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consequences, including the displacement of people and destruction of coastal infrastructure. To address the impacts of climate change, the
Philippine government has taken steps to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to the changing climate. The country has committed to reducing its greenhouse gas emissions by 75% by 2030, which will require significant changes in the energy and transportation sectors. The government is also implementing measures to increase the resilience of the population to the impacts of climate change. These measures include the construction of flood control infrastructure, disaster risk reduction policies, and programs to promote sustainable agriculture.
164:. Compounding these issues, the impacts of climate change, such as accelerated sea level rise, exacerbate the state's high susceptibility to natural disasters, like flooding and landslides. Aside from geography, climate change impacts regions with a history of colonization more intensely than regions without a history of colonization. Colonized regions experience the repercussions of climate change most jarringly "because of their high dependence on natural resources, their geographical and climatic conditions and their limited capacity to effectively adapt to a changing climate." Since
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into the atmosphere. The oceans then absorb the majority of this heat. Sea levels are rising as a result of climate change. This rise is likely to accelerate over the coming century and continue for centuries. The impacts of sea level rise include permanent flooding (inundation) of low-lying areas, and increased frequency, extent and depth of tidal inundation. Sea level rise will also cause most sandy beaches to recede (where beaches will move further inland) and erode.
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reported as being involved in "capture fishing", and fish contributes to 50% of a
Filipinos protein consumption. This fish reliance has contributed to the current overfishing of 70% of Philippine fishing grounds and about 40% of fish caught being done illegally. Coastal communities and local fishers organized themselves to implement sustainable fishing practices and protect fishing grounds from commercial fishing fleets that are destroying marine habitats.
88:, known locally as Yolanda, in 2013 that killed 6,300 people and left 28,689 injured. Congress passed the Clean Air Act of 1999, the Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004, the Climate Change Act of 2009 to address environmental issues. The country is also a signatory to the Paris Agreement. However, research has found that outside of cities, the general public doesn't feel equally informed. Environmental activists and land defenders, consisting mostly of
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426:. Karagatan Patrol ships using VIIRS (visible infrared imaging lure lights) have detected an increase in apparent commercial fishing vessels from 3,602 in February 2020 (before COVID-19 lockdowns) to 5,950 in March, which went back down to 1,666 in May when lockdown eased. These vessels were detected in waters that only allow small artisanal fishermen using passive fishing methods, due to the area being a spawning ground for most fish species.
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surrounding habitat, including coral reefs in the area. This damage is estimated to have cause $ 99.2 billion in losses a year, according to a study by
Rhodora Azanza of the University of the Philippines. As such, average fish yields have been reported to be decreasing. Jimely Flores, a senior marine scientist for Oceana, described the situation saying, "In some dynamited areas, if you dive you don't see any fish at all."
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resources, conservation of biodiversity, rehabilitation of ecosystems, control of population growth and human resources development, inducing growth in rural areas, promotion of environmental education, strengthening citizens' participation, and promoting small to medium-sized enterprises and sustainable agricultural and forestry practices. One of the initiatives signed in part of the strategy was the 1992 Earth Summit.
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80:, like earthquakes, typhoons, and volcanic eruptions. In 2021, the Philippines ranked the fourth most affected country from "weather-related loss events", partly due to the close proximity of major infrastructure and residential areas to the coast and unreliable government support. One of the most devastating
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percent of the harvestable lumber never left the forests but, having been damaged in the logging, rotted or was burned in place. The unsurprising result of these and related policies is that out of 17 million hectares of closed forests that flourished early in the century only 1.2 million remain today.
504:
One of the problems of environmental issues is about the sea level rise. Sea level rise is an increase in the level of the world's oceans due to the effects of global warming. Burning fossil fuels is one of the causes of global warming because it releases carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping gasses
246:
of the
Philippines dropped from 70 percent down to 20 percent. In total, 46 species are endangered, and 4 have been eradicated completely. Only 3.2 percent of total rainforest is left. Based on an analysis of land use pattern maps and a road map, an estimated 9.8 million acres of forests were lost in
168:
have a history of colonialism and resource exploitation, their environment lacks the diversity necessary to prevail against natural disasters. A lack of biodiversity reduces the resilience of a specific region, leaving them more susceptible to natural disasters and the effects of climate change. With
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Republic Act No. 8749, also known as the
Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999, mandates the government to create and implement a national program for preventing and managing air pollution. The law also tasks the government to monitor air quality throughout the country. The Department of Environment and
508:
The
Philippines is experiencing sea-level rise, which is threatening more than 40% of the population that live in coastal areas. The rising sea levels are causing increased flooding, erosion, and salinization of freshwater resources. These impacts have significant economic, social, and environmental
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While most local government units establish a
Material Recovery Facility (MRF), implement segregation at the source, and collect and process all recyclable and biodegradable materials, most of the municipal solid wastes are either disposed in the dump sites or openly burned, which further worsen the
495:
every year. Around 20% of the plastic waste makes its way to the sea. One estimate ranks the
Philippines as the world's third largest producer of oceanic plastic waste. The Pasig River deposits 72,000 tons of plastic into the sea annually, mostly during monsoons, placing it among the world's top 10
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Only 10% of the total population is connected to a sewer network. The vast majority uses flush toilets connected to septic tanks. Since sludge treatment and disposal facilities are rare, most effluents are discharged into the ecosystem without treatment. According to the Asian
Development Bank, the
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Although water resources have become scarce in some regions and seasons, the
Philippines as a whole has more than enough surface and groundwater. However, neglecting to have a coherent environmental policy has led to the contamination of 58% of the groundwater in the Philippines. The main source of
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who have been attempting to bring attention to the environmental issues in the country have been met with violence or murder. As a result, the Philippines has been ranked one of the most dangerous places in the world for environmental activists. It also has one of the highest percentages of climate
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The Philippines formulated the Sustainable Development Strategy to tackle environmental issues and address the need to sustain development and growth. The Sustainable Development Strategy proposes policies for assimilating environmental considerations in administration, apposite pricing of natural
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Commercial fishing is causing environmental problems, exhausting food supply, and threatening livelihoods in the Philippines and around the world. The Philippines has a strong fishing culture due to its historically productive and diverse marine ecosystems. In 2018, 927,617 people were officially
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The government regularly granted logging concessions of less than ten years. Since it takes 30–35 years for a second-growth forest to mature, loggers had no incentive to replant. Compounding the error, flat royalties encouraged the loggers to remove only the most valuable species. A horrendous 40
141:(OCHA), the Philippines is one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world. The archipelago is situated along the Pacific Ocean's typhoon belt, leaving the country vulnerable to around 20 typhoons each year, a quarter of which are destructive. The December 2021 typhoon known colloquially as
512:
In conclusion, climate change is a significant issue in the Philippines that is already causing significant economic, social, and environmental impacts. The country is particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change due to its location and its high population density. The government has
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The Department of Environment and Natural Resources is responsible for creating, supporting, and enforcing policies on environmental protection by the Philippine government. The department is also tasked with ensuring sustainable management of the Philippines' natural resources. The Philippine
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taken steps to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to the changing climate, but much more needs to be done to reduce the impacts of climate change on the country and its people. The Philippines must continue to prioritize climate action to build a more sustainable and resilient future.
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Dynamite fishing, also known as blast fishing and fish bombing, was outlawed in 1932. It is a practice of throwing bombs into the water to kill and stun the fish caught in the blast, and then collecting the fish. The process kills both fish eggs and fish too young to sell. It also destroys the
578:, considered the father of the anti-nuclear movement in the Philippines, to stop the opening of the power plant, which it succeeded in pursuing. The Bataan nuclear project was criticized for being a potential threat to public health and for risks associated with the plant being located in an
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estimated that Typhoon Odette impacted the livelihoods of 13 million people, destroying their homes and leaving them without adequate food or water supplies. More tragically, the physical and economic repercussions of Typhoon Odette led to the death of over 400 people as of December 2021.
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Lagmay, Alfredo Mahar Francisco; Agaton, Rojelee P.; Bahala, Mark Allen C.; Briones, Jo Brianne Louise T.; Cabacaba, Krichi May C.; Caro, Carl Vincent C.; Dasallas, Lea L.; Gonzalo, Lia Anne L.; Ladiero, Christine N.; Lapidez, John Phillip; Mungcal, Maria Theresa Francia (March 1, 2015).
173:, the Philippines is not environmentally nor economically equipped to overcome issues it is currently dealing with, such as natural disasters and climate change. This inability to recover exacerbates the problem, creating a cycle of environmental and economic devastation in the country.
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The anti-nuclear movement campaigned to remove foreign military bases in the Philippines. In 1991, the Philippine Senate voted to reject a new bases agreement treaty with the US, after which Tañada stood up from his wheelchair and was greeted with applause. The US left behind tons of
672:, at least 30 land and environmental defenders were killed in the Philippines in 2018, many of whom were in conflict with private business groups. Kalikasan People's Network for the Environment recorded 46 deaths in 2019. The group said activists have also been harassed, vilified, "
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Environmental Management Bureau (EMB) is responsible for environmental impact assessments, pollution prevention and control, as well as enforcing six main environmental laws in the Philippines. The Philippines has also signed into several international environmental treaties, with
559:. Coalitions argued that American bases in the Philippines perpetuated nuclear threats from other opponent nations of the United States, and that nuclear testing was transpiring in these bases. The nuclear threats and the bases also represented foreign intervention from the
71:
enhanced its extraction of the archipelago's resources for the early modern global market. The Philippines is projected to be one of the most vulnerable countries to the impacts of climate change, which would exacerbate weather extremes. As the Philippines lies on the
134:. All of these impacts together have greatly affected the Philippines' agriculture, water, infrastructure, human health, and coastal ecosystems and they are projected to continue having devastating damages to the economy and society of the Philippines.
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According to Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA), the country produces an average of 41 kilotons of garbage daily with almost 10 ktons/day coming from Metro Manila alone. As of May 2024, there are 296 garbage disposal sites in the Philippines.
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Natural Resources issued Administrative Order No. 81 in 2000 outlining its implementing rules and regulations for the Clean Air Act. It also issued in 2004 Administrative Order No. 2004-26 amending Rule XIX of DENR Administrative Order No. 2000-81.
881:. In contrast, this writ protects one's right for a healthy environment rather than constitutional rights. The Writ of Kalikasan originated in the Philippines, whereas the two aforementioned writs have roots in European and Latin American law.
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Activists in the Philippines have organized activities to call for government action to address climate change. They have protested government policies that have allowed reclamation projects and mining activities and the killing of activists.
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University of British Columbia. "Coral reefs suffering in Philippines despite outlawing damaging fishing practices: New research finds dynamite, poison still common fishing methods." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, March 16, 2018.
67:. Due to the paucity of extant documents, a complete history of land use in the archipelago remains unwritten. However, relevant data shows destructive land use increased significantly in the eighteenth century when Spanish
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Republic Act No. 9003 or the "Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000" provides for a solid waste management program. It orders the adoption of sanitary landfills and the closure of dangerous open dump sites.
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by organizing protest actions in different parts of the country. Youth activists have also protested the building of coal energy plants and their funding by multinational banks such as Standard Chartered.
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Bille Larsen, Peter; Le Billon, Philippe; Menton, Mary; Aylwin, José; Balsiger, Jörg; Boyd, David; Forst, Michel; Lambrick, Fran; Santos, Claudelice; Storey, Hannah; Wilding, Susan (December 1, 2020).
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issue of sea level rise in the sea level https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/philippines/impacts-sea-level-rise/topic/the issue of sea level rise in the sea level
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Upon signing the 1992 Earth Summit, the government of Philippines has been constantly looking into many different initiatives to improve the environmental aspects of the country.
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after its withdrawal and anti-nuclear campaigners provides assistance for the bases' cleanup. The former bases are now profitable tourist sites in the Philippines, such as the
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Liu, Dawning S.; Iverson, Louis R.; Brown, Sandra (1993). "Rates and Patterns of Deforestation in the Philippines: Application of Geographic Information System Analysis".
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863:, which states that the "state shall protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature."
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industries. The national government recognized the problem and since 2004 has sought to introduce sustainable water resources development management (see below).
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Air pollution causes significant health and economic problems in the Philippines. An estimated 66,000 deaths annually have been directly linked to air pollution.
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which has been used to resettle families that lived along the coast in informal settlements and had no access to safe water supply and sanitation facilities.
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It is estimated that in 2025, water availability will be marginal in most major cities and in 8 of the 19 major river basins. Besides severe health concerns,
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stated that the "continued targeting of journalists reporting on environmental issues represents a particularly concerning trend for freedom of expression."
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1013:"Endogenous exacerbation of an exogenous problem: climate change, environmental degradation, and unsustainable development practices in the Philippines"
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are fishing methods that cause extensive damage to coral reefs. These practices are major threats to Philippine marine life and ecosystems.
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The Philippines is sometimes considered the most dangerous country for environmental activists. According to environmental watchdog
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pollution is untreated domestic and industrial wastewater. Only one third of Philippine river systems are considered suitable for public
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offered to negotiate to rehabilitate the plant. Opposition to the nuclear plant immediately responded and quickly raised concerns on
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caused around a billion dollars (₱51.8 billion) in infrastructure and agricultural damages and displaced about 630,000 people. The
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In addition to the Philippines' close proximity to the Pacific Ocean's typhoon belt, the Philippines is also located within the "
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The movement continues to face challenges as attempts have been made to open the abandoned Bataan Nuclear Power Plant. In 2017
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is one of the most polluted rivers in the world with 150 tons of domestic waste and 75 tons of industrial waste dumped daily.
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Environmental groups have asked Congress to pass a Human Rights Defenders Bill to help protect activists and their families.
89:
2428:"Case Study of Sustainable Sanitation Projects: Constructed Wetland for a Peri-Urban Housing Area Bayawan City, Philippines"
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Bollettino, Vincenzo; Alcayna-Stevens, Tilly; Sharma, Manasi; Dy, Philip; Pham, Phuong; Vinck, Patrick (January 1, 2020).
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Global Climate Risk Index 2021 Who Suffers Most Extreme Weather Events? Weather-Related Loss Events in 2019 and 2000-2019
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La Viña, Antonio GM; Tan, Joyce Melcar; Guanzon, Teresa Ira Maris; Caleda, Mary Jean; Ang, Lawrence (January 1, 2018).
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628:, safety and health issues, reliance on imported uranium, the high cost of decommissioning, and other adverse effects.
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Perez, Rosa T.; et al. (August 1999), "Climate Change Impacts and Responses in the Philippines Coastal Sector",
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1509:"Understanding and responding to the environmental human rights defenders crisis: The case for conservation action"
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1101:, Environmental Science and Technology Library, vol. 10, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 141–156,
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1470:"Navigating a trilemma: Energy security, equity, and sustainability in the Philippines' low-carbon transition"
1375:"Climate change, neoauthoritarianism, necropolitics, and state failure: the Duterte regime in the Philippines"
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Agaton, Casper Boongaling; Guno, Charmaine Samala; Villanueva, Resy Ordona; Villanueva, Riza Ordona (2020).
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is having serious impacts in the Philippines such as increased frequency and severity of natural disasters,
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is tasked with implementing the Clean Air Act of 1999 to monitor and prevent air pollution in the country.
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2060:"Anthropogenic Modification of Forests Means only 40% of Remaining Forests Have High Ecosystem Integrity"
1870:"Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999, Republic Act No. 8749. | UNEP Law and Environment Assistance Platform"
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258:, short-sighted policies by the Filipino government have contributed to the high rate of deforestation:
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is one of the world's most polluted rivers, running through the capital city of Manila. In March 2008,
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Commercial fishing vessels have used cyanide to stun and capture coral reef fish in the Philippines.
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3397:"UNESCO Director-General condemns killing of journalist Cresenciano Bunduquin in the Philippines"
2321:"Many at risk of contracting diseases from the poorly managed wastewater of 26 million Filipinos"
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facilities and terminate the presence of American military bases, which were believed to house
2998:
1269:"Public perception of climate change and disaster preparedness: Evidence from the Philippines"
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Activists have called for higher emission cuts in the Philippines and in developed countries.
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2782:"Economic Analysis of Waste-To-Energy Investment in the Philippines: A Real Options Approach"
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Catanes, Nica Cellini; Ahmed, Nabeel; Bentrad, Nejma; Kumari, Navodita (November 17, 2023).
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3212:"Youth climate activists are back with new, sharper demands for countries and corporations"
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2974:"Southeast Asia's Nuclear Energy Future in the Spotlight With Philippines Debate Revival"
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1896:"Secondary Forests in the Philippines: Formation and Transformation in the 20th Century"
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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A Real Options Approach to Renewable and Nuclear Energy Investments in the Philippines
2849:"Focus - The Philippines' plastic problem: waterways polluted by single-use packaging"
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protecting species from overexploitation due to international trade, and ratified the
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2550:"Challenges and Opportunities for a Sustainable Seafood Movement in the Philippines"
1707:"Climate Change, Weak States and the "War on Terrorism" in South and Southeast Asia"
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2617:"Lockdown Allowed Illegal Fishing to Spike in Philippines, Satellite Data Suggest"
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Eradicating ecocide: laws and governance to prevent the destruction of our planet
3237:"The Philippines Identified as the Deadliest Country for Environmental Activists"
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1194:, Springer Geography, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 779–829,
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973:, Springer Geography, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 779–829,
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3497:"Philippine Strategy for Sustainable Development Part I: A Conceptual Framework"
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1814:"Estimating the Health & Economic Cost of Air Pollution in the Philippines"
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2756:"Has the Philippines created a garbage problem too big to dig its way out of?"
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United Nations Environmental Programme-Law and Environment Assistance Platform
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Journalists reporting on the environment have also been threatened or killed.
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serving about 700 households was completed in 2006 in a peri-urban area of
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Myllyvirta, Lauri; Thieriot, Hubert; Suarez, Isabella (February 6, 2023).
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Cultures of disaster : society and natural hazards in the Philippines
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2689:"In the Philippines, Dynamite Fishing Decimates Entire Ocean Food Chains"
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375:
142:
3656:
Plundering Paradise: The Struggle for the Environment in the Philippines
2036:
1964:"The State, Illegal Logging, and Environmental NGOs, in the Philippines"
1798:
1756:
1750:
1748:
1738:
1706:
1700:
1698:
1689:
1628:
1626:
566:
A focal point for protests in the late 1970s and 1980s was the proposed
3692:
2239:
1781:
1554:
1552:
1525:
1508:
788:
759:
579:
488:
157:
56:
4703:
1598:
1137:"Figure 1. The economy has been volatile but also resilient to shocks"
271:
mean score of 5.91/10, ranking it 91st globally out of 172 countries.
251:
occurs in the Philippines and intensifies flood damage in some areas.
3167:"It Was The Deadliest Year Ever For Land And Environmental Activists"
2028:
1745:
1695:
1680:
1623:
603:
44:
28:
3337:"Killings of Environmental Defenders on the Rise in the Philippines"
2900:"Philippines raises carbon emission reduction target to 75% by 2030"
2520:
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources On-Line Information System
1986:"Illegal Logging a Major Factor in Flood Devastation of Philippines"
1722:
1549:
2345:
774:
664:
Extrajudicial killings and forced disappearances in the Philippines
590:, thus implicating multiple economic centers and regional sectors.
318:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3302:"Threats, Raids and Murders Stalk Filipino Environment Activists"
1506:
1266:
938:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
621:
395:
367:
363:
81:
3133:"Philippines' youth call for systemic change at climate protest"
1610:"Information on Disaster Risk Reduction of the Member Countries"
3268:"Philippines is Deadliest Country for Defenders of Environment"
2677:<www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/03/180316100307.htm>.
2425:
2397:"Manila Water to Build P105-M Sewage Treatment Plant in Taguig"
1580:
868:
680:
387:
3584:
2779:
1330:. Vera Künzel, Laura Schäfer, Germanwatch Körperschaft. Bonn.
586:. The power plant was also less than 180 kilometers away from
324:
Pasig River in Manila, one of the world's most polluted rivers
4637:
4454:
3602:. No. Wednesday, September 17. Philippine Daily Inquirer
3471:
International Environmental Agreements (IEA) Database Project
3046:"Philippines looking at nuclear revival to meet energy needs"
2584:"40% of Fish Caught in PH Comes from Illegal Fishing – USAID"
711:
1560:"Climate Change Risk in the Philippines: Country Fact Sheet"
491:
calculations, the Philippines generates 2.7 million tons of
2653:"Southeast Asia's Fisheries Near Collapse from Overfishing"
1607:
649:
Philippine youth activists have participated in the global
3367:"The Dangers of Environmental Activism in the Philippines"
2996:
2846:
1419:
1093:
Uitamo, Elina (1996), Palo, Matti; Mery, Gerardo (eds.),
27:
Today, environmental problems in the Philippines include
3467:"MEAs to Which Philippines Has Taken Membership Actions"
3186:"LIST: Mobilizations for 2019 Philippine climate strike"
3000:
Asia's Environmental Movements: Comparative Perspectives
2822:"Philippines: Plastics Circularity Opportunities Report"
2057:
2015:
Mathews, Jessica Tuchman (1989). "Redefining Security".
1992:. Agence France-Presse. December 1, 2004. Archived from
1840:"Pollution costs P4.5 trillion, 66,000 lives every year"
1811:
1099:
Sustainable Forestry Challenges for Developing Countries
676:," and labeled as terrorists or "enemies of the state."
1467:
422:
COVID-19 lockdowns seem to have allowed an increase in
2166:
139:
UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
3681:
Kasarinlan: Philippine Journal of Third World Studies
3562:"UN Conference on Environment and Development (1992)"
3535:. Fifth Urban Research Symposium 2009. Archived from
1968:
Kasarinlan: Philippine Journal of Third World Studies
855:
law that provides protection of one's constitutional
3529:
Climate Change and Urban Planning in Southeast Asia
574:but never operated. The NFPC was formed by Senator
119:
Both floods and droughts are predicted to increase.
3653:
2718:Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (2018).
2651:DeRidde, Kim J.; Nindang, Santi (March 28, 2018).
2051:
1894:Lasco, R. D.; Visco, R. G.; Pulhin, J. M. (2001).
614:, which is a legacy of the anti-nuclear movement.
3600:"In the Know: Writ of kalikasan–Proudly Filipino"
3105:. Germany: Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH. p. 54.
297:may be compromised due to out-of-date information
221:may be compromised due to out-of-date information
5515:
5138:
2875:"We Depend on Plastic. Now We're Drowning in It"
2495:Overfishing in the Philippines – DW – 06/12/2017
2172:"Country Environmental Analysis for Philippines"
1893:
1427:International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction
563:, which was a staunch issue among nationalists.
3427:Department of Environment and Natural Resources
3025:"SUBIC TRAVEL GUIDE with Budget Itinerary 2020"
2461:"Pasig Now One of World's Most Polluted Rivers"
1934:
859:, as outlined in Section 16, Article II of the
700:Department of Environment and Natural Resources
657:
429:
187:Department of Environment and Natural Resources
2760:Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism
2650:
2349:Philippines: Meeting Infrastructure Challenges
1061:Southeast Asia : an environmental history
551:demonstrations were led by groups such as the
242:Over the course of the twentieth century, the
5124:
4719:
3708:
3651:
3597:
2720:"Solid Waste Management in Metro Manila 2018"
1188:"Environmental Challenges in the Philippines"
1006:
1004:
967:"Environmental Challenges in the Philippines"
923:List of threatened species of the Philippines
824:
475:quality of heavy polluted air in the cities.
156:" which makes the country prone to recurrent
96:
3660:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
2346:World Bank Group in the Philippines (2005).
1837:
1423:"Devastating storm surges of Typhoon Haiyan"
496:rivers that bring plastic waste to the sea.
130:, extreme rainfall, resource shortages, and
3677:"The Growth of Philippine Environmentalism"
1818:Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air
704:
644:
5131:
5117:
4726:
4712:
3715:
3701:
2380:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2238:
1838:Subingsubing, Krixia (November 12, 2021).
1358:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1001:
906:List of protected areas of the Philippines
831:
817:
721:
4029:
3299:
2805:
2753:
2686:
2582:Miraflor, Madelaine B. (March 10, 2021).
2547:
2459:De Guzman, Lawrence (November 11, 2006).
2458:
2093:
2083:
1961:
1780:
1757:"Population, Poverty, and Climate Change"
1754:
1679:
1524:
1292:
1057:
965:Boquet, Yves (2017), Boquet, Yves (ed.),
3722:
3525:
3131:Fonbuena, Carmela (September 24, 2021).
3130:
3073:Domingo, Ronnel W. (November 20, 2017).
2971:
2754:Mantaring, Jelo Ritzhie (May 18, 2024).
2581:
2516:"Fish Contribution to the Economy, 2018"
2426:Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (2010).
2117:
2115:
2113:
1323:
626:long-term disposal of highly toxic waste
537:anti-nuclear movement in the Philippines
529:Anti-nuclear movement in the Philippines
521:
317:
114:
5524:Environmental issues in the Philippines
4733:
3620:
3183:
3072:
2162:
2160:
2014:
1928:
1228:
14:
5516:
3473:. University of Oregon. Archived from
3331:
3329:
3327:
3295:
3293:
3184:Velasco, Bianca (September 12, 2019).
3164:
3098:
2872:
2419:
2339:
1579:
1372:
1185:
1092:
1011:Holden, William N. (January 2, 2019).
1010:
964:
408:
39:, threats to environmental activists,
5112:
4707:
3696:
3674:
3652:Broad, Robin; Cavanagh, John (1994).
3265:
3126:
3124:
3122:
2997:Yok-shiu F. Lee; Alvin Y. So (1999).
2749:
2747:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2611:
2609:
2577:
2575:
2543:
2541:
2488:
2486:
2287:. Asian Development Bank. p. 6.
2271:
2206:. Asian Development Bank. p. 8.
2131:. Asian Development Bank. p. 4.
2110:
2058:Grantham, H. S.; et al. (2020).
1864:
1862:
1860:
1704:
1657:
1373:Holden, William (February 24, 2022).
1262:
1260:
1095:"Land Use History of the Philippines"
3300:Aspinwall, Nick (December 6, 2019).
3209:
3165:Neuman, Scott (September 13, 2021).
2284:Asian Water Development Outlook 2007
2245:Philippines Environment Monitor 2003
2203:Asian Water Development Outlook 2007
2157:
2128:Asian Water Development Outlook 2007
1474:Energy Research & Social Science
733:
693:
499:
278:
202:
3343:. December 10, 2019. Archived from
3324:
3290:
3075:"Nuke plant rehab, revival opposed"
2687:Almendral, Aurora (June 15, 2018).
2281:; Asia-Pacific Water Forum (2007).
2200:; Asia-Pacific Water Forum (2007).
2125:; Asia-Pacific Water Forum (2007).
1064:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO.
632:
516:
401:According to a report in 2003, the
247:the Philippines from 1934 to 1988.
24:
3644:
3526:Yuen, Belinda; Kong, Leon (2009).
3119:
3099:Agaton, Casper Boongaling (2019).
2744:
2639:
2606:
2572:
2548:Medenilla, Vina (March 16, 2021).
2538:
2483:
1903:Journal of Tropical Forest Science
1857:
1257:
553:Nuclear-Free Philippines Coalition
539:aimed to stop the construction of
274:
25:
18:Water pollution in the Philippines
5540:
3266:Watts, Jonathan (July 30, 2019).
3003:. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 160–161.
1608:Asian Disaster Reduction Center.
572:ousted President Ferdinand Marcos
109:Climate change in the Philippines
101:
5497:
5488:
5487:
5092:
5083:
5082:
4688:
4687:
4676:
3373:. August 3, 2019. Archived from
2403:. March 18, 2008. Archived from
1761:The World Bank Research Observer
933:
885:
739:This section is an excerpt from
527:This section is an excerpt from
482:
283:
269:Forest Landscape Integrity Index
207:
199:Deforestation in the Philippines
192:
177:
107:This section is an excerpt from
93:change denialists in the world.
3614:
3554:
3519:
3489:
3459:
3449:Environmental Management Bureau
3437:
3423:"Mandate, Mission & Vision"
3415:
3389:
3359:
3259:
3243:. July 30, 2019. Archived from
3229:
3203:
3177:
3158:
3092:
3066:
3038:
3017:
2965:
2918:
2892:
2866:
2840:
2814:
2773:
2711:
2680:
2670:
2508:
2452:
2389:
2313:
2232:
2190:
2008:
1978:
1955:
1887:
1831:
1805:
1585:"About OCHA in The Philippines"
1500:
1461:
1413:
1366:
618:Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power
5529:Environment of the Philippines
5455:British Indian Ocean Territory
5050:British Indian Ocean Territory
2873:Parker, Laura (May 16, 2018).
2807:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115265
2623:. June 7, 2020. Archived from
1317:
1222:
1179:
1129:
1086:
1051:
958:
873:The writ is comparable to the
857:right to a healthy environment
620:Co. Ltd. (KEPCO) and Russia's
455:
362:also leads to problems in the
13:
1:
3210:Pike, Lili (March 20, 2021).
2725:(Infographic). Archived from
1937:Forest Ecology and Management
1391:10.1080/10225706.2022.2029506
1029:10.1080/10225706.2018.1483831
928:
901:Ecoregions in the Philippines
386:plant will be constructed in
342:MT Princess Empress oil spill
5139:Environmental issues in Asia
4182:Business process outsourcing
3675:Magno, Francisco A. (1993).
3627:. London: Shepheard-Walwyn.
1962:Teehankee, Julio C. (1993).
1949:10.1016/0378-1127(93)90158-J
1909:(4): 652–670. Archived from
1200:10.1007/978-3-319-51926-5_22
979:10.1007/978-3-319-51926-5_22
658:Threats to environmentalists
430:Dynamite and cyanide fishing
332:Pollution of the Pasig River
7:
1711:Contemporary Southeast Asia
1447:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2014.10.006
1235:. London: RoutledgeCurzon.
1107:10.1007/978-94-009-1588-6_8
918:Wildlife of the Philippines
894:
570:(BNPP), which was built by
267:The Philippines had a 2018
84:to hit the archipelago was
10:
5545:
2085:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3
1755:Das Gupta, Monica (2014).
1486:10.1016/j.erss.2017.10.039
1192:The Philippine Archipelago
971:The Philippine Archipelago
738:
697:
661:
568:Bataan Nuclear Power Plant
526:
459:
413:
335:
329:
196:
106:
97:Broad Environmental Issues
5483:
5442:
5402:
5144:
5078:
5037:
4997:
4739:
4659:
4578:
4463:
4297:
4288:
4167:
4158:
3974:
3965:
3847:
3838:
3771:
3740:
3731:
2972:Parameswaran, Prashanth.
2325:World Health Organization
1476:. Energy and the Future.
1294:10.1016/j.crm.2020.100250
951:Federal Research Division
338:Marcopper mining disaster
132:environmental degradation
5204:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
4799:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
4086:House of Representatives
3979:Administrative divisions
3501:The Philippine Agenda 21
2355:. Manila. Archived from
1324:Eckstein, David (2021).
867:is a Filipino word for "
705:Environmental protection
651:Youth Strike for Climate
645:Youth Strike for Climate
5465:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
5060:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3621:Higgins, Polly (2010).
1705:SMITH, PAUL J. (2007).
1273:Climate Risk Management
861:Philippine Constitution
722:Sustainable development
390:. The first Philippine
4683:Philippines portal
4227:Science and technology
3445:"Mandates | Functions"
2279:Asian Development Bank
2198:Asian Development Bank
2168:Asian Development Bank
2123:Asian Development Bank
1229:Bankoff, Greg (2003).
1167:Cite journal requires
1058:Boomgaard, P. (2007).
327:
265:
120:
90:Indigenous communities
4638:Sport and martial art
4054:Executive departments
3051:The Financial Express
2064:Nature Communications
1186:Boquet, Yves (2017),
879:writ of habeas corpus
662:Further information:
522:Anti-nuclear movement
330:Further information:
321:
260:
254:According to scholar
118:
5379:United Arab Emirates
4974:United Arab Emirates
4503:Fashion and clothing
4344:Environmental issues
4271:Water and sanitation
4108:Regional Trial Court
3953:World Heritage Sites
3572:on September 2, 2011
3278:on September 4, 2019
2440:on December 14, 2019
2178:on November 11, 2019
1916:on September 3, 2006
1513:Conservation Letters
1145:10.1787/888933338536
557:No Nukes Philippines
547:on Philippine soil.
384:wastewater treatment
171:Spanish colonization
166:low-income countries
154:Pacific Ring of Fire
74:Pacific Ring of Fire
5406:limited recognition
5001:limited recognition
4734:Environment of Asia
4493:Cultural properties
4259:Tourist attractions
3806:Japanese occupation
3598:Inquirer Research.
3542:on October 21, 2012
3455:on August 15, 2021.
3247:on October 24, 2020
2879:National Geographic
2798:2020ApEn..27515265A
2362:on January 29, 2020
2076:2020NatCo..11.5978G
1773:10.1093/wbro/lkt009
1672:1999ClRes..12...97P
1439:2015IJDRR..11....1L
1285:2020CliRM..3000250B
409:Destructive fishing
392:constructed wetland
4508:Historical markers
4366:Indigenous peoples
4242:Telecommunications
4016:Political families
3857:Biosphere reserves
3507:on August 10, 2011
3433:on August 3, 2021.
2693:The New York Times
1526:10.1111/conl.12777
346:Guimaras oil spill
328:
162:volcanic eruptions
121:
5511:
5510:
5448:other territories
5106:
5105:
5043:other territories
4701:
4700:
4655:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4565:Traditional games
4400:Income inequality
4383:Human trafficking
4284:
4283:
4247:Telephone numbers
4154:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4021:Political parties
3994:Foreign relations
3961:
3960:
3834:
3833:
3819:Marcos presidency
3810:Postcolonial era
3634:978-0-85683-275-8
3477:on August 3, 2021
3112:978-3-8325-4938-1
3010:978-1-56324-909-9
2953:Missing or empty
2301:on April 10, 2020
2220:on April 10, 2020
2145:on April 10, 2020
1337:978-3-943704-84-6
1209:978-3-319-51925-8
1116:978-94-009-1588-6
1071:978-1-85109-424-0
988:978-3-319-51926-5
845:Writ of Kalikasan
841:
840:
751:Prerogative writs
741:Writ of Kalikasan
734:Writ of Kalikasan
694:Government policy
683:director general
576:Lorenzo M. Tañada
500:Rising sea levels
382:announced that a
316:
315:
240:
239:
137:According to the
78:natural disasters
76:, it is prone to
53:biodiversity loss
16:(Redirected from
5536:
5501:
5491:
5490:
5460:Christmas Island
5146:Sovereign states
5133:
5126:
5119:
5110:
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5096:
5086:
5085:
5055:Christmas Island
4741:Sovereign states
4728:
4721:
4714:
4705:
4704:
4691:
4690:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4461:
4460:
4415:Overseas workers
4337:Higher education
4295:
4294:
4165:
4164:
4103:Court of Appeals
4059:Executive office
4027:
4026:
3972:
3971:
3845:
3844:
3786:Pre-colonial era
3738:
3737:
3717:
3710:
3703:
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3688:
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3659:
3639:
3638:
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3609:
3607:
3595:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3568:. Archived from
3558:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3541:
3534:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3503:. Archived from
3493:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3451:. Archived from
3441:
3435:
3434:
3429:. Archived from
3419:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3377:on June 25, 2020
3363:
3357:
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3354:
3352:
3347:on July 31, 2020
3333:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3308:. Archived from
3297:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3274:. Archived from
3263:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3233:
3227:
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3224:
3222:
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3201:
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3064:
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3033:
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2962:
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2950:
2944:
2939:
2937:
2929:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2906:. April 16, 2021
2896:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2828:. March 21, 2021
2818:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2751:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2732:on June 28, 2021
2731:
2724:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2699:on July 20, 2021
2695:. Archived from
2684:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2648:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2627:on July 20, 2021
2613:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2594:on July 20, 2021
2590:. Archived from
2579:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2560:on July 20, 2021
2556:. Archived from
2545:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2526:on July 20, 2021
2522:. Archived from
2512:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2490:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2467:. Archived from
2456:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2439:
2433:. Archived from
2432:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2407:on April 9, 2008
2393:
2387:
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2379:
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2369:
2367:
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2354:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2327:. March 21, 2017
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2297:. Archived from
2275:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2258:on March 3, 2016
2257:
2251:. Archived from
2250:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2216:. Archived from
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2174:. Archived from
2164:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2141:. Archived from
2119:
2108:
2107:
2097:
2087:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2029:10.2307/20043906
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1996:on April 4, 2019
1982:
1976:
1975:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1915:
1900:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
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1855:
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1742:
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1693:
1692:
1683:
1681:10.3354/cr012097
1660:Climate Research
1655:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1630:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1569:. February 2017.
1564:
1556:
1547:
1546:
1528:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1379:Asian Geographer
1370:
1364:
1363:
1357:
1349:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1296:
1264:
1255:
1254:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1017:Asian Geographer
1008:
999:
998:
997:
995:
962:
954:
937:
936:
833:
826:
819:
747:
746:
633:Climate movement
584:Bataan Peninsula
582:location on the
580:earthquake-prone
517:Environmentalism
462:Payatas dumpsite
435:Dynamite fishing
311:
308:
302:
295:factual accuracy
287:
286:
279:
235:
232:
226:
219:factual accuracy
211:
210:
203:
41:dynamite fishing
21:
5544:
5543:
5539:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5534:
5533:
5514:
5513:
5512:
5507:
5479:
5447:
5438:
5419:Northern Cyprus
5405:
5398:
5140:
5137:
5107:
5102:
5074:
5042:
5033:
5014:Northern Cyprus
5000:
4993:
4735:
4732:
4702:
4697:
4677:
4675:
4647:
4574:
4543:Public holidays
4459:
4388:Sex trafficking
4280:
4146:
4064:Law enforcement
4025:
3957:
3921:Protected areas
3830:
3799:American period
3767:
3727:
3721:
3691:
3668:
3647:
3645:Further reading
3642:
3635:
3619:
3615:
3605:
3603:
3596:
3585:
3575:
3573:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3532:
3524:
3520:
3510:
3508:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3480:
3478:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3406:
3404:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3380:
3378:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3350:
3348:
3335:
3334:
3325:
3315:
3313:
3312:on July 8, 2020
3298:
3291:
3281:
3279:
3264:
3260:
3250:
3248:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3220:
3218:
3208:
3204:
3194:
3192:
3182:
3178:
3163:
3159:
3149:
3147:
3129:
3120:
3113:
3097:
3093:
3083:
3081:
3071:
3067:
3057:
3055:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3011:
2995:
2988:
2978:
2976:
2970:
2966:
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2952:
2942:
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2931:
2930:
2924:
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2919:
2909:
2907:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2883:
2881:
2871:
2867:
2857:
2855:
2845:
2841:
2831:
2829:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2778:
2774:
2764:
2762:
2752:
2745:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2716:
2712:
2702:
2700:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2671:
2661:
2659:
2657:Asia Foundation
2649:
2640:
2630:
2628:
2615:
2614:
2607:
2597:
2595:
2588:Manila Bulletin
2580:
2573:
2563:
2561:
2554:Manila Bulletin
2546:
2539:
2529:
2527:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2500:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2484:
2474:
2472:
2471:on May 30, 2012
2457:
2453:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2430:
2424:
2420:
2410:
2408:
2395:
2394:
2390:
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2302:
2295:
2276:
2272:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2237:
2233:
2223:
2221:
2214:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2179:
2165:
2158:
2148:
2146:
2139:
2120:
2111:
2056:
2052:
2017:Foreign Affairs
2013:
2009:
1999:
1997:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1960:
1956:
1933:
1929:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1898:
1892:
1888:
1878:
1876:
1868:
1867:
1858:
1848:
1846:
1836:
1832:
1822:
1820:
1810:
1806:
1753:
1746:
1723:10.1355/CS29-2C
1703:
1696:
1666:(2/3): 97–107,
1656:
1652:
1643:
1641:
1632:
1631:
1624:
1614:
1612:
1606:
1599:
1589:
1587:
1578:
1574:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1550:
1505:
1501:
1466:
1462:
1418:
1414:
1371:
1367:
1351:
1350:
1338:
1322:
1318:
1265:
1258:
1243:
1227:
1223:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1184:
1180:
1168:
1166:
1157:
1156:
1149:
1147:
1135:
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1130:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1091:
1087:
1072:
1056:
1052:
1009:
1002:
993:
991:
989:
963:
959:
946:Country Studies
943:
934:
931:
897:
888:
883:
882:
837:
744:
736:
724:
716:Paris Agreement
707:
702:
696:
666:
660:
647:
635:
630:
629:
612:Clark, Pampanga
600:Subic Naval Bay
545:nuclear weapons
532:
524:
519:
502:
485:
468:
466:Smokey Mountain
458:
443:bottom trawling
439:cyanide fishing
432:
424:illegal fishing
416:
411:
360:water pollution
348:
334:
312:
306:
303:
300:
292:This section's
288:
284:
277:
275:Water pollution
256:Jessica Mathews
249:Illegal logging
236:
230:
227:
224:
216:This section's
212:
208:
201:
195:
180:
175:
174:
169:its history of
112:
104:
99:
49:coastal erosion
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5542:
5532:
5531:
5526:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5505:
5495:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5478:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5451:
5449:
5440:
5439:
5437:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5410:
5408:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5150:
5148:
5142:
5141:
5136:
5135:
5128:
5121:
5113:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5090:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5046:
5044:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5005:
5003:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4745:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4731:
4730:
4723:
4716:
4708:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4685:
4672:
4671:
4666:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4584:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4469:
4467:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4349:Climate change
4341:
4340:
4339:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4298:
4292:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4266:Transportation
4263:
4262:
4261:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4239:
4234:
4232:Stock exchange
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4168:
4162:
4156:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4083:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4035:
4033:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4007:
4006:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3975:
3969:
3963:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3926:National parks
3918:
3913:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3896:
3894:Extreme points
3891:
3886:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3872:Climate change
3864:
3859:
3854:
3848:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3824:Fifth Republic
3821:
3816:
3814:Third Republic
3808:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3794:Spanish period
3788:
3783:
3777:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3744:
3742:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3726: articles
3720:
3719:
3712:
3705:
3697:
3690:
3689:
3672:
3666:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3633:
3613:
3583:
3566:United Nations
3553:
3518:
3488:
3458:
3436:
3414:
3403:. June 2, 2023
3388:
3358:
3323:
3289:
3258:
3228:
3202:
3176:
3157:
3118:
3111:
3091:
3065:
3054:. May 23, 2018
3037:
3016:
3009:
2986:
2964:
2917:
2891:
2865:
2839:
2813:
2786:Applied Energy
2772:
2743:
2710:
2679:
2669:
2638:
2605:
2571:
2537:
2507:
2482:
2451:
2418:
2388:
2338:
2312:
2293:
2270:
2231:
2212:
2189:
2156:
2137:
2109:
2050:
2023:(2): 162–177.
2007:
1977:
1954:
1927:
1886:
1856:
1830:
1804:
1744:
1717:(2): 264–285.
1694:
1650:
1640:, May 10, 2022
1622:
1597:
1583:(March 2019).
1572:
1548:
1499:
1460:
1412:
1385:(2): 145–167.
1365:
1336:
1316:
1256:
1241:
1221:
1208:
1178:
1169:|journal=
1128:
1115:
1085:
1070:
1050:
1000:
987:
956:
930:
927:
926:
925:
920:
909:
908:
903:
896:
893:
887:
884:
875:writ of amparo
839:
838:
836:
835:
828:
821:
813:
810:
809:
808:
807:
800:
792:
785:
772:
765:
754:
753:
745:
737:
735:
732:
723:
720:
706:
703:
698:Main article:
695:
692:
685:Audrey Azoulay
670:Global Witness
659:
656:
646:
643:
634:
631:
608:Clark Air Base
533:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
501:
498:
484:
481:
457:
454:
431:
428:
415:
412:
410:
407:
314:
313:
291:
289:
282:
276:
273:
238:
237:
215:
213:
206:
197:Main article:
194:
191:
179:
176:
147:United Nations
143:Typhoon Odette
128:sea level rise
124:Climate change
113:
105:
103:
102:Climate change
100:
98:
95:
86:Typhoon Haiyan
65:climate change
61:global warming
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5541:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5494:
5486:
5485:
5482:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5445:
5441:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5429:South Ossetia
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5407:
5401:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
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5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
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5177:
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5157:
5155:
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5151:
5149:
5147:
5143:
5134:
5129:
5127:
5122:
5120:
5115:
5114:
5111:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5089:
5081:
5080:
5077:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5040:
5036:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5024:South Ossetia
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5002:
4996:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
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4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
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4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4738:
4729:
4724:
4722:
4717:
4715:
4710:
4709:
4706:
4694:
4686:
4684:
4674:
4673:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4658:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4633:Sign language
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
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4509:
4506:
4504:
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4489:
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4484:
4481:
4479:
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4468:
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4462:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
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4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4389:
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4361:Ethnic groups
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4212:National debt
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2138:9789814136068
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2069:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2011:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1950:
1946:
1943:(1–4): 1–16.
1942:
1938:
1931:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1845:
1841:
1834:
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1815:
1808:
1800:
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1770:
1767:(1): 83–108.
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1634:"Typhoon Rai"
1629:
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1242:0-203-22189-3
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990:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
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957:
955:
952:
948:
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941:
940:public domain
924:
921:
919:
916:
915:
914:
913:
907:
904:
902:
899:
898:
892:
886:Clean Air Act
880:
876:
872:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
834:
829:
827:
822:
820:
815:
814:
812:
811:
806:
805:
801:
799:
798:/ Prohibition
797:
793:
791:
790:
786:
783:
779:
777:
773:
771:
770:
769:Habeas corpus
766:
764:
762:
758:
757:
756:
755:
752:
749:
748:
742:
731:
728:
719:
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613:
609:
605:
601:
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591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
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561:United States
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
541:nuclear power
538:
530:
514:
510:
506:
497:
494:
493:plastic waste
490:
487:According to
483:Plastic waste
480:
476:
472:
467:
463:
453:
450:
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444:
440:
436:
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257:
252:
250:
245:
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220:
214:
205:
204:
200:
193:Deforestation
190:
188:
183:
178:Air pollution
172:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
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144:
140:
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37:deforestation
34:
31:, mining and
30:
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5444:Dependencies
5374:Turkmenistan
5339:Saudi Arabia
5323:
5039:Dependencies
4969:Turkmenistan
4934:Saudi Arabia
4669:Bibliography
4598:Coat of arms
4570:Value system
4473:Architecture
4425:Prostitution
4343:
4322:Demographics
4192:Central bank
4135:Marine Corps
4115:Armed Forces
3999:Human rights
3984:Constitution
3933:Ramsar sites
3684:
3680:
3655:
3623:
3616:
3604:. Retrieved
3574:. Retrieved
3570:the original
3565:
3556:
3544:. Retrieved
3537:the original
3528:
3521:
3509:. Retrieved
3505:the original
3500:
3491:
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3475:the original
3470:
3461:
3453:the original
3448:
3439:
3431:the original
3426:
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3400:
3391:
3379:. Retrieved
3375:the original
3370:
3361:
3349:. Retrieved
3345:the original
3340:
3314:. Retrieved
3310:the original
3305:
3280:. Retrieved
3276:the original
3272:The Guardian
3271:
3261:
3249:. Retrieved
3245:the original
3240:
3231:
3219:. Retrieved
3215:
3205:
3193:. Retrieved
3189:
3179:
3170:
3160:
3148:. Retrieved
3137:The Guardian
3136:
3101:
3094:
3082:. Retrieved
3078:
3068:
3056:. Retrieved
3049:
3040:
3028:. Retrieved
3019:
2999:
2977:. Retrieved
2967:
2955:|title=
2920:
2908:. Retrieved
2903:
2894:
2882:. Retrieved
2878:
2868:
2856:. Retrieved
2852:
2842:
2830:. Retrieved
2825:
2816:
2789:
2785:
2775:
2763:. Retrieved
2759:
2734:. Retrieved
2727:the original
2713:
2701:. Retrieved
2697:the original
2692:
2682:
2672:
2660:. Retrieved
2656:
2629:. Retrieved
2625:the original
2620:
2596:. Retrieved
2592:the original
2587:
2562:. Retrieved
2558:the original
2553:
2528:. Retrieved
2524:the original
2519:
2510:
2499:, retrieved
2494:
2473:. Retrieved
2469:the original
2465:Inquirer.net
2464:
2454:
2442:. Retrieved
2435:the original
2421:
2409:. Retrieved
2405:the original
2401:Manila Water
2400:
2391:
2364:. Retrieved
2357:the original
2348:
2341:
2329:. Retrieved
2324:
2315:
2303:. Retrieved
2299:the original
2283:
2273:
2260:. Retrieved
2253:the original
2244:
2234:
2222:. Retrieved
2218:the original
2202:
2192:
2180:. Retrieved
2176:the original
2147:. Retrieved
2143:the original
2127:
2067:
2063:
2053:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2000:February 13,
1998:. Retrieved
1994:the original
1989:
1980:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1918:. Retrieved
1911:the original
1906:
1902:
1889:
1877:. Retrieved
1873:
1847:. Retrieved
1843:
1833:
1821:. Retrieved
1817:
1807:
1764:
1760:
1714:
1710:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1642:, retrieved
1637:
1613:. Retrieved
1588:. Retrieved
1575:
1566:
1516:
1512:
1502:
1477:
1473:
1463:
1430:
1426:
1415:
1382:
1378:
1368:
1326:
1319:
1276:
1272:
1231:
1224:
1213:, retrieved
1191:
1181:
1160:cite journal
1148:. Retrieved
1131:
1120:, retrieved
1098:
1088:
1060:
1053:
1020:
1016:
992:, retrieved
970:
960:
945:
932:
911:
910:
889:
864:
849:legal remedy
842:
804:Quo warranto
802:
795:
787:
775:
767:
760:
729:
725:
708:
689:
678:
667:
648:
640:
636:
592:
588:Metro Manila
565:
556:
552:
549:Anti-nuclear
534:
511:
507:
503:
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477:
473:
469:
451:
447:
433:
421:
417:
400:
380:Manila Water
372:
357:
353:water supply
349:
304:
293:
266:
261:
253:
244:forest cover
241:
228:
217:
184:
181:
136:
122:
26:
5503:Asia portal
5404:States with
5324:Philippines
5264:South Korea
5259:North Korea
5154:Afghanistan
5098:Asia portal
4999:States with
4919:Philippines
4859:South Korea
4854:North Korea
4749:Afghanistan
4395:Immigration
4197:Child labor
4172:Agriculture
4142:Coast Guard
4076:Legislative
4011:Legal codes
3884:Earthquakes
3748:Archaeology
3724:Philippines
2884:December 3,
2858:December 3,
2832:December 2,
2736:October 23,
2070:(1): 5978.
1990:Terra Daily
1974:(1): 19–34.
1782:10986/22565
1615:January 28,
1590:January 28,
1023:(1): 1–27.
596:toxic waste
555:(NFPC) and
456:Solid waste
403:Pasig River
376:Pasig River
158:earthquakes
69:colonialism
5518:Categories
5384:Uzbekistan
5359:Tajikistan
5274:Kyrgyzstan
5254:Kazakhstan
5174:Bangladesh
5164:Azerbaijan
4979:Uzbekistan
4954:Tajikistan
4869:Kyrgyzstan
4849:Kazakhstan
4769:Bangladesh
4759:Azerbaijan
4618:Great Seal
4555:Psychology
4518:Literature
4513:Inventions
4312:Corruption
4307:Censorship
4177:Automotive
4038:Executive
4031:Government
3889:Ecoregions
3781:Prehistory
3773:Chronology
3687:(1): 7–18.
3306:Al Jazeera
2943:|url=
2826:World Bank
2792:. 115265.
2268:, p. 18–19
2240:World Bank
1849:August 31,
1346:1237111120
1279:: 100250.
929:References
853:Philippine
789:Procedendo
782:peremptory
761:Certiorari
674:red-tagged
489:World Bank
460:See also:
336:See also:
57:extinction
45:landslides
5470:Hong Kong
5424:Palestine
5349:Sri Lanka
5344:Singapore
5224:Indonesia
5065:Hong Kong
5019:Palestine
4944:Sri Lanka
4939:Singapore
4819:Indonesia
4548:Festivals
4533:Mythology
4445:Squatting
4440:Sexuality
4410:Languages
4332:Education
4276:ZIP codes
4120:Air Force
4069:President
3989:Elections
3943:Volcanoes
3916:Mountains
3840:Geography
3763:Political
3741:Overviews
3481:August 3,
3241:The World
3145:0261-3077
2910:April 13,
2853:France 24
2765:August 1,
2444:March 11,
2411:April 14,
2376:cite book
2305:April 14,
2262:April 16,
2224:April 14,
2182:April 16,
2149:April 14,
1791:0257-3032
1731:0129-797X
1638:Knowledge
1543:229390470
1535:1755-263X
1494:2214-6296
1480:: 37–47.
1455:2212-4209
1407:247123595
1399:1022-5706
1354:cite book
1311:226346685
1303:2212-0963
1215:March 23,
1150:March 23,
1122:March 21,
1045:158354398
1037:1022-5706
994:March 21,
865:Kalikasan
796:Prohibito
778:/ Mandate
307:June 2021
231:June 2021
29:pollution
5493:Category
5414:Abkhazia
5364:Thailand
5319:Pakistan
5299:Mongolia
5294:Maldives
5289:Malaysia
5189:Cambodia
5088:Category
5009:Abkhazia
4959:Thailand
4914:Pakistan
4894:Mongolia
4889:Maldives
4884:Malaysia
4784:Cambodia
4693:Category
4623:Language
4435:Religion
4430:Refugees
4373:Genetics
4302:Abortion
4237:Taxation
4093:Judicial
3967:Politics
3948:Wildlife
3877:Typhoons
3758:Military
3407:March 8,
3381:July 12,
3351:July 12,
3341:Mongabay
3316:July 12,
3282:July 12,
3251:July 12,
3221:June 28,
3195:June 28,
3150:June 28,
3084:June 21,
3079:Inquirer
3058:June 21,
2934:cite web
2703:July 20,
2662:March 3,
2631:July 20,
2621:Mongabay
2598:July 20,
2564:July 20,
2530:July 20,
2501:March 3,
2475:June 18,
2386:, p. 107
2366:April 9,
2242:(2003).
2170:(2009).
2104:33293507
2045:12343986
2037:20043906
1879:March 3,
1844:Inquirer
1823:March 3,
1799:24582389
1739:25798831
1690:24866004
1433:: 1–12.
1251:53173775
1080:80145978
912:Species:
895:See also
877:and the
776:Mandamus
763:/ Review
606:and the
82:typhoons
5389:Vietnam
5304:Myanmar
5284:Lebanon
5214:Georgia
5169:Bahrain
5159:Armenia
4984:Vietnam
4899:Myanmar
4879:Lebanon
4809:Georgia
4764:Bahrain
4754:Armenia
4664:Outline
4580:Symbols
4488:Cuisine
4465:Culture
4420:Poverty
4405:Kinship
4327:Divorce
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