252:
and continued throughout the 20th century. Beginning in the early 1990s, Argentina began reforming many of its public sectors with a move to privatization of urban water services in the city of Buenos Aires. Subsequently, all the larger cities and numerous intermediate sized populations also began to incorporate private operators to improve operational efficiency and increase return on investments. This moderately recent
Argentine model for management of the water supply sector still needs adjustments in the optimization of the state's regulatory function, incentive schemes, and the expansion of coverage. Even so, significant benefits have been obtained in terms of the quality of water, services rendered, a substantial increase with investments into the water sector, and improvements in the population's quality of life.
1618:
expressly stated that "provinces have original ownership of natural resources existing in their territory." The national
Congress has the authority, through the Civil Code, to establish the following essential principles regarding the legal condition of waters: i) public ownership of surface and ground water as stated in Article 2340); and ii) the principle of special concession for water use as stated in articles 2341, 2342, and 2642. In addition to the Civil Code, Argentine Water Law includes commercial law, mining codes, federal laws on energy, navigation, transportation, ports system, jurisdiction over Argentine waters, Interprovincial Commerce, and toxic waste regulation. All of these regulations directly or indirectly contain provisions regarding water resources.
1204:
again to 2.1 million by 1995. This figure for irrigated surface area in 1995 represented almost 8% of the total cultivated area in the country. Actual potential for irrigated land is much higher at around 6.1 million ha if soil qualities and water resources are taken into account. Around 44% of the potential irrigated land is located in arid regions and 56% in located in more humid areas of the country. Water resources are the limiting factor in scaled development in the irrigation sector in
Argentina. It has been estimated that as much as 95 million ha in Argentina have good soil but not enough water.
1200:
the introduction of pumping equipment on the national market in the 1950s spurned changes in the irrigation landscape. Advances in irrigation equipment led to an increase in irrigated surface area while ushering in a systematization of farming procedures such as; i) application of water, ii) preparation of land and soil, iii) gained efficiencies, iv) diversification of crops, v) and the introduction of spraying and localized irrigation techniques. This was all mostly due to the higher cost of water and the need to recover investments made by crop production while seeking higher profitability.
1635:
Secretariat of
Natural Resources and Sustainable Development, overseen by the office of the President. The Under-Secretariat of Water Resources oversees the National Bureau of Water Policy, which is in charge of planning and executing national water policy, supervising compliance and coordinating plans, programs and projects related to water resources, and the National Bureau of Water Resources Administration, which is essentially responsible for proposing and executing policies, programs and projects related to public water works.
1222:(12.6 million inhabitants or 42% of total population), its economic importance, and its location on a flat and low-lying area; ii) urban centers within the Parana basin, a subtropical region with high annual rainfalls that often coincide with high river elevations; iii) Andes foothill provinces (Cuyo and Northwestern provinces) with their intense, short-lived rains and rapid snowmelts that produce flashfloods; iv) rainfalls of high intensity over limited area that are responsible for floods in Patagonia and the southern provinces.
261:
management at the central and provincial levels coupled with outdated procedures for water resources planning; (iii) lack of an integrated national water resources information system and deficient water resources monitoring network; (iv) serious water pollution problems (surface and groundwater); (v) high risk for flooding in urban and rural areas; (vi) lack of appropriate incentives for conservation and efficient use of the resource base and for reducing pollution. Some of these challenges are addressed in more detail below.
1764:(IDB) loan to help finance implementation of the EMP objectives. Twelve years after the beginning of the project, the IDB only disbursed US$ 10 million, and is only now committing another US$ 90 million for urgent clean-up activities (the remaining balance having been long ago reallocated). The Government of Argentina (GoA) concluded that the lack of an adequate institutional and legal framework to coordinate the involvement of different government jurisdictions has been a major obstacle to implementing the EMP.
1231:
1785:
2795:
396:. Subsequently, internal renewable water resources are reduced to about 276 km. Runoff is also significant and is estimated at 814 km/year, of which 538 km comes from contributions originating in basins from Paraguay and Uruguay. These statistics are general for the entire country; however, Argentina is a large country encompassing 2.7 million km with weather patterns and climates that vary greatly. For example, the eastern edges of the Andes mountains are dry and
1713:
Development of the
Guarani Aquifer System Project was developed to support the four countries to elaborate and implement a shared institutional, legal and technical framework to preserve and manage the Guarani Aquifer and was executed between 2003 and 2007. Total project cost is US $ 26.7 million. The General Secretariat executed the project components in coordination with the four national agencies charged with executing the components. External support was provided by the
1750:
immediate proximity. Component 3) will finance works to protect important urban areas against flood effects. It will contain minor rehabilitation of existing schemes and would include fortification of flood defenses in geographic areas with strong economic activity and the greatest vulnerability to serious repeated flood damage. Component 4) Technical assistance would be provided for US$ 2.39 million (or 3.4 percent of project loan) to help implement the project.
1777:
40:
1737:
of industrial discharges to the MR River, through the provision of industrial conversion grants to small and medium enterprises; (iii) promote improved decision-making for environmentally sustainable land use and drainage planning, and to pilot urban drainage and land use investments, in the M-R River Basin; and (iv) strengthen ACUMAR's institutional framework for ongoing and sustainable clean-up of the MR River Basin.
2639:
1255:
concessions with one to three power plants in each group. Notable exceptions to the privatization scheme because they are bi-national are again the
Yacyretá and the Salto Grande power plants. Additionally, there were at least six hydroelectric power plants as of 2005 in the planning stages with a total power generation capacity of approximately 10,000 GHw per year.
444:
1703:
of the exceptional biota of the la Plata River and its waterfronts with
Argentina and Uruguay. Another component of this is the Guaraní aquifer system project which promotes the protection of one of the largest semi-confined aquifers in the world that is shared amongst Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay.
1088:
nearly 500 liters/person/day or about 182 m per year ranking
Argentina near the top, along with Costa Rica, of municipal water use in Latin America. Total water use including industrial, agriculture, and municipal is 774 m per person or about 4% of total annual renewable water resources on a per capita basis.
1736:
is engaged with the
Government of Argentina (GoA) in a US$ 840 million multi-phase project with the following objectives (i) improve sewerage services in the MR River Basin and other parts of the Province and City of Buenos Aires by expanding transport and treatment capacity; (ii) support a reduction
1712:
is shared also between
Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil, and Paraguay and constitutes one of the largest reservoirs of groundwater in the world. Current water storage is approximately 37.000 km and the aquifer has a natural recharge of 166 km per year. The Environmental Protection and Sustainable
1937:
create severe restrictions for water supply and irrigation demands in central western Argentina. Additionally, glaciers in Latin America have receded dramatically in the past decades, and many of them have disappeared completely. IPCC predicts this trend to continue and perhaps even worsen. The most
1702:
is shared by Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil, and Paraguay have a framework for the sustainable management of Its water resources with respect to the hydrological effects of climatic variability and change. The "FREPLATA" project implemented between the countries aims to ensure the sustainable management
1087:
Circumstances are exacerbated by irrational consumption and waste in most of Argentina's systems. Much of the waste is caused in large part by inadequate fees that do not accurately represent the value of water. The most evident indicator of over-consumption and waste is the average municipal use of
374:
Water resources management functions are handled by multiple institutions operating at the national, provincial, and river basin level, with a variety of functions and jurisdictions. This has given rise to inter-sectoral and inter-jurisdictional conflicts (particularly between competing uses such as
274:
have become a problem where agriculture and industrial runoff and mismanagement of irrigation water has deteriorated the first levels of the aquifer. This has led to over pumping and exploitation of deeper wells that reach the second and third layers of water. Older wells have been abandoned without
251:
Towards the end of the 19th century and throughout most of the 20th century, the Argentinean Government was the primary investor in the country's hydraulic infrastructure development. Primarily focused on developing irrigation infrastructure, the first irrigation development project started in 1909
1647:
is the National Institute for Water and the Environment, whose objective is to meet the requirements of studying, researching, developing and providing specialized services in the field of water and environmental development, control and preservation, aimed at implementing and developing a national
311:
have constraints on expansion of freshwater supplies forcing the residents to use only water they have available even if it is contaminated. The lack of piped water and sewage can exacerbate the water pollution problem through excessive contamination from excrements. For example, communities having
260:
Significant water resources management challenges were identified by the water community of Argentina during the Second National Water Resources Meeting held in Buenos Aires (May 18–20, 2004) and are listed here: (i) incomplete/outdated legal and regulatory framework; (ii) limited capacity in water
1932:
Fourth Assessment report from 2007, Argentina will be impacted by climate change with differing affects depending on the region of Argentina in question. A declining trend in precipitation may be observed in south-west Argentina while expected increases in sea-level rise (SLR), extreme weather and
1772:
There are many wetlands of Argentina that provide a range of functions. Wetlands are key areas for drinking water, sanitation, agriculture and food, absorbing large water flows after heavy rainfall and glacial melt, and for providing water in periods of droughts. The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands
1199:
Argentina has a long history with irrigation needs and usage. In 1909, the National Government enacted the National Law of irrigation number 6546 that prompted the creation of a large number of hydraulic works projects and the creation of new irrigation systems throughout Argentina. Decades later,
269:
Water pollution from industrial effluents is a considerable challenge and the risk of continued contamination is very likely. The Government of Argentina (GoA) has a particular focus on the Matanza-Riachuelo River Basin in Buenos Aires where at least 50 industries are discharging ~95% of the total
1203:
The evolution of irrigation in Argentina has been discontinuous over recent decades. According to data compiled by the National Directorate of Water Resources in Argentina, estimated total coverage in 1970 was about 1 million ha and only increased to approximately 1.2 million by 1988, and then up
354:
Flooding is the major natural hazard in Argentina. According to 1998 statistics of Swiss-Re, Argentina ranks 18th in the world in potential flood losses, in excess of US$ 3 billion in 1998. In Buenos Aires, flooding occurs on average about twice per year and 1.4 million individuals are at risk of
242:
Many other challenges persist throughout the country and most are regionally focused with varying degrees because Argentina is divided into many different climatic regions. Some of the critical issues are identified as an inadequate regulatory and institutional framework, inter-sectoral conflict,
1693:
to be a global framework on negotiating this kind of agreement. In May 2009, representatives from Argentina and Chile met to formalize a request to their respective Ministers of Foreign Affairs. The request asks that the objectives of the 1991 protocol of shared water resources be complied with.
439:
region of Argentina are endorheic basins. Notable river basins under this classification include the Desaguadero River basin which has great hydroelectric and irrigation significance. In times of great precipitation, its waters can actually reach the sea. The Desaguadero River basin includes the
332:
causing the city to use water from the Plata river. Over time, the Puelches aquifer has recharged but is not being used and now the water level of the aquifer is reaching 1 m below the surface in many areas. This inverse phenomenon has resulted in waterlogged basements and storage units, flooded
1749:
instruments that can assist with the implementation of specific institutional development activities. Component 2) will provide housing in safe areas for those families that may be resettled from the lands required for the works and for lower income families living in flood prone areas in their
1634:
Various actions and measures have been developed in the country to institutionalize policy preparation and water resources administration at the national level. One of these was the creation in 1991 of the Secretariat of Natural Resources and Environment, whose name later changed in 1996 to the
1617:
Argentina's federal structure is based on the duties assigned in article 121 of the National Constitution. According to article 121, the provinces hold power not already delegated to the Federal Government by this Constitution. The 1994 constitutional reform added article 124 of the charter and
1242:
Theoretically, hydroelectricity potential in Argentina has been estimated at 169,000 GWh per year while the feasible potential is closer to 130,000 GWh per year. Total installed hydro capacity is around 10,000 MW across 35 locations throughout the country. The average annual power generation in
400:
and droughts are an ongoing issue. In the greater Buenos Aires which is a lowland area, water pollution from industrial effluents, stormwater and flooding, and groundwater management are the major concerns. Down in the sparsely populated Patagonia region where there is ample quantities of high
2007:
Overlap is the volume of water resources common to both surface and groundwater. It is subtracted when calculating IRWR to avoid double counting. Two types of exchanges create overlap: contribution of aquifers to surface flow, and recharge of aquifers by surface run-off. In arid and semi-arid
2017:
Per capita renewable water resources are calculated by using natural renewable water resources data from 2007 and national population data from 2002. Actual Renewable Water Resources is the sum of internal renewable water resources and natural flow originating outside of the country. Natural
1688:
In 1991, an environmental treaty between Chile and Argentina was signed and within the treaty there is a "Protocolo de acuerdo" or framework agreement regarding shared water resources between the two countries. The framework agreement seeks to regulate the 'non-transfer" of pollution through
1254:
During the early 1990s, Argentina began a thorough reform of its public sector, which included the restructuring and privatization of the electricity sector. Hydropower plants were no exception as the primary hydroelectric plants were grouped into "business units". These units are national
1987:
Surface water produced internally includes the average annual flow of rivers generated from endogenous precipitation and base flow generated by aquifers. Surface water resources are usually computed by measuring or assessing total river flow occurring in a country on a yearly
1997:
Groundwater recharge is the total volume of water entering aquifers within a country's borders from endogenous precipitation and surface water flow. Groundwater resources are estimated by measuring rainfall in arid areas where rainfall is assumed to infiltrate into
226:
Connectivity to water in urban settings is quite good in Argentina, but rural communities lag far behind that of less developed nations. This problem is made worse by one of the highest levels of per capita usage in the world at around 500 L/day. Large rivers and
1212:
One of the most important sector-related issues affecting Argentina is the high cost related to the recurring flooding of highly urbanized and important metropolitan areas throughout the country. The magnitude of these flood-incurred costs ranks Argentina 1st in
1933:
climatic variability are very likely to affect coastal areas of the Buenos Aires Province in Argentina. Stress on water availability and quality has been documented where lower precipitation and/or higher temperatures occur. For example, droughts related to
1083:
in urban areas (98%), access in rural areas remains relatively low for a country of Argentina's level of development (80% using a broad definition, 45% for house connections) In general, rural citizens receive deficient service compared to poorer countries.
1648:
environmental policy. INA continues the tasks begun in 1973 by the National Institute of Water Science and Technology (INCYTH), whose functions and powers have been expanded, incorporating environmental variables into the water resources study.
2772:
2680:
2270:
302:
Water pollution typically occurs due to the discharge of effluent into water systems, improper landfill techniques, flooding of urban areas resulting in pollution from urban run-off, and agricultural practices. For example, the cities
345:
and thrihalomethanes have been detected in treatment plants at above-normal levels. This lake is the cities main source of drinking water, and is at continued risk of elevated levels of nitrogen and phosphorus and further outbreaks.
2851:
1625:
as an independent body that works within the scope of the Secretariat of State for Energy. ENRE was commissioned through Decree 570 in 1996 by the Secretariat of State for Energy to administer hydroelectric concession contracts.
1744:
will help reduce the vulnerability of Argentina to flooding, through a mix of structural and non-structural measures. The project consists of the following components: Component 1) aims at providing provincial institutions with
290:, logging, animal production, mining activities, urban run-off, and the discharge of untreated sewage. As a result of these activities, many lakes and reservoirs are receiving high quantities of nutrients and are suffering from
366:. The $ 110 million EIB loan will assist integrated water resource management in the Salado River Basin in Buenos Aires over a 25-year period. The World Bank has agreed to co-finance the project with a $ 111.6 million loan.
1694:
Objectives in Article I of the protocol state, "the parties shall agree that the actions and programs concerning the use of shared water resources be undertaken under the concept of integrated management of the watersheds."
1217:
and 14th worldwide. Although flooding affects the entire country, flood and drainage concerns are more prevalent in four main geographic regions: i) Buenos Aires and the surrounding municipalities because its high level of
2762:
2784:
2696:
1078:
The water coverage situation in Argentina is generally viewed as unacceptable because per capita income in the country is the highest in Latin America. While Argentina has achieved very high levels of access to an
2803:
298:
occur especially in reservoirs and ponds, and are spread over at least twelve provinces of Argentina. Specifically, fifteen aquatic environments were identified at high risk of poisoning by eutrophication.
2907:
2869:
2688:
935:
2777:
2767:
2755:
2708:
2723:
2939:
2929:
2919:
2730:
2713:
2902:
2740:
2914:
2841:
2701:
1773:
came into force in Argentina on September 4, 1992. and there 19 sites designated as Wetlands of International Importance, with total surface area of 5,318,376 hectares (13 million acres).
651:(FAO) at around 186 km. Of this quantity, 96% of total capacity is stored behind large dams. Of note, one of the largest reservoirs at approximately 1600 km is stored behind the
2718:
1605:
2671:
407:: Important rivers of Argentina in terms of length and quantity of water conveyed and discharged include the Parana, Uruguay, and the Negro rivers. The two largest rivers, the
2190:
2530:
415:
originate in Brazil. The Uruguay River runs north to south and forms a border with Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay. The Parana River together with the Uruguay river form the
215:
are handled by multiple institutions operating at the national, provincial, and river basin level, with a variety of functions and jurisdictions. On the national level, the
1959:
2577:
423:
flow to the Pacific, while the majority of rivers originate on eastern slopes of the Andes and run towards the Atlantic ocean. Argentina is home to at least three major
362:
To reduce the impact of floods and droughts on the economy and to help development in the region, in 2021, Argentina signed a flood protection loan agreement with the
1858:
1662:) is the National Water and Sanitation utility of Argentina and works with ACUMAR on implementation of water projects within their concessions of Buenos Aires.
2735:
2508:
2067:
2042:
1875:
1689:
waterways (rivers, aquifers, lakes, pipes) from one country to the other. This agreement, while it has not yet become effective is still considered by the
671:
2664:
691:
312:
5,000-10,000 residents and urban centers with 200,000-500,000 residents have 90% and 60% of those respective residents that lack connection to sewers.
2116:
2986:
1825:
686:
736:
2599:
1830:
741:
1899:
2555:
2657:
2643:
1848:
2976:
1854:
1864:
1841:
1352:
1887:
375:
irrigation, hydropower and environment), poor planning and budget programming, and limited technical capacity and knowledge exchange.
2821:
1929:
2816:
1964:
1073:
279:(e.g. contaminated water from higher levels filters down to lower levels) into deeper water tables where farmers are pumping from.
19:
2836:
2826:
1243:
Argentina is 32,000 GWh per year representing about 25% of the feasible potential. Large bi-national hydro projects such as the
243:
limited capacity in water management at the central and provincial levels, and high risk for flooding in urban and rural areas.
223:
are charged with the duties of researching, water resources preservation, developing services, and implementing water projects.
2897:
2831:
388:
Annual rainfall averages ~600 mm which equates to 1,668 km; however, about 83% of this precipitation is lost through
2934:
2882:
2750:
427:
or closed water drainage basins e.g. water does not flow to the ocean. Both the northwest and southwest pampas basins in the
2887:
2859:
2811:
2435:"Parlamento Medioambiental de la Patagonia en alerta por proyectos mineros y represas sobre recursos hídricos binacionales"
2892:
2745:
2174:
308:
2924:
655:
dam and is located on the Parana river bordering Paraguay is used primarily for hydroelectric generation in Argentina.
2328:
The world Bank (2000). "Argentina Water Resources Management: Policy Issues and Notes". The World Bank. pp. 7–11.
648:
1938:
affected sub-regions are the Peruvian Andes, southern Chile and Argentina up to latitude 25°S. In an article from
2575:
1969:
1761:
1718:
2649:
2148:
2090:
286:
Problems with water quality in lakes and reservoirs in Argentina have increased due to agricultural activities,
2018:
Renewable Water Resources are computed by adding together internal renewable water resources and natural flows.
1868:
826:
615:
355:
floods. These floods are due to the condition of the drainage network, and strong winds from the southeast, (
2794:
2483:"GUARANI AQUIFER SYSTEM: Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development of the Guarani Aquifer System"
2123:
2981:
1835:
1714:
856:
549:
452:
2225:
1397:
2043:"Argentina: Water Resources Management Policy. Elements for Sustainable Development in the XXI Century"
1476:
880:
563:
536:
416:
2299:
2482:
2456:
2191:"Argentina: Team Europe - EIB invests USD 210 million into flood protection and vaccine programmes"
2008:
countries, surface water flows recharge groundwater by infiltrating through the soil during floods.
602:
363:
1803:
1498:
497:
2614:
1417:
960:
1807:
2434:
2346:
2149:"Managing Disaster Risk in Emerging Economies: Floods in Buenos Aires-Learning from the Past"
2122:. Department of Biological Sciences-Arkansas State University. pp. 32–34. Archived from
1746:
1080:
283:
also result in fields becoming stagnant and barren creating an economic loss for the region.
334:
2091:"Planning and Management of Lakes and Reservoirs: An Integrated Approach to Eutrophication"
2576:
M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden, C.E. Hanson, Eds. (2007).
1881:
1721:(OAS), the Netherlands and German Governments and the International Atomic Energy Agency.
798:
8:
2950:
716:
711:
304:
333:
tunnels, the weakening of foundations, and the saturation of household septic tanks. In
294:. The increasing occurrence of algal blooms is the evidence of this growing occurrence.
2068:"Matanza-Riachuelo Basin Sustainable Development Project: Project Information Document"
1942:
in March 2008, the news agency reports that, "if the inter-tropical glaciers of Chile,
884:
701:
389:
271:
1820:
968:
842:
420:
2593:
2509:"MATANZA-RIACHUELO BASIN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT: Project Appraisal document"
2333:
726:
696:
270:
load of contaminants into the Parana river. Pollution and overuse of the aquifer in
1893:
1557:
1357:
1248:
2247:
1375:
2679:
1917:
1708:
1539:
1457:
1436:
1330:
818:
810:
806:
523:
424:
280:
232:
231:
represent the main source of drinking water supplies and they are facing serious
1577:
1230:
780:
471:
408:
1698:
892:
784:
676:
397:
338:
329:
325:
291:
1797:
1784:
1286:
2970:
1939:
1214:
972:
822:
788:
721:
628:
576:
510:
484:
443:
412:
342:
287:
706:
1950:
disappear, water availability and hydropower generation will be affected."
1911:
1308:
1235:
1219:
980:
927:
846:
794:
666:
589:
295:
236:
1813:
1188:
964:
919:
852:
681:
393:
1604:
1244:
652:
1733:
802:
731:
428:
359:), which produce a rise of the Rio de la Plata high above its average.
1934:
1776:
888:
337:, urbanization and the lack of proper treatment facilities around the
324:
of Buenos Aires is a real problem. During the 1980s, this aquifer was
2480:
2454:
1943:
1519:
976:
912:
814:
440:
following tributaries: Jáchal, Mendoza, Tunuyán, Diamante and Atuel.
436:
212:
29:
1676:) is the Secretariat of the Environment and Sustainable Development.
876:
39:
1947:
1905:
1621:
The Electricity Regulatory Framework Law (N°24,065/92) created the
931:
246:
228:
2088:
2305:. ENTE NACIONAL REGULADOR DE LA ELECTRICIDAD (ENRE). pp. 1–5
2146:
321:
401:
quality water, water resources management has fewer challenges.
2638:
1184:
2407:
1756:
In the mid-1990s, the government completed a comprehensive MR
1668:
647:
Total capacity of reservoirs in Argentina is estimated by the
2681:
Water resources management in Latin America and the Caribbean
2176:
EIB Group activity in Latin America and the Caribbean in 2021
923:
896:
192:
Hydroelectric generation (% of total electricity generation)
2578:"Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability"
1960:
Integrated urban water management in Buenos Aires, Argentina
27:
1251:
substantially increase Argentina's total power generation.
2384:
1654:
2361:
1690:
1640:
1180:
1052:
2271:"Argentina-Argentina Drainage Infrastructure Management"
2245:
2615:"Glaciers Are Melting Faster Than Expected, UN Reports"
2531:"Argentina - Urban Flood Prevention and Drainage APL 2"
1057:
91:
Available per capita renewable water resources (2008)
2297:
217:
National Institute for Water and the Environment (INA)
825:, Uruguay, Pepirí-Guazú, Aguapey, Mirinay, Mocoretá,
1724:
1599:
383:
1923:
2300:"Hydroelectric power and development in Argentina"
1623:National Electricity Regulatory Commission (ENRE)
1278:Installed generation capacity (If hydroelectric)
1002:Mar Chiquita, Región Serrana, Pampeana y Salares
419:. Only a few of the Argentine rivers such as the
2968:
748:Key Characteristics of the major Drainage Basins
247:Water management history and recent developments
131:Equipped irrigated area (% of cultivated area)
2580:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 582–607
2522:
2481:Organization of American States (OAS) (2005).
2455:Organization of American States (OAS) (2005).
2327:
2268:
2117:"Argentina: A State-of-the-Environment Report"
1674:Secretaría de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible
255:
2665:
2612:
2606:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2114:
1780:Ramsar site: Mar Chiquita (the "little sea").
2598:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2437:(in Spanish). El Divisadero. 2009. p. 1
2239:
2147:Hilda Marfa Herzer; Nora Clichevsky (2005).
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
1767:
1529:Regulate Flow, irrigation, Hydroelectricity
1386:Regulate flow, irrigation, Hydroelectricity
1353:Planicie Banderita hydroelectric power plant
221:National Water and Sanitation Utility (AySA)
2958:Semi-autonomous territories are in italics.
2089:United Nations Environment Program (2005).
1742:Urban Flood Prevention and Drainage Project
1680:
1234:The Yacyretá Hydroelectric facility on the
1062:
369:
2672:
2658:
2528:
2506:
2422:
2065:
2040:
1629:
349:
315:
176:Wetland designated as Ramsar sites (2010)
2549:
2547:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2110:
2108:
2061:
2059:
2021:
1930:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2987:Water supply and sanitation in Argentina
2500:
2173:Bank, European Investment (2022-03-03).
1965:Water supply and sanitation in Argentina
1783:
1775:
1603:
1229:
1074:Water supply and sanitation in Argentina
999:(water cannot leave and so accumulates)
442:
83:Overlap between surface and groundwater
20:Water supply and sanitation in Argentina
2488:. ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES (OAS)
2474:
2462:. ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES (OAS)
2323:
2321:
2319:
328:resulting in saline intrusion from the
320:Mismanagement of water in the Puelches
275:being properly sealed posing a risk of
191:
183:
175:
167:
159:
151:
146:
138:
130:
122:
114:
106:
98:
90:
82:
74:
66:
59:Total renewable water resources (2008)
58:
46:
2969:
2553:
2544:
2362:"El Instituto Nacional del Agua (INA)"
2284:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2105:
2056:
1645:(El Instituto Nacional del Agua (INA))
1207:
767:Average annual run off (BCM/year) (1)
378:
2653:
2405:
2399:
2226:"Aquastat country overview:Argentina"
239:, and harmful agriculture practices.
107:Total used as % of availability
2977:Water resource management by country
2569:
2408:"Agua y Saneamiento Argentinos S.A."
2385:"Agua y Saneamiento Argentinos S.A."
2382:
2376:
2316:
2262:
2172:
2140:
2093:. United Nations Environment Program
1754:The Inter-American Development Bank:
1068:Excerpts and table below drawn from:
1058:Water resources management by sector
235:problems from industrial effluents,
2448:
2359:
2353:
2246:Farber M.E.; Raizboim I.N. (2009).
2207:
2082:
1788:Satellite image of Tierra del Fuego
1758:Environmental Management Plan (EMP)
956:Rivers contributing to the Pacific
642:
123:Agricultural land (% of land area)
13:
1660:Agua y Saneamiento Argentinos S.A.
1612:
849:province until the Colorado River
99:Total water withdrawal per capita
67:Surface water produced internally
14:
2998:
2631:
1725:Multi-lateral external assistance
1600:Legal and institutional framework
649:Food and Agriculture Organization
384:Surface and groundwater resources
341:, caused an alarming increase in
2793:
2773:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2637:
2045:. The World Bank. pp. 14–20
1924:Potential climate change impacts
1717:(GEF), the World Bank (WB), the
1509:Regulate flow, Hydroelectricity
1487:Regulate flow, Hydroelectricity
1446:Regulate flow, Hydroelectricity
264:
209:Water resources management (WRM)
201:(Source: FAO Aquastat 1988-2008)
38:
2298:Gustavo Alberto Devoto (2000).
2183:
2166:
1970:Electricity sector in Argentina
1762:Inter-American Development Bank
1760:and received a US$ 250 million
1719:Organization of American States
62:814 billion cubic meters (BCM)
2273:. The World Bank. pp. 1–8
2011:
2001:
1991:
1981:
1:
2644:Water management in Argentina
1975:
1225:
1194:
94:20,410 cubic meters per year
32:: Water Resources Management
7:
2179:. European Investment Bank.
1953:
1892:Reserva Costa Atlantica de
1715:Global Environment Facility
1179:: Joint Monitoring Program
658:The following is a list of
453:List of rivers of Argentina
431:areas of Argentina and the
256:Water management challenges
47:Withdrawals by sector 2000
10:
3003:
1427:Regulate flow, irrigation
1071:
450:
447:Argentina hydrographic map
194:
186:
178:
170:
162:
154:
141:
133:
125:
117:
109:
101:
93:
85:
77:
69:
61:
49:
17:
2948:
2868:
2850:
2802:
2791:
2687:
1768:Ramsar sites in Argentina
1259:List of Dams in Argentina
1143:
1112:
774:
405:Major rivers of Argentina
37:
2955:
2195:European Investment Bank
1681:International agreements
1063:Water coverage and usage
370:Institutional challenges
364:European Investment Bank
139:Equipped irrigated area
18:Not to be confused with
2269:The World Bank (2002).
2228:(in Spanish). FAO. 2000
1630:Institutional framework
1418:Ingeniero Ballester Dam
417:Río de la Plata estuary
350:Flooding and stormwater
316:Lack of good management
179:19 sites; 5,318,376 ha
2613:Science Daily (2008).
2457:"La Plata River Basin"
2115:Connior, M.B. (2007).
1808:Laguna de Mar Chiquita
1792:List of Ramsar Sites:
1789:
1781:
1609:
1239:
971:, Carrenleufú y Pico,
603:Salado del Norte River
448:
2763:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2556:"Ramsar in Argentina"
1787:
1779:
1747:flood risk management
1607:
1499:Piedra del Águila Dam
1477:Pichi Picún Leufú Dam
1281:Year of Inauguration
1233:
1081:improved water source
975:, Pueyrredón, Mayer,
761:Principal watersheds
446:
168:Localized irrigation
160:Sprinkler irrigation
75:Groundwater recharge
2646:at Wikimedia Commons
1859:Puneñas de Catamarca
1816:y turberas asociadas
1699:La Plata River Basin
875:Colorado, Vinchina,
764:Drainage Surface km
2785:Trinidad and Tobago
2697:Antigua and Barbuda
2529:World Bank (2010).
2507:World Bank (2009).
2066:World Bank (2008).
2041:World Bank (2000).
1910:Reserva Provincial
1275:Principal function
1208:Stormwater drainage
717:Laguna Mar Chiquita
712:Laguna del Diamante
379:Water resource base
277:vertical filtration
152:Surface irrigation
147:Irrigation systems
2982:Water in Argentina
2736:Dominican Republic
1898:Reserva Ecológica
1886:Parque Provincial
1790:
1782:
1610:
1608:A map of Argentina
1240:
1130:House connections
887:, Riodesaguadero,
702:Huechulafquen Lake
672:Amutui Quimei Lake
660:Lakes in Argentina
449:
390:evapotranspiration
2964:
2963:
2642:Media related to
2341:Missing or empty
1928:According to the
1882:Esteros del Iberá
1740:The World Bank's
1597:
1596:
1587:Hydroelectricity
1566:Hydroelectricity
1548:Hydroelectricity
1466:Hydroelectricity
1364:Hydroelectricity
1319:Hydroelectricity
1297:Hydroelectricity
1272:Storage capacity
1174:
1173:
1147:Broad definition
1116:Broad definition
1046:
1045:
997:Closed Watersheds
727:Nahuel Huapi Lake
640:
639:
616:Desaguadero River
466:Discharge ( m/s)
206:
205:
102:774.8 m per year
2994:
2956:
2797:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2651:
2650:
2641:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2597:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2551:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2487:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2461:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2431:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2344:
2339:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2304:
2295:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2250:. El Sur del Sur
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2222:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2154:. pp. 32–44
2153:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2129:on June 13, 2010
2128:
2121:
2112:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2063:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2038:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1985:
1904:Reserva Natural
1894:Tierra del Fuego
1558:Salto Grande Dam
1358:Cerros Colorados
1263:
1262:
1105:the population)
1100:the population)
1091:
1090:
752:
751:
692:Futalafquen Lake
643:Storage capacity
457:
456:
433:Meseta Somuncura
425:endorheic basins
42:
25:
24:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2954:
2944:
2864:
2846:
2804:Central America
2798:
2789:
2683:
2678:
2634:
2629:
2619:
2617:
2611:
2607:
2591:
2590:
2583:
2581:
2574:
2570:
2560:
2558:
2554:Ramsar (2010).
2552:
2545:
2536:
2534:
2527:
2523:
2513:
2511:
2505:
2501:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2475:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2449:
2440:
2438:
2433:
2432:
2423:
2413:
2411:
2404:
2400:
2390:
2388:
2381:
2377:
2367:
2365:
2358:
2354:
2342:
2340:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2317:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2285:
2276:
2274:
2267:
2263:
2253:
2251:
2244:
2240:
2231:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2208:
2199:
2197:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2141:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2113:
2106:
2096:
2094:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2048:
2046:
2039:
2022:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1956:
1926:
1826:Humedales Chaco
1821:Laguna Melincué
1770:
1730:The World Bank:
1727:
1709:Guarani aquifer
1683:
1632:
1615:
1613:Legal framework
1602:
1540:Los Reyunos Dam
1458:Los Quiroga Dam
1437:Los Molinos Dam
1338:237 million m3
1331:El Carrizal Dam
1228:
1210:
1197:
1104:
1099:
1076:
1065:
1060:
843:Río de la Plata
805:, Guayquiraró,
755:Drainage Basin
687:Correntoso Lake
645:
524:Pilcomayo River
455:
421:Futaleufú River
386:
381:
372:
352:
318:
281:Abandoned wells
267:
258:
249:
233:water pollution
155:1.4 million ha
142:1.7 million ha
53:
52:Agriculture 74%
51:
33:
23:
12:
11:
5:
3000:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2962:
2961:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2874:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2856:
2854:
2852:Middle America
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2808:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2699:
2693:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2677:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2633:
2632:External links
2630:
2628:
2627:
2605:
2568:
2543:
2521:
2499:
2473:
2447:
2421:
2406:SAyDS (2009).
2398:
2375:
2352:
2315:
2283:
2261:
2238:
2206:
2182:
2165:
2139:
2104:
2081:
2055:
2020:
2010:
2000:
1990:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1955:
1952:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1871:y del Bebedero
1861:
1851:
1845:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1810:
1800:
1769:
1766:
1726:
1723:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1664:
1663:
1650:
1649:
1631:
1628:
1614:
1611:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1526:440 million m
1524:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1484:197 million m
1482:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1443:399 million m
1441:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1407:regulate flow
1405:
1402:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1341:regulate flow
1339:
1336:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1227:
1224:
1209:
1206:
1196:
1193:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1072:Main article:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
993:
992:
989:
986:
983:
957:
954:
948:
947:
944:
941:
938:
916:
909:
908:
905:
902:
899:
873:
869:
868:
865:
862:
859:
850:
839:
838:
835:
832:
829:
791:
778:
772:
771:
770:Flow (L/s km)
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
745:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
697:Gutiérrez Lake
694:
689:
684:
679:
677:Argentino Lake
674:
669:
644:
641:
638:
637:
634:
631:
625:
624:
621:
618:
612:
611:
608:
605:
599:
598:
595:
592:
586:
585:
582:
579:
573:
572:
569:
566:
564:San Juan River
560:
559:
556:
553:
552:(Buenos Aires)
546:
545:
542:
539:
537:Colorado River
533:
532:
529:
526:
520:
519:
516:
513:
507:
506:
503:
500:
494:
493:
490:
487:
481:
480:
477:
474:
468:
467:
464:
461:
398:water scarcity
385:
382:
380:
377:
371:
368:
351:
348:
339:San Roque Lake
330:Atlantic Ocean
326:over-exploited
317:
314:
292:eutrophication
266:
263:
257:
254:
248:
245:
204:
203:
197:
196:
193:
189:
188:
185:
181:
180:
177:
173:
172:
169:
165:
164:
161:
157:
156:
153:
149:
148:
144:
143:
140:
136:
135:
132:
128:
127:
124:
120:
119:
118:2,780,400 Km2
116:
112:
111:
108:
104:
103:
100:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
84:
80:
79:
76:
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
60:
56:
55:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2999:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2959:
2953:not included.
2952:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2909:French Guiana
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2870:South America
2867:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2670:
2668:
2663:
2661:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2616:
2609:
2601:
2595:
2579:
2572:
2557:
2550:
2548:
2532:
2525:
2510:
2503:
2484:
2477:
2458:
2451:
2436:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2409:
2402:
2386:
2383:AySA (2009).
2379:
2363:
2356:
2348:
2335:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2301:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2272:
2265:
2249:
2248:"HYDROGRAPHY"
2242:
2227:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2178:
2177:
2169:
2150:
2143:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2109:
2092:
2085:
2069:
2062:
2060:
2044:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2014:
2004:
1994:
1984:
1980:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1940:Science Daily
1936:
1931:
1919:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1901:
1900:Costanera Sur
1897:
1895:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1837:
1836:Laguna Blanca
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1692:
1687:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1606:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1376:El Chocón Dam
1374:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1237:
1232:
1223:
1221:
1216:
1215:Latin America
1205:
1201:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:Rural (10% of
1102:
1098:Urban (90% of
1097:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1075:
1070:
1069:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
994:
990:
987:
984:
982:
978:
974:
973:Simpson River
970:
966:
962:
958:
955:
953:
950:
949:
945:
942:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
914:
911:
910:
906:
903:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
871:
870:
866:
863:
860:
858:
854:
851:
848:
844:
841:
840:
836:
833:
830:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
790:
786:
782:
779:
777:
773:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
753:
750:
749:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
722:Mascardi Lake
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
664:
663:
661:
656:
654:
650:
635:
632:
630:
629:Deseado River
627:
626:
622:
619:
617:
614:
613:
609:
606:
604:
601:
600:
596:
593:
591:
588:
587:
583:
580:
578:
577:Mendoza River
575:
574:
570:
567:
565:
562:
561:
557:
554:
551:
548:
547:
543:
540:
538:
535:
534:
530:
527:
525:
522:
521:
517:
514:
512:
511:Bermejo River
509:
508:
504:
501:
499:
496:
495:
491:
488:
486:
485:Uruguay River
483:
482:
478:
475:
473:
470:
469:
465:
462:
459:
458:
454:
445:
441:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
413:Uruguay River
410:
406:
402:
399:
395:
391:
376:
367:
365:
360:
358:
347:
344:
343:cyanobacteria
340:
336:
331:
327:
323:
313:
310:
306:
300:
297:
293:
289:
288:deforestation
284:
282:
278:
273:
265:Water Quality
262:
253:
244:
240:
238:
234:
230:
224:
222:
218:
214:
211:functions in
210:
202:
199:
198:
190:
184:Dam Capacity
182:
174:
171:- million ha
166:
158:
150:
145:
137:
129:
121:
113:
105:
97:
89:
81:
73:
65:
57:
54:Industry 10%
45:
41:
36:
31:
26:
21:
16:
2957:
2951:Dependencies
2908:
2877:
2779:Sint Maarten
2778:
2756:
2724:
2702:
2618:. Retrieved
2608:
2582:. Retrieved
2571:
2559:. Retrieved
2535:. Retrieved
2533:. World Bank
2524:
2514:December 14,
2512:. Retrieved
2502:
2490:. Retrieved
2476:
2464:. Retrieved
2450:
2439:. Retrieved
2414:December 17,
2412:. Retrieved
2410:(in Spanish)
2401:
2391:December 17,
2389:. Retrieved
2387:(in Spanish)
2378:
2366:. Retrieved
2364:(in Spanish)
2360:INA (2010).
2355:
2307:. Retrieved
2275:. Retrieved
2264:
2252:. Retrieved
2241:
2230:. Retrieved
2198:. Retrieved
2194:
2185:
2175:
2168:
2158:December 14,
2156:. Retrieved
2142:
2131:. Retrieved
2124:the original
2095:. Retrieved
2084:
2074:December 14,
2072:. Retrieved
2070:. World Bank
2047:. Retrieved
2013:
2003:
1993:
1983:
1927:
1912:Laguna Brava
1849:los Pozuelos
1802:Bañados del
1791:
1771:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1741:
1739:
1729:
1728:
1706:
1705:
1697:
1696:
1685:
1684:
1673:
1667:
1659:
1653:
1644:
1639:
1633:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1578:Yacyretá Dam
1404:8 million m
1398:El Cajón Dam
1335:Desaguadero
1309:Arroyito Dam
1258:
1257:
1253:
1249:Salto Grande
1241:
1236:Parana River
1220:urbanization
1211:
1202:
1198:
1176:
1175:
1086:
1077:
1067:
1066:
1048:
1047:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1019:
996:
951:
847:Buenos Aires
827:Gualeguaychú
817:, Paraguay,
775:
758:River Basin
747:
746:
737:Quillén Lake
667:Alumine Lake
659:
657:
646:
590:Chubut River
550:Salado River
472:Paraná River
432:
409:Paraná River
404:
403:
387:
373:
361:
356:
353:
319:
301:
296:Algal blooms
285:
276:
268:
259:
250:
241:
237:urbanization
225:
220:
216:
208:
207:
200:
50:Domestic 16%
15:
2822:El Salvador
2768:Saint Lucia
2757:Puerto Rico
2620:January 21,
2584:January 22,
2368:January 15,
2097:January 22,
1874:Lagunas de
1869:Desaguadero
1863:Lagunas de
1855:Altoandinas
1831:Jaaukanigás
1814:Vinciguerra
1798:Samborombón
1287:Alicurá Dam
1144:Sanitation
853:Plata River
799:Santa Lucía
742:Tromén Lake
682:Espejo Lake
498:Negro River
463:Length (km)
394:evaporation
163:650,000 ha
110:approx. 4%
2971:Categories
2817:Costa Rica
2537:2010-01-15
2441:2009-06-04
2343:|url=
2309:2010-01-21
2277:2010-01-24
2232:2010-01-13
2200:2022-04-05
2133:2010-01-13
2049:2010-01-13
1976:References
1880:Lagunas y
1865:Guanacache
1847:Laguna de
1842:Llancanelo
1840:Laguna de
1734:World Bank
1686:With Chile
1383:20.15 BCM
1226:Hydropower
1195:Irrigation
831:3,092,000
803:Corrientes
732:Puelo Lake
707:Lácar Lake
451:See also:
429:dry pampas
357:sudestadas
115:Land Area
2940:Venezuela
2878:Argentina
2837:Nicaragua
2827:Guatemala
2689:Caribbean
1998:aquifers.
1944:Argentina
1918:Pilcomayo
1888:El Tromen
1804:Río Dulce
1796:Bahía de
1590:4,050 MW
1582:La Plata
1569:1,890 MW
1520:Ullum Dam
1506:11.2 BCM
1389:1,200 MW
1161:Sewerage
1031:4,053,587
977:Vizcachas
969:Futaleufú
959:Hua-Hum,
918:Neuguén,
913:Patagonia
872:Colorado
819:Pilcomayo
815:Arrecifes
811:Gualeguay
807:Feliciano
437:Patagonia
309:Catamarca
213:Argentina
30:Argentina
2930:Suriname
2920:Paraguay
2898:Colombia
2832:Honduras
2731:Dominica
2714:Barbados
2594:cite web
2561:March 9,
2492:March 8,
2466:March 8,
2334:cite web
2254:March 8,
1954:See also
1948:Colombia
1906:Otamendi
1853:Lagunas
1819:Humedal
1812:Glaciar
1316:0.3 BCM
1300:1000 MW
1294:3.3 BCM
1247:and the
1245:Yacyretá
1191:/2006).
1008:258,096
940:356,033
932:Senguerr
893:Diamante
881:San Juan
861:181,203
845:and the
834:694,770
793:Paraná,
785:Paraguay
776:Atlantic
653:Yacyretá
411:and the
305:La Rioja
229:aquifers
219:and the
187:186 BCM
86:128 BCM
78:128 BCM
70:276 BCM
2935:Uruguay
2903:Ecuador
2883:Bolivia
2751:Jamaica
2741:Grenada
2725:Curaçao
2709:Bahamas
1935:La Niña
1503:Chubut
1481:Chubut
1449:148 MW
1422:Chubut
1380:Chubut
1367:596 MW
1322:120 MW
1313:Chubut
1291:Chubut
1036:814,765
988:38,222
985:33,455
981:Fagnano
952:Pacific
943:61,211
915:Rivers
904:10,060
901:92,840
889:Tunuyán
885:Mendoza
823:Bermejo
789:Uruguay
479:16,806
435:in the
335:Córdoba
322:aquifer
272:Mendoza
2915:Guyana
2888:Brazil
2860:Mexico
2842:Panama
2812:Belize
1988:basis.
1946:, and
1876:Vilama
1532:41 MW
1490:261MW
1344:17 MW
1269:Basin
1185:UNICEF
1177:Source
1113:Water
1108:Total
1049:Source
1011:5,866
928:Chubut
877:Jáchal
864:4,636
857:Salado
795:Iguazú
781:Paraná
492:5,026
134:5.43%
2893:Chile
2746:Haiti
2703:Aruba
2486:(PDF)
2460:(PDF)
2303:(PDF)
2152:(PDF)
2127:(PDF)
2120:(PDF)
1669:SAyDS
1593:1993
1572:1979
1514:1993
1493:2000
1471:1956
1452:1953
1412:1993
1392:1973
1370:1978
1347:1971
1325:1979
1303:1985
1020:Total
991:36.2
965:Puelo
961:Manso
936:Chico
924:Negro
920:Limay
897:Atuel
620:1,200
607:2,000
515:1,000
489:1,500
476:1,800
2925:Peru
2719:Cuba
2622:2010
2600:link
2586:2010
2563:2010
2516:2009
2494:2010
2468:2010
2416:2009
2393:2009
2370:2010
2347:help
2256:2010
2160:2009
2099:2010
2076:2009
1916:Río
1732:The
1707:The
1655:AySA
1266:Dam
1170:44%
1164:48%
1156:91%
1153:83%
1150:92%
1139:79%
1136:45%
1133:83%
1125:96%
1122:80%
1119:98%
1041:53.6
1014:0.6
1005:N/A
946:5.5
907:3.4
867:0.8
837:7.1
544:134
531:152
518:339
505:865
460:Name
392:and
307:and
195:41%
126:12%
1691:FAO
1641:INA
1189:JMP
1181:WHO
1167:5%
1053:FAO
1027:--
1024:--
633:615
623:14
610:15
597:48
594:810
584:50
581:400
571:56
568:500
558:88
555:700
541:860
528:850
502:635
2973::
2596:}}
2592:{{
2546:^
2424:^
2338::
2336:}}
2332:{{
2318:^
2286:^
2209:^
2193:.
2107:^
2058:^
2023:^
1867:,
1857:y
1844:MR
1806:y
1051::
979:,
967:,
963:y
934:y
930:,
926:,
922:,
895:,
891:,
883:,
879:,
855:,
821:,
813:,
809:,
801:,
797:,
787:,
783:,
662:.
636:5
2673:e
2666:t
2659:v
2624:.
2602:)
2588:.
2565:.
2540:.
2518:.
2496:.
2470:.
2444:.
2418:.
2395:.
2372:.
2349:)
2345:(
2312:.
2280:.
2258:.
2235:.
2203:.
2162:.
2136:.
2101:.
2078:.
2052:.
1672:(
1658:(
1238:.
1187:(
1183:/
22:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
