1612:
406:
27:
2310:
1623:
2300:
35:
1786:
1040:
2347:
275:) and 3- Disposal. This was heavily criticised because it was putting recycling at the same level of incineration which was coherent with the traditional pro-incineration position from the European Commission. The pressure from NGOs and member states managed to turn the initial non-binding 3-step hierarchy into a quasi-binding 5-step hierarchy.
19:
142:
The
European Union Waste Framework Directive has introduced the concept of life-cycle thinking into waste policies. This duality approach gives a broader view of all environmental aspects and ensures any action has an overall benefit compared to other options. The actions to deal with waste along
295:
The task of implementing the waste hierarchy in waste management practices within a country may be delegated to the different levels of government (national, regional, local) and to other possible factors including industry, private companies and households. Local and regional authorities can be
381:
is a more controversial approach to source reduction that targets and measures reductions in the upstream use of toxic materials. Toxic use reduction emphasizes the more preventive aspects of source reduction but, due to its emphasis on toxic chemical inputs, has been opposed more vigorously by
282:
to its waste legislation, Directive 2008/98/EC, which member states must introduce into national waste management laws. Article 4 of the directive lays down a five-step hierarchy of waste management options which must be applied by Member States in this priority order. Waste prevention, as the
126:
provides an approach to ensure that the best outcome for the environment can be identified and put in place. It involves looking at all stages of a product's life to find where improvements can be made to reduce environmental impacts and improve the use or
237:
The waste hierarchy is a concept of environmental literature and some EU member-states environmental legislation but before the of 2008 was not part of the
European legislation. The waste framework directive of 1975 had no reference to a waste hierarchy.
1469:
394:. The 3 R's represent the 'Waste Hierarchy' which lists the best ways of managing waste from the most to the least desirable. Many of the things we currently throw away could be reused again with just a little thought and imagination.
75:
indicates an order of preference for action to reduce and manage waste, and is usually presented diagrammatically in the form of a pyramid. The hierarchy captures the progression of a material or product through successive stages of
87:
The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of waste. The proper application of the waste hierarchy can have several benefits. It can help prevent
325:
An effective horizontal co-operation between local authorities and municipalities and a vertical co-operation between the different levels of government, local to regional and when beneficial, also at the national level need to
263:
In 1989, it was formalized into a hierarchy of management options in the
European Commission's Community Strategy for Waste Management and this waste strategy was further endorsed in the Commission's review in 1996.
338:
A lack of administrative capacity at the regional and local level. The lack of finances, information, and technical expertise must be overcome for effective implementation and success of the waste management
134:
For example, life-cycle analysis has shown that it is often better for the environment to replace an old washing machine, despite the waste generated, than to continue to use an older machine which is less
229:
the
European Waste Hierarchy is legally binding except in cases that may require specific waste streams to depart from the hierarchy. This should be justified on the basis of life-cycle thinking.
139:. This is because a washing machine's greatest environmental impact is during its use phase. Buying an energy-efficient machine and using low-temperature detergent reduce environmental impacts.
260:
A fundament to the waste hierarchy concept is known as 'Lansink's Ladder', named after the Member of the Dutch
Parliament who proposed it in 1979 to be incorporated into Dutch policy in 1993.
131:
of resources. A key goal is to avoid actions that shift negative impacts from one stage to another. Life cycle thinking can be applied to the five stages of the waste management hierarchy.
177:
giving the products a second life before they become waste. This might involve reusing the product as-is, or reuse with modification, such as repurposing, refurbishing and remanufacture.
122:
and to identify the best environmental options. It can help policy makers understand the benefits and trade-offs they have to face when making decisions on waste management strategies.
287:
and as a last option, safe disposal. Among engineers, a similar hierarchy of waste management has been known as ARRE strategy: avoid, reduce, recycle, eliminate.
185:
any recovery operation by which waste materials are reprocessed into products, materials or substances whether for the original or other purposes. It includes
1526:
112:
and environmentally sound choice but in some cases refining decisions within the hierarchy or departing from it can lead to better environmental outcomes.
1462:
245:(1975/442/EEC) introduced for the first time the elements of the waste hierarchy concept into European waste policy. It emphasized the importance of
2687:
329:
Finding financing for the establishing or upgrading of expensive sustainable waste management infrastructure to address the needs of managing waste
332:
A lack of data available on waste management strategies must be overcome and monitoring requirements must be met to implement the waste programs
517:
335:
The enforcement and control of business plans and practices be established and applied to maximize benefits to the environment and human health
1447:
2385:
804:
68:. To be sustainable, waste management cannot be solved only with technical end-of-pipe solutions and an integrated approach is necessary.
1294:
257:, as a priority. Following the 1975 Directive, European Union policy and legislation adapted to the principles of the waste hierarchy.
655:
362:
Another method of source reduction is to increase incentives for recycling. Many communities in the United States are implementing
2615:
1556:
553:
426:
355:
and other materials by modifying industrial production. Source reduction methods involve changes in manufacturing technology,
108:
for production to manufacture, distribution, use and disposal. Following the waste hierarchy will generally lead to the most
1457:
1304:
739:
566:
1986:
1956:
1571:
1680:
1314:
2682:
2433:
1637:
1632:
92:, reduce pollutants, save energy, conserve resources, create jobs and stimulate the development of green technologies.
700:
1289:
892:
607:
2549:
2378:
2333:
2054:
1551:
64:
from most favourable to least favourable actions. The hierarchy establishes preferred program priorities based on
2443:
2438:
1996:
1354:
1344:
1259:
1109:
859:
2323:
2008:
1452:
1329:
1284:
2574:
2328:
2318:
2220:
2001:
1349:
1309:
1274:
2514:
2029:
1981:
1647:
1642:
1437:
1374:
1364:
382:
chemical manufacturers. Toxic use reduction programs have been set up by legislation in some states, e.g.,
359:
inputs, and product formulation. At times, the term "pollution prevention" may refer to source reduction.
2712:
2697:
2458:
2371:
2340:
1915:
1561:
1531:
1384:
1279:
1269:
1264:
1114:
932:
799:
438:
2610:
2524:
2351:
1936:
1839:
1415:
1389:
1379:
1369:
1339:
1319:
1149:
2677:
2413:
1900:
1432:
1359:
1324:
1299:
444:
242:
226:
156:
2625:
2534:
2473:
1807:
250:
89:
53:
271:
suggested a 3-step hierarchy composed of 1- Prevention and Reuse, 2- Recycling and
Recovery (with
2640:
2630:
2569:
2564:
2509:
2245:
1755:
1673:
1474:
794:
2478:
2453:
2285:
2129:
2084:
1941:
1849:
1184:
777:
2554:
2468:
2074:
2069:
1976:
1971:
1710:
1697:
984:
964:
809:
296:
particularly challenged by the following issues when applying the waste hierarchy approach.
123:
2620:
2559:
2539:
2488:
2428:
2280:
2270:
1822:
1794:
1586:
1334:
1179:
1084:
555:
Guidelines for
National Waste Management Strategies Moving from Challenges to Opportunities
489:
378:
136:
101:
57:
659:
583:
535:
8:
2529:
2230:
2094:
2044:
1991:
1961:
1951:
1946:
1910:
1802:
1705:
1546:
1134:
1054:
999:
897:
884:
852:
837:
450:
268:
2707:
2692:
2605:
2589:
2584:
2394:
2313:
2303:
2174:
2153:
2119:
2064:
1966:
1829:
1715:
1666:
1616:
1591:
1536:
1442:
1231:
1201:
917:
411:
308:
246:
109:
61:
2408:
2299:
2114:
2104:
2049:
1874:
1864:
1812:
1750:
1495:
1425:
1420:
1405:
1196:
1164:
1159:
1139:
1079:
1004:
735:
562:
456:
192:
115:
81:
2650:
2504:
2275:
2265:
2149:
2124:
2024:
1844:
1817:
1765:
1740:
1730:
1725:
1479:
1410:
1251:
1221:
1211:
1169:
1144:
1124:
1119:
959:
927:
922:
902:
876:
727:
420:
367:
363:
348:
301:
204:
163:
119:
77:
2635:
2260:
2225:
2164:
2144:
1905:
1854:
1775:
1745:
1735:
1505:
1241:
1236:
1206:
1104:
1089:
994:
989:
949:
813:
371:
352:
319:
284:
2702:
2519:
2205:
2099:
2079:
1869:
1834:
1627:
1500:
1174:
1154:
1064:
1024:
912:
845:
581:
65:
731:
377:
Source reduction is typically measured by efficiencies and cutbacks in waste.
118:
thinking and assessment can be used to support decision-making in the area of
2671:
2645:
2250:
2240:
2109:
2059:
1920:
1890:
1859:
1770:
1611:
1566:
1226:
974:
756:
698:
673:
405:
383:
312:
105:
824:
22:
The waste management hierarchy starts from prevention and reduction actions.
2210:
2179:
2039:
1510:
1216:
1094:
1074:
1019:
432:
356:
272:
254:
214:
198:
42:
logo. It is sometimes accompanied by the text "reduce, reuse and recycle".
26:
2184:
2134:
2034:
1720:
1541:
1191:
1029:
944:
907:
477:
143:
the hierarchy should be compatible with other environmental initiatives.
2483:
2235:
2189:
2089:
1596:
954:
939:
387:
516:
Hansen, Wenke; Christopher, Maria; Verbuecheln, Maic (December 2002).
283:
preferred option, is followed by reuse, recycling, recovery including
18:
2463:
2363:
2159:
1689:
1576:
1129:
868:
518:"EU Waste Policies and Challenges for Local and Regional Authorities"
462:
218:
39:
551:
2423:
1895:
1785:
1099:
1059:
979:
210:
34:
630:
Directive of the
European Parliament and of the Council on waste.
2448:
2215:
1069:
819:
186:
180:
1039:
480: – Using object intended for one purpose in alternative way
315:
systems for many different waste streams need to be established.
290:
2544:
1014:
969:
533:
468:
391:
2418:
2255:
2139:
1760:
1009:
872:
483:
370:- PAYT) which has been effective in reducing the size of the
171:
128:
1658:
515:
867:
423: – Production model to minimise wastage and emissions
155:
refers to the five steps included in the article 4 of the
800:
Directive 2008/98/EC on waste (Waste
Framework Directive)
608:"Life Cycle Thinking and Assessment for Waste Management"
582:
Waste-to-Energy
Research and Technology Council (2009).
473:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
447: – Prioritising vulnerable sustainable road users
46:
Tool to evaluate processes protecting the environment
721:
401:
699:Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs.
653:
465: – Japanese term translates as "What a waste!"
52:is a tool used in the evaluation of processes that
1527:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
726:. Springer International Publishing. p. 197.
471: – Maintaining a device in working condition
453: – Awareness of ongoing environmental impact
2669:
201:that upgrades the less inefficient incinerators.
605:
267:In the first legislative proposals of 2006 the
38:The three chasing arrows of the international
2379:
1674:
853:
829:
816:article on European Debate on Waste Hierarchy
552:United Nations Environmental Program (2013).
291:Challenges for local and regional authorities
278:In 2008, the European Union introduced a new
322:and disposal facilities must be established.
221:, gasification and other finalist solutions.
492: – Environmentally-beneficial products
2386:
2372:
1681:
1667:
860:
846:
701:"Guidance on Applying the Waste Hierarchy"
536:"Non-Hazardous Waste Management Hierarchy"
724:Fundamentals of Electronic Systems Design
649:
647:
645:
429: – Agency of the European Commission
168:preventing and reducing waste generation.
2616:Earth systems engineering and management
748:
534:Environmental Protection Agency (2013).
511:
509:
507:
80:, and represents the latter part of the
33:
25:
17:
2688:Waste legislation in the European Union
1557:High-level radioactive waste management
805:Directorate General for the Environment
754:
497:
427:Directorate-General for the Environment
2670:
2393:
715:
692:
642:
547:
545:
95:
2367:
1662:
841:
828:
504:
189:and it does not include incineration.
2346:
1572:Sewage regulation and administration
601:
599:
597:
595:
593:
527:
441: – Agency of the European Union
209:processes to dispose of waste be it
542:
435: – Good that has long term use
343:
30:Enhanced version of waste hierarchy
13:
2434:Environmental full-cost accounting
366:for waste disposal (also known as
14:
2724:
788:
590:
146:
2550:Extended producer responsibility
2345:
2309:
2308:
2298:
2055:Extended producer responsibility
1784:
1622:
1621:
1610:
1552:Extended producer responsibility
1038:
757:"Pay-As-You-Throw - Let's Start"
404:
2444:Environmental management system
2439:Environmental impact assessment
1110:Mechanical biological treatment
770:
722:J. Lienig; H. Bruemmer (2017).
100:All products and services have
666:
633:
624:
575:
241:In 1975, The European Union's
1:
2221:Container-deposit legislation
1688:
459: – Supply chain document
251:protection of the environment
90:emissions of greenhouse gases
795:Waste unit in DG Environment
778:"Effective waste management"
654:European Commission (2014).
50:Waste (management) hierarchy
7:
2459:Integrated chain management
1916:Materials recovery facility
1562:History of waste management
439:European Environment Agency
397:
351:involves efforts to reduce
82:life-cycle for each product
10:
2729:
2525:Eco-industrial development
1150:fluorescent lamp recycling
232:
73:waste management hierarchy
2683:Waste management concepts
2598:
2497:
2401:
2294:
2198:
2017:
1929:
1883:
1793:
1782:
1696:
1605:
1519:
1488:
1398:
1250:
1047:
1036:
883:
835:
830:Links to related articles
732:10.1007/978-3-319-55840-0
445:Green transport hierarchy
280:five-step waste hierarchy
243:Waste Framework Directive
227:Waste Framework Directive
174:and preparation for reuse
157:Waste Framework Directive
104:, from the extraction of
2626:Ecological modernization
2535:Ecological modernization
2474:Life-cycle cost analysis
1532:China's waste import ban
153:European waste hierarchy
2641:Sustainable development
2631:Environmental economics
2570:Precautionary principle
2565:Polluter pays principle
2510:Cradle-to-cradle design
2246:Reverse vending machine
893:Agricultural wastewater
680:(in Dutch). 5 June 2014
304:strategy must be set up
54:protect the environment
2611:Design for environment
2479:Material flow analysis
2286:Water recycling shower
2130:Reuse of human excreta
2100:Recycling (ecological)
2085:Material flow analysis
1617:Environment portal
1295:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1185:water recycling shower
656:"EU Waste Legislation"
639:(Directive 75/442/EEC)
43:
31:
23:
2555:Industrial metabolism
2469:Life-cycle assessment
2414:Cost–benefit analysis
2075:Interchangeable parts
2070:Industrial metabolism
985:Municipal solid waste
965:Industrial wastewater
820:Getting to Zero Waste
606:European Commission.
364:variable-rate pricing
124:Life-cycle assessment
102:environmental impacts
37:
29:
21:
2621:Ecological economics
2560:Industrial symbiosis
2540:Efficient energy use
2489:Stakeholder analysis
2429:Ecological footprint
2281:Water heat recycling
2271:Waste management law
1180:water heat recycling
1085:Garden waste dumping
678:Ad Lansink's Website
674:"Ladder van Lansink"
498:Notes and references
490:Sustainable products
379:Toxics use reduction
2530:Eco-industrial park
2231:Ethical consumerism
2165:Urban lumberjacking
2095:Product stewardship
2045:Eco-industrial park
1547:Eco-industrial park
1135:appliance recycling
1055:Anaerobic digestion
1000:Post-consumer waste
898:Biodegradable waste
486: – Using again
451:Life cycle thinking
269:European Commission
96:Life-cycle thinking
2713:Waste minimisation
2698:Industrial ecology
2606:Cleaner production
2590:Waste valorization
2585:Waste minimisation
2454:Input–output model
2395:Industrial ecology
2304:Environment portal
2175:Waste minimisation
2120:Reusable packaging
2065:Industrial ecology
1592:Waste minimisation
1537:Cleaner production
1202:Reusable packaging
1115:Mechanical sorting
918:Construction waste
412:Environment portal
247:waste minimization
110:resource-efficient
62:energy consumption
44:
32:
24:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2658:
2515:Dematerialization
2409:Agent-based model
2361:
2360:
2115:Resource recovery
2105:Refill (campaign)
2050:Ecological design
2030:Dematerialization
1840:Fluorescent lamps
1656:
1655:
1587:Waste legislation
1496:Sanitation worker
1470:London Convention
1406:Bamako Convention
1197:Resource recovery
1165:textile recycling
1160:plastic recycling
1140:battery recycling
1080:Ecological design
1005:Radioactive waste
741:978-3-319-55839-4
662:on 12 March 2014.
584:"Waste Hierarchy"
568:978-92-807-3333-4
457:Material passport
225:According to the
2720:
2678:Waste management
2651:Urban metabolism
2505:Circular economy
2388:
2381:
2374:
2365:
2364:
2349:
2348:
2312:
2311:
2302:
2276:Waste management
2266:Waste collection
2125:Reuse of bottles
2025:Circular economy
2002:Northern Ireland
1788:
1683:
1676:
1669:
1660:
1659:
1625:
1624:
1615:
1614:
1480:OSPAR Convention
1411:Basel Convention
1222:Waste collection
1212:Sewage treatment
1170:timber recycling
1145:bottle recycling
1125:Reclaimed lumber
1120:Photodegradation
1042:
960:Industrial waste
928:Electronic waste
923:Demolition waste
903:Biomedical waste
877:waste management
862:
855:
848:
839:
838:
826:
825:
782:
781:
774:
768:
767:
765:
763:
752:
746:
745:
719:
713:
712:
710:
708:
696:
690:
689:
687:
685:
670:
664:
663:
658:. Archived from
651:
640:
637:
631:
628:
622:
621:
619:
617:
612:
603:
588:
587:
579:
573:
572:
560:
549:
540:
539:
531:
525:
524:
522:
513:
474:
421:Circular economy
414:
409:
408:
368:Pay As You Throw
349:Source reduction
344:Source reduction
302:waste management
137:energy-efficient
120:waste management
78:waste management
2728:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2636:Green chemistry
2594:
2580:Waste hierarchy
2493:
2397:
2392:
2362:
2357:
2290:
2261:Waste-to-energy
2226:Dumpster diving
2194:
2170:Waste hierarchy
2145:Right to repair
2013:
1982:The Netherlands
1937:Rate by country
1925:
1879:
1789:
1780:
1692:
1687:
1657:
1652:
1628:Category: Waste
1609:
1601:
1582:Waste hierarchy
1515:
1506:Waste collector
1484:
1475:Oslo Convention
1394:
1246:
1242:Waste-to-energy
1237:Waste treatment
1207:Right to repair
1105:Landfill mining
1090:Illegal dumping
1043:
1034:
995:Packaging waste
990:Open defecation
950:Hazardous waste
879:
866:
831:
814:Letsrecycle.com
791:
786:
785:
776:
775:
771:
761:
759:
753:
749:
742:
720:
716:
706:
704:
697:
693:
683:
681:
672:
671:
667:
652:
643:
638:
634:
629:
625:
615:
613:
610:
604:
591:
580:
576:
569:
558:
550:
543:
532:
528:
520:
514:
505:
500:
495:
472:
410:
403:
400:
372:municipal waste
353:hazardous waste
346:
293:
285:energy recovery
235:
149:
98:
47:
12:
11:
5:
2726:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2602:
2600:
2599:Related fields
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2575:Rebound effect
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2520:Eco-efficiency
2517:
2512:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2391:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2368:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2343:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2306:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2206:Bottle cutting
2202:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2080:Land recycling
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2006:
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755:Mark Ruzzin.
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106:raw materials
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63:
59:
55:
51:
41:
36:
28:
20:
16:
2579:
2350:
2211:Cogeneration
2169:
2040:Durable good
1581:
1520:Other topics
1511:Waste picker
1438:incineration
1217:Urban mining
1095:Incineration
1075:Durable good
1020:Sharps waste
980:Mining waste
772:
760:. Retrieved
750:
723:
717:
705:. Retrieved
694:
682:. Retrieved
677:
668:
660:the original
635:
626:
614:. Retrieved
577:
554:
529:
433:Durable good
376:
361:
357:raw material
347:
294:
279:
277:
273:incineration
266:
262:
259:
255:human health
240:
236:
224:
215:incineration
199:incineration
152:
150:
141:
133:
114:
99:
86:
72:
70:
49:
48:
15:
2324:by material
2185:Wishcycling
2135:Repurposing
2035:Downcycling
1987:Switzerland
1823:PET bottles
1771:Cooking oil
1756:Refrigerant
1542:Downcycling
1489:Occupations
1458:waste water
1355:Switzerland
1345:South Korea
1335:New Zealand
1260:Afghanistan
1232:Waste trade
1192:Repurposing
1030:Toxic waste
1010:Scrap metal
945:Green waste
908:Brown waste
885:Major types
810:Letsrecycle
762:26 November
684:21 February
478:Repurposing
326:established
300:A coherent
211:landfilling
197:some waste
2672:Categories
2484:MET Matrix
2329:by product
2319:by country
2236:Freeganism
2216:Composting
2190:Zero waste
2090:Precycling
1911:Collection
1901:Blue boxes
1803:Appliances
1597:Zero waste
1399:Agreements
1330:Kazakhstan
1285:Bangladesh
1070:Composting
955:Heat waste
940:Food waste
933:by country
388:New Jersey
309:collection
249:, and the
187:composting
164:Prevention
116:Life cycle
56:alongside
2708:Recycling
2693:Hierarchy
2464:ISO 14000
2160:Upcycling
2154:Green Dot
1942:Australia
1930:Countries
1896:Blue bags
1884:Apparatus
1830:Computers
1813:Batteries
1706:Aluminium
1698:Materials
1690:Recycling
1577:Upcycling
1443:landfills
1433:framework
1426:Recycling
1421:batteries
1350:Sri Lanka
1310:Hong Kong
1275:Australia
1252:Countries
1130:Recycling
1048:Processes
869:Biosolids
463:Mottainai
339:policies.
320:treatment
318:Adequate
307:Separate
219:pyrolysis
40:recycling
2498:Concepts
2424:Ecolabel
2314:Category
2199:See also
2018:Concepts
1977:Mongolia
1972:Malaysia
1875:Vehicles
1865:Textiles
1795:Products
1716:Concrete
1638:Journals
1453:vehicles
1375:Thailand
1365:Tanzania
1100:Landfill
1060:Balefill
703:. gov.uk
398:See also
374:stream.
205:Disposal
193:Recovery
58:resource
2449:EIO-LCA
2352:Commons
1957:Ireland
1818:Bottles
1751:Plastic
1711:Asphalt
1305:Georgia
1280:Belgium
1270:Armenia
1265:Albania
313:sorting
233:History
181:Recycle
2545:Exergy
2150:Symbol
1992:Taiwan
1962:Israel
1952:Canada
1947:Brazil
1845:Lumber
1766:Timber
1741:Gypsum
1731:Energy
1726:Cotton
1721:Copper
1626:
1380:Turkey
1370:Taiwan
1340:Russia
1320:Israel
1290:Brazil
1015:Sewage
970:Litter
875:, and
738:
707:19 May
616:19 May
565:
469:Repair
392:Oregon
390:, and
2703:Reuse
2419:DPSIR
2402:Tools
2341:Index
2256:Waste
2140:Reuse
1967:Japan
1906:Codes
1870:Tires
1860:Ships
1855:Paint
1835:Drugs
1776:Water
1761:Scrap
1746:Paper
1736:Glass
1643:Lists
1633:Index
1360:Syria
1325:Japan
1315:India
1300:Egypt
873:waste
611:(PDF)
559:(PDF)
521:(PDF)
484:Reuse
172:Reuse
129:reuse
1891:Bins
1463:WEEE
1448:RoHS
764:2006
736:ISBN
709:2016
686:2020
618:2016
563:ISBN
311:and
253:and
151:The
71:The
60:and
728:doi
2674::
871:,
812:,
734:.
676:.
644:^
592:^
561:.
544:^
506:^
386:,
217:,
213:,
159::
84:.
2387:e
2380:t
2373:v
2156:)
2152:(
1682:e
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861:e
854:t
847:v
780:.
766:.
744:.
730::
711:.
688:.
620:.
586:.
571:.
538:.
523:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
