2792:
5550:
75:
459:
1610:
2816:
744:
466:
59:
1497:
5790:
545:
82:
2828:
148:
5800:
909:, located on the central Antarctic plateau, is believed to have recorded an average yearly temperature that was consistently lower than that of Vostok Station during the 37-month period that it was active in the late 1960s, and satellite readings have routinely detected colder temperatures in areas between Dome A and Dome F. The most recent record set was the October record low, set on 1 October 2021.
1688:
3,310 m or 414,000 years. Below this there is evidence of ice deformation. It has been suggested that the Vostok record may be extended down to 3,345 m or 436,000 years, to include more of the interesting MIS11 period, by inverting a section of the record. This then produces a record in agreement with the newer, longer EPICA record, although it provides no new information.
2804:
1649:
drilled a set of cores 500–952 metres (1,640–3,123 ft) deep. These have been used to study the oxygen isotope composition of the ice, which showed that ice of the last glacial period was present below about 400 metres' depth. Then three more holes were drilled: in 1984, Hole 3G reached a final
1687:
Although the Vostok core reached a depth of 3,623 m the usable climatic information does not extend down this far. The very bottom of the core is ice refrozen from the waters of Lake Vostok and contains no climate information. The usual data sources give proxy information down to a depth of
1500:
Panoramic photo of Vostok
Station showing the layout of the camp. The striped building on the left is the power station while the striped building on the right is where researchers sleep and take meals. The building in the background with the red- and white-striped ball on top is the meteorology
4430:
901:. Vostok has the highest sunshine total for any calendar month on Earth, at an average of 708.8 hours of sunshine in December, or 22.9 hours daily. It also has the lowest sunshine for any calendar month, with an absolute maximum of 0 hours of sunshine per month during polar night.
1662:, drilled collaboratively with the French, produced a record of past environmental conditions stretching back 420,000 years and covering four previous glacial periods. For a long time it was the only core to cover several glacial cycles; but in 2004 it was exceeded by the
1650:
depth of 2,202 m; in 1990, Hole 4G reached a final depth of 2,546 m; and in 1993 Hole 5G reached a depth of 2,755 m; after a brief closure, drilling continued during the winter of 1995. In 1996 it was stopped at depth 3,623 m, by the request of the
4401:
4337:
566:
881:. On average, Vostok station receives 26 days of snow per year. It is also one of the sunniest places on Earth, despite having no sunshine at all between May and August; there are more hours of sunshine per year than even the sunniest places in
904:
Of official weather stations that are currently in operation, Vostok is the coldest on Earth in terms of mean annual temperature. However, it has been disputed that Vostok
Station is the coldest-known location on Earth. The now inactive
4379:
1530:). This beat the station's former record of −88.3 °C (−126.9 °F) on 24 August 1960. Lower temperatures occurred higher up towards the summit of the ice sheet as temperature decreases with height along the surface.
812:
On
January 28, 2024, Russian President Vladimir Putin took part in the ceremony of commissioning the station's wintering complex via video link. The ceremony was also attended by President of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko.
1764:
857:: The drilling complex building stands close to Vostok Station at an elevation of 3,488 metres (11,444 ft). It was built in the summer season of 1983–1984. Under the leadership of Professor Boris Kudryashov, ancient
1509:. The average temperature of the cold season (from April to September) is about −66 °C (−87 °F), while the average temperature of the warm season (from October to March) is about −44 °C (−47 °F).
773:
survey and detected strange radar readings at the site, the presence of a liquid, freshwater lake below the ice did not instantly spring to mind. In 1991, Jeff Ridley, a remote-sensing specialist with the
1578:
that lasts approximately 120 days, from late April to mid-August, including 85 continuous days of civil polar night (i.e. too dark to read, during which the sun is more than 6 degrees below the horizon.)
2685:
Raynaud, Dominique; Barnola, Jean-Marc; Souchez, Roland; Lorrain, Reginald; Petit, Jean-Robert; Duval, Paul; Lipenkov, Vladimir Y. (2005). "Palaeoclimatology: The record for marine isotopic stage 11".
557:
877:), with subzero temperatures year round, typical as with much of Antarctica. Annual precipitation is only 22 millimetres (0.87 in) (all occurring as snow), making it one of the driest places on
794:
in
Antarctica. Russian and British scientists delineated the lake in 1996 by integrating a variety of data, including airborne ice-penetrating radar imaging observations and spaceborne radar
1501:
building. Caves were dug into the ice sheet for storage, keeping cores at an ideal −55 °C (−67 °F) year-round. (Credit: Todd Sowers LDEO, Columbia
University, Palisades, New York)
766:. According to some sources, it was a murder, though other sources say that the attack was not fatal. Afterwards, chess games were banned at Soviet, and later Russian, Antarctic stations.
4658:
1539:
The coldest month was August 1987 with a mean temperature of −75.4 °C (−103.7 °F) and the warmest month was
December 1989 with a mean temperature of −28 °C (−18 °F).
762:
In 1959, the Vostok station was the scene of a fight between two scientists over a game of chess. When one of them lost the game, he became so enraged that he attacked the other with an
2376:
759:
and was operated year-round for more than 72 years. The station was temporarily closed from
January 1962 to January 1963, from February to November 1994, and during the winter of 2003.
8356:
8955:
786:
to turn its high-frequency array toward the center of the
Antarctic ice cap. It confirmed the 1974 discovery, but it was not until 1993 that the discovery was published in the
1666:
core, which, whilst shallower, covers a longer time span. In 2003 drilling was permitted to continue, but was halted at the estimated distance to the lake of only 130 m.
861:
samples were obtained. The building has been designated a
Historic Site or Monument (HSM 88), following a proposal by Russia to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting.
1489:
Source 2: Pogoda.ru.net (data for record highs/lows, except for March and August lows, and March high); (March record low), (August record low), and (March record high)
805:
In 2019, the
Russian government began construction on a new, modern station building to replace the aging facilities. Construction of the new facility was completed in
1669:
The ancient lake was finally breached on 5 February 2012 when scientists stopped drilling at the depth of 3,770 metres and reached the surface of the subglacial lake.
802:
lies some 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) below the surface of the central Antarctic ice sheet and covers an area of 14,000 square kilometres (5,400 sq mi).
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2450:
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An average windspeed of 5 metres per second (11 mph; 18 km/h), sometimes rising to as high as 27 metres per second (60 mph; 97 km/h).
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3000:
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2149:
Antarctica: contributions to global earth sciences : proceedings of the IX International Symposium of Antarctic Earth Sciences Potsdam, 2003
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109:
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to be transported to Vostok Station by ship, but continuing delays have pushed back completion of the new station to no earlier than 2023.
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1542:
In addition to the extremely cold temperatures, other factors make Vostok one of the most difficult places on Earth for human habitation:
7518:
5841:
5292:
5060:
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3264:
9251:
6479:
5417:
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1651:
844:
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3388:
3141:
2354:
8899:
6114:
4770:
4408:
2331:
790:. Space-based radar revealed that the subglacial body of fresh water was one of the largest lakes in the world—and one of some 140
705:
on the Antarctic coast. The station normally hosts 30 scientists and engineers in the summer. In winter, their number drops to 15.
6122:
1601:, joint and muscle pain, arthritis, and weight loss of 3–5 kg (7–11 lb) (sometimes as high as 12 kg (26 lb)).
74:
9241:
8474:
7480:
5893:
4724:
4437:
180:
8071:
7669:
7257:
4386:
3925:
612:
8863:
3523:
3269:
2157:
2029:
1758:
709:
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2401:
2214:
6809:
5808:
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1533:
Though unconfirmed, it has been reported that Vostok reached a temperature of −91 °C (−132 °F) on 28 July 1997.
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8438:
8260:
8150:
7919:
6508:
6457:
5571:
4140:
3554:
2506:
1613:
420,000 years of ice core data from Vostok, Antarctica, research station. Current period is at left. From bottom to top:
458:
701:
and is one of the most isolated established research stations on the Antarctic continent. The station was supplied from
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5014:
3942:
3602:
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630:
17:
9236:
8231:
5349:
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1995:
1844:
3741:
9231:
8309:
5708:
5622:
5168:
4501:
3751:
775:
3180:
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8540:
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8500:
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5586:
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5285:
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756:
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58:
49:
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1948:
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5085:
4543:
4189:
3707:
3223:
3090:
3030:
2770:
1816:
1536:
The warmest recorded temperature at Vostok is −14.0 °C (6.8 °F), which occurred on 5 January 1974.
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5412:
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1987:
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2782:
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1521:
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6984:
6833:
6771:
6758:
6631:
6357:
6009:
5332:
3719:
3444:
2940:
2930:
1899:
1681:
779:
4369:
4271:
4123:
2339:
1864:
8948:
8826:
8417:
8411:
8329:
8203:
7988:
7714:
7590:
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7112:
5693:
5683:
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3889:
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3419:
3408:
3376:
3259:
2046:
6128:
4359:
4349:
9111:
9058:
9033:
8893:
8556:
7709:
7583:
7503:
7012:
6839:
6041:
5723:
5627:
5513:
5309:
4798:
4344:
3824:
3414:
3400:
2925:
1743:
1526:
848:
671:
596:
572:
391:
166:
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6329:
5698:
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5160:
5095:
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3462:
836:
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634:
399:
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2147:
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5663:
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5400:
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5322:
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3991:
3986:
3075:
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1981:
1703:
660:
625:
207:
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8213:
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832:
639:
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1813:
8:
9159:
9063:
9023:
8811:
8733:
8198:
8121:
8037:
7818:
7810:
7759:
7399:
7357:
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4989:
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4196:
3505:
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2512:
1953:
1618:
664:
6451:
2698:
2649:
2586:
2507:"It's 70 degrees warmer than normal in eastern Antarctica. Scientists are flabbergasted"
2405:
2090:
1926:
1907:. Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre, New Delhi. (English translation 1971)
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3213:
2540:
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8904:
8710:
8704:
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8574:
8546:
8454:
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8253:
8191:
8099:
8063:
7937:
7904:
7897:
7850:
7832:
7749:
7498:
7367:
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7221:
7174:
7102:
7091:
6803:
6793:
6785:
6681:
6671:
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6577:
6560:
6526:
6393:
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6201:
6107:
6065:
6060:
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5100:
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4563:
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3901:
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3335:
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2710:
2153:
2054:
2025:
1991:
1840:
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1513:
1438:
1390:
890:
769:
In 1974, when British scientists in Antarctica performed an airborne ice-penetrating
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6015:
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2702:
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2077:
Oswald, G. K. A.; Robin, G. de Q. (1973). "Lakes beneath the Antarctic Ice Sheet".
1832:
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on Earth of −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) was in Vostok on 21 July 1983 at 05:45
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2019:
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3198:
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3045:
3005:
2970:
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2935:
1634:
1590:
1589:, eye twitches, ear pains, nose bleeds, perceived suffocation, sudden rises in
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717:
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2475:
1881:
723:
Some of the challenges faced by those living on the station were described in
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3015:
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2905:
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2497:
2207:"Путин дал старт вводу в эксплуатацию зимовочного комплекса станции "Восток""
1789:
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679:
648:
431:
418:
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111:
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to such conditions can take from a week to two months and is accompanied by
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7885:
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Vostok Research Station is around 1,301 kilometres (808 mi) from the
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to commemorate the opening of the station in 1957, has been designated a
799:
691:
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1882:"Deep drilling at Vostok station, Antarctica: history and recent events"
1496:
678:, making it one of the optimal places to observe changes in the Earth's
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629:, the lead ship of the First Russian Antarctic Expedition captained by
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2402:"Monthly values of meteorological parameters, Vostok station (89606)"
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1594:
1586:
1547:
858:
616:
615:
of −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F; 184.0 K). Research includes
202:
2262:"List of Historic Sites and Monuments approved by the ATCM (2013)"
2237:"List of Historic Sites and Monuments approved by the ATCM (2012)"
720:
is farther south than Vostok but is occupied only during summers.
8796:
8176:
6441:
6417:
6405:
3070:
2145:
1626:
825:
763:
708:
The only permanent research station located farther south is the
318:
6963:
7042:
6367:
4237:
1980:
Joyner, Christopher Clayton; Chopra, Sudhir K. (28 July 1988).
1622:
1557:
894:
751:
Vostok Station was established on 16 December 1957 (during the
487:
248:
153:
4666:
1676:
is approximately between 250 and 750 m and corresponds to the
6428:
5270:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4049:
3284:
1663:
878:
783:
770:
2684:
2564:"New absolute minimum of air temperature (English Version)"
828:
2631:"Bubbly-ice densification in ice sheets: 11. Applications"
1814:
Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation.
1827:
1825:
747:
Ice cores at Vostok, with a portion of the station behind
2739:
Official website Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute
2139:
7633:
2675:
www.ncdc.noaa.gov, 2005-12-22. Retrieved 27 March 2007.
2357:. Norwegian-U.S. Scientific Traverse of East Antarctica
1654:
that expressed worries about possible contamination of
2628:
2612:"Sunrise and sunset times in Vostok Station, May 2015"
2404:. Antarctic Research and Investigation. Archived from
1822:
697:
The station is at 3,488 metres (11,444 ft) above
2780:
2076:
613:
lowest reliably measured natural temperature on Earth
577:
2173:
1520:, which was 07:45 for Vostok's time zone, and 01:45
81:
3156:
1897:
5608:Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs
2505:
1751:Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs
1738:
1736:
1734:
712:, operated by the United States at the geographic
2336:Russian Antarctic Expedition - Project Antarctica
9218:
8970:
2284:
2282:
855:Professor Kudryashov's Drilling Complex Building
2561:
2538:
2018:Barrett, Emma; Martin, Paul (23 October 2014).
1731:
847:(HSM 11) following a proposal by Russia to the
637:was named after this captain (the second ship,
2766:Antarctic Connection article on Vostok Station
2312:"Where are the World's Sunniest Destinations?"
623:. Vostok (Russian for 'east') was named after
8956:
5835:
5286:
4652:
3142:
2854:
2279:
2021:Extreme: Why some people thrive at the limits
2017:
1898:Dubrovin and Petrov, L. I. and V. N. (1967).
2496:
2146:Dieter Fütterer; Georg Kleinschmidt (2006).
1979:
1901:Scientific Stations in Antarctica, 1882-1963
2629:Lipenkov VY, Salamatin AN, Duval P (1997).
2568:Bulletin of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition
2545:Bulletin of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1975:
1973:
1971:
9247:Historic Sites and Monuments of Antarctica
8963:
8949:
5842:
5828:
5293:
5279:
4668:Historic Sites and Monuments in Antarctica
4659:
4645:
3149:
3135:
2868:
2861:
2847:
1949:"How Antarctic isolation affects the mind"
1929:. 4 March 2003 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
1831:
1652:Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
607:in 1957, the station lies at the southern
2657:
2541:"New absolute minimum of air temperature"
2470:
2468:
2425:
2423:
2044:
1919:
8900:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
4771:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
2622:
2004:
1968:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1608:
1495:
742:
543:
144:
8475:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
2490:
2396:
2394:
2352:
1946:
1891:
1876:
1874:
782:, directed a European satellite called
591:, meaning "Station East") is a Russian
181:Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute
14:
9219:
2465:
2420:
2355:"Discovering historic Plateau Station"
2292:. Antarctic Research and Investigation
2119:
2113:
2045:Hutchison, Kristan (3 February 2002).
27:Russian research station in Antarctica
8944:
7619:
5861:
5849:
5823:
5274:
4640:
4068:
3637:
3168:
3130:
2842:
2584:
2038:
1933:
849:Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting
816:
586:
465:
5799:
2391:
2267:. Antarctic Treaty Secretariat. 2013
2254:
2242:. Antarctic Treaty Secretariat. 2012
2217:from the original on 28 January 2024
1927:"Russia abandons Ice Station Vostok"
1871:
1770:from the original on 22 October 2022
1604:
1514:lowest reliably measured temperature
831:11, which participated in the first
670:Vostok is located near the southern
8261:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
6458:Norse colonization of North America
2229:
1947:Bennett, John (15 September 2016).
1807:
1699:List of Antarctic research stations
1633:); relative temperature; levels of
893:, where they approach those of the
24:
7790:United States Exploring Expedition
2520:from the original on 18 March 2022
2432:. pogoda.ru.net. For the original
478:Location of airfield in Antarctica
25:
9268:
9252:1957 establishments in Antarctica
8864:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
8232:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
2732:
2185:Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station
710:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
8758:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
8151:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
5798:
5789:
5788:
5548:
2826:
2814:
2802:
2790:
1684:at or near the 250-metre depth.
916:Climate data for Vostok Station
776:Mullard Space Science Laboratory
548:Location of Vostok in Antarctica
464:
457:
146:
80:
73:
63:Elevated photo of Vostok Station
57:
3158:Research stations in Antarctica
2776:COMNAP Antarctic Facilities Map
2756:Vostok average temperature data
2678:
2666:
2604:
2578:
2555:
2547:(in Russian) (105). Leningrad:
2532:
2443:
2369:
2346:
2324:
2304:
2213:(in Russian). 28 January 2024.
2199:
2070:
1621:(connected to O); O isotope of
757:2nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition
9242:Soviet Union and the Antarctic
5300:
3169:
2587:"Coldest Temperature on Earth"
1863:. 14 July 2018. Archived from
1853:
1782:
1709:List of airports in Antarctica
1564:at 3,488 metres (11,444 feet).
753:International Geophysical Year
654:
94:Location of Vostok Station in
13:
1:
8137:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
8072:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
7620:
2120:Morton, Oliver (April 2000).
1839:. Collins. pp. 168–169.
1817:National Climatic Data Center
1725:
1704:List of Antarctic field camps
404:11,447 ft / 3,489 m
217:3,488 m (11,444 ft)
8494:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
8310:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
8116:French Antarctic Expeditions
8046:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
7932:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
6050:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
2317:International Business Times
1819:. Retrieved on 21 June 2007.
1753:. August 2017. p. 125.
663:, at the middle of the East
588:[ˈstant͡sɨjəvɐˈstok]
88:Vostok Station, Soviet Union
39:Vostok Station, Soviet Union
7:
7579:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
7258:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
6123:Andrée's balloon expedition
2771:COMNAP Antarctic Facilities
2476:"World: Lowest Temperature"
2152:. Birkhäuser. p. 138.
1988:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
1744:Antarctic Station Catalogue
1691:
1546:An almost complete lack of
1175:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1035:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
578:
10:
9273:
6780:Franklin's lost expedition
6480:Christian IV's expeditions
5862:
5061:Bernardo O'Higgins Station
4069:
3638:
2478:. Arizona State University
2024:. OUP Oxford. p. 88.
1983:The Antarctic Legal Regime
1560:in the air because of its
1488:
1483:
915:
864:
738:
647:, became the namesake for
190:16 December 1957
125:78.4644222°S 106.8373278°E
9257:Weather extremes of Earth
9135:
9094:
8979:
8597:
8328:
7915:
7655:
7632:
7628:
7615:
7134:Great Northern Expedition
7028:
6810:Rae–Richardson expedition
6559:
6404:
6010:British Arctic Expedition
5902:
5874:
5870:
5857:
5784:
5737:
5636:
5600:
5557:
5546:
5501:
5450:
5373:
5308:
5250:
5232:
5169:Antarctic Treaty Monument
5159:
5051:
5033:
4960:
4912:
4894:
4866:
4848:
4825:
4797:
4779:
4761:
4743:
4710:
4692:
4674:
4075:
4064:
3644:
3633:
3542:
3514:
3491:
3453:
3430:
3311:
3283:
3250:
3222:
3179:
3175:
3164:
2876:
2659:10.1017/S0022143000034973
2440:. Retrieved on 2010-08-08
1682:Holocene climatic optimum
1593:, loss of sleep, reduced
1436:
1388:
1314:
1244:
1174:
1104:
1034:
964:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
845:Historic Site or Monument
780:University College London
631:Fabian von Bellingshausen
565:
538:
507:
504:
499:
495:
486:
452:
447:
408:
397:
387:
379:
374:
344:
337:
313:
288:
280:
272:
264:
254:
242:
234:
226:
221:
213:
201:
186:
176:
160:
140:
105:
68:
56:
47:
37:
9237:Russia and the Antarctic
8418:British Antarctic Survey
8412:Captain Arturo Prat Base
7657:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
5458:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
5189:Henryk Arctowski Station
4858:A.B. Dobrowolski Station
2562:Budretsky, A.B. (1984).
2539:Budretsky, A.B. (1984).
2332:"Vostok station (89606)"
682:. Other studies include
130:-78.4644222; 106.8373278
41:
9232:Princess Elizabeth Land
9112:Riiser-Larsen Ice Shelf
9059:Princess Ragnhild Coast
9034:Princess Elizabeth Land
9012:Zélée Subglacial Trench
8894:Pole of inaccessibility
8557:Antarctic Treaty System
6898:2nd Grinnell expedition
4799:Princess Elizabeth Land
4409:Pole of Inaccessibility
2761:Vostok current met data
2585:Liang, Yong Li (2000).
2047:"Weathering the Winter"
1527:List of weather records
1507:coldest places on Earth
729:Newbie in the Antarctic
672:pole of inaccessibility
597:Princess Elizabeth Land
432:78.466139°S 106.84825°E
392:Princess Elizabeth Land
167:Princess Elizabeth Land
9227:Outposts of Antarctica
9136:Seas and major islands
2870:Airports in Antarctica
2338:. 2016. Archived from
1680:, with the end of the
1642:
1502:
869:Vostok Station has an
837:south geomagnetic pole
822:Vostok Station Tractor
748:
676:south geomagnetic pole
635:Bellingshausen Station
549:
162:Location in Antarctica
9054:Princess Astrid Coast
9049:Princess Martha Coast
8564:Transglobe Expedition
8463:Operation Deep Freeze
7872:Challenger expedition
6738:Coppermine expedition
6259:Drifting ice stations
2451:"Vostok (Antarctica)"
2377:"Vostok (Antarctica)"
1612:
1505:Vostok is one of the
1499:
788:Journal of Glaciology
746:
733:72 Degrees Below Zero
661:Geographic South Pole
547:
437:-78.466139; 106.84825
9117:Shackleton Ice Shelf
4947:Inexpressible Island
3720:St. Kliment Ohridski
2744:11 July 2018 at the
2673:Vostok Ice Core Data
2591:The Physics Factbook
2436:28 June 2013 at the
2408:on 24 September 2015
2122:"Ice Station Vostok"
1867:on 19 December 2015.
1678:Last Glacial Maximum
965:Record high °C (°F)
9160:King Haakon VII Sea
9064:Prince Harald Coast
9024:Mac. Robertson Land
8734:South magnetic pole
7400:Brusilov expedition
6509:Danish colonization
5947:North magnetic pole
5771:Robert Falcon Scott
5428:South magnetic pole
5386:Antarctic Peninsula
5381:Biogeographic realm
5174:Arturo Prat Station
4990:Hut Point Peninsula
4781:Mac. Robertson Land
4753:Proclamation Island
4702:Belgrano II Station
3970:Gabriel de Castilla
2751:Vostok Station page
2699:2005Natur.436...39R
2650:1997JGlac..43..397L
2616:www.timeanddate.com
2513:The Washington Post
2091:1973Natur.245..251O
1954:Canadian Geographic
1861:"Mirny Observatory"
1619:Milankovitch cycles
1245:Record low °C (°F)
1105:Daily mean °C (°F)
735:(1975) and others.
665:Antarctic Ice Sheet
428: /
235: • Winter
227: • Summer
121: /
9122:Voyeykov Ice Shelf
8425:Operation Windmill
8406:Operation Highjump
7381:Rusanov expedition
7286:A. E. Nordenskiöld
7030:North East Passage
6834:McClure expedition
5709:Telecommunications
5623:Territorial claims
5179:Great Wall Station
5126:San Martin Station
4942:Hells Gate Moraine
4725:Humboldt Mountains
3708:Princess Elisabeth
3031:Princess Elisabeth
2931:King George Island
2570:(105). Leningrad:
2187:. 27 December 2020
1794:Airport Nav Finder
1645:In the 1970s, the
1643:
1503:
817:Historic monuments
749:
550:
18:Vostok, Antarctica
9214:
9213:
9107:Ekstrom Ice Shelf
9095:Major ice shelves
9069:Prince Olav Coast
8938:
8937:
8934:
8933:
8930:
8929:
8392:Operation Tabarin
8254:Far Eastern Party
8100:Nimrod Expedition
7611:
7610:
7607:
7606:
7170:M. Pronchishcheva
7092:Siberian Cossacks
6561:Northwest Passage
5894:Research stations
5851:Polar exploration
5817:
5816:
5776:Ernest Shackleton
5704:Research stations
5649:Antarctic English
5618:National programs
5613:Military activity
5587:COVID-19 pandemic
5544:
5543:
5413:Floristic Kingdom
5318:Antarctic sea ice
5268:
5267:
5252:Stonington Island
5141:Stonington Island
5101:Metchnikoff Point
5076:Esperanza Station
4876:Débarquement Rock
4730:Schirmacher Oasis
4634:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4170:Drescher Ice Camp
4060:
4059:
3629:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3555:Comandante Ferraz
3275:Profesor Escudero
3265:General O'Higgins
3124:
3123:
2504:(18 March 2022).
2430:Weather at Vostok
2159:978-3-540-30673-3
2085:(5423): 251–254.
2055:The Antarctic Sun
2031:978-0-19-164565-5
1833:Winchester, Simon
1760:978-0-473-40409-3
1719:Concordia Station
1605:Ice core drilling
1493:
1492:
1391:relative humidity
891:Arabian Peninsula
727:'s books such as
603:. Founded by the
576:
542:
541:
534:
533:
333:
332:
16:(Redirected from
9264:
8965:
8958:
8951:
8942:
8941:
8439:Ronne Expedition
7924:
7918:
7782:Dumont d'Urville
7630:
7629:
7617:
7616:
7165:V. Pronchishchev
5872:
5871:
5859:
5858:
5844:
5837:
5830:
5821:
5820:
5802:
5801:
5792:
5791:
5766:James Clark Ross
5738:Famous explorers
5552:
5371:
5370:
5295:
5288:
5281:
5272:
5271:
5136:Snow Hill Island
5096:Megalestris Hill
5086:Horseshoe Island
5015:Observation Hill
4980:Shackleton's Hut
4835:Buromskiy Island
4720:Dakshin Gangotri
4661:
4654:
4647:
4638:
4637:
4621:
4451:
4434:
4422:
4405:
4383:
4341:
4209:Dakshin Gangotri
4193:
4066:
4065:
3635:
3634:
3473:Novolazarevskaya
3341:Dumont d'Urville
3177:
3176:
3166:
3165:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3128:
3127:
2991:Novolazarevskaya
2971:McMurdo Williams
2863:
2856:
2849:
2840:
2839:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2786:
2727:
2726:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2644:(145): 397–407.
2635:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2509:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2472:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2447:
2441:
2427:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2398:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2290:"Vostok Station"
2286:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2266:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2241:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2099:10.1038/245251a0
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2051:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2015:
2002:
2001:
1977:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1944:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1906:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1878:
1869:
1868:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1829:
1820:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1769:
1748:
1740:
913:
912:
807:Saint Petersburg
792:subglacial lakes
593:research station
590:
585:
581:
579:stántsiya Vostók
571:
569:
567:ста́нция Восто́к
560:
497:
496:
490:
468:
467:
461:
443:
442:
440:
439:
438:
433:
429:
426:
425:
424:
421:
367:
366:
356:
335:
334:
329:
326:
324:
322:
320:
197:
195:
156:
152:
150:
149:
136:
135:
133:
132:
131:
126:
122:
119:
118:
117:
114:
84:
83:
77:
61:
42:ста́нция Восто́к
35:
34:
21:
9272:
9271:
9267:
9266:
9265:
9263:
9262:
9261:
9217:
9216:
9215:
9210:
9131:
9102:Amery Ice Shelf
9090:
9081:Wilhelm II Land
9044:Queen Maud Land
9039:Queen Mary Land
8975:
8973:East Antarctica
8969:
8939:
8926:
8601:
8593:
8469:McMurdo Station
8338:Modern research
8336:
8324:
8059:O. Nordenskjöld
7922:
7916:
7911:
7827:Ross expedition
7651:
7624:
7603:
7032:
7024:
6565:Northern Canada
6563:
6555:
6408:
6400:
5906:
5898:
5866:
5853:
5848:
5818:
5813:
5780:
5750:Richard E. Byrd
5733:
5694:Protected areas
5632:
5596:
5553:
5540:
5497:
5451:Bodies of Water
5446:
5435:West Antarctica
5391:East Antarctica
5369:
5304:
5299:
5269:
5264:
5246:
5228:
5184:Half Moon Beach
5161:South Shetlands
5155:
5146:Waterboat Point
5106:Paradise Harbor
5071:Detaille Island
5047:
5035:Edward VII Land
5029:
5000:McMurdo Station
4956:
4908:
4890:
4862:
4844:
4827:Queen Mary Land
4821:
4817:Walkabout Rocks
4793:
4775:
4757:
4739:
4712:Queen Maud Land
4706:
4688:
4670:
4665:
4635:
4626:
4615:
4601:World Park Base
4579:Little Rockford
4445:
4428:
4416:
4399:
4377:
4335:
4187:
4071:
4056:
3757:Julio Ripamonti
3742:González Videla
3654:Almirante Brown
3640:
3621:
3538:
3510:
3487:
3449:
3426:
3307:
3279:
3270:Presidente Frei
3246:
3218:
3171:
3160:
3155:
3125:
3120:
3081:Thiel Mountains
2966:McMurdo Phoenix
2872:
2867:
2837:
2827:
2825:
2815:
2813:
2803:
2801:
2791:
2789:
2781:
2746:Wayback Machine
2735:
2730:
2693:(7047): 39–40.
2683:
2679:
2671:
2667:
2633:
2627:
2623:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2595:
2593:
2583:
2579:
2572:Gidrometeoizdat
2560:
2556:
2549:Gidrometeoizdat
2537:
2533:
2523:
2521:
2495:
2491:
2481:
2479:
2474:
2473:
2466:
2456:
2454:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2438:Wayback Machine
2428:
2421:
2411:
2409:
2400:
2399:
2392:
2382:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2351:
2347:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2320:. 24 June 2011.
2310:
2309:
2305:
2295:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2280:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2220:
2218:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2190:
2188:
2181:"A New Vostok!"
2179:
2178:
2174:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2144:
2140:
2130:
2128:
2118:
2114:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2059:
2058:. pp. 9–10
2049:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2016:
2005:
1998:
1978:
1969:
1959:
1957:
1945:
1934:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1896:
1892:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1872:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1830:
1823:
1812:
1808:
1798:
1796:
1790:"Vostok Skiway"
1788:
1787:
1783:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1714:Vostok traverse
1694:
1640:
1632:
1617:at 65°N due to
1607:
1583:Acclimatization
1494:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
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1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
907:Plateau Station
899:Northern Africa
871:ice cap climate
867:
839:, along with a
819:
741:
690:, medicine and
657:
645:Mikhail Lazarev
643:, captained by
583:
556:
488:
482:
481:
480:
479:
476:
475:
474:
473:
469:
436:
434:
430:
427:
422:
419:
417:
415:
414:
398:Elevation
370:
364:
359:
348:
340:
317:
309:
300:Ice core drill
297:
296:
193:
191:
177:Administered by
169:
147:
145:
129:
127:
123:
120:
115:
112:
110:
108:
107:
101:
100:
99:
98:
92:
91:
90:
89:
85:
64:
52:
43:
40:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9270:
9260:
9259:
9254:
9249:
9244:
9239:
9234:
9229:
9212:
9211:
9209:
9208:
9203:
9202:
9201:
9194:Southern Ocean
9191:
9186:
9185:
9184:
9174:
9173:
9172:
9162:
9157:
9152:
9151:
9150:
9139:
9137:
9133:
9132:
9130:
9129:
9127:West Ice Shelf
9124:
9119:
9114:
9109:
9104:
9098:
9096:
9092:
9091:
9089:
9088:
9083:
9078:
9073:
9072:
9071:
9066:
9061:
9056:
9051:
9041:
9036:
9031:
9026:
9021:
9016:
9015:
9014:
9009:
9007:George V Coast
8999:
8994:
8989:
8983:
8981:
8977:
8976:
8968:
8967:
8960:
8953:
8945:
8936:
8935:
8932:
8931:
8928:
8927:
8925:
8924:
8919:
8914:
8909:
8908:
8907:
8902:
8890:
8889:
8888:
8886:Vostok Station
8876:
8871:
8866:
8861:
8856:
8851:
8846:
8841:
8840:
8839:
8837:Cherry-Garrard
8834:
8829:
8824:
8819:
8814:
8802:
8801:
8800:
8793:
8788:
8783:
8778:
8773:
8768:
8754:
8753:
8752:
8747:
8742:
8730:
8729:
8728:
8723:
8718:
8713:
8701:
8700:
8699:
8687:
8686:
8685:
8677:Southern Cross
8673:
8672:
8671:
8658:
8657:
8656:
8643:
8638:
8637:
8636:
8623:
8622:
8621:
8607:
8605:
8599:Farthest South
8595:
8594:
8592:
8591:
8586:
8579:
8578:
8577:
8572:
8560:
8553:
8552:
8551:
8550:
8549:
8537:
8536:
8535:
8523:
8522:
8521:
8514:
8509:
8490:
8489:
8488:
8483:
8471:
8466:
8459:
8458:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8435:
8434:
8433:
8421:
8414:
8409:
8402:
8401:
8400:
8388:
8387:
8386:
8374:
8373:
8372:
8360:
8353:
8348:
8342:
8340:
8326:
8325:
8323:
8322:
8321:
8320:
8306:
8305:
8304:
8296:Ross Sea party
8292:
8283:
8282:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8257:
8250:
8249:
8248:
8243:
8228:
8223:
8222:
8221:
8216:
8211:
8206:
8201:
8196:
8182:
8181:
8180:
8173:
8166:
8161:
8147:
8146:
8145:
8133:
8132:
8131:
8126:
8112:
8111:
8110:
8096:
8089:
8088:
8087:
8080:
8068:
8067:
8066:
8061:
8056:
8042:
8041:
8040:
8035:
8021:
8020:
8019:
8014:
8000:
7999:
7998:
7993:
7990:Southern Cross
7983:Southern Cross
7979:
7978:
7977:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7927:
7925:
7913:
7912:
7910:
7909:
7908:
7907:
7895:
7894:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7868:
7863:
7862:
7861:
7848:
7842:
7823:
7822:
7821:
7808:
7807:
7806:
7801:
7786:
7785:
7784:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7746:
7745:
7733:
7732:
7731:
7729:Bellingshausen
7719:
7712:
7707:
7706:
7705:
7692:
7691:
7690:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7661:
7659:
7653:
7652:
7650:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7626:
7625:
7613:
7612:
7609:
7608:
7605:
7604:
7602:
7601:
7600:
7599:
7588:
7576:
7571:
7564:
7557:
7556:
7555:
7543:
7542:
7541:
7529:
7528:
7527:
7515:
7514:
7513:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7490:
7489:
7477:
7476:
7475:
7461:
7460:
7459:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7426:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7396:
7395:
7394:
7389:
7377:
7372:
7371:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7341:
7340:
7339:
7325:
7324:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7295:
7294:
7293:
7288:
7273:
7272:
7271:
7266:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7188:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7038:
7036:
7034:Russian Arctic
7026:
7025:
7023:
7022:
7017:
7016:
7015:
7001:
7000:
6999:
6994:
6980:
6975:
6974:
6973:
6959:
6958:
6957:
6945:
6944:
6943:
6930:
6929:
6928:
6916:
6915:
6914:
6909:
6894:
6893:
6892:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6864:
6863:
6858:
6850:
6845:
6830:
6825:
6824:
6823:
6818:
6806:
6801:
6800:
6799:
6791:
6776:
6775:
6774:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6723:
6722:
6709:
6708:
6707:
6694:
6693:
6692:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6663:
6662:
6649:
6648:
6647:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6623:
6622:
6617:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6569:
6567:
6557:
6556:
6554:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6542:
6541:
6536:
6524:
6519:
6518:
6517:
6505:
6504:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6476:
6471:
6469:Snæbjörn galti
6466:
6461:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6432:
6425:
6420:
6414:
6412:
6402:
6401:
6399:
6398:
6397:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6371:
6364:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6336:
6326:
6325:
6324:
6319:
6305:
6298:
6291:
6290:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6262:
6255:
6254:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6231:
6230:
6229:
6215:
6206:
6205:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6159:
6158:
6153:
6138:
6133:
6132:
6131:
6119:
6118:
6117:
6105:
6104:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6070:
6069:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6046:
6045:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6026:
6021:
6006:
6005:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5977:
5976:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5912:
5910:
5904:Farthest North
5900:
5899:
5897:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5868:
5867:
5855:
5854:
5847:
5846:
5839:
5832:
5824:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5811:
5806:
5796:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5760:Ui-te-Rangiora
5757:
5755:Douglas Mawson
5752:
5747:
5745:Roald Amundsen
5741:
5739:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5684:Gateway cities
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5644:Antarctica Day
5640:
5638:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5604:
5602:
5598:
5597:
5595:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5563:
5561:
5555:
5554:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5538:
5537:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5516:
5514:Microorganisms
5511:
5505:
5503:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5478:List of rivers
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5454:
5452:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5444:
5443:
5442:
5432:
5431:
5430:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5408:Extreme points
5405:
5404:
5403:
5398:
5388:
5383:
5377:
5375:
5368:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5330:
5328:Climate change
5320:
5314:
5312:
5306:
5305:
5298:
5297:
5290:
5283:
5275:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5256:
5254:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5244:
5238:
5236:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5224:Yankee Harbour
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5165:
5163:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5131:Seymour Island
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5057:
5055:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5045:
5043:Scott Nunataks
5039:
5037:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4966:
4964:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4918:
4916:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4900:
4898:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4872:
4870:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4860:
4854:
4852:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4837:
4831:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4814:
4812:Vostok Station
4809:
4803:
4801:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4785:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4767:
4765:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4749:
4747:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4716:
4714:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4698:
4696:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4686:
4680:
4678:
4672:
4671:
4664:
4663:
4656:
4649:
4641:
4632:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4608:Joint Stations
4605:
4604:
4603:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4574:Little America
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4536:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4457:United Kingdom
4454:
4453:
4452:
4440:
4435:
4423:
4414:Salyut Station
4411:
4406:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4257:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4062:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4050:Elichiribehety
4042:
4041:
4040:
4035:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4011:United Kingdom
4008:
4007:
4006:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3972:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3938:Leningradskaya
3930:
3929:
3928:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3796:Czech Republic
3793:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3747:Guillermo Mann
3744:
3739:
3734:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3524:Amundsen-Scott
3520:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3497:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3463:Bellingshausen
3459:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3422:
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2797:Earth sciences
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2733:External links
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2707:10.1038/43639b
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2498:Samenow, Jason
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2342:on 7 May 2008.
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1990:. p. 67.
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718:Kunlun Station
716:. The Chinese
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9199:Sturge Island
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8017:Discovery Hut
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7547:A. Sibiryakov
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7519:Glavsevmorput
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6583:M. Corte-Real
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6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6437:
6433:
6431:
6430:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6411:
6407:
6403:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6383:
6379:
6378:
6377:
6376:
6372:
6370:
6369:
6365:
6363:
6362:
6361:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6342:
6337:
6335:
6334:
6333:
6327:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6314:
6313:
6312:
6311:
6310:Georgiy Sedov
6306:
6304:
6303:
6299:
6297:
6296:
6292:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6269:
6268:
6267:
6263:
6261:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6238:
6237:
6236:
6232:
6228:
6225:
6224:
6223:
6222:
6221:
6216:
6214:
6213:
6212:
6207:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6197:Riiser-Larsen
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6179:
6178:
6177:
6176:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6148:
6147:
6146:
6145:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6130:
6127:
6126:
6125:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6113:
6112:
6111:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6086:
6082:
6081:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6071:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6053:
6052:
6051:
6047:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6032:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6019:
6014:
6013:
6012:
6011:
6007:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5992:
5988:
5987:
5986:
5985:
5983:
5978:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5950:
5949:
5948:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5876:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5845:
5840:
5838:
5833:
5831:
5826:
5825:
5822:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5797:
5795:
5787:
5786:
5783:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5736:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5689:Midwinter Day
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5635:
5629:
5628:Treaty System
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5599:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5560:
5556:
5551:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5500:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5483:McMurdo Sound
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5449:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5436:
5433:
5429:
5426:
5425:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5372:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5325:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5296:
5291:
5289:
5284:
5282:
5277:
5276:
5273:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5253:
5249:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5235:
5234:South Orkneys
5231:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5204:Pendulum Cove
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5158:
5152:
5151:Winter Island
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5111:Paulet Island
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5091:Lambda Island
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5054:
5050:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5036:
5032:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4985:Discovery Hut
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4953:
4952:Mount Dockery
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4932:Cape Wadworth
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4914:Victoria Land
4911:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4896:George V Land
4893:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4881:Petrel Island
4879:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4865:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4851:
4847:
4841:
4840:Mirny Station
4838:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4824:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4807:Tryne Islands
4805:
4804:
4802:
4800:
4796:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4760:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4736:
4735:Showa Station
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4713:
4709:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4691:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4662:
4657:
4655:
4650:
4648:
4643:
4642:
4639:
4619:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4606:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4594:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4539:United States
4537:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4455:
4449:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4432:
4427:
4424:
4420:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4403:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4381:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4365:Komsomolskaya
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4355:Druzhnaya III
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4339:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4326:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4294:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4248:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4226:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4198:
4195:
4191:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4175:Georg Forster
4173:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4146:
4142:
4141:Arturo Parodi
4139:
4137:
4136:Aguirre Cerda
4134:
4133:
4132:
4129:
4125:
4124:King Baudouin
4122:
4121:
4120:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4105:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4074:
4067:
4063:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4028:United States
4026:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4005:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3980:
3976:
3975:Juan Carlos I
3973:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3943:Molodyozhnaya
3941:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3794:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3767:Union Glacier
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3725:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3713:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3636:
3632:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3516:United States
3513:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3147:
3145:
3140:
3138:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3011:Patriot Hills
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2996:Odell Glacier
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2981:Molodyozhnaya
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2906:Davis Plateau
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2886:Browning Pass
2884:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2864:
2859:
2857:
2852:
2850:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2834:
2824:
2822:
2812:
2810:
2800:
2798:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2669:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2535:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2477:
2471:
2469:
2452:
2446:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2424:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2395:
2378:
2372:
2356:
2353:Mary Albert.
2349:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2307:
2291:
2285:
2283:
2263:
2257:
2238:
2232:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2161:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2142:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2057:
2056:
2048:
2041:
2033:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1999:
1997:90-247-3618-8
1993:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1928:
1922:
1903:
1902:
1894:
1883:
1877:
1875:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1848:
1846:0-00-716392-4
1842:
1838:
1837:Extreme Earth
1834:
1828:
1826:
1818:
1815:
1810:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1752:
1749:(catalogue).
1745:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1730:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1689:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1498:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:Mean monthly
1435:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1387:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1318:
1317:precipitation
1313:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
963:
919:
914:
910:
908:
902:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
862:
860:
856:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
827:
823:
814:
810:
808:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
772:
767:
765:
760:
758:
754:
745:
736:
734:
730:
726:
721:
719:
715:
711:
706:
704:
703:Mirny Station
700:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
680:magnetosphere
677:
673:
668:
666:
662:
652:
650:
649:Mirny Station
646:
642:
641:
636:
632:
628:
627:
622:
619:drilling and
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
589:
580:
574:
568:
563:
559:
554:
546:
537:
529:
526:
523:
520:
519:
515:
512:
511:
502:
498:
494:
491:
485:
472:Vostok Skiway
460:
451:
446:
441:
413:
411:
407:
403:
401:
396:
393:
390:
386:
382:
378:
373:
362:
358:
355:
351:
347:
346:
343:
339:Vostok Skiway
336:
328:
316:
312:
305:
303:Magnetometry
302:
299:
298:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
257:
253:
250:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
220:
216:
212:
209:
206:
204:
200:
189:
185:
182:
179:
175:
172:
168:
165:
163:
159:
155:
143:
139:
134:
106:Coordinates:
104:
97:
76:
67:
60:
55:
51:
46:
36:
30:
19:
8997:Enderby Land
8892:
8885:
8880:Pole of Cold
8878:
8804:
8795:
8763:
8756:
8732:
8703:
8689:
8683:Borchgrevink
8675:
8662:
8647:
8627:
8612:
8581:
8562:
8555:
8539:
8525:
8516:
8499:
8492:
8473:
8461:
8437:
8423:
8416:
8404:
8390:
8376:
8362:
8355:
8316:
8308:
8294:
8287:
8285:
8267:
8259:
8252:
8239:
8230:
8192:
8184:
8175:
8168:
8156:
8149:
8135:
8123:Pourquoi-Pas
8122:
8114:
8106:
8098:
8093:Orcadas Base
8091:
8083:
8070:
8064:C. A. Larsen
8052:
8044:
8030:
8023:
8010:
8002:
7996:Borchgrevink
7989:
7981:
7938:
7930:
7905:C. A. Larsen
7898:
7879:
7870:
7852:
7834:
7825:
7812:
7797:
7788:
7775:
7736:
7722:
7715:
7696:
7681:
7591:
7584:
7567:
7560:
7546:
7531:
7517:
7504:
7479:
7465:
7463:
7449:
7447:
7441:
7439:
7405:
7398:
7379:
7345:
7343:
7329:
7327:
7309:
7299:
7297:
7277:
7275:
7256:
7132:
7090:
7073:
7041:
7005:
7003:
6983:
6982:
6962:
6961:
6947:
6934:
6919:
6905:
6896:
6883:
6854:
6842:Investigator
6841:
6832:
6808:
6795:
6787:
6778:
6765:
6736:
6713:
6698:
6683:
6653:
6638:
6608:
6527:
6507:
6478:
6474:Erik the Red
6456:
6434:
6427:
6384:submersibles
6381:
6375:Arktika 2007
6373:
6366:
6359:
6356:
6340:
6331:
6328:
6309:
6307:
6300:
6293:
6264:
6257:
6233:
6219:
6218:
6210:
6208:
6174:
6172:
6143:
6140:
6129:S. A. Andrée
6121:
6108:
6083:
6075:
6072:
6048:
6030:
6017:
6008:
5990:
5981:
5979:
5945:
5674:Firefighting
5659:Demographics
5582:Colonization
5577:World War II
5194:Lame Dog Hut
5121:Port Lockroy
5116:Port Charcot
5010:Mount Erebus
4970:Cape Crozier
4927:Cape Geology
4904:Cape Denison
4811:
4745:Enderby Land
4607:
4595:
4538:
4467:Port Lockroy
4456:
4426:Sodruzhestvo
4360:Druzhnaya IV
4350:Druzhnaya II
4328:Soviet Union
4327:
4321:Sarie Marais
4296:South Africa
4295:
4283:
4266:
4249:
4227:
4221:Giacomo Bove
4215:
4203:
4164:
4147:
4130:
4118:
4106:
4090:Belgrano III
4079:
4044:
4027:
4016:Fossil Bluff
4010:
3998:
3981:
3964:
3932:
3926:Law-Racoviță
3920:
3908:
3902:Machu Picchu
3896:
3884:
3872:
3860:
3848:
3831:
3819:
3807:
3795:
3778:
3752:Jorge Boonen
3726:
3714:
3702:
3690:
3648:
3609:
3597:
3586:South Africa
3585:
3573:
3561:
3549:
3482:
3407:
3395:
3383:
3371:
3359:
3353:Neumayer III
3347:
3330:
3318:
3260:Captain Prat
3110:
2951:Marble Point
2921:Fossil Bluff
2821:Soviet Union
2690:
2686:
2680:
2668:
2641:
2637:
2624:
2615:
2606:
2594:. Retrieved
2590:
2580:
2567:
2557:
2544:
2534:
2522:. Retrieved
2511:
2502:Patel, Kasha
2492:
2480:. Retrieved
2455:. Retrieved
2445:
2410:. Retrieved
2406:the original
2381:. Retrieved
2371:
2359:. Retrieved
2348:
2340:the original
2335:
2326:
2315:
2306:
2294:. Retrieved
2269:. Retrieved
2256:
2244:. Retrieved
2231:
2219:. Retrieved
2210:
2201:
2189:. Retrieved
2184:
2175:
2163:. Retrieved
2148:
2141:
2129:. Retrieved
2125:
2115:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2060:. Retrieved
2053:
2040:
2020:
1982:
1958:. Retrieved
1952:
1921:
1909:. Retrieved
1900:
1893:
1865:the original
1855:
1836:
1809:
1797:. Retrieved
1793:
1784:
1772:. Retrieved
1686:
1674:brittle zone
1671:
1668:
1647:Soviet Union
1644:
1625:; levels of
1581:
1556:The lack of
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1525:
1511:
1504:
1319:mm (inches)
903:
883:South Africa
874:
868:
854:
853:
821:
820:
811:
804:
787:
768:
761:
750:
732:
728:
722:
707:
696:
669:
658:
638:
624:
621:magnetometry
609:Pole of Cold
605:Soviet Union
552:
551:
380:Airport type
353:
29:
9206:Weddell Sea
9148:Mill Island
9086:Wilkes Land
8987:Adélie Land
8583:Lake Vostok
8533:Tryoshnikov
8455:Schlossbach
8346:Christensen
8288:James Caird
8209:E. R. Evans
7975:Dobrowolski
7945:de Gerlache
7647:Expeditions
7533:Aviaarktika
7487:Samoylovich
7358:Kolomeitsev
7252:Middendorff
7212:Gedenshtrom
6632:I. Fyodorov
6394:Chilingarov
6282:E. Fyodorov
5889:Expeditions
5762:(legendary)
5669:Field camps
5567:Expeditions
5493:Weddell Sea
5473:Lake Vostok
5468:Lake Mercer
5340:Ice shelves
5219:Whalers Bay
5214:Potter Cove
5199:Maxwell Bay
5066:Damoy Point
5053:Graham Land
5025:Scott's Hut
5005:Mount Betty
4937:Foyn Island
4886:Port Martin
4868:Adélie Land
4850:Wilkes Land
4616: [
4446: [
4429: [
4417: [
4400: [
4392:Pionerskaya
4378: [
4345:Druzhnaya I
4336: [
4289:Dobrowolski
4250:New Zealand
4197:Neumayer II
4188: [
4158:Port Martin
3914:Dobrowolski
3861:New Zealand
3696:Vechernyaya
3574:New Zealand
3506:King Sejong
3493:South Korea
3189:Belgrano II
3106:Wolf's Fang
3096:WAIS Divide
2961:McMurdo Ice
2916:Enigma Lake
2596:2 September
2361:30 December
2211:РИА Новости
1656:Lake Vostok
1576:polar night
1571:of the air.
1550:in the air.
1518:Moscow Time
1484:Source 1:
800:Lake Vostok
692:climatology
684:actinometry
655:Description
611:, with the
435: /
423:106°50′54″E
410:Coordinates
306:Climatology
284:Operational
187:Established
128: /
116:106°50′14″E
9221:Categories
9189:Scotia Sea
9165:Mawson Sea
9029:Oates Land
8992:Coats Land
8806:Terra Nova
8711:Shackleton
8654:J. C. Ross
8613:Resolution
8603:South Pole
8378:New Swabia
8302:Mackintosh
8274:Shackleton
8193:Terra Nova
8186:Terra Nova
7920:Heroic Age
7880:Challenger
7840:J. C. Ross
7750:Bransfield
7682:Resolution
7597:icebreaker
7561:Chelyuskin
7302:expedition
7280:Expedition
7222:Matyushkin
7180:Kh. Laptev
7175:Chelyuskin
7069:Heemskerck
7059:Chancellor
7054:Willoughby
7049:Koch boats
6992:Stefansson
6926:McClintock
6890:Inglefield
6732:J. C. Ross
6639:Resolution
6491:Cunningham
6389:Sagalevich
6078:expedition
6037:Stephenson
5997:C. F. Hall
5984:expedition
5958:J. C. Ross
5921:Heemskerck
5908:North Pole
5572:Heroic Age
5423:South Pole
5333:Heat waves
5302:Antarctica
5242:Scotia Bay
5209:Point Wild
5020:Scott Base
4975:Cape Evans
4922:Cape Adare
4789:Cape Bruce
4694:Coats Land
4684:South Pole
4676:South Pole
4438:Sovetskaya
4301:Borga Base
4185:Neumayer I
4085:Belgrano I
4004:ITU PolReC
3762:Risopatrón
3324:Eco-Nelson
3293:Great Wall
3214:San Martín
3170:Year-round
3076:South Pole
3061:Siple Dome
2638:J. Glaciol
2383:22 October
2246:26 October
2221:28 January
2191:18 January
2131:31 January
2062:19 January
1960:19 January
1911:2 February
1799:17 October
1774:16 January
1726:References
1615:insolation
1569:ionization
714:South Pole
688:geophysics
601:Antarctica
595:in inland
584:pronounced
420:78°27′58″S
289:Activities
222:Population
194:1957-12-16
171:Antarctica
113:78°27′52″S
96:Antarctica
9143:Davis Sea
9019:Kemp Land
8905:Tolstikov
8691:Discovery
8661:HMS
8646:HMS
8628:Adventure
8626:HMS
8611:HMS
8547:Tolstikov
8268:Endurance
8053:Antarctic
8038:Drygalski
8011:Discovery
8004:Discovery
7965:Arctowski
7878:HMS
7851:HMS
7845:Abernethy
7833:HMS
7811:USS
7798:Vincennes
7796:USS
7776:Astrolabe
7716:San Telmo
7697:Adventure
7695:HMS
7680:HMS
7675:Kerguelen
7637:Continent
7622:Antarctic
7499:Urvantsev
7457:Vilkitsky
7310:Jeannette
7308:USS
7300:Jeannette
7264:Weyprecht
7242:Pakhtusov
7192:Chichagov
7185:D. Laptev
7128:Permyakov
7103:Stadukhin
7098:Perfilyev
7075:Mangazeya
7013:H. Larsen
6978:Rasmussen
6933:HMS
6904:USS
6853:HMS
6840:HMS
6804:Collinson
6794:HMS
6786:HMS
6764:HMS
6712:HMS
6697:HMS
6682:HMS
6667:Mackenzie
6654:Discovery
6652:HMS
6637:HMS
6609:Discovery
6588:Frobisher
6551:Rasmussen
6464:Gunnbjörn
6410:Greenland
6339:USS
6330:USS
6202:Ellsworth
6144:Roosevelt
6074:Nansen's
6031:Discovery
6029:HMS
6016:HMS
5963:Abernethy
5931:Marmaduke
5724:Transport
5463:Lake CECs
5440:ice sheet
5396:ice sheet
5365:Volcanoes
5355:Mountains
5310:Geography
5260:East Base
4995:Lewis Bay
4763:Kemp Land
4613:Weddell-1
4564:Ellsworth
4554:East Base
4532:Station W
4527:Station V
4522:Station T
4517:Station P
4512:Station O
4507:Station N
4502:Station J
4497:Station G
4492:Station F
4487:Station E
4482:Station D
4477:Station C
4472:Station B
4462:South Ice
4316:SANAE III
4238:Dome Fuji
4107:Australia
4095:Ellsworth
4080:Argentina
3854:Zucchelli
3813:Maldonado
3684:Primavera
3664:Decepción
3649:Argentina
3501:Jang Bogo
3401:Vernadsky
3389:Arctowski
3365:Concordia
3336:Concordia
3298:Zhongshan
3224:Australia
3199:Esperanza
3181:Argentina
3116:Zucchelli
3046:Rumdoodle
3001:O'Higgins
2976:Mid Point
2911:Dome Fuji
2896:Concordia
2809:Geography
2271:9 January
1587:headaches
1567:A higher
1310:(−128.6)
1295:(−110.9)
1290:(−122.6)
1285:(−126.9)
1280:(−128.6)
1275:(−118.8)
1270:(−114.2)
1265:(−122.8)
1260:(−103.5)
887:Australia
796:altimetry
755:) by the
699:sea level
573:romanized
558:‹See Tfd›
501:Direction
256:UN/LOCODE
244:Time zone
214:Elevation
203:Named for
9177:Ross Sea
8917:A. Fuchs
8874:V. Fuchs
8854:McKinley
8817:E. Evans
8776:Bjaaland
8771:Amundsen
8721:Marshall
8634:Furneaux
8486:V. Fuchs
8450:E. Ronne
8445:F. Ronne
8384:Ritscher
8238:SY
8226:Filchner
8170:Framheim
8164:Amundsen
7970:Racoviță
7955:Amundsen
7950:Lecointe
7819:Ringgold
7813:Porpoise
7703:Furneaux
7539:Shevelev
7494:Begichev
7473:Amundsen
7435:Nagórski
7413:Brusilov
7407:Sv. Anna
7321:Melville
7291:Palander
7247:Tsivolko
7207:Sannikov
7202:Billings
7145:Chirikov
7064:Barentsz
7006:St. Roch
6997:Bartlett
6971:Amundsen
6955:Sverdrup
6855:Resolute
6744:Franklin
6672:Kotzebue
6539:Sverdrup
6522:Scoresby
6496:Lindenov
6347:Plaisted
6332:Nautilus
6277:Shirshov
6251:Belyakov
6246:Baydukov
6220:Nautilus
6182:Amundsen
6142:SS
6101:Sverdrup
6096:Johansen
6066:Brainard
6061:Lockwood
5916:Barentsz
5794:Category
5699:Religion
5601:Politics
5519:Wildlife
5488:Ross Sea
5350:Glaciers
5081:Hope Bay
4962:Ross Sea
4544:Brockton
4443:Vostok I
4311:SANAE II
4277:Maudheim
4180:Filchner
4038:Shirreff
3953:Russkaya
3948:Progress
3885:Pakistan
3842:Gondwana
3732:Carvajal
3715:Bulgaria
3674:Melchior
3669:Matienzo
3591:SANAE IV
3478:Progress
3204:Marambio
3051:SANAE IV
3036:Progress
2986:Neumayer
2946:Marambio
2742:Archived
2715:16001055
2524:18 March
2518:Archived
2457:23 March
2453:. Ogimet
2434:Archived
2379:. Ogimet
2215:Archived
1835:(2003).
1765:Archived
1692:See also
1660:ice core
1599:vomiting
1595:appetite
1548:moisture
1479:3,761.5
1389:Average
1315:Average
1305:(−58.2)
1300:(−83.0)
1255:(−83.2)
1250:(−69.5)
1240:(−75.7)
1235:(−36.4)
1230:(−57.6)
1225:(−81.6)
1220:(−94.4)
1215:(−96.7)
1210:(−94.7)
1205:(−92.0)
1200:(−92.4)
1195:(−90.0)
1190:(−79.2)
1185:(−58.0)
1180:(−35.5)
1170:(−67.3)
1165:(−25.2)
1160:(−44.7)
1155:(−70.8)
1150:(−86.8)
1145:(−90.2)
1140:(−88.1)
1135:(−85.5)
1130:(−86.4)
1125:(−84.6)
1120:(−72.2)
1115:(−47.7)
1110:(−25.6)
1100:(−58.9)
1095:(−16.8)
1090:(−35.0)
1085:(−60.7)
1080:(−78.9)
1075:(−83.0)
1070:(−80.3)
1065:(−77.1)
1060:(−79.6)
1055:(−78.0)
1050:(−63.2)
1045:(−37.7)
1040:(−16.6)
1020:(−11.7)
1015:(−28.5)
1010:(−29.7)
1005:(−30.8)
1000:(−29.4)
995:(−27.4)
990:(−36.4)
985:(−27.4)
889:and the
859:ice core
833:traverse
824:: Heavy
731:(1973),
674:and the
617:ice core
508:Surface
388:Location
323:/default
8922:Messner
8869:Hillary
8849:Balchen
8797:Polheim
8791:Wisting
8669:Crozier
8641:Weddell
8619:J. Cook
8589:Kapitsa
8570:Fiennes
8512:Klenova
8481:Hillary
8431:Ketchum
8357:BANZARE
8332:·
8177:Polheim
8143:Shirase
8129:Charcot
7939:Belgica
7858:Crozier
7770:Morrell
7765:Weddell
7743:Lazarev
7688:J. Cook
7642:History
7592:Arktika
7568:Krassin
7553:Voronin
7525:Schmidt
7511:Ushakov
7450:Vaygach
7418:Albanov
7387:Rusanov
7368:Kolchak
7363:Matisen
7337:Makarov
7316:De Long
7217:Wrangel
7197:Lyakhov
7150:Malygin
7108:Dezhnev
6935:Pandora
6906:Advance
6873:Kennedy
6868:Belcher
6861:Kellett
6848:McClure
6772:Beechey
6766:Blossom
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