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neighborhood in 2015 to protest housing inequalities throughout the city. Participating members at this event included
Jessica Caponigro, Chiara Galimberti, and Amaranta Isyemille Ramos. In 2017, the group's members from the W.I.T.C.H. Chicago Coven group of 2015-2017 intentionally pulled themselves
385:
expressed criticism over what she saw as W.I.T.C.H.'s "contempt" for those women who were not involved in broader leftist activism. The bridal fair event resulted in negative media coverage for W.I.T.C.H., and some dissension among members over goals and tactics. After the incident, W.I.T.C.H. moved
475:
If you are a woman and dare to look within yourself, you are a W.I.T.C.H.. You make your own rules. You are free and beautiful. You can be invisible or evident in how you choose to make your W.I.T.C.H.-self known. You can form your own Coven of sister
Witches (thirteen is a cozy number for a group)
237:
W.I.T.C.H. is an all-woman
Everything. It's theater, revolution, magic, terror, joy, garlic flowers, spells. It's an awareness that witches and gypsies were the original guerrillas and resistance fighters against oppression – particularly the oppression of women – down through the ages.
343:
repudiating
Firestone's calls for women's liberation groups to divorce themselves from the wider left-leaning social movement in U.S. society. In this letter, it described women's liberation as "part of a general struggle; we are as essential to the movement as it is to us". It further reprimanded
380:
stereotype that the assembled women would be scared of mice. They also condemned what they understood as W.I.T.C.H.'s approach of promoting a message of "we're liberated and you're not" to other women, believing that in doing so they were distancing and alienating themselves from feminism's base
102:
The most significant aspect of W.I.T.C.H. was its choice of central symbol: the witch. By choosing this symbol, feminists were identifying themselves with everything women were taught not to be: ugly, aggressive, independent, and malicious. Feminists took this symbol and molded it - not into the
560:
expressed the view that while W.I.T.C.H. was considered to be "a fringe phenomenon" in the women's movement at the time of its founding, by the end of the seventies, its sentiments were embraced by a larger proportion of feminists, if still a minority within the feminist community.
222:
1968, at which point they adopted the name "Women's
International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell" and its acronym, W.I.T.C.H.. The group changed their name to suit their purposes, albeit retaining the fixed letters of W.I.T.C.H. For instance, during a demonstration against the
576:
which developed in the United States during the 1970s. According to Adler, W.I.T.C.H.'s key assumptions about the nature of witchcraft and its connection to women's liberation continued as the "wellspring" of Dianic Wicca and other forms of feminist-oriented
Paganism.
308:
and cards on which were written the motto: "We Are W.I.T.C.H. We Are Women. We Are
Liberation. We Are We." At the same time they chanted "Nine Million Women! Burned as Witches!" and questioned the women diners on why they were willing to have a man buy them dinner.
149:– in a wider socio-political movement to bring about revolutionary change. Conversely, the radical feminists did not view women's oppression as a symptom of capitalism and wanted women's liberation to remain independent of the wider leftist movement.
238:
Witches have always been women who dared to be: groovy, courageous, aggressive, intelligent, nonconformist, explorative, curious, independent, sexually liberated, revolutionary. (This possibly explains why nine million of them have been burned.)
533:, and embraced a kind of radical feminism that was strongly opposed to "the male left". She later dismissed W.I.T.C.H. as a form of "clownish proto-anarchism" which had not "raised our own consciousness very far out of our own combat boots".
332:' banners – which were emblazoned with the declaration of "Feminism Lives" – and replacing it with "W.I.T.C.H." in crayon. Rumors circulated at the protest that W.I.T.C.H. members had planned to pull the radical feminist speaker
375:
slogan, "confront the warmongers". The protests also involved turning loose several white mice at the event, which fair attendees began scooping up off the ground. Radical feminists criticized W.I.T.C.H. members for reinforcing the
503:
524:
The fluidity and wit of the witches is evident in the ever-changing acronym: the basic, original title was Women's
International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell and the latest heard at this writing is Women Inspired to Commit
629:
out of the public eye to make space for the creation of an anonymous W.I.T.C.H. chapter in
Chicago. They still promote the continuation of the practice of performing rituals to fight against inequality in all of its form.
336:
down from the podium when she had been planned to speak; they disagreed with her vocal criticism of those men who were involved in the leftist movement. After the protest, W.I.T.C.H. members subsequently sent a letter to
424:
headquarters to "hex" the CTA over a proposed transit hike, dancing and chanting. In another instance, W.I.T.C.H. members protested the firing of a radical feminist professor by entering the sociology department of the
49:
during the late 1960s. The W.I.T.C.H. moniker was sometimes alternatively expanded as "Women
Inspired to Tell their Collective History", or "Women Interested in Toppling Consumer Holidays", among other variations.
344:
Firestone for her vocal attacks of men who were part of the movement, stating that "directing ourselves against men ... only reinforces the oppressive pattern of women defining themselves through men".
291:
Subsequent acts of protest conducted by W.I.T.C.H. placed a greater focus on women's issues. The Chicago group staged protests in Chicago after hearing about New York City Actions, including actions at
371:. Wearing black veils, they chanted "here comes the slaves/off to their graves", and posted stickers around the area emblazoned with the statement, "confront the whoremakers", a pun on the common
1289:
227:, the group used "Women Incensed at Telephone Company Harassment". Other examples included "Women Infuriated at Taking Care of Hoodlums" and "Women Indentured to Traveler's Corporate Hell".
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religion which the Christian authorities then sought to suppress. In their manifesto, W.I.T.C.H. propagated the erroneous claim that nine million women had been burned to death during the
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1521:
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146:
176:, or "Yippies", which had been founded in December 1967 and which sought to promote its message by shocking and offending mainstream American sensibilities. Morgan,
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212:
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W.I.T.C.H. declared that any woman could become a W.I.T.C.H. by declaring herself to be one, and that moreover any group of women could form a witches'
73:" alone. Instead W.I.T.C.H. advocated for feminists to ally with a range of left-wing causes, to bring about wider social change in the United States.
300:'s annual conference, and the University of Chicago. In one instance, the group's New York City members entered the legendary restaurant of the era
215:. The women who established W.I.T.C.H. were angry that while a number of male radicals were subpoenaed by HUAC, the female activists had not been.
612:
In 2015, the Chicago chapter was reestablished by three women. Their first action took place in November 2015. Later actions targeted the lack of
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by claiming that those persecuted as alleged witches in European history had been members of a surviving pre-Christian,
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On August 10, 1969, a W.I.T.C.H. group, calling itself Women Incensed at Telephone Company Harassment, gathered at
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continued until roughly the beginning of 1970. In 1969, a Chicago "coven" gathered in an action outside the
207:. Unverified claims have been made that the establishment of W.I.T.C.H. was inspired by the decision of the
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A number of these NYRW politicos then established W.I.T.C.H.; among those involved were Morgan, Florika,
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in the early 1960s, criticizing the contradictions between ideals of radical males and their behavior.
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and do your own actions ... You are a W.I.T.C.H. by saying aloud, "I am a W.I.T.C.H." three times, and
329:
312:
In January 1969, a counter-inaugural protest was organized by various feminist groups, taking place in
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1024:. Keetley, Dawn, 1965-, Pettegrew, John, 1959-. Madison, Wis.: Madison House. 1997. pp. 189–190.
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away from the shock tactics that they had previously employed and instead focused their attention on
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W.I.T.C.H. were a political rather than a religious or spiritual group, however several scholars of
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fairy tale "good witch," but into a symbol of female power, knowledge, independence, and martyrdom.
605:
440:'s testimony by chanting and throwing pills at panel members and people in the audience galleries.
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was also an early member, mentioned in the W.I.T.C.H. documents included in the 1970 anthology
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of the United States during the 1960s, there was a division between the "politicos" and the "
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by carrying out witch-themed political stunts. The group's inaugural action took place on
8:
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58:
1358:
Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-Worshipers and Other Pagans in America
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1403:
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1134:
Sisterhood is powerful: an anthology of writings from the women's liberation movement
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999:
745:
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667:
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Sisterhood Is Powerful: An Anthology of Writings From The Women's Liberation Movement
409:
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257:
66:
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Red W.I.T.C.H., a socialist spin-off of W.I.T.C.H, was created by teaching staff at
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In February 1970, the Washington coven held a protest during a Senate hearing on
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that named themselves after W.I.T.C.H. and took inspiration from their tactics.
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Living in the Lap of the Goddess: The Feminist Spirituality Movement in America
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declined sharply the next day. She also noted that this action emphasized the
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480:. You are a W.I.T.C.H. by being female, untamed, angry, joyous, and immortal.
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109:
54:
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Public women, public words : a documentary history of American feminism
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181:
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84:, W.I.T.C.H. represented forerunners of various forms of feminist-oriented
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138:
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Various scholars have suggested that in embracing the iconography of the
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367:
In February 1969, W.I.T.C.H. members held a protest at a bridal fair at
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1072:"W.I.T.C.H. - The Women's International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell"
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497:
in the late 1960s, who became an important feminist. Yippie co-founder
249:
211:(HUAC) to hold hearings investigating alleged communist involvement in
130:
77:
70:
328:. W.I.T.C.H. members arrived from New York, appropriating some of the
733:
Did It! From Yippie to Yuppie: Jerry Rubin, an American Revolutionary
529:
However, soon after the breakup of W.I.T.C.H., Morgan repudiated her
277:
261:
219:
1323:"How the Socialist Feminists of WITCH Use Magic to Fight Capitalism"
902:"Wicked W.I.T.C.H: The 60s Feminist Protestors Who Hexed Patriarchy"
1303:
530:
517:
453:
134:
38:
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520:" in print in this anthology. Concerning W.I.T.C.H., Morgan wrote:
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condonation of racism and sexism. Members staged a ritual in the
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Members of W.I.T.C.H. Boston holding signs counterprotesting the
585:
398:
1400:
Wicca: History, Belief, and Community in Modern Pagan Witchcraft
1261:"WITCH stages ritual to protest housing inequalities in Chicago"
264:
1968, as W.I.T.C.H. members dressed as witches and marched down
184:
co-founded the group with Kurshan. Other NYRW members, such as
133:, seeking to ally with other leftist causes – such as the
641:
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after they witnessed the W.I.T.C.H. actions in Chicago. Led by
377:
305:
1463:
1381:
Her Hidden Children: The Rise of Wicca and Paganism in America
1282:"Logan Square 'witches' cast a protective—and political—spell"
797:
213:
demonstrations against the 1968 Democratic National Convention
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269:
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and disliking the idea of adopting deliberate shock tactics.
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906:
493:, a child television star in the 1950s and a member of the
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and leaving hair and nail clippings all over the building.
996:
Mass Media and the Shaping of American Feminism, 1963-1975
957:
955:
588:, Red W.I.T.C.H. responded to the patriarchal elements of
1402:. Brighton, Chicago, and Toronto: Sussex Academic Press.
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460:. This claim had originated with the first-wave feminist
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Daring to be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967-1975
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Women's political advocacy groups in the United States
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Socialist feminist organizations in the United States
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have considered them to be partial precursors to the
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And burned at the stake when we stand up to fight.”
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Convicted of conspiracy if we fight for our rights.
35:
Women's International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell
998:. University Press of Mississippi. pp. 63–64.
830:
818:
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252:dominance of society, and according to the scholar
156:(NYRW) split in 1969. The group's main founder was
37:, was the name of several related but independent
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353:We’re convicted of murder if abortion is planned.
164:. Several politicos within the NYRW, most notable
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351:When you mess with women, you’ll be in trouble.
471:. In one of their leaflets, it is stated that:
1428:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
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53:The first W.I.T.C.H. group was established in
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397:in New York to protest working conditions at
192:disagreed, believing in the need to continue
69:that feminist women should campaign against "
248:W.I.T.C.H. were devoted to overthrowing the
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448:In their leaflets, W.I.T.C.H. adopted the
129:and attributed the oppression of women to
65:group. They opposed the idea advocated by
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572:, members of a feminist-oriented form of
489:Members of W.I.T.C.H. included cofounder
286:working-class struggle against capitalism
218:The group was established in New York on
634:2016 United States presidential election
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258:"witty, flamboyant, and theatrical ways"
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1304:"W.I.T.C.H. Chicago Coven, 2015 - 2017"
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458:witch trials in the early modern period
280:'s photographs. Morgan stated that the
82:witch trials in the early modern period
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209:House Un-American Activities Committee
172:, were inspired by the actions of the
27:American Feminist group from the 1960s
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1361:(Revised ed.). London: Penguin.
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61:who had formerly been members of the
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1178:participating institution membership
516:credits Morgan with using the term "
1259:Greene, Heather (31 January 2016).
674:In Our Time: Memoir of a Revolution
57:in October 1968. Its founders were
24:
1292:from the original on 30 July 2021.
1280:Greenberg, Zoe (8 February 2016).
484:
203:, Judy Duffett, Cynthia Funk, and
25:
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1517:Organizations established in 1968
1457:
436:. They interrupted Texas Senator
349:“Double, bubble, war and rubble,
288:more than the feminist struggle.
556:Writing in 1979, the journalist
546:Weather Underground Organization
1383:. Oxford and Lanham: AltaMira.
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536:Other notable members included
276:. This event was documented by
152:W.I.T.C.H. was formed when the
381:constituency. Later historian
326:President of the United States
13:
1:
647:
33:, originally the acronym for
298:American Medical Association
282:Dow Jones Industrial Average
7:
1398:Doyle White, Ethan (2016).
900:McGill, Mary (2016-10-28).
636:, protest groups formed in
444:Understanding of witchcraft
230:
119:women's liberation movement
108:—Religious studies scholar
95:
47:women's liberation movement
10:
1553:
1321:Bess, Gabby (2017-10-02).
1197:. Doubleday & Company.
1136:. New York: Random House.
994:Bradley, Patricia (2003).
595:
544:, who went on to join the
330:New York Radical Feminists
1478:of W.I.T.C.H. actions by
1165:Oxford English Dictionary
551:
531:New Left-aligned politics
513:Oxford English Dictionary
422:Chicago Transit Authority
316:, to demonstrate against
304:, where they distributed
256:, they chose to do so in
174:Youth International Party
158:Youth International Party
139:black liberation movement
18:W.I.T.C.H. (organisation)
606:Boston Free Speech Rally
1443:Eller, Cynthia (1993).
1308:witchchicago.tumblr.com
1170:Oxford University Press
1191:Morgan, Robin (1987).
1052:: CS1 maint: others (
678:. Dial Press. p.
622:Trump administration's
609:
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527:
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154:New York Radical Women
125:". The politicos were
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450:witch-cult hypothesis
427:University of Chicago
395:St. Paul's Churchyard
388:consciousness-raising
369:Madison Square Garden
347:
268:in order to place a "
243:—W.I.T.C.H. Manifesto
235:
194:consciousness raising
100:
41:groups active in the
730:Thomas, Pat (2017).
507:, edited by Morgan.
361:W.I.T.C.H. Hex, 1969
1527:American witchcraft
1493:, October 28, 2021.
1168:(Online ed.).
738:Fantagraphics Books
632:In response to the
478:thinking about that
462:Matilda Joslyn Gage
334:Shulamith Firestone
127:socialist feminists
59:socialist feminists
1469:2011-11-11 at the
862:, pp. 53–54;
717:, pp. 3, 299.
668:Brownmiller, Susan
614:affordable housing
610:
608:on August 19, 2017
434:population control
408:" were founded in
274:financial district
1537:Political theatre
1409:978-1-84519-754-4
1390:978-0-7591-0202-6
1368:978-0-14-303819-1
1176:(Subscription or
1143:978-0-3944-5240-1
964:, pp. 97–98.
794:, pp. 96–97.
416:, and W.I.T.C.H.
410:Chicago, Illinois
302:Max's Kansas City
147:anti-war movement
123:radical feminists
67:radical feminists
16:(Redirected from
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1476:Photographs
1210:, p. .
1208:Echols 1989
1070:(c. 2004).
1068:Freeman, Jo
979:Echols 1989
962:Echols 1989
947:Echols 1989
930:Echols 1989
885:Echols 1989
792:Echols 1989
780:Echols 1989
768:Echols 1989
715:Echols 1989
582:UC Berkeley
542:Naomi Jaffe
266:Wall Street
250:patriarchal
205:Naomi Jaffe
160:co-founder
117:Within the
1501:Categories
1480:Jo Freeman
1447:. Boston:
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1236:Adler 2006
1232:Eller 1993
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1159:"herstory"
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131:capitalism
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262:Halloween
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