Virtual reality therapy

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PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder). These combat servicemen were pre-screened using several different diagnostic self-reports including the PTSD military checklist, a screening tool used by the military in the determination of the intensity of the diagnosis of PTSD by measuring the presence of PTSD symptoms. Although 22 of the servicemen dropped out of the study, the results of the study concerning the 20 remaining servicemen still has merit. The servicemen were given the same diagnostic tests after the study which consisted of multiple sessions of virtual reality exposure and virtual reality exposure therapy. The servicemen showed much improvement in the diagnostic scores, signaling a decrease of symptoms of PTSD. Likewise, a three-month follow-up diagnostic screening was also administered after the initial sessions that were undergone by the servicemen. The results of this study showed that 15 of the 20 participants no longer met diagnostic criteria for PTSD and improved their PTSD military checklist score by 50% for the assessment following the study. Even though only 17 of the 20 participants participated in the 3-month follow-up screening, 13 of the 17 still did not meet the criteria for PTSD and maintained their 50% improvement in the PTSD military checklist score. These results show promising effects and help to validate virtual reality therapy as an efficacious mode of therapy for the treatment of PTSD (McLay, et al., 2012).

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Virtual reality rehab is advantageous in such a way that it challenges and motivates the patient to do more. With simple things like high scores, in-game awards, and ranks, not only are patients motivated to do their daily therapies, they are having fun doing it. Not only is this advantageous to the patients, it is advantageous to the physical therapist. With these high scores, and data the game or application collects, therapists can analyze the data to see progression. This progression can be charted and visually shown to the patient for increased motivation on their performance and the progression they have made thus far in their therapies. This data can then be charted with other participants doing similar tasks and can show how they compare to people with similar therapy regimens. This charted data in the program or game can then be used by researchers and scientists alike for further evaluation of optimal therapy regimens. A recent study done in 2016 where a VR based virtual simulation of a city named Reh@City was made. This city in virtual reality evoked memory, attention, visuo-spatial abilities and executive functions tasks are integrated in the performance of several daily routines. This study looked at Activities of Daily Living in post stroke patients and found it to have more of an impact than conventional methods in the recovery process.

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the pertinent episode in as much detail as possible. The methodology was based on the concept that in facing the event, the charge of the triggers may be attenuated over time. The VRET application BRAVEMIND differs from PE in that the patient does not reimagine the episode but instead wears a headset that places them in the familiar environment. This headset is equipped with two screens (one for each eye), headphones, and a position monitor that shifts the visual scene to match the patient's head movements. Depending on the patient's experience they may be standing or sitting on top of a raised platform with a bass shaker. This allows for vibrations that simulate the experience of riding a military vehicle. Other accessories such as joysticks or mock machine guns are given to the patients, if appropriate, to enhance realism.

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found that VRT allows patients to achieve victory over virtual height situations they could not confront in real life, and that gradually increasing the height and danger in a virtual environment produced increasing victories and greater self-confidence in the patient that they could actually confront the situation in real life. "Virtual therapy interventions empower people. The simulation technology of virtual reality lends itself to mastery oriented treatment ... Rather than coping with threats, phobics manage progressively more threatening aspects in a computer-generated environment ... The range of applications can be extended by enhancing the realness and interactivity so that actions elicit reactions from the environments in which individuals immerse themselves" (Ext. Ref. 3, pg. 331–332).

335:, patients navigate a Humvee around virtual recreations of Iraq, Afghanistan, and the United States. By being safely exposed to the traumatic environments, patients learned to reduce their anxiety. According to a review of the history of Virtual Iraq, one study found that it reduced PTSD symptoms by an average of fifty percent, and disqualified over seventy-five percent of participants for PTSD after treatment. Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy (VRET) is also commonly used for treating specific phobias, especially small animal phobia. Commonly feared animals such as spiders can be easily produced in a virtual environment, instead of finding the real animal. VRET has also been used experimentally to treat other fears such as 163:

Augmented reality is different in the sense that it enhances the non-synthetic environment by introducing synthetic elements to the user's perception of the world. This in turn "augments" the current reality and uses virtual elements to build upon the existing environment. Augmented reality poses additional benefits and has proven itself to be a medium through which individuals with a specific phobia can be exposed "safely" to the object(s) of their fear, without the costs associated with programming complete virtual environments. Thus, augmented reality can offer an efficacious alternative to some less advantageous exposure-based therapies.

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for them to travel as far as needed. However, virtual reality exposure therapy can be done from anywhere in the world if given the necessary tools. Going along with the idea of unavailable transportation and proximity, there are many individuals who require therapy but due to various forms of immobilizations (paralysis, extreme obesity, etc.) they can not physically be moved to where the therapy is conducted. Again, because virtual reality exposure therapy can be conducted anywhere in the world, those with mobility issues will no longer be discriminated against. Another major advantage is fewer ethical concerns than in-vivo exposure therapy.

316:– a treatment method in which patients are introduced and then slowly exposed to a traumatic stimulus. Inside virtual environments, patients can safely interact with a representation of their phobia, and researchers don't need to have access to a real version of the phobia itself. One of the primary challenges to the efficacy of Exposure therapy is recreating the level of trauma existing in real environments inside a virtual environment. Virtual reality aids in overcoming this by engaging with different sensory stimuli of the patient while heightening the realism and maintaining the safety of the environment. 755: 601:

shown to aid in balance recovery for patients who have had a stroke. VR can provide continuous visual feedback that a physical therapist may not be able to during their sessions. Results have also suggested that in addition to improvements in balance, positive effects are also seen in walking ability. In one study, patients with VR training coupled with their physical therapy program had better improvements in walking speed than others not using VR training. The most recent review about the effect of VR training on balance and gait ability showed significant benefits of VR training on gait speed,

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task-specific practice. Programs of this type can prove to be physically demanding, are expensive, and require several days of training per week. Additionally, regimens may seem redundant, and produce only modest and/or delayed effects in patient recovery. A physical therapy regimen using VR provides an opportunity to individualize training to fit the specific needs of the patient. While the exercises and movements required for proper motor learning can seem repetitive, using VR adds a level of intrigue and engagement for the patient. Training with VR enhances

105:. Patients receiving virtual reality therapy navigate through digitally created environments and complete specially designed tasks often tailored to treat a specific ailment; and is designed to isolate the user from their surrounding sensory inputs and give the illusion of immersion inside a computer-generated, interactive virtual environment. This technology has a demonstrated clinical benefit as an adjunctive analgesic during burn wound dressing and other painful medical procedures. Technology can range from a simple PC and keyboard setup, to a modern 696:. In one study, participants controlled a virtual avatar in different virtual environments and maneuvered through various social tasks such as interviewing, meeting new people, and dealing with arguments. Researchers found that participants improved in the areas of emotional recognition in voices and faces and in considering the thoughts of other people. Participants were also surveyed months after the study for how effective they thought the treatments were, and the responses were overwhelmingly positive. Many other studies have also explored this 853:(PE) therapy tool for military related trauma called BRAVEMIND was reported BRAVEMIND is as an acronym for Battlefield Research Accelerating Virtual Environments for Military Individual Neuro Disorders. Virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) applications have been used to assist civilian populations with anxieties about flying, public speaking, and heights. BRAVEMIND has been studied in populations of military medics as well as survivors of military sexual assault and combat. This technology was developed by researchers at the 789:

therapeutic needs additionally account for engagement in tasks, relevance of the virtual environment, appropriate feedback sensors and monitors. VR that mimics the complexity of real-world tasks improves skills transfer from virtual to real environments. Complex tasks permit infinite path variability for each movement necessary to complete the task. Multiple possible solutions allow the patient to critically think through a task and to develop adaptive solutions for their body, further improving outcomes.

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to more effective treatment results as more phobics seek out help. Another consideration for VRET is the cost effectiveness. While the actual cost of VRET may vary based on the hardware and software implementation, it is supposedly more effective than the traditional in vivo treatment used for exposure therapy while maintaining a positive return on investment. Future research might pave an alternative to extensive automated lab or hospital environments. For instance, in 2011, researchers at

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hours before and after the three-week treatment to assess the severity of unilateral spatial neglect. The VR group showed a higher increase in the star cancellation test and CBS scores after treatment than the control group (p<0.05), but both groups did not show any difference in the line bisection test and K-MBI before and after treatment. These results suggest that virtual reality programs can be more effective than conventional rehabilitation and thus should be further researched.

573:. Over the course of the study, participants were introduced to intimidating heights in a virtual reality environment then asked to complete various activities at those heights while under the supervision and support of a coach. This study, although insufficient in terms of scope and scrutiny for direct adoption into remedial practices, surrounds future research and treatment modeling with promise, as a majority of the participants considered themselves no longer afraid of heights. 138:, VR-based treatment may involve adjusting the virtual environment, such as for example adding controlled intensity smells or adding and adjusting vibrations, and allow the clinician to determine the triggers and triggering levels for each patient's reaction. VR-based therapy systems may allow replaying virtual scenes, with or without adjustment, to habituate the patient to such environments. Therapists who apply virtual reality exposure therapy, just as those who apply in-vivo 988:

this would be another cost that is added to the growing list of medical bills for a patient's recovery process. Regardless of the benefits with virtual reality rehab, the costs of the equipment and the resources for a virtual reality setup would make it difficult for it to be mainstream and available to all patients including the indigent population. However, a new market of lower cost virtual reality hardware is emerging, specifically with improved head-mounted displays.

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the patients' scores on the diagnostic PTSD checklist–military version (PCL-M) dropped from 54.4 pre-treatment to 35.6 post-treatment after eleven sessions. In another clinical trial, consisting of 24 active-duty soldiers, it was reported that after 7 sessions 45% no longer were identified as positive for PTSD while 62% demonstrated symptomatic improvement. These experimental results were compared with those of alternative PE treatments.

113:, in which patients interact with harmless virtual representations of traumatic stimuli in order to reduce fear responses. It has proven to be especially effective at treating PTSD, and shows considerable promise in treating a variety of neurological and physical conditions. Virtual reality therapy has also been used to help stroke patients regain muscle control, to treat other disorders such as 535:. One study in 2013 had participants complete various tasks in virtual reality environments which could not have been easily replicated without the technology. Tasks included showing patients the implications of reaching their desired weight, comparing their actual body shape to an avatar created using their perceived body size, and altering a virtual reflection to match their actual body size. 815:

time-dependent manner than the control group, especially on the motor power of wrist extension, spasticity of elbow flexion and wrist extension, and Box and Block Tests. Patients in the experimental group, but not the control group, also showed significant improvements on the lateral, palmar, and tip pinch power, Box and Block, and 9-HPTs from before to immediately after training.

679:. Certain games designed for exercise have been shown to promote increases in heart rate, fatigue perception, and physical activity. In addition, it has been shown to reduce pain and increase adherence to physical therapy programs in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Finally, virtual reality and video games enhance motivation and adherence in cardiac rehabilitation programs. 146:, which refers to the most intense approach where stimuli that produce the most anxiety are presented first. For soldiers who have developed PTSD from combat, this could mean first exposing them to a virtual reality scene of their fellow troops being shot or injured followed by less stressful stimuli such as only the sounds of war. On the other hand, what is referred to as 951:

of disease. The FDA categorizes medical devices into Class I, Class II, and Class III, based on their intended use and associated risks. VR solutions typically fall into Class II, requiring a pre-market notification or 510(k) clearance, demonstrating that the device is as safe and effective as a legally marketed device not subject to premarket approval.

134:, reaction to the perceived hazards, such as heights, speaking in public, flying, close spaces, are usually triggered by visual and auditory stimuli. In VR-based therapies, the virtual world is a means of providing artificial, controlled stimuli in the context of treatment, and with a therapist able to monitor the patient's reaction. Unlike traditional 551:. Digital spaces offer a form of anonymous self-expression that trans individuals, due to exposure of discrimination and violence, are not fully granted to them in real life or IRL. The sophistication of virtual reality expands on these newfound liberties by providing an avenue for those with gender dysphoria to embody their 947:

conditions, including pain management, anxiety, rehabilitation, and mental health challenges. The regulatory landscape for VRT is evolving, with guidelines aiming to categorize these solutions under the medical devices framework, ensuring they meet the required safety, quality, and performance standards.

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García-Bravo, Sara; Cuesta-Gómez, Alicia; Campuzano-Ruiz, Raquel; López-Navas, María Jesús; Domínguez-Paniagua, Joaquín; Araújo-Narváez, Aurora; Barreñada-Copete, Estrella; García-Bravo, Cristina; Flórez-García, Mariano Tomás; Botas-Rodríguez, Javier; Cano-de-la-Cuerda, Roberto (2019-06-30). "Virtual

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Some traditional concerns with virtual reality therapy is the cost. Since virtual reality in the field of science and medicine is so primitive and new, the costs of virtual reality equipment would be a lot higher than some of the traditional methods. With medical costs growing at an exponential level

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Another ethical concern is how clinicians should receive VRT certification. Due to the relative newness of virtual reality as a whole, there may not be many clinicians who have experience with the nuances of virtual reality exposure or VR programs' intended roles in therapy. According to Rizzo et al.

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Each of the patients of VR went through 3 weeks of 5-day-a-week 30-minute intervals emerged in these programs. The controls went through the equivalent time in traditional rehabilitation therapies. Each patient took the star cancellation test, line bisection test, and Catherine Bergego Scale (CBS) 24

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Current diagnostic techniques usually involve pen and paper tests like the line bisection test. Though these tests have provided relatively accurate diagnostic results, advances in virtual reality therapy (VRT) have proven these tests to not be completely thorough. Dvorkin et al. used a camera system

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Proponents of this research have said that with military based videogames being so prevalent, this technology may be more appealing to patients and reduce the stigma surrounding treatment. They also have argued that as research on PTSD unfolds, possible subtypes may respond to treatments differently,

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In 2004, reports stated that 40% of military members experience PTSD but only 23% seek medical help. Emory physicians described one of the strongest indicators of PTSD to be avoidance, saying this inhibits those affected from seeking treatment. PE requires that the patient close their eyes and relate

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Provider peer training and VR therapies collaboratively developed by engineers, providers, and patients, lead to improved outcomes in provider competency and patient motor function. While commercially available VR gaming systems can be therapeutically effective, VR systems engineered to meet specific

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is an important element of physical therapy for patients recovering from stroke and/or other neuromuscular disorders. Within the scope of motor learning, receiving feedback during performance of a task improves the learning rate. According to a Cochrane Review, visual feedback, specifically, has been

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Another successful study attempted treating 10 individuals who experienced trauma as a result of events during 9/11. Through repeated exposure to increasingly traumatic sequences of World Trade Center events, immediate positive results were self reported by test subjects. In a 6-month follow-up, 9 of

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In the United States, VRT solutions are considered medical devices, subject to categorization and regulatory approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The classification of a VR solution as a medical device hinges on its intended use in diagnosis, treatment, cure, mitigation, or prevention

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Virtual reality therapy has also proven to be effective in rehabilitation of lesion patients with neglect. A study was conducted with 24 individuals with hemispatial neglect. A control group of 12 individuals underwent conventional rehabilitation therapy including visual scanning training, while the

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of arm and hand movements. These techniques revealed that pen and paper tests provide relatively accurate qualitative diagnoses of hemispatial neglect patients, but VRT provided accurate mapping into a 3-dimensional space, revealing areas of space that were thought to be neglected but which patients

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Virtual reality is also helping patients overcome balance and mobility problems resulting from stroke or head injury. In the study of VR, the modest advantage of VR over conventional training supports further investigation of the effect of video-capture VR or VR combined with conventional therapy in

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It is speculated that these improvements occurred because the VR gave increased feedback to the patient regarding their performance during the VR sessions. VR stimulates a patient's motor and cognitive processes, both of which may be impaired as a result of the disease. Another benefit of VR is that

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Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy (VRET) offers a wide range of advantages compared to traditional exposure therapy techniques. Recent years have suggested an increase in familiarly and trust in virtual reality technology as an acceptable mirror of reality. A higher trust in the technology could lead

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is often debated, but there are many obvious advantages of virtual reality exposure therapy that make it more desirable. For example, the proximity between the client and therapist can cause problems when in-vivo therapy is used and transportation is not reliable for the client or it is impractical

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Another study examined the effectiveness of virtual reality therapy in treating military combat personnel recently returning from the current conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. Rauch, Eftekhari and Ruzek conducted a study with a sample of 42 combat servicemen who were already diagnosed with chronic

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VR smoothly blurs the demarcation between the physical world and the computer simulation as surgeons can use latest versions of virtual reality glasses to interact in a three-dimensional space with the organ that requires surgical treatment, view it from any desired angle and able to switch between

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Virtual reality (VR) has been shown to be effective in immediately decreasing procedural or acute pain. To date there have been few studies on its efficacy in chronic pain. Such chronic pain patients can tolerate the VR session without the side effects that sometimes come with VR such as headaches,

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rehabilitation. Studies have speculated that the more immersive the VR, the greater the experience and concentration the patient will have on the virtual environment. Equally important, VR has shown to reduce pain, anxiety and depressive symptoms, as well as an increasing their treatment adherence.

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proposed an affordable virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) system for the treatment of phobias that could be set up at home. Such developments in VRET may pave a new way of customised treatment that also tackles the stigma attached to clinical treatment. While there is still a lot unknown

289:, and despite VRT having much lower cost and apparently higher success rates. A $ 12-million ONR funded study is currently underway to definitively compare the efficacy of the two methods, PET and VRT. Military labs have subsequently set up dozens of VRT labs and treatment centers for treating both 150:

takes a more relaxed approach in which the least distressing stimuli are introduced first. VR-exposure, as compared to in-vivo exposure has the advantage of providing the patient a vivid experience, without the associated risks or costs. VRT has great promise since it historically produces a "cure"

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The clinician introduces triggers, such as gunfire, explosions, etc. into the virtual environment as they see fit. The clinician can also adapt sound and lighting conditions to match the patient's description. The researchers who developed the BRAVEMIND system reported that in a 20-patient trial,

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Treatment effectiveness: For the treatment to take effect, a patient should be able to successfully project and experience their anxiety in a virtual environment. Unfortunately, this projection is highly subjective and personalised per patient; and outside the control of the therapists. This

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simulation exercises. If there is no conventional therapy provided, the rehabilitation is said to be "virtual reality-based". Otherwise, if virtual rehabilitation is in addition to conventional therapy, the intervention is "virtual reality-augmented." Today, a majority of the population uses the

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Recently there have been some advances in the field of virtual reality medicine. Virtual reality is a complete immersion of the patient into a virtual world by putting on a headset with an LED screen in the lenses of the headset. This is different from the recent advancements in augmented reality.

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had at least some awareness. Patients were also retested 10 months from initial measurements, during which each went through regular rehabilitation therapy, and most showed measurably less neglect on virtual reality testing whereas no measurable improvements were shown in the line bisection test.

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treatment plans very beneficial. Throughout a rehabilitation program aimed to restore and/or retain balance and walking skills, patients who have had a stroke often must relearn how to control certain muscles. In most physical therapy settings, this is done through high intensity, repetitive, and

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Migrating back to reality from virtual reality: Another skepticism is the correlation between virtual reality and actual reality. If a patient successfully combats their phobia in a virtual environment, does that guarantee success in real life too? Further, when treating more complicated ailments

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There are a few ethical concerns concerning the use and development of using virtual reality simulation for helping clients/patients with mental health issues. One example of these concerns is the potential side effects and aftereffects of virtual reality exposure. Some of these side effects and

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Another advantage to virtual reality rehab over the traditional method is patient motivation. When presented with difficult tasks during a prolonged period, patients tend to lose interest in these tasks. This causes a decrease in compliance due to decreased motivation of completing a given task.

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The BRAVEMIND software has 14 different environments available including military barracks, Iraqi markets, and desert roads. Included in these are environments specific to military sexual trauma (MST). Designed environments such as U.S. base settings, shower areas, latrines, remote shelters, and

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Randomized, tightly controlled, acrophobia treatment trials at Kaiser Permanente provided >90% effectiveness, conducted in 1993–94. (Ext. Ref. 2, pg. 71) Of 40 patients treated, 38 showed marked reduction in phobic reaction to heights and self-reported reaching their goals. Research

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Therapeutic goals of VR in children with cerebral palsy target balance, walking, and enhancing function of real-world activities. Several randomized controlled trials found that VR therapy significantly improved balance and walking in children with cerebral palsy. Studies also found significant

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It may also be possible to use virtual reality to assist those with PTSD. The virtual reality allows the patients to relive their combat situations at different extremes as a therapist can be there with them guiding them through the process. Some scholars believe that this is an effective way to

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Virtual reality therapy (VRT) uses specially programmed computers, visual immersion devices and artificially created environments to give the patient a simulated experience that can be used to diagnose and treat psychological conditions that cause difficulties for patients. In many environmental

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The FDA’s approach towards VRT emphasizes the importance of device categorization, application procedures, and adherence to established regulatory controls. For instance, the EaseVRx system by AppliedVR received FDA approval through the De Novo premarket review pathway, highlighting the role of

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Advantages of VR include increased patient motivation through gamification and the creation of virtual spaces that are safe and therapeutically supportive. Children may repeat therapeutic tasks more often than with conventional modalities alone, more easily meeting the repetitions required for

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Wiebe, Annika; Kannen, Kyra; Selaskowski, Benjamin; Mehren, Aylin; Thöne, Ann-Kathrin; Pramme, Lisa; Blumenthal, Nike; Li, Mengtong; Asché, Laura; Jonas, Stephan; Bey, Katharina; Schulze, Marcel; Steffens, Maria; Pensel, Max; Guth, Matthias; Rohlfsen, Felicia; Ekhlas, Mogda; Lügering, Helena;

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Ethical and legal considerations: Since VR is a relatively new technology, its ethical implications are not as comprehensive as other forms of treatment. There is a need to formalize the limits, side effects, disclaimers, privacy regulations as we increase the breadth of impact of VR therapy;

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In addition there are some issues which are related to virtual reality that can arise from its use such as social isolation where the users can become detached from real-world social connections and the overestimation of a person's abilities where users – especially the young – often fail to

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Furthermore, the Federal Register highlighted the classification of a Virtual Reality Behavioral Therapy Device for Pain Relief into class II with special controls. This classification necessitates compliance with specific controls, including clinical performance testing and biocompatibility

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and a variety of other medical conditions. The use of VRT has thus become a mainstream psychiatric treatment for anxiety disorders and is finding increasing use in the treatment of other cognitive disorders associated with various medical conditions such as addiction, PTSD and schizophrenia.

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VRT is also a promising adjunctive therapy for the treatment of other clinical populations, such as individuals with psychosis. A recent systematic review of psychosocial interventions using virtual reality shows these interventions are safe and well accepted in this population. The studies

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The introduction of Virtual Reality Therapy (VRT) into the healthcare sector has prompted the need for regulatory standards and approvals to ensure the safety and efficacy of this technology. VRT has been recognized for its potential in providing therapeutic benefits across various medical

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caused by the virtual reality experience), perceptual-motor disturbances, flashbacks, and generally lowered arousal (Rizzo, Schultheis, & Rothbaum, 2003). If severe and widespread enough, these effects should be mitigated via various methods by those therapists using virtual reality.

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VR combined real instrument training was effective at promoting recovery of patients' upper-extremity and cognitive function, and thus may be an innovative translational neurorehabilitation strategy after stroke. In the study, the experimental group showed greater therapeutic effects in a

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larger-scale randomized, more intense controlled studies. It shows the VR-assisted patients had better mobility when the doctors checked in two months later. Other research has shown similarly successful outcomes for patients with cerebral palsy undergoing rehab for balance problems.

547:. More experimentation and professional examination is needed before virtual reality could be prescribed as a treatment in practice. However, some transgender individuals have engaged in what can be characterized as an anecdotally alleviating form of self-administered, virtual 727:

treat PTSD patients as it allows for the recreation of exactly what they experienced. "It allows for greater engagement by the patient and, consequently, greater activation of the traumatic memory, which is necessary for the extinction of the conditioned fear."

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Psychiatry Group. Lamson began publishing his work in 1993. As a psychologist, he was most concerned with the medical and therapeutic aspects, that is, how to treat people using the technology, rather than the apparatus, which was obtained from Division, Inc.

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often generates a pain-provoking experience. Therefore, use of VR was related to more efficient dressings, increased distraction from the pain during procedures (e.g. dressing and physical rehabilitation) which reduced the patients' stress and anxiety.

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Acceptance by the medical community: As VR-based therapy increases, it might pose a challenge to licensed therapists and medical professionals who may perceive VR as a threat. Afterall, VR deviates from the pre-established norm of "talking cure"

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In other studies, the results point to the benefits of VR in relation to increased distraction, and patients reported less time thinking about pain, less intense pain and immersion, which facilitates care such as dressing changes and physiotherapy.

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and therefore diversifying treatment options is best. Others have expressed reservations about the capacity to properly personalize VRET for individualized treatment and the use of ethnic stereotyping while developing Arab populated environments.

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about 90% of the time at about half the cost of traditional cognitive behavior therapy authority, and is especially promising as a treatment for PTSD where there are simply not enough psychologists and psychiatrists to treat all the veterans with

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structural, neurological change. Functional MRI studies of cerebral palsy patients with upper limb involvement suggest that VR therapy can lead to neuroplastic changes in the sensory motor cortex, and subsequent improvements in motor function.

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McLay, Robert N.; Graap, Kenneth; Spira, James; Perlman, Karen; Johnston, Scott; Rothbaum, Barbara O.; Difede, Joann; Deal, William; Oliver, David; Baird, Alicia; Bordnick, Patrick S.; Spitalnick, Josh; Pyne, Jeffrey M.; Rizzo, Albert (2012).

1502:"BODY WATCH : Virtual Therapy : The high-tech world of virtual reality may be the key to unlocking the phobias suffered by millions. At least one researcher thinks so, and he's already had some success with the fear of heights" 2952:

Scapin, Soliane; Echevarría-Guanilo, Maria Elena; Boeira Fuculo Junior, Paulo Roberto; Gonçalves, Natália; Rocha, Patrícia Kuerten; Coimbra, Rebeca (2018-09-01). "Virtual Reality in the treatment of burn patients: A systematic review".

555:, if it not accessible for them to do so in their real life. Through use of available VR videogames and chat rooms, those with gender dysphoria can create avatars of themselves, interact anonymously, and work towards therapeutic goals. 3307:

Garrett, Bernie; Taverner, Tarnia; Masinde, Wendy; Gromala, Diane; Shaw, Chris; Negraeff, Michael (2014). "A Rapid Evidence Assessment of Immersive Virtual Reality as an Adjunct Therapy in Acute Pain Management in Clinical Practice".

519:, has a number of features to help combat depression, where the user takes on a role of a character who travels through a fantasy world, combating "literal" negative thoughts and learning techniques to manage their depression. 595:

by giving the patient opportunities to practice their movements/exercise protocol in different VR environments. This ensures that patients are always challenged and may be better prepared to perform in their environments.

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VR sickness: Movement in a virtual environment is said to cause visual discomfort. Prolonged periods of exposure to VR may lead to side effects like dry eyes, headaches, nausea and sweating; symptoms similar to motion

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Kim, Joong Hwi; Jang, Sung Ho; Kim, Chung Sun; Jung, Ji Hee; You, Joshua H. (September 2009). "Use of virtual reality to enhance balance and ambulation in chronic stroke: a double-blind, randomized controlled study".

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Virtual reality therapy (VRT) was pioneered and originally termed by Max North documented by the first known publication (Virtual Environment and Psychological Disorders, Max M. North, and Sarah M. North,

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identified in the review show that psychosocial VRT can improve cognitive, social, and vocational skills as well as symptoms of auditory verbal hallucinations and paranoia in individuals with psychosis.

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improvements in upper extremity function and postural control after VR therapy. VR interventions were more effective in younger patients, likely as there is greater neuroplasticity during development.

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Cost effectiveness: VRET may show promising returns on investment but the fact remains that the true development cost of VRET environments depends heavily on the choice of hardware and software chosen.

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simulation VR studies and attributed such to phobic response of unknown nature. Hodges tried to hire Lamson without success in 1994 and instead began working with Barbara Rothbaum, a psychologist at

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who underwent a virtual classroom cognitive treatment series were able to achieve the same management of symptoms of impulsivity and distractibility as children who were medicated with a stimulant.

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Goncalves R., Pedrozo A. L., Coutinho E. S. F., Figueira I., & Ventura P. (2012). Efficacy of Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy in the Treatment of PTSD: A Systematic Review. PLos One, 7(12)

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Difede, JoAnn, et al. "Virtual reality exposure therapy for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder following September 11, 2001." Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 68.11 (2007): 1639.

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Kipping B, Rodger S, Miller K, et al. Virtual reality for acute pain reduction inadolescents undergoing burn wound care: a prospective randomized controlledtrial. Burns. 2012;38:650 – 657.

984:(2003), virtual reality technology should only be used as a tool for qualified clinicians instead of being used to further one's practice or garner an attraction for new clients/patients. 502:

across England and Wales, for patients presenting with mild/moderate depression, rather than immediately opting for antidepressant medication. Some areas have developed, or are trialing.

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project of PsyTech LLC currently in development to be used as a professional virtual reality exposure therapy tool to treat a variety of patients' common phobias and anxiety disorders.

404:, or rehabilitation through gaming consoles, have become quite common. In fact, virtual therapy has been used over regular therapeutic methods in order to treat a number of disorders. 212:

which was published in 1997 directed primarily to the detailed explanation of the anatomical, medical and therapeutic basis for the success of VRT. In 1994–1995, he had solved his own

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Assaf Y Dvorkin; William Z. Rymer; Richard L. Harvey; Ross A. Bogey; James L. Patton (2008). "Assessment and monitoring of recovery of spatial neglect within a Virtual Environment".

2900:"Rehabilitation that incorporates virtual reality is more effective than standard rehabilitation for improving walking speed, balance and mobility after stroke: a systematic review" 3260:"Effectiveness of Virtual Reality Exercises in Stroke Rehabilitation (EVREST): Rationale, Design, and Protocol of a Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial Assessing the Wii Gaming System" 1009:

Bermo, Mohammed S.; Patterson, David; Sharar, Sam R.; Hoffman, Hunter; Lewis, David H. (2020). "Virtual Reality to Relieve Pain in Burn Patients Undergoing Imaging and Treatment".

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Millions of funding is being put towards developments and early trials in the realm of virtual reality as companies race for FDA approval for their medical applications.

3694:"The Effects of Virtual Reality Training on Balance, Gross Motor Function, and Daily Living Ability in Children With Cerebral Palsy: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis" 1787:

Rizzo, Albert; Hartholt, Arno; Grimani, Mario; Leeds, Andrew; Liewer, Matt (2014). "Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder".

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Use of virtual reality (immersive vs. non immersive) for pain management in children and adults: A systematic review of evidence from randomized controlled trials.

3176:"Development and Testing of Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Active Duty Service Members Who Served in Iraq and Afghanistan" 356:

about the long-term effectiveness of the relatively new VRET, the future seems promising with growing studies reflecting the benefits of VRET to combat phobias.

2588:"Automated psychological therapy using immersive virtual reality for treatment of fear of heights: a single-blind, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial" 1060:

Hoffman HG, Doctor JN, Patterson DR, et al. Virtual reality as an adjunctivepain control during burn wound care in adolescent patients. Pain.2000;85:305 – 309.

208:

reported in 1994 that these 1993–1994 treatments were successful in about 90% of Lamson's virtual psychotherapy patients. Lamson wrote in 1993 a book entitled

4389:"Benefits of virtual reality-based cognitive rehabilitation through simulated activities of daily living: a randomized controlled trial with stroke patients" 4182:

Rothbaum, Barbara O.; Rizzo, Albert Skip; Difede, JoAnn (October 2010). "Virtual reality exposure therapy for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder".

2695: 2668: 2310:"The effectiveness of SPARX, a computerised self help intervention for adolescents seeking help for depression: randomised controlled non-inferiority trial" 1834: 400:

virtual environment to navigate their daily lives and almost one fourth of the world population uses the internet. As a result, virtual rehabilitation and

265:

was subsequently evaluated and improved under ONR funding and is supported by Virtually Better, Inc. They also support applications of VR-based therapy for

2586:

Freeman, Daniel; Haselton, Polly; Freeman, Jason; Spanlang, Bernhard; Kishore, Sameer; Albery, Emily; Denne, Megan; Brown, Poppy; Slater, Mel (July 2018).

3118:

Bioulac, Stéphanie; Micoulaud-Franchi, Jean-Arthur; Maire, Jenna; Bouvard, Manuel P.; Rizzo, Albert A.; Sagaspe, Patricia; Philip, Pierre (January 2020).

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and Barbara Rothbaum of Emory University, have done extensive work in VRT, and also have several patents and founded a company, Virtually Better, Inc.

460:

Despite all the merits of VR therapy as listed in the sections above, there are pitfalls and obstacles in the development of widespread VR solutions.

962:

As VRT continues to evolve, regulatory bodies like the FDA will remain instrumental in guiding the development and deployment of these technologies.

4616: 176:, 2,4, July 1994), his doctoral VRT dissertation completion in 1995 (began in 1992), and followed with the first known published VRT book in 1996 ( 2362:"Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy supported by virtual reality in the treatment of body image in eating disorders: One year follow-up" 1222: 2226:

Fernández-Álvarez, Javier; Di Lernia, Daniele; Riva, Giuseppe (2020), "Virtual Reality for Anxiety Disorders: Rethinking a Field in Expansion",

498:

In February 2006 the UK's National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) recommended that VRT be made available for use within the

472:

such as schizophrenia, there is inadequate projection on how delusions and hallucinations may translate from the real world to the virtual one.

407:

Some factors to consider when virtual rehabilitation include cultural sensitivity, accessibility, and ability to finance the virtual therapy.

323:

Virtual reality being used in exposure therapy for treating PTSD in documentary crew at Joint Base Lewis-McChord in Washington, United States.

216:

in a test use of a third party VR simulation and then set up a 40 patient test funded by Kaiser Permanente. Shortly thereafter, in 1994–1995,

278: 3120:"Virtual Remediation Versus Methylphenidate to Improve Distractibility in Children With ADHD: A Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial Study" 2048:, Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 170-176 and in Journal of Methods of Information in Medicine, Schattauer, German, (invited), pp. 519-523, 2003. 3634:"Effectiveness of Virtual Reality in Children With Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials" 2487: 1655: 1173: 395:

Virtual rehabilitation is a concept in psychology in which a therapeutic patient's training is based entirely on, or is augmented by,

3502:"Emergence of Virtual Reality as a Tool for Upper Limb Rehabilitation: Incorporation of Motor Control and Motor Learning Principles" 3418: 1274: 1150: 4100: 1248: 834:, the United States Department of Defense (DOD) continues funding of VRT research and is actively using VR in treatment of PTSD. 392:). Since 2008, the virtual rehabilitation "community" has been supported by the International Society on Virtual Rehabilitation. 277:

proved successful in normalization of over 70% of people with PTSD, and that has now become a standard accepted treatment by the

1299:

Schroeder, Alexandra H.; Bogie, Bryce J M.; Rahman, Tabassum T.; Thérond, Alexandra; Matheson, Hannah; Guimond, Synthia (2022).

543:

Early research suggests that virtual reality experiences may offer therapeutic benefits to transgender individuals experiencing

1301:"Feasibility and Efficacy of Virtual Reality Interventions to Improve Psychosocial Functioning in Psychosis: Systematic Review" 858: 17: 897:

that immersed the patient into a virtual reality world and required the patient to grasp or move object in the world, through

429:

It provides objective outcome measures of therapy efficacy (limb velocity, range of movement, error rates, game scores, etc.);

4499:"A Review of the Capabilities of Current Low-Cost Virtual Reality Technology and Its Potential to Enhance the Design Process" 4472:"Medical Devices; Physical Medicine Devices; Classification of the Virtual Reality Behavioral Therapy Device for Pain Relief" 4263: 2729:"Effect of Virtual Reality Training on Balance and Gait Ability in Patients With Stroke: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" 2245: 3902:"Efficacy of Virtual Reality Combined With Real Instrument Training for Patients With Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial" 2463: 327:

One very successful example of virtual reality therapy exposure therapy is the PTSD treatment system, Virtual Iraq. Using a

232:

to test VRT in controlled group tests, experiencing about 70% success among 50% of subjects completing the testing program.

2042:

1st International Workshop on Virtual Reality Rehabilitation (Mental Health, Neurological, Physical, Vocational) VRMHR 2002

1943:

Proceedings of the 11th ACM SIGGRAPH International Conference on Virtual-Reality Continuum and its Applications in Industry

1119: 4573: 286: 244: 4242: 3900:

Oh, Young-Bin; Kim, Gi-Wook; Han, Kap-Soo; Won, Yu Hui; Park, Sung-Hee; Seo, Jeong-Hwan; Ko, Myoung-Hwan (August 2019).

2058:

Mosadeghi, Sasan; Reid, Mark William; Martinez, Bibiana; Rosen, Bradley Todd; Spiegel, Brennan Mason Ross (2016-06-27).

617:

Many studies (Cochrane Review) have shown that using VR technology during physical therapy treatments for patients with

1561: 1535: 1443: 2122:"A Literature Overview of Virtual Reality (VR) in Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders: Recent Advances and Limitations" 3224:

Boian, R.; Sharma, A.; Han, C.; Merians, A.; Burdea, G.; Adamovich, S.; Recce, M.; Tremaine, M.; Poizner, H. (2002).

1958: 854: 432:

These data are transparently stored by the computer running the simulation and can be made available on the Internet.

196: 185: 906:

virtual reality group (VR) were immersed in 3 virtual worlds, each with a specific task. The programs consisted of

3876: 2060:"Feasibility of an Immersive Virtual Reality Intervention for Hospitalized Patients: An Observational Cohort Study" 4057: 2232:, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol. 1191, Singapore: Springer Singapore, pp. 389–414, 1891: 285:

as the treatment of choice, and VR-based therapies have gained only limited adoption, despite active promotion by

3445:"Virtual Reality Versus Conventional Treatment of Reaching Ability in Chronic Stroke: Clinical Feasibility Study" 1873: 1648:"Evaluating Virtual Reality Therapy for Treating Acute Post Traumatic Stress Disorder – Office of Naval Research" 1603: 445:

The patient may "forget" they are in treatment or undergoing observation resulting in more authentic expressions.

1528:

Virtual Therapy: Prevention and Treatment of Psychiatric Conditions by Immersion in Virtual Reality Environments

675:

The use of VR and video games could be considered as complementary tools for physical training in patients with

3566:"Effect of Virtual Reality Therapy on Balance and Walking in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review" 893:

patients. These include improvement of diagnostic techniques and as a supplement to rehabilitation techniques.

710: 385: 2644:"The Lancet Psychiatry: Automated virtual reality-based psychological therapy may help reduce fear of heights" 4058:"Project Information – NIH RePORTER – NIH Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools Expenditures and Results" 258: 4651: 1982:

Garcia-Palacios, Azucena; Hoffman, Hunter G.; Kwong See, Sheree; Tsai, Amy; Botella, Cristina (June 2001).

1070:

Kandalaft, Michelle R.; Didehbani, Nyaz; Krawczyk, Daniel C.; Allen, Tandra T.; Chapman, Sandra B. (2013).

135: 1835:"Affective outcomes of virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety and specific phobias: A meta-analysis" 1357:"Moving from virtual reality exposure-based therapy to augmented reality exposure-based therapy: a review" 1501: 4530:

Bailey, Jakki O.; Bailenson, Jeremy N. (2017-01-02). "Considering virtual reality in children's lives".

3443:

Levin, Mindy F.; Snir, Osnat; Liebermann, Dario G.; Weingarden, Harold; Weiss, Patrice L. (2012-08-24).

2778:"Rehabilitation interventions for improving balance following stroke: An overview of systematic reviews" 850: 629: 282: 147: 1557:"Effectiveness of computer-generated (virtual reality) graded exposure in the treatment of acrophobia" 910:"Bird and Ball" in which a patient touches a flying ball with his or her hand and turns it into a bird 586:

Research suggests that patients who had a stroke found virtual reality (VR) rehab techniques in their

224:

active in VR, began studying VRT in cooperation with Max North who had reported anomalous behavior in

3565: 2448: 651:

Additionally, VR provides beneficial outcomes when it is implemented for patients who are receiving

435:

Virtual rehabilitation can be performed in the patient's home and monitored at a distance (becoming

142:, can take one of two approaches concerning the intensity of exposure. The first approach is called 4656: 4450: 2643: 2361: 1623: 972: 548: 415:

Virtual rehabilitation offers a number of advantages compared to conventional therapeutic methods:

248: 189: 3949: 3985: 1471: 499: 381: 188:). His pioneered virtual reality technology work began as early as 1992 as a research faculty at 3225: 1195: 754: 448:

Effective for hospitals to reduce their costs because of lowered cost of medicine and equipment.

4155:

Rauch, Sheila; Rothbaum, Barbara (2016). "Innovations in exposure therapy for PTSD treatment".

3069:

Kandalaft, Michelle; Didehbani, Nyaz; Krawczyk, Daniel; Allen, Tandra; Chapman, Sandra (2013).

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Edwards, Shannan; Obasaju, Mayowa; Schmertz, Stefan; Zimand, Elana; Calamaras, Martha (2013).

4240: 2513: 2435: 1892:"Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial" 401: 253: 143: 3258:

Saposnik, G.; Mamdani, M.; Bayley, M.; Thorpe, K.; Hall, J.; Cohen, L.; Teasell, R. (2010).

751:

gaming system has also been used in conjunction with virtual reality as a treatment method.

505:

At Auckland University in New Zealand, a team led by Dr. Sally Merry have been developing a

4191: 3364: 3119: 2789: 1181: 697: 606: 328: 106: 4033: 4008: 2181:"Virtual reality applications for diagnosis, risk assessment and therapy of child abusers" 8: 4289:"The Effect of Virtual Reality Training on Unilateral Spatial Neglect in Stroke Patients" 3071:"Virtual Reality Social Cognition Training for Young Adults with High-Functioning Autism" 1679:"Virtual reality in the diagnostic and therapy for mental disorders: A systematic review" 1677:

Fileccia, Helena; Pakos, Julian; Lux, Silke; Philipsen, Alexandra; Braun, Niclas (2022).

1072:"Virtual Reality Social Cognition Training for Young Adults with High-Functioning Autism" 955:

regulatory controls in classifying VRT solutions and ensuring their safety and efficacy.

898: 890: 4195: 3818:"Learning and transfer of complex motor skills in virtual reality: a perspective review" 3368: 2793: 1444:"Dr. Ralph Lamson, PHD – San Rafael, CA – Substance Abuse Counseling – Healthgrades.com" 747:

controllers that require fine movements, such as playing piano with a virtual hand. The

735:

Virtual reality also has applications in the physical side of occupational therapy. For

643:

it replicates real life scenarios, allowing patients to practice functional activities.

4555: 4423: 4388: 4369: 4313: 4288: 4269: 4223: 4089: 3852: 3817: 3788: 3755: 3728: 3693: 3666: 3633: 3601: 3534: 3501: 3477: 3444: 3395: 3352: 3333: 3284: 3259: 3155: 3095: 3070: 3051: 2986: 2877: 2820: 2777: 2620: 2587: 2541: 2400: 2334: 2309: 2259: 2156: 2121: 2094: 2059: 1964: 1865: 1812: 1716: 1391: 1356: 1327: 1300: 1096: 1071: 1034: 916:"Container" in which a patient moves a box carried in a container to the opposite side. 913:"Coconut", in which a patient catches a coconut falling from a tree while moving around 824: 740: 602: 515: 373: 2776:

Arienti, Chiara; Lazzarini, Stefano G.; Pollock, Alex; Negrini, Stefano (2019-07-19).

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de Rooij, Ilona J. M.; van de Port, Ingrid G. L.; Meijer, Jan-Willem G. (2016-12-01).

2603: 1418: 4559: 4547: 4428: 4410: 4361: 4353: 4318: 4259: 4215: 4207: 4203: 3931: 3923: 3857: 3839: 3793: 3775: 3733: 3715: 3671: 3653: 3605: 3593: 3585: 3539: 3521: 3482: 3464: 3400: 3382: 3337: 3325: 3289: 3275: 3240: 3197: 3147: 3139: 3100: 3055: 3043: 3035: 2978: 2970: 2951: 2929: 2921: 2869: 2861: 2825: 2807: 2758: 2750: 2625: 2607: 2545: 2533: 2488:"Injustice at Every Turn: A Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey" 2392: 2339: 2263: 2251: 2241: 2208: 2200: 2161: 2143: 2099: 2081: 2011: 2003: 1954: 1911: 1857: 1804: 1769: 1720: 1708: 1578: 1531: 1396: 1378: 1332: 1101: 1038: 1026: 744: 423: 200: 181: 4227: 2990: 2881: 1816: 1556: 4661: 4539: 4510: 4451:"Introduction to Regulatory Considerations when Launching VR Solutions in the U.S." 4418: 4400: 4387:

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Park, Mi Jin; Kim, Dong Jun; Lee, Unjoo; Na, Eun Jin; Jeon, Hong Jin (2019-07-19).

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reality and video games in cardiac rehabilitation programs. A systematic review".

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Merry SN, Stasiak K, Shepherd M, Frampton C, Fleming T, Lucassen MF (April 2012).

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the test subjects available for follow up maintained their results from exposure.

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Marilyn Flynn and Skip Rizzo: Treating Post Traumatic Stress with Virtual Reality

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Virtual reality has been shown to improve the social skills of young adults with

552: 532: 528: 396: 369: 352: 217: 114: 98: 4286: 3756:"End-user involvement in rehabilitation virtual reality implementation research" 2966: 2916: 2899: 2572: 2427: 1983: 1853: 1123: 4628: 3918: 3901: 2560: 2529: 2419: 2044:

Lausanne, Switzerland, November 7 and 8, pp. 1-11, 2002. Reprinted in the 2003

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Yong Mi Kim; Min Ho Chun; Gi Jeong Yun; Young Jin Song; Han Eun Young (2011).

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Virtual reality therapy has two promising potential benefits for treatment of

743:

back to different muscle groups. Therapy often includes games controlled with

4645: 4551: 4414: 4357: 4211: 3927: 3843: 3779: 3771: 3719: 3657: 3589: 3525: 3468: 3386: 3143: 3135: 3039: 2974: 2925: 2865: 2811: 2754: 2611: 2537: 2204: 2147: 2138: 2085: 2046:

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Proffitt, Rachel; Glegg, Stephanie; Levac, Danielle; Lange, Belinda (2019).

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Burn Victim Sam Brown Treated With Virtual-Reality Video Game SnowWorld

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Levac, Danielle E.; Huber, Meghan E.; Sternad, Dagmar (December 2019).

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technology for psychological or occupational therapy and in affecting

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evaluation, to mitigate associated risks and protect patient safety.

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Levin, Mindy F.; Weiss, Patrice L.; Keshner, Emily A. (March 2015).

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Fromberger, Peter; Jordan, Kirsten; Müller, Jürgen L. (March 2018).

195:

An early exploration in 1993–1994 of VRT was done by Ralph Lamson a

4097:

Military Report for U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command

3632:

Chen, Yuping; Fanchiang, HsinChen D.; Howard, Ayanna (2018-01-01).

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others were developed after consulting subject matter experts from

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distinguish between their feats in real life and virtual reality.

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The preference of virtual reality exposure therapy over in-vivo

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Corbetta, Davide; Imeri, Federico; Gatti, Roberto (July 2015).

1136: 1069: 736: 693: 527:

Virtual reality therapy has also been used to attempt to treat

442:

The patient feels more actively involved in the desensitization

235: 131: 118: 4638:

European Journal of Experimental Biology 2012, 2 (5): 1408–22.

2775: 2585: 2225: 1275:"Veterans' mental health treatment not as timely as contended" 739:

patients, various virtual reality technologies can help bring

609:

scores when VR was time dose matched to conventional therapy.

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and supported by funding from U.S. Army Research Laboratory.

2307: 1889: 1675: 621:

had positive outcomes. For patients with PD the VR therapy:

4503:

Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering

3692:

Liu, Cong; Wang, Xing; Chen, Rao; Zhang, Jie (2022-11-09).

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American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation

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Coburn, Joshua Q.; Freeman, Ian; Salmon, John L. (2017).

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International Society on Virtual Rehabilitation website:

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to help tackle depression amongst adolescents. The game,

281:. However, the VA has continued to emphasize traditional 1249:"Mental health care lags at VA hospitals – USATODAY.com" 3753: 3226:"Virtual reality-based post-stroke hand rehabilitation" 2360:

Marco, José; Perpiñá, Conxa; Botella, Cristina (2013).

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Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

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Johanna S. Kaplan; David F. Tolin (6 September 2011).

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of EPFL (Switzerland) and Professor Grigore Burdea of

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Disorder, phobias, anxieties, attention deficits or

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Virtual reality technology is especially useful for

4496: 4449:Louys, Hélène; Hamon, Pol-Antoine (19 March 2022). 4181: 3631: 3351:Jones, Ted; Moore, Todd; Choo, James (2016-12-20). 2947: 2945: 2943: 2893: 2891: 2359: 1461: 569:proved that virtual reality therapy can help treat 4629:PHOBOS Anxiety Management Virtual Reality Platform 3950:"Hodges named director of the School of Computing" 3877:"5 Incredible Uses of Virtual Reality in Medicine" 2897: 2713: 1922: 1879:on 2017-03-15 – via Elsevier Science Direct. 3815: 3499: 2997: 721: 4643: 3906:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 3691: 2940: 2888: 1499: 1412: 1410: 1223:"VA sees shortfall of mental health specialists" 1174:"Virtual Reality Therapy May Help PTSD Patients" 480:especially in matters related to forensic cases. 419:It is entertaining, thus motivating the patient; 155:diagnosed as related to their military service. 4529: 3353:"The Impact of Virtual Reality on Chronic Pain" 823:Larry Hodges, formerly of Georgia Tech and now 178:Virtual Reality Therapy, an Innovative Paradigm 109:. It is widely used as an alternative form of 4393:Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation 3822:Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 3350: 2842: 1247:Gregg Zoroya; Paul Monies (10 November 2011). 1120:"AF doctors use virtual reality to treat PTSD" 771: 758:The impact of virtual reality on chronic pain. 468:limitation might adversely impact the therapy. 451:Great impact of virtual reality on pain relief 426:for more realistic environments for treatment. 376:(USA). 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(28 February 1995). 1350: 1348: 1346: 855:University of the Southern California 840: 174:Electronic Journal of Virtual Culture 1747: 1011:Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging 714:found that school age children with 523:Eating disorders and body dysmorphia 27:Alternative form of exposure therapy 4439: 4106:from the original on July 26, 2018. 3804: 3744: 3682: 3612: 3550: 2512:Whittle, Stephen (September 1998). 1530:. Polytechnic International Press. 1490: 576: 538: 307: 245:Institute for Creative Technologies 24: 4595: 4338:Methods of Information in Medicine 4141: 4110: 4074: 3874: 2685: 2350: 2110: 1823: 1780: 1734: 1562:The American Journal of Psychiatry 1343: 942:Regulatory Approvals and Standards 708:A clinical trial published in the 25: 4673: 4610: 4293:Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine 3570:Developmental Neurorehabilitation 2185:Behavioral Sciences & the Law 1145:. Psychiatric Times Vol 28 No 9. 670: 247:, with research funding from the 67:virtual reality immersion therapy 4204:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05691.x 3760:Journal of Enabling Technologies 3276:10.1111/j.1747-4949.2009.00404.x 798:3D view and the real CT images. 455: 368:was coined in 2002 by Professor 239:A screen capture of Virtual Iraq 83:virtual reality exposure therapy 4566: 4523: 4490: 4464: 4380: 4329: 4280: 4234: 4175: 4050: 4025: 4000: 3988:from the original on 2021-12-14 3968: 3942: 3893: 3868: 3493: 3436: 3411: 3344: 3300: 3264:International Journal of Stroke 3251: 3217: 3208: 3166: 3111: 3062: 2836: 2769: 2660: 2636: 2579: 2552: 2505: 2480: 2455: 2411: 2275: 2219: 2172: 2051: 2034: 2022: 1975: 1945:. VRCAI '12. pp. 171–174. 1934: 1883: 1640: 1616: 1596: 1544: 1519: 1436: 1361:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 1292: 1273:Zoroya, Gregg (23 April 2012). 1266: 1240: 1122:. 23 April 2009. Archived from 297: 220:, then a computer scientist at 4623:Virtual Reality Pain Reduction 3124:Journal of Attention Disorders 2381:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.02.023 1988:CyberPsychology & Behavior 1221:Zoroya, Gregg (4 April 2012). 1214: 1188: 1165: 1130: 1112: 1063: 1054: 1045: 1002: 722:Post-traumatic stress disorder 711:Journal of Attention Disorders 124: 13: 1: 4544:10.1080/17482798.2016.1268779 4532:Journal of Children and Media 3582:10.1080/17518423.2019.1683907 3022:10.1080/09638288.2019.1631892 3010:Disability and Rehabilitation 2604:10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30226-8 2514:"The Trans-Cyberian Mail Way" 995: 859:U.S. Army Research Laboratory 801: 646: 558: 493: 410: 259:posttraumatic stress disorder 243:In 2005, Skip Rizzo of USC's 3378:10.1371/journal.pone.0167523 3322:10.1097/AJP.0000000000000064 3310:The Clinical Journal of Pain 2858:10.1097/PHM.0b013e3181b33350 2803:10.1371/journal.pone.0219781 2667:Davis, Nicola (2018-07-11). 2462:Brown, Josh (July 1, 2019). 2238:10.1007/978-981-32-9705-0_21 1023:10.1097/RMR.0000000000000248 638:Improved cognitive function. 136:cognitive behavioral therapy 7: 4244:2008 Virtual Rehabilitation 4122:Friedrich, Kathrin (2016). 4088:Rizzo, Albert (June 2016). 2967:10.1016/j.burns.2017.11.002 2917:10.1016/j.jphys.2015.05.017 2573:10.13140/RG.2.2.32802.45769 2559:Staniukynas, Linas (2020). 2428:10.13140/RG.2.2.32802.45769 2418:Staniukynas, Linas (2020). 1854:10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.07.007 1754:Computers in Human Behavior 971:aftereffects could include 965: 772:Neurological Rehabilitation 730: 625:Increased gait and balance. 384:(such as for patients with 10: 4678: 3919:10.1016/j.apmr.2019.03.013 2530:10.1177/096466399800700304 2518:Social & Legal Studies 2000:10.1089/109493101300210231 1683:Clinical Psychology Review 857:in collaboration with the 792: 630:activities of daily living 283:prolonged exposure therapy 166: 4406:10.1186/s12984-016-0204-z 4305:10.5535/arm.2011.35.3.309 4256:10.1109/ICVR.2008.4625142 3835:10.1186/s12984-019-0587-8 3461:10.1007/s40120-012-0003-9 3193:10.7205/MILMED-D-11-00221 3087:10.1007/s10803-012-1544-6 2492:National LGBTQ Task Force 1766:10.1016/j.chb.2007.03.006 1695:10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102213 1526:Lamson, Ralph J. (1997). 1088:10.1007/s10803-012-1544-6 687: 635:Improved quality of life. 581: 45: 37: 32: 4032:FocusOnVR (2019-09-09). 3772:10.1108/JET-10-2018-0050 3136:10.1177/1087054718759751 2904:Journal of Physiotherapy 2139:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00505 1748:Bush, Jimmy (May 2008). 1374:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00112 607:Timed "Up & Go" Test 549:sex reassignment therapy 249:Office of Naval Research 190:Clark Atlanta University 4062:projectreporter.nih.gov 2126:Frontiers in Psychiatry 1951:10.1145/2407516.2407560 677:Cardiovascular diseases 382:cognitive interventions 273:, and substance abuse. 107:virtual reality headset 59:Virtual reality therapy 33:Virtual reality therapy 4606:; Fenichel, M.; (2010) 4350:10.1055/s-0038-1634378 2443:Cite journal requires 925:VR advantages over IVE 849:application used as a 763:Chronic and acute pain 759: 628:Improved functions of 366:virtual rehabilitation 360:Virtual rehabilitation 324: 240: 103:virtual rehabilitation 75:simulation for therapy 18:Virtual rehabilitation 3449:Neurology and Therapy 2592:The Lancet Psychiatry 2468:www.digitaltrends.com 1575:10.1176/ajp.152.4.626 1551:Rothman, Barbara O.; 1126:on 14 September 2011. 885:Treatment for lesions 819:Continued development 768:dizziness or nausea. 757: 566:The Lancet Psychiatry 563:A study published in 489:Therapeutical targets 402:gaming rehabilitation 386:Post Traumatic Stress 322: 303:Psychological therapy 257:for the treatment of 254:Full Spectrum Warrior 238: 4157:Practice Innovations 4007:Admin (2019-09-09). 3518:10.2522/ptj.20130579 2746:10.2522/ptj.20160054 2030:http://www.isvr.org/ 698:occupational therapy 683:Occupational therapy 329:head mounted display 4652:American inventions 4196:2010NYASA1208..126R 3369:2016PLoSO..1167523J 2794:2019PLoSO..1419781A 2369:Psychiatry Research 2077:10.2196/mental.5801 1801:10.1109/mc.2014.199 1624:"Albert Skip Rizzo" 1149:(9). Archived from 891:hemispatial neglect 619:Parkinson's disease 613:Parkinson's disease 424:stimulus modalities 4250:. pp. 88–92. 4169:10.1037/pri0000027 3984:. 23 August 2010. 3881:www.newgenapps.com 3698:JMIR Serious Games 3650:10.1093/ptj/pzx107 2064:JMIR Mental Health 1704:20.500.11811/10810 1628:scholar.google.com 1305:JMIR Mental Health 1184:on 2 October 2011. 851:prolonged exposure 841:BRAVEMIND software 825:Clemson University 760: 605:(BBS) scores, and 603:Berg Balance Scale 437:telerehabilitation 374:Rutgers University 325: 241: 4516:10.1115/1.4036921 4478:. January 6, 2023 4265:978-1-4244-2700-0 3316:(12): 1089–1098. 3180:Military Medicine 2739:(12): 1905–1918. 2326:10.1136/bmj.e2598 2247:978-981-329-704-3 2229:Anxiety Disorders 1478:. 1 November 1994 1472:"Virtual therapy" 1417:Lamson, Ralph J. 1200:Houston Chronicle 1143:Psychiatric Times 201:Kaiser Permanente 199:graduate then at 153:anxiety disorders 97:), is the use of 65:), also known as 56: 55: 16:(Redirected from 4669: 4619:. 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