712:'s 1858 patent). By June 1949, VĂ–EST developed an adaptation of Durrer's process, the LD (Linz-Donawitz) process, (German: LD Verfahren; U.S. names: Oxygen Converter Process, Basic Oxygen Furnace Process, BOP, OSM). In December 1949, the VĂ–EST and the Ă–AMG committed to building their first 30-ton oxygen converters. They were put into operation in November 1952 and May 1953 and temporarily created a surge in steel-related research. Thirty-four thousand businesspeople and engineers visited the VĂ–EST converter by 1963. The LD process reduced processing time and capital costs per ton of steel, contributing to the
66:
2880:
532:
1066:
539:
The
Reichswerke announced its plans for a new steel mill in Linz before the takeover of Alpine, as an incentive for VS to extract more ore at Erzberg. Linz had a special place in Nazi system, and the steel project received full financial commitment of the state. On 13 May 1938, the ground breaking
682:
to sort through the
Austrian proposals. Brewster supported the Austrian four-year plan but its key opponent Franz Nemchak called it "a colossal stupidity" and demanded a halt on VĂ–EST program. The controversy spilled into the U. S. Senate, causing delays in Marshall Plan financing for VĂ–EST. VĂ–EST
599:
The
Austrian national government carefully persuaded the Americans to save Linz. In the summer of 1946, when allied negotiations on Linz reached a stalemate, the Americans decided to restore Linz unilaterally, regardless of British or Soviet opinion. Tactics of reconstruction became a subject of a
687:
but the new hot strip mill was delayed by the opposition of the
Pentagon, which feared that VĂ–EST product would be sold to the Soviet bloc. The Pentagon removed their objections in January 1952, conforming to the consensus of other US agencies. The hot and cold strip mills were, at last, put into
773:
and owned by Ă–sterreichisch-Alpine
Montangesellschaft from 1889 until that company's 1973 merger with Voest-Alpine AG, and had been independent since 1990. During 2002, the 45% Vossloh share in VAE was bought by Voest-Alpine for €140 million, and in 2003 VAE Group GmbH became a subsidiary of
804:
Uddeholm Group, the latter acquired by Voest-Alpine Stahl AG in 1990. The combined company was one of three created from
Austrian Industries AG in 1993. By June, voestalpine held 55 percent of voting stock after "the largest acquisition in Austria’s industrial history", worth two billion
1039:-based Voestalpine VAE SA (Pty) Ltd and its affiliates for a period of 27 months. The punitive measure was applied following the failed disclosure of relevant information in the company's bid for a contract under the Multimodal Transport Project in the
510:
purchased a 13% share in Alpine, and for the next six months wrestled with the VS over control of the company. In March 1939, the VS stepped aside and the
Reichswerke acquired 70% share of Alpine in exchange for a 10% share in the new plant in
559:
The integration was completed with the takeover of Danube shipping companies and local construction businesses. The steel mill was completed during the conflict and was generously subsidized by the state. Between 1943 and 1944, when the
716:
of
Austrian steel. However, errors made by the VĂ–EST and the Ă–AMG management in licensing their technology made control over its adoption elsewhere impossible and, by the end of the 1950s, the Austrians had lost their competitive edge.
580:
was partitioned into four occupation zones; the heavy industries of the former
Reichswerke concentrated in the American (Linz) and British (Erzberg) zones. The future of Linz was debated in 1945–1946. Local government of
489:
came to power in
Germany, the Nazi leadership and the German steel barons clashed in a conflict over the rate of economic growth: the Nazis demanded rapid buildup of industrial capacity while the big business feared
568:), Hitler demanded a sharp increase in steel production in Austria. Göring launched a huge and unmanageable expansion campaign and spared no expense, all in vain: the Allied bombers levelled most of Linz, too.
616:, who stood for privatization. The diplomats prevailed, and the Austrian government was allowed to nationalize the former German assets at will. The mills of Linz were nationalized in July 1946 as the VĂ–EST (
747:. and the government sold its last shares of the company in 2003. Voest-Alpine Stahl owned 21.25 of Voest-Alpine Technologie, which was the parent company of the former Voest-Alpine plant-building unit
519:. The Reichswerke continued acquisitions and outright confiscations, and soon controlled around half of Austrian heavy industries. In 1944, the peak year for Alpine, its sales reached 371 million
2841:
2233:
785:
During 2006, Voestalpine decided to dispose of its steel trading group. Voestalpine Stahlhandel is now Cognor Stahlhandel, still based in Linz and part of the Cognor Group, a division of
434:
on 19 July 1881, as a vehicle of consolidating Austrian iron and steel assets. Some of these assets were later depleted, abandoned or sold. The core assets that remained concentrated in
322:
is a "fully integrated steel works" operated by voestalpine Stahl GmbH, a part of the steel division of voestalpine AG. In addition to Linz the most important plants are in
735:(Austrian Industry Holding AG) became Austrian Industries AG as it took the first steps toward privatisation. In 1993, three companies formed from Austrian Industries AG--
935:. Roll Forming agreed to the purchase by Voest-Alpine Krems in 2000, giving the Voest-Alpine Stahl AG subsidiary its first manufacturing facilities in the United States.
596:
under Alpine-Mountain management, dismantle the furnaces and use the parts for the needed repairs in Donawitz (Styria). The Soviets voted to dismantle Linz altogether.
2276:
961:
in 1981, but the company did not do well because of high energy prices and cheaper foreign steel. During 1986, Voest-Alpine sold its interest to R.S.R. Corporation.
592:, too far from coal and ore reserves, and too large to be economical. The American authorities at first concurred and suggested to reduce the Linz works to eight
498:. In the first half of 1937 the Nazi leadership openly broke with the steel barons and settled for state control over iron and steel production. In the same year
2453:
1206:
1019:
Voestalpine Signaling UK, previously known as CDSRail, produce diagnostic and monitoring infrastructure for rail. It was acquired by voestalpine AG in 2008.
1274:
3050:
3040:
946:. Groundbreaking took place in April 2014 and production activity commenced on 28 September 2016. During 2022, the majority stake of the plant was sold to
758:
manufacturer of auto parts, in exchange for $ 118 million. At the time, the company stated its goal to be a 15 percent share of European auto-body parts.
720:
VÖEST was merged with Österreichisch-Alpine Montangesellschaft and other companies in the 1970s, and the resulting company took the name Vöest-Alpine AG.
2225:
782:
In 2001, the name of Voest-Alpine Stahl Group changed to voestalpine AG in order to fit the standard naming pattern of Austrian public corporations.
1156:
1106:
3060:
3065:
2846:
2642:
28:
2387:
2250:
2048:
3035:
2172:
1977:
1337:
3055:
2868:
357:
The name of the company amalgamates its two principal components, the VĂ–EST (Vereinigte Ă–sterreichische Eisen und Stahlwerke) in
2969:
1362:
664:
919:
structures, but in the late 1980s, Roll Forming added preparing parts for assembly. The company still uses this process for
2284:
1051:
1387:
3045:
2431:
659:
smelting operation in June 1947; the first pig iron was shipped to Sweden. Two other furnaces were earmarked for sale to
732:
198:
2818:
2793:
2776:
2751:
2731:
2706:
2613:
2026:
1184:
601:
2475:
3025:
1930:
1040:
965:
748:
1312:
837:
2876:
556:. The works in Linz were viewed as a hub of a future steel conglomerate spanning over the whole Central Europe.
2525:
2098:
2575:
2360:
2329:
2959:
2146:
770:
674:
aid but access to American cash came only after a protracted political battle within Austrian establishment.
20:
723:
Restructuring of Austria's nationalised industries by 1988 produced a company called Voest-Alpine Stahl AG.
507:
2365:
2334:
391:
Voestalpine High Performance Metals, specialized in high performance materials and services like high-tech
1226:
2861:
885:
division of voestalpine AG. The company has supplied parts for the aerospace industry since 1949 and for
736:
953:
During 1978, Voest-Alpine and other European companies started Bayou Steel Corporation, incorporated in
829:
544:
was appointed chief of the Reichswerke in Linz for his services to the Nazis during the Anschluss. The
1131:
2530:
1844:
863:
3030:
1822:
1797:
1772:
1745:
1530:
898:
701:
482:
347:
820:
specifically utilizing 6 MW hydrogen fuel technology instead of coal, which started in late 2019.
809:. In March 2008, voestalpine said it owned 90.24% of Böhler-Uddehom and intended to buy the rest.
466:, peaked in 1912, when it owned four coal mines, two iron ore mines and six metallurgical plants.
2502:
1079:
928:
577:
2949:
1016:
industries. It was established in 1931 and is now (since 2014) known as voestalpine Metsec plc.
2989:
2854:
2810:
2768:
2723:
2003:
1001:
2120:
2884:
2306:
2254:
2199:"'Steeling' from fossil fuels: Austrians to power steel industry entirely on clean hydrogen!"
943:
932:
878:
713:
549:
446:
and a steel mill in Donawitz. The company also owned smaller businesses and railroads in the
3020:
1981:
2785:
Transforming the twentieth century: technical innovations and their consequences, Volume 2
8:
1952:
1275:"voestalpine-Chef: "Wenn wir einen Elektro-Ofen einschalten, geht in Linz das Licht aus""
939:
924:
844:
679:
474:
2742:
2070:
2409:
958:
920:
871:
688:
operation in 1953. By the end of 1953, the first phase of reconstruction was complete.
609:
565:
455:
331:
76:
797:
740:
413:
Voestalpine Metal Forming, produces tubes, sections and precision strip steel products
260:
2814:
2789:
2772:
2747:
2727:
2702:
2497:
1906:
Weernink, Wim Oude (31 December 2001). "Voest-Alpine grows into a leading supplier".
894:
848:
463:
392:
1823:"1995-2001 Restructuring of the Group. From VOEST-ALPINE STAHL AG to voestalpine AG"
499:
1884:
1071:
1028:
855:
315:
industries. As of 2017, it is one of the few profitable steel companies in Europe.
234:
1412:
663:; Mark Clark objected to this deal since 1946 and it finally fell apart after the
2805:
2801:
The Marshall Plan and the Reconstruction of the Austrian Steel Industry 1945-1953
2784:
2763:
2718:
2697:
2579:
2198:
1908:
968:(VAI), whose Voest-Alpine Industries subsidiary had its American headquarters in
766:
605:
362:
174:
744:
90:
859:
709:
675:
660:
588:
491:
288:
1000:
company which was acquired by voestalpine AG in 1998. The company is based in
828:
During 1990, Voest-Alpine Eisenbahnsysteme and Nortrak Railway Supply Ltd. of
552:
into the Reichswerke, made it virtually independent of the steel elite of the
430:
The Alpine Montangesellschaft (English: Alpine Mining Society) was founded in
346:
which closed in the 1990s. Voestalpine is responsible for 10% of all Austrian
94:
3014:
2737:
2280:
2226:"World's largest green-hydrogen plant begins operation in Austria | Recharge"
1252:
1211:
1013:
947:
769:, turnout systems and related products was founded in 1851. as Hugo-HĂĽtte by
705:
691:
684:
671:
636:
613:
502:
expressed his desire to control Austrian iron reserves at Erzberg. After the
451:
403:
396:
358:
335:
108:
84:
43:
30:
2004:"2002-2008: The voestalpine Group to the acquisition of Boehler-Uddeholm AG"
416:
Voestalpine Railway Systems, for integrated railway infrastructure solutions
2999:
2944:
2553:
2121:"voestalpine holds 90.24 pct in Boehler, to initiate squeeze-out procedure"
1009:
997:
973:
882:
854:
As a result of two 2004 acquisitions, Nortrak has other U.S. facilities in
786:
541:
478:
365:
in July 1946, and the Ă–AMG (Ă–sterreichische-Alpine Montangesellschaft) in
2924:
927:
for many of Boeing's larger planes. Other locations for Roll Forming are
765:
joined to purchase 90 percent of VAE Group. The Austrian manufacturer of
382:
2667:
792:
In April 2007, voestalpine made a bid for 20.95 percent of the Austrian
65:
2939:
2934:
2919:
2899:
2834:
2698:
Antitrust, the market, and the state: the contributions of Walter Adams
1477:
Overy 1995, pp. 148-149. On p. 109, Overy values the same share at 13%.
969:
901:
793:
755:
520:
495:
486:
469:
In 1922, fifty-six percent of Alpine Montangesellschaft, then owned by
319:
312:
304:
271:
255:
210:
170:
1798:"1993-1995 VOEST-ALPINE STAHL AG up to the Beginning of Privatization"
2929:
1032:
954:
593:
585:
and the British objected to reconstruction of Linz works, calling it
503:
459:
447:
1773:"1986-1993 VOEST-ALPINE AG up to the Breakup of Austrian Industries"
2600:
1054:
under the Agreement for Mutual Enforcement of Debarment Decisions.
916:
912:
908:
812:
In February 2018, voestalpine started constructing a steel mill in
656:
531:
439:
308:
159:
644:
2979:
2914:
2904:
2888:
2879:
2075:
977:
867:
817:
762:
697:
545:
443:
407:
386:
296:
140:
800:, which was created in 1991 from the merger of Böhler Group and
2964:
2714:
The Marshall Plan and the Making of the Iron Curtain in Austria
1036:
938:
In the 2010s, the company made a $ 740 million investment in a
886:
833:
801:
743:. Privatisation began in 1995, when Voest-Alpine got listed on
652:
648:
582:
435:
431:
366:
343:
339:
327:
323:
2643:"World Bank Debars Voestalpine VAE SA (Pty) Ltd for 27 months"
2277:"VAE Nortrak North America, Inc.: Private Company Information"
2147:"Austrians to power steel industry entirely on clean hydrogen"
877:
Roll Forming Corp., incorporated in 1947 and headquartered in
523:, 16% of the whole mining and steel sales of the Reichswerke.
318:
45 percent of its workforce is based in Austria. The Linz hot
2974:
2909:
2614:"voestalpine Signaling UK Ltd. - voestalpine Railway Systems"
1207:"Kobe Steel admits falsifying data on 20,000 tonnes of metal"
1005:
526:
300:
222:
104:
2454:"voestalpine Texas: sale of majority stake to ArcelorMittal"
2361:"Shelbyville's Roll Forming may be sold to Austrian company"
2099:"voestalpine acquired a majority holding of Böhler-Uddeholm"
670:
VĂ–EST assets became the principal Austrian recipient of the
2330:"Shelbyville company on a roll with big aerospace contract"
890:
813:
806:
640:
561:
553:
512:
470:
292:
189:
178:
136:
2251:"VAE Nortrak North America, Inc > Company > History"
2173:"Everything You Need To Know About the Invention of Steel"
692:
Post war, development of Linz-Donawitz process (1948–1990)
2954:
905:
153:
2668:"Agreement On Mutual Enforcement Of Debarment Decisions"
2554:"EU Commission Approves Siemens' Acquisition of VA Tech"
540:
ceremony for the Hermann Göring Werke in Linz was held.
1873:. Vol. 21, no. 5. September 1997. p. 15.
406:
infrastructure and industrial systems, including full
1413:"PERFORMANCE ON TRACK® - voestalpine Railway Systems"
1227:"voestalpine Stahl Modernizes Hot Strip Mill in Linz"
840:, which later added operations in the United States.
354:, which makes it the biggest emitter in the country.
2071:"Voestalpine signs deal for 20.95 pct Boehler stake"
1746:"1974-1985 VOEST-ALPINE AG up to the Reform of Ă–IAG"
1151:
1149:
1061:
548:
of steel works in Linz and ore reserves at Erzberg,
1523:
19:"Voest-Alpine" redirects here. For other uses, see
1022:
726:
655:. The supply of coal allowed VĂ–EST to restart its
2842:Vienna Stock Exchange: Market Data voestalpine AG
2101:. Federal Chancellery of Austria. 6 November 2007
1146:
3012:
777:
632:ahlwerke, United Austrian Iron and Steelworks).
2388:"Additional Roll Forming Corporation Locations"
1531:"Brief Extract from the Chronicle 1938 to 1949"
1253:"Maschinenfabrik Liezen GmbH (Noricum) Article"
964:In addition, Voestalpine AG owned a portion of
851:plant in 1997, now the company's headquarters.
635:VĂ–EST decided to dispose with three of its six
1046:The debarment of Voestalpine VAE SA (Pty) Ltd
289:steel-based technology and capital goods group
2862:
2695:Brock, James W.; Elzinga, Kenneth G. (1991).
2432:"Voestalpine Facility Holds Opening Ceremony"
1179:
1177:
696:In the summer of 1948, VĂ–EST, Ă–AMG and Swiss
651:; the proceeds were used to purchase coal in
571:
2307:"Roll Forming Corporation - Company Profile"
1978:"VAE South Africa > Company > History"
1817:
1815:
1792:
1790:
1767:
1765:
1763:
823:
754:During 2001, Voestalpine bought Polynorm, a
425:
3051:Manufacturing companies established in 1938
3041:Subterranean excavating equipment companies
1885:"Polynorm bleibt selbständiges Unternehmen"
643:(then known as Norrbottens Järnverk AB) in
16:Austrian technology and capital goods group
2869:
2855:
2354:
2352:
2245:
2243:
2024:
1925:
1923:
1174:
527:Construction of Reichswerke in Linz (1938)
2526:"Voest Alpine acquires Kvaerner business"
2327:
1877:
1812:
1787:
1760:
1199:
1101:
1099:
751:, split from the larger company in 1956.
2518:
1972:
1970:
1905:
1864:
1862:
1124:
530:
515:. In June 1939, its name was changed to
2358:
2349:
2240:
2230:Recharge | Latest renewable energy news
2223:
2127:. Thomson Financial News. 25 March 2008
1920:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1669:
1667:
1657:
1655:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1604:
1602:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1464:
1462:
1434:
1432:
1050:qualifies for cross-debarment by other
889:airplanes since 1969. It also supplies
381:Voestalpine Steel, a market leader for
3066:Companies in the Austrian Traded Index
3013:
2970:Schoeller-Bleckmann Oilfield Equipment
2803:. in: Bischof, Gunther et al. (2000).
2761:. in: Bischof, Gunther et al. (2000).
2716:. in: Bischof, Gunther et al. (2000).
2236:from the original on 11 December 2020.
1731:
1729:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1298:
1296:
1096:
980:purchased VAI parent VA Tech in 2005.
847:plant opened in 1992, followed by the
2850:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2025:Schuchmann, Burkhard (16 July 2002).
1967:
1859:
535:Panorama of the Linz steelworks, 2009
3061:Companies listed on the Wiener Börse
2476:"History of Bayou Steel Corporation"
1694:
1676:
1664:
1652:
1643:
1634:
1620:
1611:
1599:
1590:
1581:
1572:
1563:
1545:
1505:
1496:
1480:
1459:
1441:
1429:
399:and additive manufacturing processes
385:, heavy plate and casings for large
377:Major divisions of Voestalpine are:
2759:Marshall Plan Propaganda in Austria
2410:"voestalpine Texas LLC - The Plant"
2224:Collins, Leigh (19 November 2019).
1726:
1717:
1703:
1450:
1293:
733:Ă–sterreichische Industrieholding AG
13:
2743:War and economy in the Third Reich
2630:
2359:Poulton, Terry (4 February 2000).
2328:Eigelbach, Kevin (27 March 2009).
1845:"Steel producers fully privatised"
1338:"High Performance Metals Division"
1245:
957:in 1979. The first mill opened in
774:voestalpine Bahnsysteme division.
372:
14:
3077:
3036:Rail infrastructure manufacturers
2826:
2253:. voestalpine.com. Archived from
1980:. voestalpine.com. Archived from
1869:"VAI - Plantmaking Specialists".
739:, and Voest-Alpine Stahl AG, and
639:. One was dismantled and sold to
2878:
2027:"Press Conference of Vossloh AG"
1064:
988:Metsec plc, previously known as
983:
966:Voest-Alpine Industrieanlagenbau
761:In 1998, Voest-Alpine Stahl and
749:Voest-Alpine Industrieanlagenbau
665:Czechoslovak coup d'Ă©tat of 1948
64:
2757:Schroeder, Hans-Jurgen (2000).
2688:
2660:
2606:
2593:
2568:
2546:
2490:
2468:
2446:
2424:
2402:
2380:
2321:
2299:
2269:
2217:
2191:
2165:
2139:
2113:
2091:
2063:
2041:
2018:
1996:
1945:
1899:
1837:
1738:
1554:
1514:
1471:
1405:
1380:
1355:
1330:
1305:
1023:Submission of false information
838:VAE Nortrak North America, Inc.
727:Private corporation (1990–2001)
517:Alpine Montan AG Hermann Göring
402:Voestalpine Metal Engineering,
3056:1938 establishments in Austria
2788:. Oxford University Press US.
1931:"Vossloh AG - Company History"
1735:Brock and Elzinga 1991, p. 39.
1723:Brock and Elzinga 1991, p. 50.
1520:Overy 1995, p. 172, table 5.5.
1267:
1219:
1052:Multilateral Development Banks
836:formed a joint venture called
1:
2960:Raiffeisen Bank International
2006:. Voestalpine company history
1085:
778:voestalpine AG (2001–present)
771:Hugo Henckel von Donnersmarck
181:, steel automotive components
21:Voest-Alpine (disambiguation)
2806:The Marshall Plan in Austria
2764:The Marshall Plan in Austria
2719:The Marshall Plan in Austria
2366:Business First of Louisville
2335:Business First of Louisville
2203:CORDIS (EU research results)
1953:"VAE : Company history"
1363:"Metal Engineering Division"
1090:
1041:Democratic Republic of Congo
911:. At first the company made
678:had to recruit steel expert
410:solutions and seamless tubes
7:
2746:. Oxford University Press.
1057:
737:Voest-Alpine Technologie AG
299:. The company is active in
10:
3082:
3046:Steel companies of Austria
1187:(in German). diepresse.com
830:Richmond, British Columbia
572:Reconstruction (1945–1955)
508:Reichswerke Hermann Göring
420:
338:. It had a large plant at
204:€229.1 million (2021/2022)
18:
2895:
2531:Pittsburgh Business Times
1871:Steel Times International
1560:Overy 1995, pp. 108, 336.
864:Chicago Heights, Illinois
824:North American operations
708:(itself a development of
700:agreed to co-develop the
426:Alpine Montan (1881–1945)
266:
254:
244:
240:€5.65 billion (2020/2021)
232:
228:€14.9 billion (2020/2021)
220:
216:€31.7 million (2020/2021)
208:
196:
185:
166:
146:
132:
114:
100:
82:
72:
63:
2712:Komlosy, Andrea (2000).
2599:voestalpine Metsec plc,
2576:"Voestalpine Metsec plc"
1533:. geschichteclubstahl.at
1388:"Metal Forming Division"
897:. Products also include
702:basic oxygen steelmaking
564:was heavily bombed (see
483:Vereinigte Stahlwerke AG
192:14,9 billion (2021/2022)
3026:Companies based in Linz
2799:Tweraser, Kurt (2000).
2603:, accessed 27 July 2021
2503:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
1587:Schroeder 2000, p. 238.
1185:"diepresse.com Article"
1157:"Annual Report 2020/21"
1132:"Annual Report 2020/21"
1107:"Annual Report 2021/22"
1080:List of steel producers
929:Jeffersonville, Indiana
756:Bunschoten, Netherlands
578:Allied-occupied Austria
369:, established in 1881.
2811:Transaction Publishers
2769:Transaction Publishers
2724:Transaction Publishers
2601:voestalpine Metsec plc
2498:"Dateline: Pittsburgh"
1691:Tweraser 2000, p. 313.
1673:Tweraser 2000, p. 312.
1661:Tweraser 2000, p. 310.
1640:Tweraser 2000, p. 294.
1631:Tweraser 2000, p. 301.
1617:Tweraser 2000, p. 300.
1608:Tweraser 2000, p. 299.
1596:Tweraser 2000, p. 298.
1302:Tweraser 2000, p. 293.
923:, which puts together
536:
494:and preferred to keep
462:). Alpine, chaired by
361:, established through
152:Herbert Eibensteiner (
120:; 86 years ago
105:Steel-based technology
2782:Smil, Vaclav (2006).
2478:. fundinguniverse.com
2177:Custom Security Fence
1933:. fundinguniverse.com
1700:Smil 2006, pp. 97-98.
1649:Komlosy 2000, p. 108.
1027:On 9 March 2016, the
944:Corpus Christi, Texas
933:Farrell, Pennsylvania
879:Shelbyville, Kentucky
745:Vienna Stock Exchange
714:competitive advantage
550:vertically integrated
534:
481:for the German giant
44:48.27389°N 14.33333°E
2950:Ă–sterreichische Post
2556:. AZoM. 15 July 2005
1887:(in German). News.at
704:process proposed by
477:), was purchased by
2945:Mayr-Melnhof Karton
2821:. pp. 290–322.
2779:. pp. 212–247.
2618:www.voestalpine.com
1578:Overy 1995, p. 171.
1569:Overy 1995, p. 173.
1551:Overy 1995, p. 160.
1511:Overy 1995, p. 155.
1502:Overy 1995, p. 109.
1493:Overy 1995, p. 149.
1468:Overy 1995, p. 148.
1447:Overy 1995, p. 100.
1438:Overy 1995, p. 108.
1417:www.voestalpine.com
1255:(in German). mfl.at
845:Birmingham, Alabama
680:William E. Brewster
602:Department of State
600:debate between the
475:Camillo Castiglioni
272:www.voestalpine.com
246:Number of employees
118:1 January 1938
60:
40: /
2734:. pp. 98–137.
2672:crossdebarment.org
1984:on 31 January 2011
1456:Overy 1995, p. 98.
1215:. 12 October 2017.
959:LaPlace, Louisiana
921:Spirit AeroSystems
604:, which advocated
566:Battle of the Ruhr
537:
521:â„›︁â„ł︁
393:surface treatments
250:48,654 (June 2021)
58:
49:48.27389; 14.33333
3008:
3007:
2990:Wiener Städtische
2506:. 21 January 2004
2456:. voestalpine.com
2412:. voestalpine.com
2287:on 5 October 2012
2205:. 11 October 2019
2179:. 11 October 2019
1955:. voestalpine.com
1825:. voestalpine.com
1800:. voestalpine.com
1775:. voestalpine.com
1748:. voestalpine.com
1714:Smil 2006, p. 98.
1233:. 28 October 2009
1008:products for the
998:cold roll-forming
895:McDonnell Douglas
849:Cheyenne, Wyoming
767:railroad switches
683:received its new
612:, represented by
464:Karl Wittgenstein
311:, profilform and
287:– is an Austrian
278:
277:
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2883:
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2837:
2835:Official website
2701:. M. E. Sharpe.
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1029:World Bank Group
996:, is a UK-based
856:Pueblo, Colorado
485:(VS). After the
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789:Capital Group.
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729:
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624:sterreichische
606:nationalization
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363:nationalization
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309:railway systems
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942:plant outside
860:Newton, Kansas
825:
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661:Czechoslovakia
637:blast furnaces
589:white elephant
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492:overproduction
450:valley and in
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