 4034: 4033: 4023: 4006:(9): 2503–2519. 3987: 3946:Media of Vietnam 3915: 3910: 3909: 3908: 3874:Southern Vietnam 3811:Ba Đình district 3799:: Hanoi old city 3789:civilization in 3703:Tết Trung Nguyên 3631:Giáng sinh/Nôen 3559: 3516:Ngày Quốc khánh 3401: 3289:teeth blackening 3275:(nhuộm răng đen) 3273:teeth blackening 3236:teeth blackening 3095: 3055: 3048:national costume 2758: 2751: 2747: 2744: 2738: 2707: 2699: 2695:Funeral ceremony 2660:mother goddesses 2646:Ancestor worship 2542: 2537: 2501:Bird's eye chili 2453: 2450: 2440:You can help by 2433: 2426: 2386: 2340:stock characters 2197:Vietnamese music 2172:Music of Vietnam 2158: 2151: 2147: 2144: 2138: 2107: 2099: 2071:Woodblock prints 1948: 1941: 1934: 1918: 1917: 1916: 1648: 1627: 1626: 1552:Nguyễn Gia Thiều 1500:Southern Brahmic 1388:for the letter " 1259: 1256: 1158: 1157: 1147:Văn hoá Việt Nam 1120: instead of 1102: 1101: 1086: 1079: 1072: 1058: 1057: 1056: 853: 852: 809: 795: 770:State of Vietnam 749: 742: 741: 708:French Indochina 673: 672: 610:Later Lê dynasty 570:Later Lý dynasty 560:Early Lê dynasty 526: 525: 493:Early Lý dynasty 459: 458: 419: 409: 408: 376:Sa Huỳnh culture 366:Dong Son culture 346:Đồng Đậu culture 234: 233: 221: 211: 193: 192: 177: 158: 139: 124: 117: 113: 110: 104: 102: 61: 37: 29: 21: 7384: 7383: 7379: 7378: 7377: 7375: 7374: 7373: 7354: 7353: 7352: 7347: 7319: 7287: 7278: 7259:Northern Cyprus 7245: 7238: 6980: 6975: 6945: 6940: 6867: 6862: 6832: 6827: 6814: 6807: 6800: 6783: 6566: 6467: 6453:Public holidays 6436:Sex trafficking 6362: 6339: 6235:Five-Year Plans 6196: 6188: 6149: 6124: 6122:Public Security 6116: 6073: 6046: 6042:Military Courts 6008: 5975: 5930: 5878:Communist Party 5872: 5810: 5736: 5732:Electoral units 5693: 5650:Protected areas 5601: 5580:French colonial 5546: 5498: 5489: 5459: 5458: 5451: 5435: 5431: 5424: 5408: 5404: 5397: 5381: 5377: 5370: 5354: 5350: 5343: 5327: 5323: 5316: 5297: 5293: 5286: 5270: 5266: 5259: 5251:. p. 110. 5239: 5235: 5224: 5223: 5219: 5206: 5202: 5189: 5182: 5171: 5170: 5163: 5156: 5142: 5138: 5131: 5117: 5113: 5098: 5094: 5087: 5071: 5067: 5051: 5045: 5041: 5034: 5020: 5016: 5009: 4989: 4985: 4978: 4964: 4960: 4936:10.26758/11.1.4 4915: 4911: 4902: 4900: 4885: 4881: 4872: 4870: 4855: 4851: 4840: 4839: 4835: 4828: 4808:Fjelstad, Karen 4805: 4801: 4796: 4792: 4745: 4741: 4725: 4719: 4715: 4706: 4704: 4696: 4695: 4691: 4656: 4652: 4615: 4611: 4602: 4600: 4592: 4591: 4587: 4578: 4576: 4566: 4562: 4553: 4549: 4540: 4538: 4529: 4528: 4524: 4517: 4501: 4497: 4488: 4486: 4476: 4472: 4463: 4461: 4451: 4447: 4440: 4423: 4419: 4412: 4398: 4394: 4378: 4372: 4368: 4361: 4347: 4343: 4336: 4322: 4318: 4271: 4267: 4232: 4228: 4183: 4179: 4172: 4155: 4151: 4144: 4130:DeFrancis, John 4127: 4123: 4088: 4084: 4041: 4037: 3988: 3984: 3979: 3966:Vietnamese name 3911: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3860: 3831: 3809:in the central 3807:Buddhist temple 3767: 3747: 3651:Tết Nguyên Tiêu 3642:Ngày thiếu nhi 3639:Children's day 3581:Quốc tế Phụ nữ 3549: 3463:Ngày Thống nhất 3399: 3397:Public holidays 3361: 3355: 3297: 3265: 3259: 3247:Lingnan culture 3226:, domesticated 3216: 3210: 3205: 3185: 3179: 3112: 3106: 3099: 3096: 2884: 2878: 2808: 2779: 2759: 2748: 2742: 2739: 2724: 2708: 2697: 2598: 2590:Main articles: 2588: 2540:[fəː˧˩] 2535: 2481: 2479:Vietnamese wine 2475: 2469: 2464: 2454: 2448: 2445: 2424: 2407: 2401: 2365: 2328: 2322: 2174: 2168: 2159: 2148: 2142: 2139: 2124: 2108: 2097: 2095:Performing arts 2073: 2049: 2017: 1971: 1963:Main articles: 1961: 1952: 1914: 1912: 1905: 1904: 1900:National anthem 1885: 1884: 1875: 1874: 1865: 1864: 1848: 1847: 1828: 1827: 1809: 1808: 1794: 1793: 1782: 1781: 1772: 1771: 1760: 1759: 1730: 1729: 1704: 1703: 1679: 1678: 1609: 1603: 1570:Quốc âm Thi Tập 1449: 1443: 1437: 1277: 1271: 1192:Chinese culture 1154: 1135: 1134: 1133: 1112:Without proper 1103: 1099: 1090: 1054: 1052: 1047: 1046: 1045: 985: 977: 976: 850: 840: 839: 808: 794: 748: 739: 729: 728: 670: 660: 659: 640:Tây Sơn dynasty 523: 513: 512: 456: 446: 445: 406: 396: 395: 291:Bắc Sơn culture 231: 209: 202: 191: 190: 189: 188: 187: 178: 170: 169: 159: 151: 150: 140: 125: 114: 108: 105: 62: 60: 50: 38: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7382: 7372: 7371: 7366: 7349: 7348: 7346: 7345: 7335: 7324: 7321: 7320: 7318: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7291: 7289: 7280: 7279: 7277: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7250: 7248: 7240: 7239: 7237: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 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6368: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6360: 6358:Rail transport 6355: 6349: 6347: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6337: 6332: 6331: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6310: 6309: 6308: 6298: 6297: 6296: 6291: 6281: 6280: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6259: 6254: 6253: 6252: 6247: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6221: 6220: 6218:Power stations 6215: 6210: 6200: 6192: 6189:("Renovation") 6182: 6177: 6171: 6165: 6159: 6158: 6155: 6154: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6131: 6129: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6098: 6097: 6092: 6081: 6079: 6072: 6071: 6066: 6060: 6058: 6052: 6051: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6018: 6016: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5995: 5994: 5983: 5981: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5973: 5968: 5967: 5966: 5959:Prime Minister 5956: 5951: 5950: 5949: 5947:Vice President 5938: 5936: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5882: 5880: 5871: 5870: 5865: 5864: 5863: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5832: 5826: 5820: 5819: 5816: 5815: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5808: 5807: 5806: 5801: 5791: 5790: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5769: 5768: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5746: 5744: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5722:District-level 5719: 5714: 5712:Municipalities 5709: 5703: 5701: 5692: 5691: 5686: 5685: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5659: 5658: 5657: 5655:National parks 5647: 5642: 5637: 5636: 5635: 5633:Climate change 5625: 5619: 5613: 5607: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5599: 5598: 5597: 5592: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5556: 5554: 5545: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5508: 5506: 5500: 5499: 5488: 5487: 5480: 5473: 5465: 5457: 5456: 5449: 5429: 5422: 5402: 5396:978-1501719523 5395: 5375: 5369:978-0429964060 5368: 5348: 5341: 5321: 5314: 5291: 5285:978-0231511100 5284: 5264: 5258:978-1316531310 5257: 5233: 5217: 5200: 5180: 5161: 5154: 5136: 5130:978-1604977271 5129: 5111: 5092: 5085: 5065: 5039: 5032: 5014: 5007: 4983: 4976: 4958: 4909: 4879: 4849: 4833: 4826: 4799: 4790: 4739: 4713: 4689: 4670:(1–2): 67–74. 4650: 4609: 4585: 4560: 4547: 4522: 4515: 4495: 4470: 4445: 4438: 4417: 4410: 4392: 4366: 4360:979-8353946595 4359: 4341: 4334: 4316: 4265: 4246:(1–2): 67–74. 4226: 4177: 4170: 4158:Marr, David G. 4149: 4142: 4121: 4082: 4035: 4012:10.1101/857367 3981: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3974: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3913:Vietnam portal 3900: 3897: 3893: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3867: 3859: 3856: 3855: 3854: 3846: 3841: 3835:Phong Nha Cave 3830: 3827: 3826: 3825: 3800: 3794: 3780: 3774: 3766: 3763: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3736: 3726: 3725:23/12 (lunar) 3722: 3721: 3720:Tết Trung Thu 3718: 3713: 3709: 3708: 3705: 3700: 3696: 3695: 3692: 3687: 3683: 3682: 3679: 3674: 3670: 3669: 3666: 3661: 3657: 3656: 3653: 3648: 3644: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3633: 3632: 3629: 3624: 3620: 3619: 3616: 3611: 3607: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3596: 3595: 3592: 3587: 3583: 3582: 3579: 3574: 3570: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3548: 3547:Other holidays 3545: 3542: 3541: 3538: 3533: 3529: 3528: 3525:Ba Đình Square 3517: 3514: 3509: 3505: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3493: 3489: 3488: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3450: 3443: 3441:Tết Nguyên Đán 3438: 3435:Tết Nguyên Đán 3432: 3428: 3427: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3398: 3395: 3387:Tết Nguyên Đán 3357:Main article: 3354: 3351: 3335:Nguyễn dynasty 3296: 3293: 3258: 3255: 3251:their language 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3181:Main article: 3178: 3175: 3151: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3139: 3136: 3130: 3108:Main article: 3105: 3102: 3101: 3100: 3097: 3090: 3003:), men in the 2997:Nguyễn dynasty 2977:in the south. 2956:Nguyễn dynasty 2933:Nguyễn dynasty 2925:Nguyễn dynasty 2880:Main article: 2877: 2874: 2865:Nguyễn Hữu Bài 2857: 2856: 2850: 2839:, lễ mở cửa ma 2807: 2804: 2778: 2775: 2771:Nguyễn dynasty 2761: 2760: 2711: 2709: 2702: 2696: 2693: 2692: 2691: 2678:, 19th century 2668: 2667: 2653: 2587: 2584: 2471:Main article: 2468: 2465: 2460:Main article: 2456: 2455: 2436: 2434: 2423: 2420: 2403:Main article: 2400: 2397: 2379:Water puppetry 2364: 2363:Water puppetry 2361: 2360: 2359: 2353: 2343: 2324:Main article: 2321: 2318: 2313: 2312: 2282: 2279:Nguyễn dynasty 2243:, trong quan, 2170:Main article: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2160: 2111: 2109: 2102: 2096: 2093: 2072: 2069: 2048: 2045: 2041:Lunar New Year 2016: 2013: 1978:Đông Sơn drums 1965:Vietnamese art 1960: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1951: 1950: 1943: 1936: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1923: 1922: 1907: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1886: 1882: 1881: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1873: 1872: 1866: 1862: 1861: 1860: 1857: 1856: 1850: 1849: 1846: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1829: 1823: 1822: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1811: 1810: 1807: 1806: 1801: 1795: 1789: 1788: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1773: 1767: 1766: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1731: 1725: 1724: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1713: 1712: 1706: 1705: 1702: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1680: 1676: 1675: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1664: 1663: 1657: 1656: 1650: 1649: 1641: 1640: 1636: 1635: 1605:Main article: 1602: 1599: 1557:Chinh phụ ngâm 1514:by centuries. 1496:Bhadravarman I 1439:Main article: 1436: 1433: 1273:Main article: 1270: 1267: 1180:Dong Son drums 1169:Southeast Asia 1163:and the other 1116:, you may see 1104: 1097: 1096: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1089: 1088: 1081: 1074: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1049: 1048: 1044: 1043: 1041:Indochina Wars 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 987: 986: 983: 982: 979: 978: 973: 972: 969: 963: 962: 959: 953: 952: 949: 947:Jarai kingdoms 943: 942: 939: 933: 932: 929: 923: 922: 919: 913: 912: 909: 903: 902: 899: 893: 892: 889: 883: 882: 879: 873: 872: 869: 863: 862: 859: 851: 846: 845: 842: 841: 836: 835: 832: 826: 825: 822: 820:Subsidy period 816: 815: 812: 802: 801: 798: 788: 787: 784: 776: 775: 772: 766: 765: 762: 756: 755: 752: 740: 735: 734: 731: 730: 725: 724: 721: 715: 714: 711: 703: 702: 699: 693: 692: 689: 683: 682: 679: 671: 666: 665: 662: 661: 656: 655: 652: 650:Nguyễn dynasty 646: 645: 642: 636: 635: 632: 626: 625: 622: 616: 615: 612: 606: 605: 602: 596: 595: 592: 586: 585: 582: 576: 575: 572: 566: 565: 562: 556: 555: 552: 546: 545: 542: 536: 535: 532: 524: 519: 518: 515: 514: 509: 508: 505: 499: 498: 495: 489: 488: 485: 479: 478: 475: 469: 468: 465: 457: 452: 451: 448: 447: 442: 441: 438: 432: 431: 428: 422: 421: 415: 407: 402: 401: 398: 397: 392: 391: 388: 382: 381: 378: 372: 371: 368: 362: 361: 358: 356:Gò Mun culture 352: 351: 348: 342: 341: 338: 332: 331: 329: 317: 316: 313: 311:Đa Bút culture 307: 306: 303: 297: 296: 293: 287: 286: 284: 276: 275: 272: 266: 265: 263: 255: 254: 251: 249:Sơn Vi culture 245: 244: 242: 232: 227: 226: 223: 222: 214: 213: 204: 203: 196: 179: 172: 171: 160: 153: 152: 141: 134: 133: 132: 131: 130: 127: 126: 41: 39: 32: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7381: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7361: 7359: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7334: 7326: 7325: 7322: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7292: 7290: 7285: 7281: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7269:South Ossetia 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7251: 7249: 7247: 7241: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6991: 6989: 6987: 6983: 6979: 6972: 6967: 6965: 6960: 6958: 6953: 6952: 6949: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6873: 6870: 6866: 6859: 6854: 6852: 6847: 6845: 6840: 6839: 6836: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6815: 6810: 6806: 6803: 6799: 6798: 6794: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6754: 6753: 6750: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6712: 6711: 6708: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6695: 6694: 6691: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6668: 6667: 6664: 6660: 6657: 6656: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6619: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6606: 6603: 6602: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6577: 6575: 6573: 6569: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6537: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6520:Ethnic groups 6518: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6500: 6499: 6496: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6482: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6474: 6470: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6423: 6422: 6419: 6414: 6411: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6398: 6397: 6394: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6369: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6353:Air transport 6351: 6350: 6348: 6346: 6342: 6336: 6333: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6315: 6314: 6311: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6302: 6299: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6286: 6285: 6282: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6264: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6242: 6241: 6240:Manufacturing 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6230:Foreign trade 6228: 6226: 6223: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6213:Nuclear power 6211: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6193: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6172: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6160: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6123: 6119: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6087: 6086: 6083: 6082: 6080: 6076: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6059: 6057: 6053: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6027:Chief Justice 6025: 6023: 6020: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6011: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5993: 5990: 5989: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5978: 5972: 5969: 5965: 5962: 5961: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5948: 5945: 5944: 5943: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5933: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5875: 5869: 5866: 5862: 5859: 5858: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5833: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5821: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5796: 5795: 5792: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5782:South Central 5780: 5778: 5777:North Central 5775: 5774: 5773: 5770: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5752: 5751: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5739: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5727:Commune-level 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5696: 5690: 5687: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5663: 5660: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5634: 5631: 5630: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5608: 5596: 5595:South Vietnam 5593: 5591: 5590:North Vietnam 5588: 5587: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5549: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5486: 5481: 5479: 5474: 5472: 5467: 5466: 5463: 5452: 5446: 5442: 5441: 5433: 5425: 5419: 5415: 5414: 5406: 5398: 5392: 5388: 5387: 5379: 5371: 5365: 5361: 5360: 5352: 5344: 5338: 5334: 5333: 5325: 5317: 5315:9780151144204 5311: 5307: 5306: 5301: 5300:Chanda, Nayan 5295: 5287: 5281: 5277: 5276: 5268: 5260: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5245: 5237: 5229: 5228: 5221: 5213: 5212: 5204: 5196: 5195: 5187: 5185: 5176: 5175: 5168: 5166: 5157: 5151: 5147: 5140: 5132: 5126: 5122: 5115: 5107: 5103: 5096: 5088: 5082: 5078: 5077: 5069: 5061: 5057: 5050: 5043: 5035: 5029: 5025: 5018: 5010: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4995: 4987: 4979: 4973: 4969: 4962: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4929:(11): 49–64. 4928: 4924: 4920: 4913: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4883: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4853: 4845: 4844: 4837: 4829: 4823: 4819: 4818: 4813: 4809: 4803: 4794: 4786: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4743: 4736:(1): 167–179. 4735: 4731: 4724: 4717: 4703: 4699: 4693: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4654: 4646: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4613: 4599: 4595: 4589: 4575: 4571: 4564: 4557: 4551: 4537:on 2015-10-27 4536: 4532: 4526: 4518: 4516:9780199247110 4512: 4508: 4507: 4499: 4485: 4481: 4474: 4460: 4459:corneliatrent 4456: 4449: 4441: 4439:0-231-05852-7 4435: 4431: 4427: 4421: 4413: 4411:0-394-49472-5 4407: 4403: 4396: 4388: 4384: 4377: 4370: 4362: 4356: 4352: 4345: 4337: 4331: 4327: 4320: 4312: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4269: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4230: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4197:(1): 100001. 4196: 4192: 4188: 4181: 4173: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4153: 4145: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4125: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4086: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4039: 4031: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3986: 3982: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3918: 3914: 3903: 3896: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876:-styled opera 3875: 3871: 3868: 3865: 3862: 3861: 3853: 3851: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3836: 3833: 3832: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3768: 3762: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3737: 3734: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3719: 3717: 3716:Tết Trung Thu 3714: 3712:15/8 (lunar) 3711: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699:15/7 (lunar) 3698: 3694:Tết Đoan Ngọ 3693: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673:15/4 (lunar) 3672: 3668:Tết Hàn Thực 3667: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647:15/1 (lunar) 3646: 3641: 3638: 3635: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3617: 3615: 3614:Teachers' Day 3612: 3609: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3594:Lễ Phục Sinh 3593: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3567: 3565:English name 3564: 3561: 3560: 3553: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532:10/3 (lunar) 3531: 3526: 3523:'s speech in 3522: 3519:Commemorates 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3486: 3482: 3481:South Vietnam 3478: 3474: 3473:North Vietnam 3470: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3448: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3429: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3417: 3416: 3412: 3409: 3407:English name 3406: 3403: 3402: 3394: 3392: 3391:Tết Trung Thu 3388: 3383: 3381: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3360: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3314:According to 3312: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3254: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3243:Baiyue people 3239: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3228:water buffalo 3225: 3221: 3215: 3200: 3196: 3194: 3190: 3189:individualism 3184: 3174: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3135:(Việt Võ Đạo) 3134: 3131: 3128: 3127: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3117: 3111: 3094: 3089: 3088: 3087: 3083: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3028: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2963: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2940: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2923:Prior to the 2919: 2918:khăn vành dây 2915: 2910: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2844: 2843:lễ chung thất 2840: 2836: 2832: 2831:burial ground 2828: 2824: 2821: 2820: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2803: 2801: 2800:lễ thành phục 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2772: 2767: 2757: 2754: 2746: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2722: 2721: 2717: 2712:This section 2710: 2706: 2701: 2700: 2689: 2685: 2682: 2681: 2677: 2672: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2647: 2644: 2643: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2614:folk religion 2607: 2602: 2597: 2593: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2533: 2529: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2480: 2474: 2463: 2452: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2432: 2428: 2427: 2419: 2415: 2413: 2406: 2396: 2392: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2374: 2369: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2337: 2336:Chinese opera 2333: 2330: 2329: 2327: 2317: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2289:chamber music 2286: 2283: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2267: 2266: 2263: 2262: 2260: 2255: 2254: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2207: 2206:laissez-faire 2203: 2198: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2157: 2154: 2146: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2122: 2121: 2117: 2112:This section 2110: 2106: 2101: 2100: 2092: 2090: 2082: 2077: 2068: 2065: 2064:silk painting 2058: 2053: 2047:Silk painting 2044: 2042: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2012: 2010: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1996:. The art of 1995: 1991: 1988:, as well as 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1949: 1944: 1942: 1937: 1935: 1930: 1929: 1927: 1926: 1921: 1911: 1910: 1909: 1908: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1879: 1878: 1871: 1868: 1867: 1859: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1851: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1830: 1826: 1820: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1812: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1792: 1786: 1785: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1770: 1764: 1763: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1728: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1707: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1681: 1673: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1642: 1638: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1628: 1625: 1621: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1598: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1587:Đoàn Thị Điểm 1584: 1583:Hồ Xuân Hương 1580: 1576: 1572: 1571: 1566: 1565:Đặng Trần Côn 1562: 1559: 1558: 1553: 1549: 1547: 1542: 1538: 1536: 1530: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1442: 1428: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1339: 1337: 1336: 1331: 1330: 1325: 1321: 1320:Austroasiatic 1316: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1297:Austroasiatic 1294: 1290: 1281: 1276: 1266: 1263: 1254: 1251:(Vietnamese: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1221: 1219: 1218: 1213: 1212: 1207: 1206: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1109: 1087: 1082: 1080: 1075: 1073: 1068: 1067: 1065: 1064: 1061: 1051: 1050: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 988: 981: 980: 970: 968: 965: 964: 960: 958: 955: 954: 950: 948: 945: 944: 940: 938: 935: 934: 930: 928: 925: 924: 920: 918: 915: 914: 910: 908: 905: 904: 900: 898: 895: 894: 890: 888: 885: 884: 880: 878: 875: 874: 870: 868: 865: 864: 860: 858: 855: 854: 849: 844: 843: 833: 831: 828: 827: 823: 821: 818: 817: 813: 807: 804: 803: 799: 793: 792:South Vietnam 790: 789: 785: 783: 782: 778: 777: 773: 771: 768: 767: 763: 761: 758: 757: 753: 747: 746:North Vietnam 744: 743: 738: 733: 732: 722: 720: 717: 716: 712: 710: 709: 705: 704: 700: 698: 697:French Tonkin 695: 694: 690: 688: 685: 684: 680: 678: 675: 674: 669: 664: 663: 653: 651: 648: 647: 643: 641: 638: 637: 633: 631: 628: 627: 623: 621: 618: 617: 613: 611: 608: 607: 603: 601: 598: 597: 593: 591: 588: 587: 583: 581: 578: 577: 573: 571: 568: 567: 563: 561: 558: 557: 553: 551: 548: 547: 543: 541: 538: 537: 533: 531: 528: 527: 522: 517: 516: 506: 504: 501: 500: 496: 494: 491: 490: 486: 484: 481: 480: 476: 474: 471: 470: 466: 464: 461: 460: 455: 450: 449: 440:204 BC–111 BC 439: 437: 436:Triệu dynasty 434: 433: 430:257 BC–179 BC 429: 427: 424: 423: 416: 414: 411: 410: 405: 400: 399: 389: 387: 386:Óc Eo culture 384: 383: 379: 377: 374: 373: 369: 367: 364: 363: 359: 357: 354: 353: 349: 347: 344: 343: 339: 337: 334: 333: 330: 328: 327: 323: 319: 318: 314: 312: 309: 308: 304: 302: 299: 298: 294: 292: 289: 288: 285: 283: 282: 278: 277: 273: 271: 268: 267: 264: 262: 261: 257: 256: 252: 250: 247: 246: 243: 241: 240: 236: 235: 230: 225: 224: 220: 216: 215: 212: 206: 205: 200: 195: 194: 185: 184: 176: 167: 163: 162:Imperial City 157: 148: 144: 138: 123: 120: 112: 101: 98: 94: 91: 87: 84: 80: 77: 73: 70: – 69: 65: 64:Find sources: 58: 54: 48: 47: 42:This article 40: 36: 31: 30: 27: 19: 7284:Dependencies 7228: 7214:Turkmenistan 7179:Saudi Arabia 6935: 6762:Martial arts 6585:Architecture 6571: 6555:Christianity 6473:Demographics 6431:Prostitution 6389:Universities 6335:Water supply 6185: 6095:Border Guard 6090:Ground Force 6078:Armed forces 5856:Human rights 5841:Constitution 5804:Mekong Delta 5439: 5432: 5412: 5405: 5385: 5378: 5358: 5351: 5331: 5324: 5304: 5294: 5274: 5267: 5243: 5236: 5226: 5220: 5210: 5203: 5193: 5173: 5145: 5139: 5120: 5114: 5101: 5095: 5075: 5068: 5059: 5055: 5042: 5023: 5017: 4993: 4986: 4967: 4961: 4926: 4922: 4912: 4901:, retrieved 4897:the original 4892: 4882: 4871:, retrieved 4867:the original 4862: 4852: 4842: 4836: 4816: 4802: 4793: 4756: 4752: 4742: 4733: 4729: 4716: 4705:. Retrieved 4701: 4692: 4667: 4663: 4653: 4626: 4622: 4612: 4601:. Retrieved 4597: 4588: 4577:. Retrieved 4573: 4563: 4555: 4550: 4539:. Retrieved 4535:the original 4525: 4505: 4498: 4487:. Retrieved 4483: 4473: 4462:. Retrieved 4458: 4448: 4429: 4420: 4401: 4395: 4386: 4382: 4369: 4350: 4344: 4325: 4319: 4282: 4278: 4268: 4243: 4239: 4229: 4194: 4190: 4180: 4161: 4152: 4133: 4124: 4102:(1): 23–30. 4099: 4095: 4085: 4052: 4048: 4038: 4003: 3999: 3985: 3894: 3849: 3748: 3690:Tết Đoan Ngọ 3686:5/5 (lunar) 3681:Lễ Phật Đản 3664:Tết Hàn Thực 3660:3/3 (lunar) 3623:December 25 3610:November 20 3512:National Day 3508:September 2 3462: 3384: 3377: 3348: 3332: 3316:Nayan Chanda 3313: 3298: 3278: 3240: 3232:stilt houses 3217: 3197: 3186: 3152: 3124: 3113: 3084: 3078: 3075:áo tràng vạt 3074: 3045: 3040:Trần dynasty 3032:Đinh dynasty 3029: 3013:Trần dynasty 2990: 2964: 2948:áo tràng vạt 2945: 2922: 2914:áo nhật bình 2896: 2892:áo giao lĩnh 2852: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2826: 2822: 2809: 2799: 2796:lễ nhập quan 2795: 2788:lễ khâm niệm 2787: 2780: 2749: 2740: 2725:Please help 2713: 2650:filial piety 2640: 2634: 2622:Confucianism 2611: 2578:, chữ Nôm: 2573: 2545:bean sprouts 2525: 2508: 2482: 2449:October 2019 2446: 2442:adding to it 2437: 2416: 2408: 2393: 2384:Múa rối nước 2377: 2314: 2301:prostitution 2275:Trần dynasty 2264: 2257: 2250: 2239: 2238:(chanty) to 2235: 2231: 2227: 2225: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2210: 2195: 2149: 2140: 2125:Please help 2113: 2086: 2061: 2037: 2018: 2006: 1994:Confucianism 1972: 1895:Coat of arms 1755:Christianity 1740:Confucianism 1622: 1614: 1610: 1595: 1574: 1568: 1560: 1555: 1544: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1516: 1462: 1447:Truyện tranh 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1398: 1393: 1389: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1365: 1361: 1351: 1340: 1335:chữ Quốc Ngữ 1334: 1327: 1317: 1305:Sino–Tibetan 1293:Austronesian 1286: 1264: 1253:chữ Quốc Ngữ 1245:Latin script 1222: 1215: 1209: 1203: 1194:due to the " 1177: 1138: 1136: 1130:chữ Quốc ngữ 1105: 917:Dali Kingdom 907:Khmer Empire 834:1986–present 779: 706: 687:French Annam 580:Trần dynasty 550:Đinh dynasty 467:111 BC–40 AD 426:Thục dynasty 360:1,000–800 BC 320: 279: 258: 237: 181: 115: 106: 96: 89: 82: 75: 63: 51:Please help 46:verification 43: 26: 7343:Asia portal 7244:States with 7164:Philippines 7104:South Korea 7099:North Korea 6994:Afghanistan 6921:Philippines 6725:Nationalism 6676:News Agency 6627:Ingredients 6318:Expressways 6306:Visa policy 6272:Measurement 6225:Foreign aid 6175:Agriculture 6112:Coast Guard 5980:Legislative 5575:Monarchical 5560:Prehistoric 4702:www.cia.gov 3844:Hạ Long Bay 3837:located in 3599:October 20 3568:Local name 3521:Ho Chi Minh 3475:forces and 3469:Saigon fell 3410:Local name 3380:traditional 3328:Montagnards 3324:Sinospheric 3320:Sinocentric 3309:Ngô Sĩ Liên 3285:Ming–Hồ War 3279:During the 3203:Feudal eras 3146:Võ Bắc Ninh 3120:Việt Võ Đạo 3063:Áo ngũ thân 3011:, while in 2960:áo ngũ thân 2899:dress codes 2827:lễ đưa tang 2823:Traditional 2684:Thành hoàng 2676:Thành hoàng 2636:Catholicism 2311:since 2005. 2297:bureaucrats 2241:hát quan họ 2234:(lullaby), 2062:Vietnamese 2023:along with 2015:Calligraphy 1959:Visual arts 1579:Nguyễn Trãi 1535:Truyện Kiều 1241:Catholicism 1161:Kinh people 1011:Immigration 991:Agriculture 620:Mạc dynasty 530:Ngô dynasty 239:Paleolithic 229:Prehistoric 208:History of 7358:Categories 7224:Uzbekistan 7199:Tajikistan 7114:Kyrgyzstan 7094:Kazakhstan 7014:Bangladesh 7004:Azerbaijan 6896:East Timor 6735:Trotskyism 6710:Philosophy 6686:Newspapers 6671:Television 6666:Mass media 6654:Literature 6446:Corruption 6294:Censorship 6277:Inventions 6250:Automotive 6197:(currency) 5954:Government 5836:Censorship 5640:Ecoregions 4893:Vietnamnet 4766:1909.13686 4707:2017-03-09 4629:(1): 143. 4603:2017-09-15 4579:2023-02-20 4541:2015-12-15 4489:2019-11-13 4464:2019-11-13 4204:1903.00817 3977:References 3813:(near the 3496:Labour Day 3418:January 1 3374:, Vietnam. 3340:Minh Hương 3301:Lê dynasty 3283:after the 3261:See also: 3220:Yue tribes 3071:Đàng Ngoài 3067:Đàng Trong 3036:Lý dynasty 3017:Lý dynasty 3005:Lê dynasty 2967:áo tứ thân 2952:Vietnamese 2929:Lý dynasty 2743:April 2021 2513:fish sauce 2499:), spicy ( 2493:fish sauce 2485:vegetables 2477:See 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