399:, but he was nevertheless unusual among his professional colleagues/rivals in not having received any post graduate degree. The extent to which he was self-taught was one of the reasons why his teaching approach, despite being both innovative and rigorous, was somewhat outside the mainstream. It was clearly not to the liking of all his students. He insisted on allowing ample scope for the analysis, both of sources, and of connections and associations, some of which reached beyond the confines of the traditional syllabus. This came as a shock to students who had grown accustomed to the more conventional approach of his predecessor, Luigi Moriani. Moriani had enjoyed the additional advantage, in the eyes of university (and city) traditionalists, of being a native-born
361:. His conclusion, in summary, was that the extent of the conflict between the two had been much exaggerated. In the Roman/Italian law mindset of mainland Europe in the late nineteenth century, Equity could only be properly invoked where it could be directly translated into the provisions of the legal systems. It enjoyed no stand-alone status as some kind of an ethical dictate to be applied according to judicial whim. The theme was one which he continued to develop during the decades that followed, and should on no account be viewed simply as traditionalist one-sided legalism. It should be viewed, rather, in the context of the perceived extreme institutional fragility of
466:, both for his work the field of Roman Law and in legal scholarship more broadly, raised the status of Legal Studies across Italy and amply justified his appointment. Without in any way renouncing his own successes in civil and administrative law, he also became increasingly prominent in the interface between practical law work and the politics of the profession. Along with his involvement, after 1904, as a senator, he accepted membership of numerous advisory councils and public committees concerned with legal and educational institutions and their interactions with society more broadly, frequently taking a leading role.
706:, on 19 June 1916. The government was broadly based, reflecting the need to try and maximise support for the country's participation in the war. There were no fewer than seven ministers "without portfolio", of whom Vittorio Scialoja was one. Notwithstanding the uninformative ministerial title, historians with the benefit of hindsight identify Scialoja as the Minister for Propaganda in Boselli's government and / or as Italy's first Minister of Propaganda and the Press Abroad. His persuasive skills and strong belief in Italian participation in the war made the appointment a particularly appropriate one. The
553:
although a draft for a new civil code was published in 1930. The commission work might, under different political circumstances, have been used as the opportunity for a deep and comprehensive revision of the existing situation, but that opportunity was not grasped. It is hard to think that it was for lack of any lack of experience, energy, and intellectual capacity on the part of the sub-commission president and members, that the impact on
Italian civil law was at best fragmentary and formalised. Commentators conclude that, despite frequent attempts by Scialoja to solicit input from
589:(with whom he was evidently on at least moderately cordial terms) when, during the course of this process, the two men found themselves on opposite sides of the argument over the still unresolved question of whether or not the justice system should be clearly separated from politics. Scialoja therefore came to see it as his principal objective as president of the sub-committee on Civil Law reform, to avoid upending the Civil Code of 1865, in ways that would facilitate the intensification of Fascist control over the lives of individuals. In this, he largely succeeded.
473:, Scialoja inaugurated the university's Institute of Roman Law, himself taking on the role of "institute secretary in perpetuity". Those invited to join included not just the Roman Law specialists, but also interested archaeologists and classical historians. Quite soon the Institute absorbed the Italian Society for the Increase of Romanistic Studies, a parallel but less dynamic organisation – some might have characterised it as a rival institution, which had been set up by
31:
462:. Candidates were ranked through competitive process, and he found himself competing directly for the appointment with several of the later Serafini's most eminent and influential pupils. Initially he missed out on the appointment, but then the exercise undertaken and conclusions reached by the Examining Commission were voided through a ministerial intervention. Admirers assert that the eminence and respect which Scialoja earned during his years at
349:, where he was installed as Extraordinary Professor of Roman Law on 18 January 1881. He was still very young, and the appointment was controversial in some quarters. The full professorship nevertheless followed on 17 November 1883. Already Scialoja was breaking out beyond the confines implied by his professorial mandate, and applying himself to some of the contemporary legal issues of the age. Pursuing the theme that he had ventilated at
1752:
752:, and Nitti found himself serving as his own Foreign Minister for several months. Sources differ over precise timelines, but in around November 1919 Vittorio Scialoja, who was already a key member of the little Italian delegation at Versailles, took over the Foreign Affairs portfolio, serving till 15 June 1920, following the collapse of the short-lived and terminally divided
314:
inherent autodidacticism, stayed in Italy. He contemplated building a career in the judiciary. Growing up as the son of
Antonio Scialoja, Vittorio was on the receiving end of sound advice from a number of the leading politicians of the day, who were regular guests in the family home. It was at the urging of one of these
441:
for his "Archivio
Giuridico" (study series on Roman Law published between 1863 and 1903) "on the Methodology for Teaching Roman Law in Italian universities: "We do not need to be under any delusions. Pure Roman Law is dead, and while modern law may be descended from it, it is not the same .... far
507:
law school
Scialoja displayed an exceptional ability, not merely through his rare teaching talents, but also in his selection and training of young scholars. The extent to which his students subsequently achieved notability as leading legal academics meant that Scialoja's impact on the application
777:
of which he became a corresponding member on 15 July 1901 and a full member on 19 April 1918. Between 1923 and 1926 and again for a year between July 1932 and 1933 he served as vice-president of the
Accadmia, while holding the presidency between 1926 and 1932 and again, during the final months of
569:", which at that time could only have been viewed as a fundamental distortion of an established structure, with a liberal impetus which would have served only to encourage and hasten the already pervasive infiltration of totalitarian, corporatist and interventionist principles that was a feature of
499:
school" of Roman Law, and had himself been a contender for the Rome professorship at the time of
Scialoja's appointment. The incorporation of Landucci's organisation into the new institute could therefore be characterised as another blow against Serafini's followers. Directly after establishing
313:
in Roman law". The dissertation was published shortly afterwards. It was common at this time for
Italian students of Jurisprudence, especially where the focus was on Roman Law, to spend a period of study in a German university, but Vittorio Scialoja, confident in his own intellectual rigour and
552:
or "civil code"), in order to build on and supplement that of 1865. Although
Scialoja's sub-committee was instructed to work on "civil law", it would also trespass constructively into the field of civil court procedure. In practical terms, however, the entire exercise had little short-term impact,
605:. The appointment was validated (confirmed) by senators on 21 March 1904. Before 1947 those appointed to the senate retained their senate seats for life, and Scialoja's role in national politics became an important element in his contribution to public life between 1904 and his death in 1933.
383:
some of the dangers inherent in the scope for interpretation implicit in the "Equity"-driven approach became all too clear. Scialoja's voice was raised not in opposition to "equità comune", expressive of a shared popular aspiration in favour of a certain "common sense" justice, and a will that
458:" with effect from 11 May 1884, retaining his professorship at Rome till his retirement from teaching in 1931. An important step in his university career came on 31 December 1922 when he left his professorial chair in Roman Law in order to become Professor of Roman Law Institutions at
616:
and the mainland, the island had great family significance, being seen as the "point of origin" of his father's family: the
Scialojas had been prominent on the island since at least as far back as the seventeenth century. He also served, fort a time, as a Rome city councillor.
411:.) Notwithstanding the student revolt during 1881, Scialoja's four years at Siena can be seen as a period of significant achievement. Promoted to a full professorship in 1883/84, he taught several students who went on to achieve notability on their own account, including the
322:
in June 1879. He remained at
Camerino for only one year. That was long enough to make his mark, however, notably with his inaugural lecture, delivered in the main lecture hall at the little university's "Valentinia Library" on 23 November 1879. He took as his topic
403:. In May 1881 the classroom tensions had grown into a revolt among Scialoja's students. That was followed by the suspension of his lectures by the university's Academic Council. (The lectures were quickly reinstated through a direct intervention from Rome by
691:. However it ran into opposition, as its predecessor had done, over a package of proposals intended to expand and develop the Italian sea transport sector, and without bothering with a parliamentary vote which he seemed likely to lose vote
384:
reaches a level of intensity deserving recognition through a force external to the legal code. The dangers came, rather, from the risk of an overmighty legislature finding ways to use the doctrine on Equity to thwart judicial independence.
772:
Vittorio Scialoja acquired a number of honorary professorships within Italy and abroad, and was also a member of various learned societies and associations. The most significant of these, probably, was the Rome-based
671:, winning plaudits from colleagues and commentators for the quickness of intellect, legal rigour and breadth of knowledge that he brought to the role. During this period, on 4 October 1926, a "Minister of State".
643:. In the senate Scialoja emerged as a powerful advocate of participation in the war. Three years later it turned out that Italy had backed the winning side, and the decision to particate had also secured for
500:
the institute, in 1888, Scialoja launched the "Bullettino dell’Istituto di diritto romano", a specialist periodical dedicated to Roman Law, which has acquired a life of its own, and is still published annually.
221:
1083:
639:
and her Russian and British allies. The decision was, and remained controversial, though there were many who were, at least, relieved that Italy was not aligned in the fighting on the same side as
764:
Scialoja retired from his university teaching in 1931, by which time he was 75. His health declined rapidly and visibly during the next couple of years. He died at Rome on 19 November 1933.
1821:
1424:
Breve storia della codificazione penale e processualpenale italiana: Una rapida panoramica sullo sviluppo del codice penale e del codice di procedura penale dall'Unità d'Italia ai giorni nostri
426:
and the lawyer-pianist Dante Caporali. He established the law faculty's "Circle of jurists" which met regularly for seminars and animated discussions. He teamed up with the criminologist
387:
During 1881, soon after he had accepted the Siena appointment, news came through that Scialoja had been placed at the top of the list in a competitive process to secure a teaching chair at
565:
was uninterested and government members were reluctant to engage in discussion of substantive reforms to the code. Scialoja accordingly tried to resist any wide-ranging redefinition of "
1635:
655:
had set out to define nineteenth century Europe back in 1815. Senator Scialoja attended the peace conference as a member of the little Italian delegation under the leadership of
546:
In 1924 Scialoja accepted an invitation to serve as president over the first of four sub-commissions appointed by the royal commission mandated to draw up a revised legal code (
1696:
Roma, 19 novembre 1933, si spegne Vittorio Scialoja, uno dei più importanti ed influenti giuristi italiani di inizio Novecento, nonché uomo politico e professore universitario
1113:"Salvatore Cingari, Un'ideologia per il ceto dirigente dell'Italia unita. Pensiero e politica al Liceo Dante di Firenze (1853-1945), Olschki, Firenze 1912 (Review / Rivista)"
369:
1786:
1270:
V. Scialoja, Sul metodo d’insegnamento del diritto romano nelle università italiane. Lettera al Prof. F. Serafini, in Archivio Giuridico, XXVI, (1881), pp. 489-490.
318:, that he set these thoughts aside, in favour of a career in the universities sector. Still aged just 23, he accepted a position as Professor of Roman Law at the
723:
1726:
430:
to promote the launch of the associated journal, "Studi senesi". Also dating from this period is an open letter which Scialoja addressed to Senator-Professor
1791:
1361:"Brevissima storia della critica interpolazionistica nelle fonti giuridiche romane ("Short History of the Interpolation Critic's in the Sources of Roman Law")"
292:
1776:
1505:
1023:
920:
508:
and development of The Law in Italy was enduring and profound. Those whom he taught and/or powerfully influenced included Roman Law professors such as
1781:
489:
431:
269:
174:
509:
474:
226:
235:
on 4 March 1904. That in turn became the launch pad for an increasingly engaged parallel career in politics and public life. He served briefly as
597:
By 1904 Vittorio Scialoja had acquired a relatively high public profile as a Rome-based law professor. On 4 March 1904 he was appointed to the
524:
416:
1297:
1088:
695:
resigned his government after just 110 days. This put an end to Scialoja's first ministerial career on 31 March 1910, after just 110 days.
279:(1817–1877) had settled with his family and built a career at the university following a conservative revival in the south during 1849. After
955:"Scialoja, Vittorio. - Giurista e uomo politico, figlio di Antonio (v.), nato il 24 aprile 1856 a Torino, morto a Roma il 19 novembre 1933"
1771:
1050:
1806:
718:
and the other army commanders from parliamentary scrutiny. The government was unable to avoid its share of responsibility for the
1836:
1826:
1079:
687:. The government arrived in office with a conservative reform agenda which taken in aggregate won the overwhelming support in
1811:
1723:
Reflexe první Československé republiky a jejího prezidenta T. G. Masaryka na stránkách vatikánského listu L'́Osservatore Romano
749:
688:
648:
1028:
Dati anagrafici ... Nomina a senatore ... Senato del Regno ... Governo ... Atti parlamentari - Commemorazione ... Onorificenze
1801:
1796:
1613:
Storia & Diplomazia: Rassegna dell’Archivio Storico del Ministero degli Affari Esteri e della Cooperazione Internazionale
302:
secondary school. Vittorio's mother, born Giulia Achard (1823-1878), was the daughter of a successful French businessman.
220:, but he later broadened the scope of his research and teaching to embrace other branches of civil law. Membership of the
1637:
The first period of War: challenges and new tasks .... Collaboration with the allied Intelligence Services .... Footnote 15
408:
1816:
831:
819:
807:
795:
789:
745:
583:
244:
1756:
374:
954:
1648:
1455:
664:
1051:"Antonio Scialoja, economista e uomo politico (San Giovanni a Teduccio, 1 agosto 1817 - Procida, 13 ottobre 1877)"
1841:
886:
1183:
1831:
1524:
598:
368:, and the range of powerful "disintegrating forces" that challenged, along with the cohesion of the state, the
232:
100:
1582:
1242:
1846:
651:, intended by the victorious Great Powers to redraw the map of Europe for the twentieth century, just as the
612:
between 1914 and 1925, apart from a nine month hiatus during 1920. Positioned in the Bay of Naples between
570:
1392:
1138:
602:
427:
722:, however, and resigned with effect from 29 October 1917. Scialoja's government duties were taken on by
395:
for four years. His academic reputation was well established by the end of just a year as a professor or
1691:
825:
813:
801:
684:
504:
470:
463:
459:
455:
306:
265:
236:
84:
315:
240:
1677:
1564:
1484:
1168:
1643:. Italian Ministry of Defence, Historical Office, 5th Division, Defence General Staff. p. 68.
728:
1605:
1212:
1243:"Moriani, Luigi. – Nacque a Castelnuovo Berardenga, in provincia di Siena, il 2 gennaio 1845 ..."
837:
737:
624:
297:
454:
Scialoja received the call from Rome. He was installed as "Ordinary Professor of Roman Law at
1497:
632:
580:
396:
350:
319:
1553:
1499:
1510:
1445:
748:, but Tittoni's health began to break down, probably on account of the strain imposed by the
636:
535:
388:
124:
1856:
1851:
774:
8:
719:
621:
520:
494:
485:
451:
436:
392:
362:
346:
280:
274:
179:
55:
1606:"Divergenze pericolose: propaganda e politica estera in Italia durante la Grande Guerra"
1665:
1541:
1472:
1156:
652:
514:
1419:
1644:
1520:
1451:
1447:
Giuristi, ideologie e codici. Scialoja e Betti nell'interpretazione di Massimo Brutti
1334:
680:
660:
558:
554:
479:
400:
1360:
1615:. Ministero degli Affari Esteri e della Cooperazione Internazionale. pp. 13–40
1516:
1279:
R. Orestano, Introduzione allo studio del diritto romano, Bologna 1987, pp. 506-507
753:
562:
529:
421:
365:
291:, where Vittorio spent the second half of his childhood, attending the prestigious
288:
204:
119:
741:
707:
699:
644:
640:
1077:
692:
659:. He then served between 1921 and 1932 as Italy's principal delegate to the
656:
404:
1765:
1338:
715:
711:
703:
561:
assassination which horrified the Italian legal and academic establishments,
412:
380:
213:
73:
1326:
1222:. Annali della Facoltà Giuridica - Università di Camerino. pp. 179–205
358:
354:
328:
324:
1498:
Italo Garzia (author); Antonio Scottà (editor-compiler-organiser) (2003).
1084:
Sistema informativo unificato per le soprintendenze archivistiche (SIUSA)
628:
586:
566:
30:
1718:
231:, on which he served between 1893 and 1913, led to his nomination as a
310:
217:
1370:. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso. pp. 78, 65–120
1112:
1249:
962:
928:
894:
309:, receiving a first degree in 1877 in return for a project "on the
284:
209:
573:. Such considerations lay behind the "incorrigible scepticism" (
1048:
609:
1633:
1327:"Bullettino dell'Istituto di Diritto Romano "Vittorio Scialoja""
1298:"Un artista tra giuristi e uomini di Stato: Toti e gli Scialoja"
1143:. Tipografia del Senato di Forzani e comp & HathiTrust. 1878
1751:
1399:. Biblioteca centrale giuridica, Roma. 2013. pp. 5–9, 5–33
668:
613:
345:
At the end of 1880 he accepted an invitation to move across to
1822:
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
442:
from diminishing the importance , perhaps this increases it".
1331:
Bullettino dell'istituto di Diritto Romano 'Vitorio Scialoja'
1078:
Stefano Moscadelli; Laura Morotti; Emilio Capannelli (2013).
1058:
Archivio Antonio Scialoja, Revisione dell'Inventario del 1976
261:
51:
1184:"Romanisti camerti dagli inizi agli anni '70 del Novecento"
69:
1358:
1220:
Annali della Facoltà Giuridica dell’Università di Camerino
1191:
Annali della Facoltà Giuridica dell’Università di Camerino
1450:. Vol. 3/2014. Gangemi Editore Spa. pp. 72–87.
488:. Lando Landucci was a leading representative of the "
1603:
1210:
1397:
I Lavori Preparatori dei Codici Italiani: Una Biografia
820:
Grande ufficiale dell'Ordine dei SS. Maurizio e Lazzaro
736:
Scialoja's third ministerial term came in 1919. When
208:; 24 April 1856 – 19 November 1933) was an influential
1597:
391:, but he rejected the Sicilian offer, and remained at
1368:
Revista de Estudios Histórico-Jurídicos, núm. XXXIII
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1049:Leonardo Musci (compiler-curator) (December 2020).
832:
Gran cordone dell'Ordine dei SS. Maurizio e Lazzaro
808:
Commendatore dell'Ordine dei SS. Maurizio e Lazzaro
1627:
1491:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
814:Grande Ufficiale dell'Ordine della Corona d'Italia
710:lasted for nearly eighteenth months, during which
353:he continued to work away at the tensions between
1787:Academic staff of the Sapienza University of Rome
1719:"Prezident a Vatikán .... Masaryk, il liberatore"
1634:Cosmo Colavito; Filippo Cappellano (March 2018).
1352:
1282:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
952:
1763:
1580:
880:
878:
876:
874:
796:Ufficiale dell'Ordine dei SS. Maurizio e Lazzaro
790:Cavaliere dell'Ordine dei SS. Maurizio e Lazzaro
1716:
1583:"Vittorio Scialoja, Maestro delle controversie"
1443:
1295:
1104:
925:Il Contributo italiano alla storia del Pensiero
918:
914:
912:
884:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
838:Cavaliere di Gran Croce Ordine del Leone bianco
1576:
1574:
1240:
977:
826:Gran cordone dell'Ordine della Corona d'Italia
802:Commendatore dell'Ordine della Corona d'Italia
1792:Members of the Senate of the Kingdom of Italy
1437:
1417:
1181:
1071:
948:
946:
574:
547:
332:
255:
1777:Academic staff of the University of Camerino
1710:
1692:"19 Novembre 1933 – Muore Vittorio Scialoja"
1684:
909:
851:
679:On 11 December 1909 joined the centre-right
608:He served as mayor for the little island of
579:) with which Scialoja was reproached by the
222:National Public Council for Higher Education
1727:Jihočeská univerzita v Českých Budějovicích
1571:
1411:
1319:
1234:
1204:
1175:
943:
778:his life, between July and November 1933.
29:
1782:Academic staff of the University of Siena
1387:
1385:
1042:
740:created his first government he selected
197:Vittorio Giulio Ippolito Camillo Scialoja
45:Vittorio Giulio Ippolito Camillo Scialoja
16:Italian jurist and politician (1856–1933)
1307:. De Luca Editori d’Arte. pp. 39–46
1131:
1110:
667:of which he had himself contributed) in
1698:. Massime dal Passato. 19 November 2020
519:(1864-1932)]], Gino Segrè (1864–1942),
152: 1880; died 1901)
1764:
1501:La nascita della Societa delle Nazioni
1382:
523:(1864–1958), Carlo Longo (1869–1938),
334:... del diritto positivo e dell'equità
1333:. L'Erma di Bretschneider Srl, Roma.
1140:Sopra il precarium nel diritto romano
203:
1246:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
1213:"Del diritto positivo e dell'equità"
891:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
647:a position of some influence at the
541:
1604:Italo Garzia; Luciano Tosi (2016).
1359:Francisco J. Andrés Santos (2011).
13:
1772:Sapienza University of Rome alumni
187:Giulia Achard (1823–1878) (mother)
14:
1868:
1745:
1581:Alessandro Carli (14 July 2016).
720:military catastrophe at Caporetto
641:their former colonisers in Vienna
469:Three years after his arrival at
1807:20th-century Italian politicians
1750:
1837:Scholars of civil procedure law
1305:100 Scialoja: Azione e Pensiero
1273:
1264:
1030:. Senate della Repubblica, Roma
733:under the next administration.
657:Foreign Minister Sidney Sonnino
149:
1827:Members of the Lincean Academy
1717:František Talíř (6 May 2019).
1296:Antonio Tarasco (March 2015).
1211:Vittorio Scialoja (lecturer).
1182:Luigi Labruna (January 2019).
781:
767:
759:
702:, now under the leadership of
260:Vittorio Scialoja was born at
243:between 1916 and 1917, and as
1:
1812:Ministers of justice of Italy
844:
264:where his father, the exiled
205:[vitˈtɔːrjoʃʃaˈlɔːja]
1802:20th-century Italian jurists
1797:19th-century Italian jurists
633:its triple alliance partners
503:In terms of building up the
250:
7:
674:
649:Versailles Peace Conference
307:Sapienza University of Rome
245:Minister of Foreign Affairs
216:. His early focus was on
97:University professor of Law
10:
1873:
1817:Foreign ministers of Italy
953:Emilio Albertario (1936).
592:
256:Provenance and early years
241:Minister without portfolio
415:and Roman Law specialist
167:
159:
133:
112:
90:
80:
62:
40:
28:
21:
1444:Emanuele Stolfi (2014).
919:Emanuele Stolfi (2012).
885:Emanuele Stolfi (2018).
340:
287:, the new capital for a
1241:Floriana Colao (2012).
576:invincibile scetticismo
445:
1842:Politicians from Turin
750:Paris Peace Conference
645:the Italian government
627:lead the country into
622:the Italian government
575:
548:
456:the University of Rome
333:
320:University of Camerino
201:Italian pronunciation:
1832:Scholars of Roman law
1759:at Wikimedia Commons
959:Enciclopedia Italiana
724:Romeo Gallenga Stuart
536:Vincenzo Arangio-Ruiz
450:After three years at
268:economist-politician
1847:People from Florence
1585:. Futuro da una vita
921:"Scialòja, Vittorio"
887:"Scialoja, Vittorio"
775:Accademia dei Lincei
293:Liceo ginnasio Dante
283:the family moved to
184:(1817–1877) (father)
1418:Franco Stefanelli.
1024:"Scialoja Vittorio"
685:Minister of Justice
629:the First World War
521:Salvatore Riccobono
237:Minister of Justice
105:government minister
85:Sapienza University
56:Kingdom of Sardinia
1552:has generic name (
1506:Rubbettino Editore
1117:Note e Discussioni
1080:"Scialoja Antonio"
714:robustly defended
708:Boselli government
681:Sonnino government
653:Congress of Vienna
534:(1875-1957)]] and
409:Education Minister
370:legal code of 1865
1757:Vittorio Scialoja
1755:Media related to
661:League of Nations
571:Mussolini's Italy
557:, even after the
542:Civil law reform?
363:the newly created
194:
193:
23:Vittorio Scialoja
1864:
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637:"liberal" France
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625:was persuaded to
584:Foreign Minister
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432:Filippo Serafini
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316:Pasquale Mancini
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247:during 1919/20.
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1731:. Retrieved
1729:. p. 43
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768:Memberships
760:Final years
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587:Dino Grandi
567:private law
528: [
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471:La Sapienza
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289:new kingdom
281:unification
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91:Occupations
1766:Categories
1526:884980248X
845:References
689:parliament
665:"covenant"
563:the leader
505:university
1676:ignored (
1666:cite book
1563:ignored (
1542:cite book
1483:ignored (
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1167:ignored (
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559:Matteotti
311:Precarium
251:Biography
218:Roman law
1250:Treccani
963:Treccani
929:Treccani
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675:Minister
663:(to the
620:In 1915
490:Serafini
397:Camerino
351:Camerino
285:Florence
160:Children
836:1927
830:1916:
824:1915:
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599:senate
413:jurist
407:, the
401:Senese
359:Equity
329:Equity
266:Naples
134:Spouse
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