1988:
election. The reason for the green's lack of success is vote splitting. The three green marbles will split the votes of those who prefer green. In fact, in this analogy, the only way that a green marble is likely to win is if more than three-fifths of the voters prefer green. If the same number of people prefer green as those who prefer red and blue, that is to say, if one-third of the voters prefer green, one-third prefer blue, and one-third prefer red, then each green marble will only get one-ninth of the vote, if the green marbles each take same number of votes, while the red and blue marbles will each get one-third, putting the green marbles at a serious disadvantage. If the experiment is repeated with other colors, the color that is in the majority (if the majority is split among multiple choices) will still rarely win. In other words, from a purely mathematical perspective, a single-winner system tends to favor a winner that is different from the majority, if the majority runs multiple candidates, and if the minority group runs just one candidate. This minority rule success can also result if multiple winners are elected and voters cast multiple votes (
1691:
1651:
2326:
1595:
730:
1642:
3310:
1570:
660:
1875:
1682:
2036:
candidates in proportion to all of that candidate's 2nd preferences, in line with secondary preferences marked on the vote if any. If there are still candidates to be elected and no surplus votes to be transferred, the least-popular is eliminated, as above in AV or IRV, and the process continues until four candidates have reached a quota or are declared elected when the field of candidates is thinned to the number of remaining open seats.
2349:
2487:. Polling stations contain metal drums painted in party colours and emblems with candidates' photos attached to them. Voters are given a marble to place in the drum of their chosen candidate; when dropped into the drum, a bell sounds to register the vote. To avoid confusion, bicycles are banned near polling booths on election day. If the marble is left on top of the drum rather than placed in it, the vote is deemed invalid.
1826:
districts that divide the electorate. For example, in the UK a party winning plurality in a majority of constituencies wins majority government, but they may not always have the most individual votes (i.e. they may have lose the popular vote but still win the seat count). (It is also possible for a party to win plurality in a minority of constituencies (but more than any other one party) and thus win minority government.)
1582:
3192:
1662:
1671:
63:
2015:, voters are encouraged to vote for as many candidates as they approve of, so the winner is much more likely to be any one of the five marbles because people who prefer green will be able to vote for every one of the green marbles. With two-round elections, the field of candidates is thinned prior to the second round of voting. In most cases, the winner must receive a
2257:
adopt or change its rules, in a similar way to the election of people to official positions. A panel of judges, either formal judicial authorities or judges of the competition, may decide by voting. A group of friends or members of a family may decide which film to see by voting. The method of voting can range from formal submission of written votes, through
2305:(formal proposals by a member or members of a deliberative assembly). The regular methods of voting in such bodies are a voice vote, a rising vote, and a show of hands. Additional forms of voting include a recorded vote and balloting. The assembly can decide on the voting method by adopting a motion on it.
1814:, from several different candidates. It is more than likely that elections will be between two opposing parties. These two will be the most established and most popular parties in the country. For example, in the US, the competition is between the Republicans and the Democrats. In an indirect democracy,
2360:
is used in Israel, where polling booths contain a tray with ballots for each party running in the elections; the ballots are marked with the letter(s) assigned to that party. Voters are given an envelope into which they put the ballot of the party they wish to vote for, before placing the envelope in
2256:
Whenever several people who do not all agree need to make some decision, voting is a very common way of reaching a decision peacefully. The right to vote is usually restricted to certain people. Members of a society or club, or shareholders of a company, but not outsiders, may elect its officers, or
2105:
Finally, the
Condorcet rule is used (sometimes) in decision-making. The voters or elected representatives cast their preferences on one, some, or all options, 1,2,3,4... as in PR-STV or QBS. In the analysis, option A is compared to option B, and if A is more popular than B, then A wins this pairing.
2023:
With single-round ranked voting, such as instant-runoff voting system as used in some elections in
Australia and the United States, voters rank each candidate in order of preference (1,2,3,4 etc.). Votes are distributed to each candidate according to the first preferences. If no single candidate has
1987:
tends to favor less-centric candidates, consider a simple lab experiment where students in a class vote for their favorite marble. If five marbles are assigned names and are placed "up for election", and if three of them are green, one is red, and one is blue, then a green marble will rarely win the
2129:
Most referendums are binary. The first multi-option referendum was held in New
Zealand in 1894, and most of them are conducted under a two-round system. New Zealand had a five-option referendum in 1992, while Guam had a six-option plebiscite in 1982, which also offered a blank option, in case some
1870:
There are many electoral methods. The purpose of an election may be to choose one person, such as a president, or a group, such as a committee or a parliament. In electing a parliament, either each of many small constituencies can elect a single representative, as in
Britain; or each of a lesser
2035:
is used) is 20 percent of the valid vote plus 1. Every candidate with quota (of 1st preferences alone or combination of first preferences and later preferences) will be elected. If a candidate has more than a quota and seats are yet to be filled, his/her surplus will be distributed to the other
2019:
of the votes, which is more than half. If no candidate obtains a majority in the first round, then the two candidates with the most significant plurality run again for the second round of voting. Variants exist regarding these two points: the requirement for being elected at the first round is
1825:
A majority vote is when more than half of voters vote for the same person or party. However, whilst it is usually said each individual's vote does count, many countries use a combination of factors to decide who has power, not the at-large "popular vote". Most influential of these factors are
1785:
In smaller organizations, voting can occur in many different ways: formally via ballot to elect others for example within a workplace, to elect members of political associations, or to choose roles for others; or informally with a spoken agreement or a gesture like a raised hand. In larger
2024:
50% of the vote, then the candidate with the fewest votes is excluded and their votes are redistributed according to the voter's nominated order of preference. The process repeats itself until a candidate has 50% or more votes. The system is designed to produce the same result as an
2047:(MBC), the candidates' points are also counted. Seats are awarded to any candidates with a quota of 1st preferences; to any pair of candidates with two quotas of 1st/2nd preferences; and if seats are still to be filled, to those candidates with the highest MBC scores.
2212:
dimension, and the relative ideological dilemma that are important to understand when making political decisions. Studies from other institutions have suggested that the physical appearance of candidates is a criterion upon which voters base their decision.
1871:
number of multi-member constituencies may elect two or more representatives, as in
Ireland; or multi-member districts and some single-member districts can be used; or the entire country can be treated as one "at-large" district, as in The Netherlands.
2043:(QBS), the voters also cast their preferences, 1,2,3,4... as they wish. In the analysis, all 1st preferences are counted; all 2nd preferences are counted; after these preferences have been translated into points per the rules of a
1992:). But even if the majority is split among multiple candidates, proportionate results can still be produced if votes can be transferred, as under STV, or if multiple winners are elected and each voter has just one vote.
1837:. The objective of secret ballots is to try to achieve the most authentic outcome, without any risk of pressure, threat, or services linked to one's vote; this way, a person is able to express their actual preferences.
2733:
3023:
1955:
In STV, any candidate who takes quota (usually set at much less than half of the votes) is elected; others without quota (but with more votes than any other single candidate) may be declared elected as well.
2162:
In South Africa, there is a strong presence of anti-voting campaigns by poor citizens. They make the structural argument that no political party truly represents them. This resulted in the "
2122:. Since the end of the eighteenth century, more than five hundred national referendums (including initiatives) were organized in the world; among them, more than three hundred were held in
2106:
Next, A is compared with option C, then D, and so on. Likewise, B is compared with C, D, etc. The option which wins the most pairings, (if there is one), is the
Condorcet winner.-->
2069:, the voter ranks the candidates in order of preference. For example, they might mark a preference for Bob in the first place, then Emily, then Alice, then Daniel, and finally Charlie.
1553:
1944:) elects the candidate with more votes than any other single candidate. It does not require the winner to achieve a voting majority, to have more than half of the total votes cast. In
1894:'s citizens in November 2008 about 5 national, 2 cantonal, 4 municipal referendums, and 2 elections (government and parliament of the City of Berne) to take care of at the same time.
2248:, have a policy of not participating in politics and this extends to voting. Rabbis from all Jewish denominations encourage voting and some even consider it a religious obligation.
2091:
Some "multiple-winner" systems such as the Single Non-Transferable Vote, SNTV, used in
Afghanistan and Vanuatu give a single vote or one vote per elector per available position.
1952:, a candidate must have a majority of votes to be elected, although presence of exhausted votes may mean that the majority at time of final count is not majority of votes cast.
1237:
2192:, carrying out the act of voting, which may be compulsory, without selecting any candidate or option, often as an act of protest. In some jurisdictions, there is an official
2144:
Proxy voting is a form of voting in which a registered citizen who can legally vote passes on his or her vote to a different voter or electorate who will vote in his stead.
3012:
1256:
2490:
A similar system used in social clubs sees voters given a white ball to indicate support and a black ball to indicate opposition. This led to the coining of the term
2166:" campaign, which becomes very prominent each time the country holds elections. The campaign is prominent among three of South Africa's largest social movements: the
2204:
Modern political science has questioned whether average citizens have sufficient political knowledge to cast meaningful votes. A series of studies coming out of the
2584:
2784:
2031:
Ranked voting is also used in a PR format. PR-STV is used in
Australia, Ireland and Malta. Quota is calculated. In say a four-seat constituency, quota (if
1623:
1460:
2762:
3128:
2803:"Lupia and Mathew D. McCubbins, The Democratic Dilemma: Can Citizens Learn What They Need To Know? Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998"
2258:
2859:
1948:, when more than two candidates run, the winner commonly has less than half of the vote, as few as 18 percent was recorded in 2014 in Toronto. In
2841:
2058:), the voter can vote for any subset of the running candidates. So, a voter might vote for Alice, Bob, and Charlie, rejecting Daniel and Emily.
3045:
2670:
2196:
option and it is counted as a valid vote. Usually, blank and null votes are counted (together or separately) but are not considered valid.
1314:
380:
3272:
2614:
2278:
2957:
2341:
on which voters mark their preferences. This may involve marking their support for a candidate or party listed on the ballot, or a
1346:
1208:
1203:
345:
1906:
designs. Some ballots allow only one choice to be selected (single X voting); others allow ranking or selecting multiple options (
3164:
1616:
1309:
375:
214:
1933:). Most allow a voter to put just one vote on each candidate, but others allow a voter's votes to be piled on to one candidate.
1700:
991:
317:
1822:
is the complete opposite, the people make the policy decisions directly without selecting a representative to do it for them.
2741:
2702:
2182:
2181:
Other social movements in other parts of the world also have similar campaigns or non-voting preferences. These include the
2114:
When the citizens of a country are invited to vote, they are participating in an election. However, people can also vote in
3088:
1515:
766:
2989:
2648:
2283:
Some votes are carried out in person if all the people eligible to vote are present. This could be by a show of hands or
2167:
520:
1754:
The procedure for identifying the winners based on votes varies depending on both the country and the political office.
1609:
2208:
in the 1950s and 1960s argued that many voters lack a basic understanding of current issues, the liberal–conservative
2788:
1704:
1510:
3340:
2302:
1500:
1250:
1221:
1161:
688:
1720:
1232:
757:
3241:
1918:
1295:
365:
2400:
1913:
Different voting systems allow each voter to cast a different number of votes - only one (single voting as in
1359:
2754:
937:
922:
907:
2084:), the voter gives each alternative a number between one and ten (the upper and lower bounds may vary). See
3293:
3218:
2416:
1845:
1173:
1096:
1017:
642:
302:
3207:
2559:
2163:
2004:
1538:
985:
967:
808:
293:
3110:
3300:
2866:
1984:
1960:
1945:
1941:
1922:
1914:
1429:
1412:
1379:
1143:
1131:
1101:
902:
860:
793:
322:
259:
1818:
is the method by which the person elected (in charge) represents the people, whilst making decisions.
2514:
2214:
2175:
2095:
1285:
1278:
762:
515:
274:
1748:
1339:
1267:
1119:
1106:
1089:
1066:
1044:
1007:
997:
350:
3053:
2325:
1690:
1548:
3232:
2294:
2085:
1465:
1319:
1002:
336:
1650:
1434:
2934:"Why Don't Jehovah's Witnesses Vote? Because they're representatives of God's heavenly kingdom"
2509:
2377:, where voters must choose a single party whose candidates they are allowed to choose between.
2245:
2229:
2205:
2055:
1989:
1976:
1926:
1865:
1771:
1494:
1374:
1304:
1111:
530:
431:
312:
35:
17:
2044:
2758:
2569:
2554:
2456:
2290:
2171:
2123:
2070:
2008:
1949:
1879:
1402:
1242:
1126:
932:
911:
843:
821:
385:
370:
269:
31:
3287:
3253:—a nonpartisan US resource for registering to vote and finding your polling place from the
2241:
1779:
1533:
1520:
1488:
752:
681:
2415:
Some countries allow people to vote online. Estonia was one of the first countries to use
1925:); as many as are being elected in a multiple-member district (multiple voting as used in
8:
3115:
2330:
1774:. The study of these rules and what makes them good or bad is the subject of a branch of
1439:
1273:
926:
426:
3197:
2953:
2840:
Greene, Kesten C.; Armstrong, J. Scott; Jones, Jr., Randall J.; Wright, Malcolm (2010).
3335:
2594:
2539:
2444:
2342:
2119:
2040:
1599:
1470:
1081:
865:
637:
596:
186:
171:
125:
120:
93:
3150:
2483:, voting is carried out using marbles. The method was introduced in 1965 to deal with
1886:
and information brochure for each voting (and can send it by post). Switzerland has a
3120:
2822:
2737:
2708:
2698:
2404:
2390:
2266:
2193:
2025:
1849:
1834:
1833:
to prevent individuals from becoming influenced by other people and to protect their
1775:
1755:
1594:
1505:
1475:
1397:
1334:
1168:
895:
870:
853:
721:
606:
586:
525:
474:
355:
307:
241:
166:
156:
135:
130:
47:
3266:
2938:
2912:
2904:
2814:
2802:
2529:
2468:
2460:
2374:
2314:
2225:
2000:
1972:
1937:
1887:
1861:
1819:
1759:
1586:
1543:
1422:
1136:
1012:
838:
832:
814:
803:
798:
786:
747:
709:
540:
469:
421:
264:
250:
2818:
2345:
where they write out the name of their preferred candidate (if it is not listed).
3330:
3314:
3245:
2984:
2524:
2447:
takes place in public and is commonly done by a show of hands. An example is the
2298:
2059:
2020:
sometimes less than 50%, and the rules for participation in the runoff may vary.
2012:
1996:
1890:
system and votes (and elections) are organized about four times a year; here, to
1841:
1574:
1407:
1262:
1227:
1148:
1059:
962:
885:
827:
705:
674:
664:
591:
574:
510:
436:
390:
88:
3080:
2893:"Research on Voting Advice Applications: State of the Art and Future Directions"
2269:
systems, to informal noting which outcome seems to be preferred by more people.
1929:; more than one but fewer than are being elected in a multiple-member district (
3279:
2979:
2640:
2599:
2549:
2534:
2396:
2386:
2357:
2284:
1968:
1930:
1907:
1844:
but voting can also be done remotely by mail or using internet voting (such as
1712:
1444:
1384:
1369:
1180:
1049:
1024:
875:
535:
479:
284:
279:
224:
219:
3324:
3276:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 216–217.
3261:
3124:
3018:
2826:
2712:
2619:
2604:
2574:
2519:
2448:
2440:
2428:
2157:
2016:
1899:
1883:
1830:
1453:
1153:
941:
779:
742:
717:
632:
550:
545:
205:
181:
176:
98:
2694:
From
Majority Rule to Inclusive Politics: Electing a Power-Sharing Coalition
1936:
Different voting systems require different levels of support to be elected.
3283:
2544:
2504:
2491:
2452:
2262:
2237:
2139:
1716:
1193:
957:
950:
880:
627:
611:
559:
450:
441:
416:
196:
161:
2692:
729:
2609:
2032:
1964:
1763:
1751:
are governments where the population chooses representatives by voting.
1641:
1071:
1029:
972:
917:
601:
484:
464:
191:
3309:
1874:
1569:
659:
2579:
2564:
2484:
2480:
2362:
2189:
2153:
2115:
1802:
In a democracy, the government is elected by the people who vote in an
1708:
1681:
459:
327:
151:
111:
3294:
The
Canadian Museum of Civilization — A History of the Vote in Canada
3228:
2917:
3223:
2908:
2860:"Predicting Elections from Biographical Information about Candidates"
2370:
1848:). Voting is voluntary in some countries, like the UK, but it may be
1767:
1039:
1034:
107:
3238:
1891:
3155:
2933:
2892:
2589:
2209:
2099:
1980:
1882:, without the need to register, every citizen receives at home the
1803:
1791:
1744:
1743:, a document used by people to formally express their preferences.
1732:
1290:
360:
2348:
2217:
can increase political knowledge enabling to cast informed votes.
2073:, such as those used in Australia and Ireland, use a ranked vote.
2464:
1787:
1076:
2839:
2366:
2338:
1903:
1740:
1736:
1661:
1581:
79:
1670:
2233:
2755:"The 'No Land, No House, No Vote campaign still on for 2009"
62:
3265:
3250:
2130:
voters wanted to (campaign and) vote for a seventh option.
2787:. Anti-Eviction Campaign. 12 December 2005. Archived from
3160:
2697:(1st ed.). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
2356:
An alternative method that is still paper-based known as
3239:
A New Nation Votes: American Elections Returns 1787-1825
2431:, where voters are sent a ballot and return it by post.
2313:"Voting method" redirects here. Not to be confused with
3254:
2671:"Councillor Toronto Election 2014 Poll By Poll Results"
2585:
Right of expatriates to vote in their country of origin
2126:. Australia ranked second with dozens of referendums.
1715:
in Brazil, a sign at a United States voting location,
30:"Vote" and "Voter" redirect here. For other uses, see
3298:
2451:
system in Switzerland, which is still in use in the
2419:: it was first used in their 2005 local elections.
1995:Alternatives to First-past-the-post voting include
3011:
2858:Graefe, Andreas & Armstrong, J. Scott (2010).
2980:"Ask the Rabbis | Are We Commanded to Vote?"
2785:"IndyMedia Presents: No Land! No House! No Vote!"
2734:Presses Polytechniques et Universitaires romandes
3322:
2890:
2857:
1979:due to electing candidates that do not support
2842:"Predicting Elections from Politicians' Faces"
3219:An Excerpt From The Voting Rights Act of 1965
3046:"Statistics about Internet Voting in Estonia"
2272:
1829:All modern liberal democracies use voting by
1617:
682:
3255:National Association of Secretaries of State
2094:STV uses single ranked votes; block voting (
3278:This contains a brief history of voting in
1790:, voting is generally confined to periodic
391:Parallel voting (Mixed member majoritarian)
3119:. Agence France-Presse. 30 November 2016.
2931:
2251:
2185:and various anarchist-oriented movements.
1624:
1610:
689:
675:
356:Mixed single vote (positive vote transfer)
294:Proportional and semi-proportional systems
2916:
2891:Garzia, Diego; Marschall, Stefan (2016).
2615:Voting methods in deliberative assemblies
2365:. The same system is also implemented in
2337:The most common voting method uses paper
2279:Voting methods in deliberative assemblies
2199:
2102:positions such as on some city councils.
2028:but using only a single round of voting.
3260:
3229:A history of voting in the United States
2347:
2324:
1873:
2690:
14:
3323:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3013:"Illiterate voters: Making their mark"
2320:
2728:Bruno S. Frey et Claudia Frey Marti,
2183:Zapatista Army of National Liberation
2992:from the original on 9 February 2023
2301:—use several methods when voting on
1855:
1699:Clockwise from top left: ballot for
3151:"Voting with marbles in The Gambia"
3111:"Gambia vote a roll of the marbles"
3068:
2168:Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign
27:Method to make collective decisions
24:
3167:from the original on 20 March 2023
3081:"Gambians vote with their marbles"
2960:from the original on 20 March 2023
2932:Leibenluft, Jacob (28 June 2008).
2220:
1731:refers to the process of choosing
728:
251:Plurality and majoritarian systems
25:
3352:
3183:
3131:from the original on 28 June 2018
3091:from the original on 19 June 2019
3026:from the original on 5 April 2014
2765:from the original on 3 April 2008
2730:Le bonheur. L'approche Ă©conomique
2684:
2651:from the original on 19 June 2019
2380:
2369:. The system is used commonly in
2308:
1983:. To understand why a race using
361:Scorporo (negative vote transfer)
3308:
3190:
2474:
2422:
2410:
1689:
1680:
1669:
1660:
1649:
1640:
1593:
1580:
1568:
1516:McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem
1162:Semi-proportional representation
794:First preference plurality (FPP)
658:
61:
3143:
3103:
3038:
3004:
2972:
2946:
2925:
2884:
2133:
2076:In a voting system that uses a
2065:In a voting system that uses a
2851:
2833:
2795:
2777:
2747:
2719:
2663:
2633:
2434:
2147:
2109:
1919:Single non-transferable voting
1852:in others, such as Australia.
1840:Voting often takes place at a
1797:
1554:Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem
1511:Moulin's impossibility theorem
1476:Conflicting majorities paradox
366:Mixed ballot transferable vote
13:
1:
3288:Electoral system s.v. History
2819:10.1111/1541-1338.t01-1-00011
2626:
2050:In a voting system that uses
1806:: a way for an electorate to
1380:Frustrated majorities paradox
2399:, which may be manual (e.g.
1549:Condorcet dominance theorems
1489:Social and collective choice
643:End-to-end verifiable voting
303:Single non-transferable vote
7:
2560:Proportional representation
2497:
2164:No Land! No House! No Vote!
2005:proportional representation
1215:By mechanism of combination
986:Proportional representation
501:Voting patterns and effects
10:
3357:
2384:
2329:Young woman's first vote.
2312:
2276:
2273:In deliberative assemblies
2215:Voting advice applications
2151:
2137:
2062:uses such multiple votes.
1985:First-past-the-post voting
1961:First-past-the-post voting
1946:First-past-the-post voting
1942:First-past-the-post voting
1923:Single transferable voting
1915:First-past-the-post voting
1859:
1749:representative democracies
1413:Multiple districts paradox
1144:Fractional approval voting
1132:Interactive representation
323:Single transferable voting
260:First-past-the-post voting
29:
3050:Vabariigi Valimiskomisjon
2813:(2): 343–344. June 2003.
2807:Review of Policy Research
2515:Democratic mundialization
2188:It is possible to make a
2176:Landless Peoples Movement
2096:Plurality-at-large voting
1360:Paradoxes and pathologies
1209:Mixed-member proportional
1204:Mixed-member majoritarian
1199:By results of combination
1090:Approval-based committees
516:Voting advice application
346:Mixed-member proportional
275:Plurality-at-large voting
2352:Ballot letters in Israel
1539:Condorcet's jury theorem
1340:Double simultaneous vote
1315:Rural–urban proportional
1310:Dual-member proportional
1272:
1261:
1228:Parallel (superposition)
1120:Fractional social choice
1107:Expanding approvals rule
936:
921:
906:
837:
826:
802:
381:Rural–urban proportional
376:Dual-member proportional
351:Additional member system
3341:Parliamentary procedure
3273:Encyclopædia Britannica
3233:Smithsonian Institution
2954:"Statement of Doctrine"
2691:Emerson, Peter (2016).
2295:parliamentary procedure
2291:Deliberative assemblies
2252:Meetings and gatherings
2086:cardinal voting systems
1466:Tyranny of the majority
1243:Fusion (majority bonus)
1060:Quota-remainder methods
2510:Cosmopolitan democracy
2353:
2334:
2206:University of Michigan
2200:Voting and information
2056:Plurality block voting
1990:Plurality block voting
1977:political polarization
1927:Plurality block voting
1895:
1866:Social choice function
1758:call these procedures
1701:a referendum in Panama
1600:Mathematics portal
1506:Majority impossibility
1495:Impossibility theorems
1291:Negative vote transfer
1112:Method of equal shares
733:
531:Passive electioneering
432:Straight-ticket voting
36:Voter (disambiguation)
3087:. 22 September 2006.
2897:Policy & Internet
2759:Abahlali baseMjondolo
2570:Ranked voting systems
2555:Presidential election
2457:Appenzell Innerrhoden
2427:Many countries allow
2351:
2328:
2172:Abahlali baseMjondolo
2098:) are often used for
2071:Ranked voting systems
2009:instant-runoff voting
1950:Instant-runoff voting
1877:
1719:on a man's finger in
1403:Best-is-worst paradox
1392:Pathological response
1127:Direct representation
780:Single-winner methods
732:
386:Majority bonus system
371:Alternative Vote Plus
270:Instant-runoff voting
32:Vote (disambiguation)
3244:25 July 2008 at the
2395:Machine voting uses
2242:Assemblies of Yahweh
2045:Modified Borda Count
1786:organizations, like
1780:social choice theory
1756:Political scientists
1587:Economics portal
1534:Median voter theorem
753:Comparative politics
337:Mixed-member systems
2331:Cooktown, Australia
2321:Paper-based methods
2230:Jehovah's Witnesses
1772:social choice rules
1575:Politics portal
1286:Vote linkage system
1257:Seat linkage system
844:Ranked-choice (RCV)
665:Politics portal
427:Split-ticket voting
2872:on 5 November 2011
2595:Right to candidacy
2540:Mandate (politics)
2354:
2335:
2041:Quota Borda System
1896:
1707:, women voting in
1471:Discursive dilemma
1430:Lesser evil voting
1305:Supermixed systems
1008:Largest remainders
866:Round-robin voting
734:
638:Voter registration
597:Voter intimidation
121:Write-in candidate
94:Provisional ballot
2791:on 25 April 2009.
2742:978-2-88915-010-6
2704:978-3-319-23500-4
2439:In contrast to a
2391:Electronic voting
2375:primary elections
2293:—bodies that use
2267:audience response
2244:, and some other
2194:none of the above
2026:exhaustive ballot
1856:Electoral systems
1835:political privacy
1776:welfare economics
1760:electoral systems
1705:a French election
1703:, ballot box for
1634:
1633:
1521:Gibbard's theorem
1461:Dominance paradox
1398:Perverse response
1102:Phragmen's method
968:Majority judgment
896:Positional voting
854:Condorcet methods
722:electoral systems
699:
698:
650:
649:
607:Voter suppression
587:Ballot harvesting
565:
564:
526:Paradox of voting
492:
491:
475:None of the above
407:Voting strategies
398:
397:
308:Cumulative voting
242:Electoral systems
232:
231:
167:Electronic voting
157:Compulsory voting
16:(Redirected from
3348:
3313:
3312:
3304:
3277:
3269:
3194:
3193:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3077:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3056:on 22 March 2011
3052:. Archived from
3042:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3022:. 5 April 2014.
3015:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2909:10.1002/poi3.140
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2871:
2865:. Archived from
2864:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2751:
2745:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2675:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2637:
2530:Electoral system
2315:Electoral system
2246:religious groups
2226:Christadelphians
1973:two-party system
1959:Side effects of
1938:Plurality voting
1888:direct democracy
1862:Electoral system
1820:Direct democracy
1711:, an electronic
1693:
1684:
1673:
1664:
1653:
1644:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1598:
1597:
1585:
1584:
1573:
1572:
1528:Positive results
1423:Strategic voting
1320:Majority jackpot
1277:
1266:
1137:Liquid democracy
1013:National remnant
1003:Highest averages
940:
925:
910:
842:
833:Alternative vote
831:
815:Partisan primary
807:
748:Mechanism design
701:
700:
691:
684:
677:
663:
662:
581:
580:
541:Political apathy
505:
504:
470:Election boycott
411:
410:
265:Two-round system
247:
246:
76:
75:
65:
43:
42:
21:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3307:
3299:
3246:Wayback Machine
3215:
3214:
3213:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3180:
3170:
3168:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3134:
3132:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3094:
3092:
3079:
3078:
3069:
3059:
3057:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3029:
3027:
3010:
3009:
3005:
2995:
2993:
2985:Moment Magazine
2978:
2977:
2973:
2963:
2961:
2952:
2951:
2947:
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2926:
2889:
2885:
2875:
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2869:
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2844:
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2800:
2796:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2768:
2766:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2705:
2689:
2685:
2678:City of Toronto
2673:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2654:
2652:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2525:Electoral fraud
2500:
2477:
2437:
2425:
2413:
2397:voting machines
2393:
2385:Main articles:
2383:
2323:
2318:
2311:
2281:
2275:
2254:
2234:Old Order Amish
2223:
2221:Religious views
2202:
2160:
2152:Main articles:
2150:
2142:
2136:
2112:
2060:Approval voting
2013:approval voting
1997:approval voting
1868:
1860:Main articles:
1858:
1850:required by law
1842:polling station
1800:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1717:election inking
1696:
1695:
1694:
1686:
1685:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1666:
1665:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1646:
1645:
1630:
1592:
1591:
1579:
1567:
1559:
1558:
1525:
1501:Arrow's theorem
1491:
1481:
1480:
1449:
1419:
1408:No-show paradox
1389:
1375:Cloning paradox
1365:Spoiler effects
1362:
1352:
1351:
1326:
1213:
1196:
1186:
1185:
1158:
1149:Maximal lottery
1116:
1097:Thiele's method
1086:
1056:
988:
978:
977:
963:Approval voting
951:Cardinal voting
947:
892:
886:Maximal lottery
850:
782:
772:
695:
657:
652:
651:
592:Ballot stuffing
578:
575:Electoral fraud
567:
566:
511:Coattail effect
502:
494:
493:
437:Tactical voting
408:
400:
399:
313:Binomial system
244:
234:
233:
112:Ballot measures
89:Absentee ballot
73:
48:Politics series
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3354:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3318:
3317:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3280:Ancient Greece
3264:, ed. (1911).
3262:Chisholm, Hugh
3258:
3248:
3236:
3226:
3221:
3196:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:External links
3182:
3179:
3178:
3142:
3102:
3067:
3037:
3003:
2988:. 6 May 2016.
2971:
2945:
2924:
2903:(4): 376–390.
2883:
2850:
2832:
2794:
2776:
2761:. 5 May 2005.
2746:
2718:
2703:
2683:
2662:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2600:Vote splitting
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2550:Political base
2547:
2542:
2537:
2535:Gerrymandering
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2476:
2473:
2436:
2433:
2424:
2421:
2412:
2409:
2401:lever machines
2387:Voting machine
2382:
2381:Machine voting
2379:
2358:ballot letters
2322:
2319:
2310:
2309:Voting methods
2307:
2285:keypad polling
2277:Main article:
2274:
2271:
2253:
2250:
2222:
2219:
2201:
2198:
2149:
2146:
2138:Main article:
2135:
2132:
2111:
2108:
2052:multiple votes
1969:vote splitting
1965:waste of votes
1931:Limited voting
1908:Ranked ballots
1902:use different
1900:voting systems
1857:
1854:
1799:
1796:
1764:mathematicians
1713:voting machine
1698:
1697:
1688:
1687:
1679:
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1677:
1668:
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1524:
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1518:
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1492:
1487:
1486:
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1482:
1479:
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1473:
1468:
1463:
1448:
1447:
1445:Turkey-raising
1442:
1437:
1432:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1405:
1400:
1388:
1387:
1385:Center squeeze
1382:
1377:
1372:
1370:Spoiler effect
1363:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1329:By ballot type
1325:
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1191:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1181:Limited voting
1178:
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1053:
1052:
1050:Localized list
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1021:
1020:
1018:Biproportional
1015:
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1005:
989:
984:
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891:
890:
889:
888:
883:
878:
873:
863:
849:
848:
847:
846:
835:
822:Instant-runoff
819:
818:
817:
809:Jungle primary
796:
785:Single vote -
783:
778:
777:
774:
773:
771:
770:
760:
755:
750:
745:
739:
736:
735:
725:
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635:
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622:
621:
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615:
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604:
599:
594:
589:
579:
577:and prevention
573:
572:
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568:
563:
562:
556:
555:
554:
553:
548:
543:
538:
536:Vote splitting
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
503:
500:
499:
496:
495:
490:
489:
488:
487:
482:
480:Refused ballot
477:
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467:
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454:
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285:Usual judgment
282:
280:General ticket
277:
272:
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254:
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236:
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230:
229:
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225:Voting machine
222:
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58:
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26:
9:
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4:
3:
2:
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3311:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3295:
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3274:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3249:
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3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3203:
3199:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3146:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3116:The Telegraph
3112:
3106:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3019:The Economist
3014:
3007:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2975:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2941:
2940:
2935:
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2910:
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2898:
2894:
2887:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2843:
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2828:
2824:
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2812:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2722:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2687:
2679:
2672:
2666:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2632:
2621:
2620:Voting system
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2605:Voter turnout
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2575:Redistricting
2573:
2571:
2568:
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2561:
2558:
2556:
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2548:
2546:
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2538:
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2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2520:Dollar voting
2518:
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2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2495:
2493:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2475:Other methods
2472:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2449:Landsgemeinde
2446:
2442:
2441:secret ballot
2432:
2430:
2429:postal voting
2423:Postal voting
2420:
2418:
2417:online voting
2411:Online voting
2408:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2388:
2378:
2376:
2372:
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2364:
2359:
2350:
2346:
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2332:
2327:
2316:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2297:to arrive at
2296:
2292:
2288:
2286:
2280:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2259:show of hands
2249:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2218:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2184:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2158:Abstentionism
2155:
2145:
2141:
2131:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2107:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2092:
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2074:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2048:
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2034:
2029:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1884:ballot papers
1881:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1831:secret ballot
1827:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1739:by casting a
1738:
1734:
1730:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1683:
1672:
1663:
1652:
1643:
1627:
1622:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1596:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1544:May's theorem
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
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1469:
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1464:
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1456:
1455:
1454:majority rule
1452:Paradoxes of
1446:
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1207:
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1201:
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1195:
1194:Mixed systems
1190:
1189:
1182:
1179:
1175:
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1167:
1166:
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1164:
1163:
1155:
1154:Random ballot
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1150:
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1129:
1128:
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1036:
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998:Apportionment
996:
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987:
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966:
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943:
939:
934:
933:Antiplurality
931:
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872:
869:
868:
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862:
861:Condorcet-IRV
859:
858:
857:
856:
855:
845:
840:
836:
834:
829:
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824:
823:
820:
816:
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797:
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764:
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749:
746:
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743:Social choice
741:
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727:
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723:
719:
718:Social choice
716:
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692:
687:
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680:
678:
673:
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639:
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633:Secret ballot
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560:Protest votes
558:
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551:Voter turnout
549:
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546:Voter fatigue
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451:Protest votes
449:
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428:
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422:Fusion voting
420:
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392:
389:
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379:
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329:
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213:
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210:
207:
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198:
195:
193:
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188:
185:
183:
182:Postal voting
180:
178:
177:Polling place
175:
173:
170:
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165:
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158:
155:
153:
150:
149:
148:
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143:
142:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
118:
117:
116:
113:
109:
106:
105:
100:
99:Sample ballot
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
86:
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81:
78:
77:
69:
68:
64:
60:
59:
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53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3271:
3267:"Vote"
3206:
3205:
3204:profile for
3201:
3169:. Retrieved
3154:
3145:
3133:. Retrieved
3114:
3105:
3093:. Retrieved
3084:
3058:. Retrieved
3054:the original
3049:
3040:
3028:. Retrieved
3017:
3006:
2994:. Retrieved
2983:
2974:
2962:. Retrieved
2948:
2937:
2927:
2900:
2896:
2886:
2874:. Retrieved
2867:the original
2853:
2835:
2810:
2806:
2797:
2789:the original
2779:
2767:. Retrieved
2749:
2729:
2721:
2693:
2686:
2677:
2665:
2653:. Retrieved
2644:
2635:
2545:Opinion poll
2505:Class voting
2492:blackballing
2489:
2478:
2438:
2426:
2414:
2394:
2355:
2336:
2289:
2282:
2263:voice voting
2255:
2238:Rastafarians
2224:
2203:
2187:
2180:
2161:
2143:
2140:Proxy voting
2134:Proxy voting
2128:
2113:
2104:
2093:
2090:
2081:
2077:
2075:
2066:
2064:
2051:
2049:
2038:
2030:
2022:
1994:
1958:
1954:
1935:
1912:
1897:
1869:
1839:
1828:
1824:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1784:
1753:
1728:
1727:
1527:
1526:
1493:
1451:
1450:
1435:Exaggeration
1421:
1420:
1391:
1390:
1364:
1328:
1327:
1296:Mixed ballot
1251:Compensatory
1249:
1222:compensatory
1219:
1214:
1198:
1160:
1159:
1118:
1117:
1088:
1087:
1058:
1057:
1045:List-free PR
990:
958:Score voting
949:
948:
894:
893:
881:Ranked pairs
852:
851:
784:
628:Election ink
612:Voter caging
521:Likely voter
442:Vote pairing
417:Issue voting
215:Popular vote
197:Voting booth
162:Early voting
54:
46:Part of the
40:
3286:; see also
3251:Can I Vote?
2726:(in French)
2610:Voting bloc
2445:open ballot
2435:Open ballot
2210:ideological
2148:Anti-voting
2124:Switzerland
2120:initiatives
2116:referendums
2110:Referendums
2078:scored vote
2067:ranked vote
2033:Droop quota
1880:Switzerland
1798:In politics
1721:Afghanistan
1335:Single vote
1238:Conditional
1233:Coexistence
1082:Quota Borda
1072:Schulze STV
1030:Closed list
973:STAR voting
918:Borda count
602:Vote buying
485:Spoilt vote
465:Donkey vote
192:Vote center
172:Open ballot
3325:Categories
2918:1814/45127
2876:7 December
2769:3 November
2627:References
2580:Referendum
2565:Psephology
2485:illiteracy
2405:electronic
2371:open lists
2363:ballot box
2190:blank vote
2174:, and the
2154:Abstention
2082:range vote
1963:include a
1898:Different
1846:in Estonia
1810:, that is
1770:call them
1768:economists
1709:Bangladesh
1440:Truncation
1169:Cumulative
992:Party-list
767:By country
758:Comparison
620:Prevention
460:Abstention
328:Spare vote
318:Party-list
152:Ballot box
144:Collection
126:Electorate
108:Candidates
3336:Elections
3231:from the
3125:0307-1235
2827:1541-132X
2713:948558369
2299:decisions
2001:two-round
1792:elections
1788:countries
1778:known as
1745:Republics
1733:officials
1347:Dual-vote
1040:Panachage
1035:Open list
1025:List type
903:Plurality
799:Two-round
787:plurality
710:Economics
72:Balloting
3315:Politics
3242:Archived
3171:20 March
3165:Archived
3156:BBC News
3135:20 March
3129:Archived
3095:20 March
3089:Archived
3085:BBC News
3060:20 March
3030:20 March
3024:Archived
2996:20 March
2990:Archived
2964:20 March
2958:Archived
2763:Archived
2736:, 2013 (
2649:Archived
2641:"Voting"
2590:Suffrage
2498:See also
2343:write-in
2100:at-large
2017:majority
1981:centrism
1804:election
1762:, while
1737:policies
1067:Hare STV
706:Politics
704:A joint
206:Counting
187:Precinct
3198:Scholia
2465:Grisons
2453:cantons
2339:ballots
2303:motions
2039:In the
2011:. With
1967:due to
1077:CPO-STV
927:Baldwin
876:Schulze
871:Minimax
789:methods
80:Ballots
3331:Voting
3301:Portal
3224:Voting
3208:Voting
3200:has a
3123:
2825:
2740:
2711:
2701:
2655:9 June
2645:gov.uk
2481:Gambia
2469:Schwyz
2467:, and
2461:Glarus
2367:Latvia
2240:, the
2007:, and
1904:ballot
1816:voting
1812:choose
1741:ballot
1729:Voting
942:Coombs
712:series
136:Ticket
55:Voting
18:Voters
3202:topic
2939:Slate
2870:(PDF)
2863:(PDF)
2845:(PDF)
2674:(PDF)
2443:, an
2403:) or
1892:Berne
1808:elect
1279:'MMP'
1268:'AMS'
220:Tally
131:Slate
3284:Rome
3282:and
3173:2023
3137:2023
3121:ISSN
3097:2023
3062:2023
3032:2023
2998:2023
2966:2023
2878:2011
2823:ISSN
2771:2008
2738:ISBN
2709:OCLC
2699:ISBN
2657:2018
2389:and
2361:the
2156:and
2118:and
2080:(or
1975:and
1971:, a
1921:and
1864:and
1766:and
1747:and
1220:Non-
1174:SNTV
763:List
720:and
708:and
110:and
34:and
3161:BBC
2913:hdl
2905:doi
2815:doi
2479:In
2455:of
2373:or
2265:or
1910:).
1878:In
1735:or
938:el.
923:el.
912:IRV
908:el.
3327::
3270:.
3163:.
3159:.
3153:.
3127:.
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3083:.
3070:^
3048:.
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2228:,
2178:.
2170:,
2088:.
2003:,
1999:,
1917:,
1794:.
1782:.
1274:NZ
1263:UK
839:US
828:UK
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804:US
3303::
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3235:.
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3099:.
3064:.
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