183:. Consequently, the shape and amplitude of the magnetic anomaly is controlled predominately by the primary remanent vector in the crust. In addition, where the anomaly is measured on Earth affects its shape when measured with a magnetometer. This is because the field vector generated by the magnetized crust and the direction of the Earth's magnetic field vector are both measured by the magnetometers used in marine surveys. Because the Earth's field vector is much stronger than the anomaly field, a modern magnetometer measures the sum of the Earth's field and the component of the anomaly field in the direction of the Earth's field.
130:
196:
to allow computing of spreading rates over the last 700,000 years on many mid-ocean ridges by locating the closest reversed crust boundary to the crest of a mid-ocean ridge. Marine magnetic anomalies were found later to span the vast flanks of the ridges. Drillcores into the crust on these ridge flanks allowed dating of the early and of the older anomalies. This in turn allowed design of a predicted geomagnetic time scale. With time, investigations married land and marine data to produce an accurate geomagnetic reversal time scale for almost 200 million years.
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positive. At the equator the Earth's field vector is horizontal so that crust magnetized there will also align horizontal. Here, the orientation of the spreading ridge affects the anomaly shape and amplitude. The component of the vector that effects the anomaly is at a maximum when the ridge is aligned east-west and the magnetic profile crossing is north-south.
195:
The hypothesis links seafloor spreading and geomagnetic reversals in a powerful manner, with each expanding knowledge of the other. Early in the history of investigating the hypothesis only a short record of geomagnetic field reversals was available for studies of rocks on land. This was sufficient
153:. The old crust moves laterally and equally on either side of the ridge. Therefore, as geomagnetic reversals occur, the crust on either side of the ridge will contain a record of remanent normal (parallel) or reversed (antiparallel) magnetizations in comparison to the current geomagnetic field. A
186:
Sections of crust magnetized at high latitudes have magnetic vectors that dip steeply downward in a normal geomagnetic field. However, close to the magnetic south pole, magnetic vectors are inclined steeply upwards in a normal geomagnetic field. Therefore, in both these cases the anomalies are
88:
independently realized that if Hess's seafloor spreading theory was correct, then the rocks surrounding the mid-oceanic ridges should show symmetric patterns of magnetization reversals using newly collected magnetic surveys. Both of Morley's letters to
149:. Once fully cooled, these directions are locked into the crust and it becomes permanently magnetized. Lithospheric creation at the ridge is considered continuous and symmetrical as the new crust intrudes into the
105:, were first to publish the theory in September 1963. Some colleagues were skeptical of the hypothesis because of the numerous assumptions made—seafloor spreading, geomagnetic reversals, and
109:—all hypotheses that were still not widely accepted. The Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis describes the magnetic reversals of oceanic crust. Further evidence for this hypothesis came from
80:
in 1961. According to Hess, seafloor was created at mid-oceanic ridges by the convection of the Earth's mantle, pushing and spreading the older crust away from the ridge. Geophysicist
145:, ferromagnetism becomes possible and the magnetization direction of magnetic minerals in the newly formed crust orients parallel to the current background geomagnetic field
161:
when over crust magnetized in the normal or reversed direction. The ridge crest is analogous to “twin-headed tape recorder”, recording the Earth's magnetic history.
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118:
23:
The observed magnetic profile for the seafloor around a mid-oceanic ridge agrees closely with the profile predicted by the Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis.
172:. Magnetic anomalies over mid-ocean ridges are most apparent at high magnetic latitudes, over north-south trending ridges at all latitudes away from the
164:
Typically there are positive magnetic anomalies over normally magnetized crust and negative anomalies over reversed crust. Local anomalies with a short
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141:. At mid-ocean ridges, new crust is created by the injection, extrusion, and solidification of magma. After the magma has cooled through the
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Ogg, J. G. (2012). "Geomagnetic polarity time scale". In
Gradstein, F. M.; Ogg, J. G.; Schmitz, Mark; Ogg, Gabi (eds.).
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Hess, H. H. (November 1, 1962). "History of Ocean Basins". In A. E. J. Engel; Harold L. James; B. F. Leonard (eds.).
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offered further evidence with a remarkably symmetric magnetic anomaly profile from the
Pacific-Antarctic Ridge.
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towed above (near bottom, sea surface, or airborne) the seafloor will record positive (high) or negative (low)
106:
409:
Frankel, Henry (1982). "The development, reception, and acceptance of the Vine-Matthews-Morley hypothesis".
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hypothesis in 1960 (published in 1962); the term "spreading of the seafloor" was introduced by geophysicist
1101:
133:
Magnetic anomalies off west coast of North
America. Dashed lines are spreading centers on mid-ocean ridges
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The Vine–Matthews-Morley hypothesis correlates the symmetric magnetic patterns seen on the seafloor with
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Cox, Allan; Doell, Richard R.; Dalrymple, G. Brent (1964). "Reversals of the Earth's magnetic field".
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Pitman, W. C.; Heirtzler, J. R. (1966-12-02). "Magnetic anomalies over the
Pacific-Antarctic ridge".
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to be computed. It states that the Earth's oceanic crust acts as a recorder of reversals in the
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Morley, L.W. and
Larochelle, A., 1964. Paleomagnetism as a means of dating geological events.
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Dietz, Robert S. (1961). "Continent and Ocean Basin
Evolution by Spreading of the Sea Floor".
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and colleagues (1964) when they measured the remanent magnetization of lavas from land sites.
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101:(April 1963) were rejected, hence Vine and his PhD adviser at Cambridge University,
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Vine, F. J; Matthews, D. H. (1963). "Magnetic
Anomalies Over Oceanic Ridges".
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The intensity of the remanent magnetization in the crust is greater than the
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702:"Magnetic anomalies over a young oceanic ridge off Vancouver Island"
2005:
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348:"Frederick Vine and Drummond Matthews, pioneers of plate tectonics"
176:, and east-west trending spreading ridges at the magnetic equator.
47:. Its key impact was that it allowed the rates of plate motions at
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1004:
596:
Vine, F.J. (1966). "Spreading of the ocean floor: new evidence".
310:"Philosophical interpretations of the plate tectonics revolution"
254:. Boulder, CO: Geological Society of America. pp. 599–620.
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Kearey, Philip; Klepeis, Keith A.; Vine, Frederick J. (2009).
1943:
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Petrologic
Studies: A volume in honor of A. F. Buddington
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also exist, but are considered to be correlated with
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55:field direction as seafloor spreading takes place.
1791:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System
664:Vine, F. J.; Matthews, D. H. (7 September 1963).
516:
446:
2088:
1781:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
541:
833:
700:Vine, F. J.; Wilson, J. Tuzo (October 1965).
521:(3rd ed.). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
756:"Spreading of the ocean floor: new evidence"
663:
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643:(1st ed.). Elsevier. pp. 85–114.
411:Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences
35:, was the first key scientific test of the
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369:
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666:"Magnetic anomalies over oceanic ridges"
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65:Plate tectonics § Magnetic striping
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1112:one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations
641:The geologic time scale 2012. Volume 2
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1244:Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
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754:Vine, F. J. (16 December 1966).
417:(1). Baltimore, Maryland: 1–39.
231:Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory
1974:Ocean thermal energy conversion
1697:Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis
812:Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis
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98:Journal of Geophysical Research
33:Morley–Vine–Matthews hypothesis
29:Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis
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618:10.1126/science.154.3755.1405
564:10.1126/science.154.3753.1164
469:10.1126/science.144.3626.1537
236:
1234:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
1204:Craik–Leibovich vortex force
960:Luke's variational principle
739:10.1126/science.150.3695.485
7:
199:
139:geomagnetic field reversals
84:and the Canadian geologist
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1299:Ocean dynamical thermostat
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16:Concept in plate tectonics
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875:Benjamin–Feir instability
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125:Marine magnetic anomalies
2102:History of Earth science
1964:Ocean surface topography
1339:Thermohaline circulation
1329:Subsurface ocean current
1269:Hydrothermal circulation
1102:Wave–current interaction
880:Boussinesq approximation
350:. The Geological Society
151:diverging plate boundary
2001:Sea surface temperature
1984:Outline of oceanography
1179:Atmospheric circulation
1117:shallow water equations
1107:Waves and shallow water
1000:Significant wave height
331:Geochronology in Canada
103:Drummond Hoyle Matthews
1996:Sea surface microlayer
1361:Wind generated current
134:
24:
1829:Deep scattering layer
1811:World Geodetic System
1319:Princeton Ocean Model
1199:Coriolis–Stokes force
849:Physical oceanography
181:induced magnetization
132:
22:
1849:Underwater acoustics
1409:Perigean spring tide
1274:Langmuir circulation
985:Rossby-gravity waves
814:at Wikimedia Commons
337:, pp.39-51. page 50.
216:Walter C. Pitman III
95:(February 1963) and
31:, also known as the
2011:Science On a Sphere
1617:Convergent boundary
1289:Modular Ocean Model
1249:Geostrophic current
965:Mild-slope equation
775:1966Sci...154.1405V
769:(3755): 1405–1415.
721:1965Sci...150..485V
685:1963Natur.199..947V
610:1966Sci...154.1405V
604:(3755): 1405–1415.
556:1966Sci...154.1164P
550:(3753): 1164–1171.
461:1964Sci...144.1537C
455:(3626): 1537–1543.
388:1963Natur.199..947V
287:1961Natur.190..854D
82:Frederick John Vine
1667:Seafloor spreading
1657:Outer trench swell
1622:Divergent boundary
1522:Continental margin
1507:Carbonate platform
1404:Lunitidal interval
159:magnetic anomalies
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107:remanent magnetism
86:Lawrence W. Morley
74:seafloor spreading
37:seafloor spreading
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2036:World Ocean Atlas
2026:Underwater glider
1969:Ocean temperature
1632:Hydrothermal vent
1597:Submarine volcano
1532:Continental shelf
1512:Coastal geography
1502:Bathymetric chart
1384:Amphidromic point
1072:Wave nonlinearity
930:Infragravity wave
810:Media related to
679:(4897): 947–949.
382:(4897): 947–949.
281:(4779): 854–857.
211:Drummond Matthews
41:continental drift
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1991:Pelagic sediment
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1334:Sverdrup balance
1264:Humboldt Current
1189:Boundary current
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1844:SOFAR channel
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
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1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
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1713:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1698:
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1688:
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1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1652:Oceanic crust
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1627:Fracture zone
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1562:Oceanic basin
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1492:Abyssal plain
1490:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
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1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
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1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1399:Internal tide
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
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1327:
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1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1294:Ocean current
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
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1252:
1250:
1247:
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1237:
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1232:
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1227:
1225:
1222:
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1217:
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1200:
1197:
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1190:
1187:
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1177:
1176:
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1140:
1137:
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1132:
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1127:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1092:Wave shoaling
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1052:Ursell number
1050:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
935:Internal wave
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
885:Breaking wave
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
862:
860:
858:
854:
850:
843:
838:
836:
831:
829:
824:
823:
820:
813:
808:
804:
803:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
757:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
731:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
703:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
667:
662:
661:
652:
650:9780444594259
646:
642:
635:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
592:
590:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
538:
530:
528:9781444303223
524:
520:
513:
511:
509:
507:
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503:
494:
490:
486:
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478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
443:
441:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
405:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
370:
368:
366:
349:
343:
336:
332:
326:
311:
304:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
269:
261:
257:
253:
246:
242:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
203:
197:
188:
184:
182:
177:
175:
171:
167:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
131:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
99:
94:
93:
87:
83:
79:
75:
72:proposed the
71:
66:
56:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
21:
2031:Water column
1979:Oceanography
1954:Observations
1949:Explorations
1919:Marginal sea
1912:
1870:OSTM/Jason-2
1702:Volcanic arc
1696:
1677:Slab suction
1394:Head of tide
1284:Loop Current
1224:Ekman spiral
1010:Stokes drift
920:Gravity wave
895:Cnoidal wave
766:
762:
712:
708:
676:
672:
640:
634:
601:
597:
547:
543:
537:
518:
452:
448:
414:
410:
404:
379:
375:
352:. Retrieved
342:
334:
330:
325:
313:. Retrieved
303:
278:
274:
268:
251:
245:
194:
185:
178:
163:
155:magnetometer
136:
111:Allan V. Cox
96:
90:
68:
32:
28:
26:
2021:Thermocline
1738:Mesopelagic
1711:Ocean zones
1682:Slab window
1547:Hydrography
1487:Abyssal fan
1454:Tidal range
1444:Tidal power
1439:Tidal force
1324:Rip current
1259:Gulf Stream
1219:Ekman layer
1209:Downwelling
1184:Baroclinity
1171:Circulation
1067:Wave height
1057:Wave action
1040:megatsunami
1020:Stokes wave
980:Rossby wave
945:Kelvin wave
925:Green's law
315:27 February
143:Curie point
53:geomagnetic
2097:Geophysics
2091:Categories
1959:Reanalysis
1858:Satellites
1839:Sofar bomb
1687:Subduction
1662:Ridge push
1557:Ocean bank
1537:Contourite
1464:Tide gauge
1449:Tidal race
1434:Tidal bore
1424:Slack tide
1389:Earth tide
1309:Ocean gyre
1129:Wind setup
1124:Wind fetch
1087:Wave setup
1082:Wave radar
1077:Wave power
975:Rogue wave
905:Dispersion
237:References
170:bathymetry
166:wavelength
70:Harry Hess
63:See also:
39:theory of
1821:Acoustics
1773:Sea level
1672:Slab pull
1609:tectonics
1517:Cold seep
1479:Landforms
1356:Whirlpool
1351:Upwelling
1134:Wind wave
1062:Wave base
990:Sea state
910:Edge wave
900:Cross sea
725:CiteSeerX
572:0036-8075
477:0036-8075
260:499940734
226:Geodynamo
2054:Category
2006:Seawater
1733:Littoral
1728:Deep sea
1587:Seamount
1469:Tideline
1414:Rip tide
1344:shutdown
1314:Overflow
1047:Undertow
890:Clapotis
791:17821553
747:17842754
626:17821553
580:17780036
493:17741239
431:27757504
200:See also
2064:Commons
1934:Mooring
1884:Related
1875:Jason-3
1865:Jason-1
1748:Pelagic
1743:Oceanic
1718:Benthic
1035:Tsunami
1005:Soliton
771:Bibcode
763:Science
717:Bibcode
709:Science
681:Bibcode
606:Bibcode
598:Science
552:Bibcode
544:Science
485:1712777
457:Bibcode
449:Science
384:Bibcode
283:Bibcode
59:History
1753:Photic
1582:Seabed
995:Seiche
789:
745:
727:
673:Nature
647:
624:
578:
570:
525:
491:
483:
475:
429:
376:Nature
354:19 Mar
275:Nature
258:
191:Impact
147:vector
92:Nature
1944:Ocean
1913:Alvin
1763:Swash
1607:Plate
1552:Knoll
1542:Guyot
1497:Atoll
1376:Tides
1139:model
1025:Swell
857:Waves
759:(PDF)
705:(PDF)
669:(PDF)
481:JSTOR
427:JSTOR
1911:DSV
1896:Argo
1758:Surf
1214:Eddy
787:PMID
743:PMID
645:ISBN
622:PMID
576:PMID
568:ISSN
523:ISBN
489:PMID
473:ISSN
356:2014
317:2011
256:OCLC
117:and
43:and
27:The
779:doi
767:154
735:doi
713:150
689:doi
677:199
614:doi
602:154
560:doi
548:154
465:doi
453:144
419:doi
392:doi
380:199
291:doi
279:190
2093::
785:.
777:.
765:.
761:.
741:.
733:.
723:.
711:.
707:.
687:.
675:.
671:.
620:.
612:.
600:.
588:^
574:.
566:.
558:.
546:.
501:^
487:.
479:.
471:.
463:.
451:.
439:^
425:.
415:13
413:.
390:.
378:.
364:^
333:,
289:.
277:.
841:e
834:t
827:v
793:.
781::
773::
749:.
737::
719::
695:.
691::
683::
653:.
628:.
616::
608::
582:.
562::
554::
531:.
495:.
467::
459::
433:.
421::
398:.
394::
386::
358:.
335:8
319:.
297:.
293::
285::
262:.
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