Waterloo County, Ontario

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tripled respectively. From 1871 to 1881, the county entered an era described by the geographer Fred Dahms as one of "competition and centralization". Between 1871 and 1881, the rural population decreased while the urban share of total population increased by nearly 30%, despite a total population growth of only 6.2%. The total number of settlements with functional units increased between 1864 and 1881, reaching an all-time peak of 44, and communities were widely dispersed. The result of this was numerous hamlets with one or two functional units (often a hotel, general store, or smithy) which had developed at road intersections, and a road system which allowed anyone with access to a horse and carriage the easy ability to return from a day trip. Economic functions, however, had already begun to centralize amongst a handful of major settlements.

1054:, a metric called the "functional unit" is sometimes used as a measure for the complexity of a settlement. A functional unit is a measure of a type of economic activity, such as milling, banking, or retailing. A single establishment could contain multiple functional units; one example, common in pioneer settlements, is the general store/post office, which would constitute two functional units. For Waterloo County, statistics on functional units are possible for 1864 onward using contemporary data sources. In 1864, Galt was clearly at the top of the county's urban hierarchy, with 23% of all functional units, while Berlin had only 14%. Waterloo, Preston, Ayr, and New Hamburg all followed with between 6% and 10% each; no other community in the county had more than 3.41% of the county's functional units. 1000: 1261:, a hotel keeper, being one of the firsts. He would build what later became the Walper House in Berlin. Two streets in present-day Kitchener, Frederick and Gaukel streets, are named after him. Other German-speaking immigrants from Europe arrived in Waterloo County during the 1830s to 1850s, bringing with them their language, religion and cultural traditions. Waterloo County soon became recognized throughout Canada for their Germanic heritage. The German community became industrial and political leaders, and created a German-Canadian society unlike any other found in Canada at the time. They established German public schools and German language churches. 356: 971: 1301:

Berlin, Ontario, about 70% were identified as ethnic German but only 8.3% had been born in Germany. By the beginning of the First World War in 1914, Berlin and Waterloo County were still considered to be predominantly German by people across Canada. This would prove to have a profound impact on local citizens during the war years. During the first few months of the war, services an activities at Lutheran churches in Waterloo County continued on as they always had. However, as anti-German sentiment increased throughout Waterloo County, many of the churches decided to stop holding services in German.

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the poor, "but folks with disabilities, women, children. Some were single women who had been servants and became pregnant; in fact, many were single mothers of all types. The archives also indicate that in addition to food and shelter for "inmates", in return for labour in the house and on the attached farm, the House also donated food, clothing and money for train tickets to enable the poor to reach family that might be able to support them. There were also two cemeteries for the poor nearby, including "inmates" of the House who had died.

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initially called Ebytown and was at the south-east side of what would later become Queen Street. (Eby was also responsible for the growth of the Mennonite church in Waterloo County; he built the first church in 1813.) Abram Weber settled on the corner of what would become King and Wilmot Streets and David Weber in the area of the much later Grand Trunk Railway station. Benjamin Eby encouraged manufacturers to move to the village. Jacob Hoffman came in 1829 or 1830 and started the first furniture factory.

341: 1058: 402: 5055: 4488: 1316: 996:(reeve). Though the courthouse has since been replaced with a modern structure, the gaol and adjacent governor's house remain to this day under historical designation; they have been repurposed for further legal capacities (courtrooms and prosecutors' offices). In the following years, various County institutions and facilities would be created, including roads and bridges, schools, a House of Industry and Refuge, agricultural societies and local markets. 278: 1265: 5043: 5067: 1312:(regardless of their origin) in a speech: "It is of great interest to me that many of the citizens of Berlin are of German descent. I well know the admirable qualities – the thoroughness, the tenacity, and the loyalty of the great Teutonic Race, to which I am so closely related. I am sure that these inherited qualities will go far in the making of good Canadians and loyal citizens of the British Empire". 485:

1820s because of a severe agricultural depression in Lancaster County. Joseph Schneider also settled in that area and built a frame house in 1820 on the south side of the future Queen Street after clearing a farm and creating a rough road. A small settlement formed around "Schneider's Road" which later became the nucleus of Berlin. The home was renovated over a century later and still stands.

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highly developed urban commercial corridors – in contrast with older downtowns, which were usually less linear in form. With King Street already dominant as a linear commercial corridor, it was natural that early street railway development would connect two of the county's urban centres (Berlin and Waterloo) along this established route. This came about in 1888 in the form of the

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indigenous children would play together, and that indigenous people would sometimes stay overnight in settlers' houses. However, in one surviving document from the period, a group of settlers in "Beasley's Township" (the name used before Waterloo Township was adopted) petitioned the Upper Canada legislature in 1808 to ban the sale of

477:, was still under construction and would only open later that year. This first proposal was for a long-distance route from Dundas to Goderich, going through Preston. A similar proposal for a "Toronto and Lake Huron Railway" was made in August, which was intended to pass through the townships of Dumfries and Waterloo. However, 1249:

in the late 1930s with the cancellation of trips to Waterloo, though the system had a brief swan song in ridership during the Second World War. Regular passenger service ended in 1955. Freight service continued, though the line was extensively relocated to make room for highway expansion in south Kitchener during the 1960s.

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Beasley sold a 60,000 acre tract of land to the German Company of Pennsylvania represented by Daniel Erb and Samuel Bricker in November 1803. Beasley's sale to the German Company not only cleared him of a mortgage debt, but left him with 10,000 acres of Block Two land which he continued to sell into the 1830s.

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The poorhouse was one of the earliest forms of social welfare available to people without other options for food, shelter, or the care needed for their survival. The poorhouse became the place to send people who were very poor, desperate, distressed, disabled, pregnant without support, old, or ill so

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To correct the situation, a formal agreement was arranged between Brant and Beasley. This arrangement allowed Beasley to sell the bulk of Block Two in order to cover his mortgage obligations completely, while giving the Mennonite buyers legal title to land they had previously purchased. Subsequently,

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in 1916. News reports indicate that "A Lutheran minister was pulled out of his house ... he was dragged through the streets. German clubs were ransacked through the course of the war. It was just a really nasty time period.". A document in the Archives of Canada makes the following comment: "Although

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Immigration from continental Germany slowed by 1880. First and second-generation descendants now comprised most of the local German population, and while they were proud of their German roots, most considered themselves loyal British subjects. The 1911 Census indicates that of the 15,196 residents in

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By 1871, nearly 55 percent of the population had German origins, including both those of Pennsylvania Mennonite and European Germans. This group greatly outnumbered the Scots (18 per cent), the English (12.6 per cent) and the Irish (8 per cent). Berlin, Ontario was a bilingual town with German being

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By 1871, the largest ethnic groups in the county were Scots (18 per cent of the population), Irish (8 per cent), English (12.6 per cent), and German. At that time, those with German roots (direct from Europe or from Pennsylvania) made up nearly 55 per cent of the population. That was much higher than

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reached Berlin in 1856 and that accelerated the growth of industry. In the next decade factories and the homes of labourers and wealthy owners replaced the early settlers' log houses. A rail line did not reach St. Jacobs or Elmira until 1891. The Grand Trunk and the Canadian Pacific railways provided

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in Waterloo; its remains were unearthed in 2016. The road was probably built by Mennonites using technology acquired in Lancaster County Pennsylvania, between the late 1790s and 1816. The log road was buried in about 1840 and a new road built on top of it. A historian explained that the road had been

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in Canada and some cultural sanctions on the community, particularly in Berlin, Ontario. However, by 1919 most of the population of what would become Kitchener, Waterloo and Elmira were "Canadian"; over 95 percent had been born In Ontario. Those of the Mennonite religion were pacifist so they could

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lines and intercity stations. In fact, both lines were indirectly controlled by the Canadian Pacific Railway, and starting in 1931, they were managed together as a single entity known as the Canadian Pacific Electric Lines. Ridership on passenger trips declined, and services began to be cut starting

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with an attached farm, the House of Industry and Refuge that accommodated some 3,200 people before being closed down in 1951; the building was subsequently demolished. It was located on Frederick St. in Kitchener, behind the now Frederick Street Mall and was intended to minimize the number of people

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Family records, mostly of three distinct groups and descendants of Joseph, David and Henry Bauman, who settled as pioneers in Waterloo Township, Waterloo County, up to the year of 1825, each representing one of the three tribes of Christian, Peter and Jacob respectively, who are children of the old

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was created by the amalgamation of the city of Galt, the towns of Preston and Hespeler, the village of Blair, and various parcels of township land. One township vanished when the former Waterloo Township was divided among Woolwich Township and the three cities of Kitchener, Waterloo, and Cambridge.

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By the early 1900s, North Waterloo County (the Kitchener, Waterloo and Woolwich Township areas) exhibited a strong German culture and those of German origin made up a third of the population in 1911, with Lutherans as the primary religious group. The Mennonites at that time primarily resided in the

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only arrived several decades later. Urban railways offered a number of advantages to developing communities, but required a serious infrastructure investment which often fell to local municipalities or private businessmen. Street railways tended to lead to the development of the "streetcar strip" –

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of 1846 states that the Township of Waterloo (smaller than Waterloo County) consisted primarily of Pennsylvanian Mennonites and immigrants directly from Germany who had brought money with them. At the time, many did not speak English. There were eight grist and twenty saw mills in the township. In

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to indigenous people, citing social disorder and "bad behaviour" including the shooting of another settler. Another, later historian, Angus S. Bauman, points out in his own history that Ezra Eby may have been aware of these incidents, highlighting Eby's comment that "n those early times the Indians

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with a simplified grammatical structure, some differences in vocabulary and pronunciation and a greater influence of English.) The combination of various types of German-speaking groups was a notable factor in the history of Waterloo County. The two groups of Germanics were able to understand each

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railways had begun to spread throughout North America. These were a natural evolution from street railways, but represented a more substantial commitment to regional rail infrastructure. The Grand River Railway was noted by rail historian John M. Mills as one of the earliest interurbans in Canada,

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A research project by the Laurier School of Social Work has amassed all available data about the House and its former residents, digitized it and made the archive available on-line at WaterlooHouseOfRefuge.ca. According to Sandy Hoy, a director of research projects, the "inmates" included not only

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would later be founded, using a road cut through the wilderness the previous year by two Englishmen named Ward and Smith. They then followed the Grand River northward. Joseph Schoerg and his wife settled on Lot 11, B.F. Beasley Block, S.R., on the bank of the Grand River opposite Doon, and Betzner

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The village centre of what would become Berlin (and later, Kitchener) was established in 1830 by Phineas Varnum who leased land from Joseph Schneider and opened a blacksmith shop on the site where a hotel would be built many years later, the Walper House. A tavern was also established here at the

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John Eby, druggist and chemist, arrived from Pennsylvania in about 1820 and opened a shop to the west of what would later be Eby Street. At the time, it was common for settlers to form a building "bee" to help newcomers erect a long home. Immigration from Lancaster county continued heavily in the

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More specifically, the cities of Galt, Kitchener, and Waterloo were previously independent single-tier municipalities prior to joining the newly formed regional municipality. In the 1973 reorganization, the fifteen towns and townships of the county were reduced to just seven in the new Region of

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By 1871, Galt still held the lead, but several small and mid-sized settlements in the county had dramatically increased in total number of functional units, overtaking others. In particular, New Hamburg, Elmira, and Ayr pulled ahead of Preston, while St. Jacobs and Hespeler more than doubled and

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of Niagara purchased land in the township of North Dumfries and South Dumfries. With his land agent, Absolom Shade, he located a town site on the Grand River. Settlers were attracted, largely from Scotland with the price of land being about four dollars an acre. Years later (1827), this village

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Almost as important as Benjamin Eby in the history of Kitchener, Joseph Schneider of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania (son of immigrants from southern Germany) bought lot 17 of the German Company Tract of block 2 in 1806. While farming, he helped to build what became "Schneider's Road" and by 1816

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The homes built by the next generation of these families still stand as of March 2021, on what is now Pioneer Tower Road in Kitchener, and have been listed as historically important; the John Betzner homestead (restored) and the David Schoerg farmstead (not yet restored) were erected circa 1830.

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The western part of this area was initially settled by Mennonites of German extraction from Pennsylvania; most settled the area that would become Kitchener, St. Jacobs, Elmira and surroundings. The southern part (now Cambridge) – as well as areas that would become Fergus and Elora, just outside

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By 1835, many immigrants to Waterloo County were not from Pennsylvania. Many settler came from England, Ireland, Scotland and Germany to areas such as New Germany in the Lower Block of Block Two. In 1835, approximately 70% of the population was Mennonite but by 1851, only 26% of the much larger

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Later named the founder of Kitchener, Benjamin Eby (made Mennonite preacher 1809, and bishop in 1812) arrived from Lancaster County, Pennsylvania in 1806 and purchased a very large tract of land consisting of much of what would become the village of Berlin (named about 1830). The settlement was

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Later declared the founder of the city of Waterloo, Abraham Erb, a German Mennonite from Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, bought 900 acres of bush land in 1806 from the German Company; (this would later be part of Waterloo Township). He built a sawmill in 1808 and a gristmill in 1816; the latter

249:. At the time, the upper part of the Grand River Valley was considered deep in the wilderness, and was difficult to penetrate into with wagons due a lack of roads. One Waterloo County historian, W. H. Breithaupt, believed that Schoerg and Betzner, after arriving in Upper Canada, travelled from 995:

were built within a few months. The first county council meeting was held in the new building on 24 January 1853, as the county officially began operations. The new county council included 12 members from the five townships and two villages; Doctor John Scott was appointed as the first warden

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in 1804. Ezra E. Eby, whose history of Waterloo Township was based on oral family histories of early settlers as well as written history, highlights positive social relationships between early settlers and indigenous people, describing frequent trade between them, that settlers' children and

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In 1862, German-speaking groups held The Sängerfest, or "Singer Festival" concert event that attracted an estimated 10,000 people and continued for several years. Eleven years later, the over 2000 Germans in Berlin, Ontario started a new event, Friedenfest, commemorating Prussian victory

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1841, the population count was 4424. In 1846 the village of Waterloo had a population of 200, "mostly Germans". There was a grist mill and a sawmill and some tradesmen. Berlin (Kitchener) had a population of about 400, also "mostly German", and more tradesmen than the village of Waterloo.

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Some sources estimate that roughly 50,000 Germans directly from Europe settled in a large area of Southern Ontario, in and around Waterloo County, between the 1830s and 1850s. Unlike the predominantly Mennonite settlers from Pennsylvania, the majority of Germans from Europe were of other

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falls, and the width being six miles on each side of the river. The First Nations soon offered almost half of the upper area for sale. It was divided into four blocks. Blocks 1, 2 and 3 were sold by 1816; this large area became the townships of Waterloo, Woolwich and Dumfries.

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to Galt. The new road gave pioneers in Dumfries Township (and by extension, Waterloo Township) a direct route to urban centres near Lake Ontario, although it was over a difficult track which passed through many swamps. This "Beverley Road" was the predecessor to the later

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Franco-Prussian war. This annual celebration continued until the start of WWI. In 1897, they raised funds to erect a large monument, with a bronze bust of Kaiser Wilhelm 1, in Victoria Park. (The monument would be destroyed by townspeople just after the start of WWI.)

1617:"Schoerg farmstead: first permanent European settlement Two families from Franklin County, Pennsylvania, bought land along the Grand River from m Beasley, establishing the first permanent European settlement in inland Upper Canada, which later became Waterloo County" 300:. Many of the pioneers arriving from Pennsylvania after November 1803 bought land in a 60,000-acre (240 km) section of Block Two from the German Company from Richard Beasley who had acquired a massive territory. The tract had originally been purchased from the 1030:

The first hospital in Waterloo County opened in 1890 as Galt General Hospital. Additional buildings and facilities were added in the early 1900s. By 1918, the facility had an X-ray room, a 27-room nurses' residence and was also a nurse training school.

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in 1857 in recognition of his public service and the industries he started there. Jacob Beck from the Grand Duchy of Baden founded the village of Baden in Wilmot Township and started a foundry and machine shop. Jacob Beck was the father of Sir

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from Pennsylvania formed a significant proportion of the population. The area still retains much of its traditional character. Old Order Mennonites can still be seen on the local roads using their traditional horse and buggy transportation.

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25,000, almost double the government's expenditure on roads the following year, and was committed to improve and maintain the Galt–Dundas road to a width of 30 feet (9.1 m). Despite these funds, the company struggled financially, and a

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After about 1850, settlers direct from Germany began arriving to all parts of the county, including Woolwich Township. Waterloo was incorporated as a village in 1857 and became the Town of Waterloo in 1876 and the City of Waterloo in 1948.

1776:"Schoerg farmstead: first permanent European settlement Two families from Franklin County, Pennsylvania, bought land along the Grand River from m Beasley, establishing the first permanent European settlement in inland Upper Canada" 444:, government expenditures on roads increased dramatically, leading to the improvement and extension of a number of roads in Upper Canada. By 1819, a new road had been constructed, which ran diagonally across Beverley Township from 315:

still frequented the area. Recorded history documents that the relationship between the Mississaugas and early settlers could sometimes be strained. In one case, a John Erb (likely the same John Erb who built the first mills at

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Waterloo County was once one of the most densely wooded sections in North America. Oak trees three to four feet in diameter, maple, beech, elm, ash oak and great pines were common. The county, located in the northerly edge of

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and "for many years one of the most energetic and progressive." While plans for a northern extension of the mainline never resulted in new construction, a succession of lines provided connections to the south. These were the

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not enlist and the few who had immigrated from Germany (not born in Canada) could not morally fight against a country that was a significant part of their heritage. The anti-German sentiment was the primary reason for the

453:. Before commercial mills were constructed in the Waterloo area, settlers had to bring their grain in wagons along the road to Dundas to be milled. By the 1830s, the government had adopted a new strategy: the creation of 1358:

has been a remembrance of the Region's German Heritage. The event includes beer halls and German entertainment, as well as a major parade, The second largest Oktoberfest in the world, the event is based on the original

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The population was 38,750 by 1861. In 1864, there were two grammar schools in the county, at Galt and Berlin, three Roman Catholic Separate Schools in the township of Wellesley, and two others in the township of Wilmot.

3401: 387:; the first recorded burial at that location was in 1806. The cemetery at First Mennonite church at 800 King St. East in Kitchener is not as old, but contains the graves of some notable citizens, including Bishop 2506: 990:

donated a small parcel of land he owned (at the current Queen and Weber streets), this secured the county seat for Berlin. The courthouse at the corner of the later Queen Street North and Weber Street and the

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operated continuously for 111 years. Other early settlers of what would become Waterloo included Samuel and Elia Schneider who arrived in 1816. Until about 1820, settlements such as this were quite small.

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Settlement of the what later became the Township of Waterloo started in 1800 (in an area that is now a part of Kitchener) by Joseph Schoerg (later called Sherk) and Samuel Betzner, Jr. (brothers-in-law),

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The first newspaper of the county (first issue dated August 27, 1835) was the Canada Museum und Allgemeine Zeitung, printed mostly in German and partly in English. It was published for only five years.

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by the British Crown in 1784; it was acquired in 1798 by Richard Beasley and two partners who decided to resell land, in smaller parcels. The Tract included most of Block 2 of the previous

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would be located. At the time, Berlin was a hamlet with a population of only 700, as opposed to Galt's population of 2,200. one of the requirements for founding was the construction of a

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interrupted settlement. The Mennonite settlers refused to carry arms so were employed in non-combatant roles in camps and hospital and as teamsters in transport service during the war.

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The majority of the settlers of the Lower Block along the Grand River (including areas such as the current Freeport and Hespeler) were also Mennonites from Pennsylvania often called

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The Region of Waterloo, with Jack A. Young as its first chairman, took over many services, including Police, waste management, recreation, planning, roads and social services.

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Created in 1853, Waterloo County consisted of five townships: Woolwich, Wellesley, Wilmot, Waterloo, and North Dumfries, including the cities, towns and villages in each area.

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The community of Bridgeport was annexed to the city of Kitchener. Erbsville was annexed to the city of Waterloo. The former county government was given broader powers as a

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Both the immigrants from Germany and the Mennonites from Pennsylvania spoke German of course, though with different dialects such as Low German or the incorrectly called

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ludicrous to modern eyes, the whole issue of a name for Berlin highlights the effects that fear, hatred and nationalism can have upon a society in the face of war."

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Many of the Mennonite places of worship were basic frame buildings; this type is still commonly used by Old Order Mennonite groups in the northern part of the Region

3236: 169:, Waterloo County consisted of five townships: Woolwich, Wellesley, Wilmot, Waterloo, and North Dumfries. The major population centres were Waterloo, Kitchener ( 1573: 1170:, one in Berlin and one in Waterloo. These systems were gradually consolidated over several years and by 1914, they were known under the unified name of the 1061:

Despite urban (and later suburban) development in its major centres, much of the county remained rural and agricultural in nature well into the 20th century.

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The earliest recorded proposal for a railway in Waterloo County was in January 1836; at the time, no public railways existed in Canada, as the first, the

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While German-speaking settlers from Pennsylvania were the most numerous until about 1840, a few Germans from Europe began arriving in as 1819, including

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although they were actually Deutsch or Deitsch, German. Others immigrated from the British Isles and directly from Germany, producing a mix of cultures.

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maintained by private companies. The first such company, incorporated in 1829, was the Dundas and Waterloo Turnpike Company. It had a capitalization of

4652: 4526: 2289:"1001 St. Jacobs Waterloo Region, Ontario Canada Information - proudly presented by Kanada News' Canada Vacation Planner the Online Travel Directory" 1196: 5108: 3319: 232:

Waterloo County – were settled by Scots. Except for grist, woolen and saw mills, there was little industry in any of these area until about 1870.

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This county is still home to the largest population of Old Order Mennonites in Canada, particularly in the areas around St Jacobs and Elmira.

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were very numerous and if kindly treated would never injure anyone," noting that "perhaps these men did inadvertently displease the Indians."

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The German Company, represented by Daniel Erb and Samuel Bricker, had gotten into financial difficulties after buying the land in 1796 from

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in Waterloo township; Galt in North Dumfries; Elmira in Woolwich; and New Hamburg in Wilmot. All are now part of the Regional Municipality.

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population were of this religion. This was due to the large wave of new German migrants from Europe, particularly between 1830 and 1850.

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begging, living on the streets or being incarcerated at a time before social welfare programmes became available. A 2009 report by the

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built for access to the mill but was also "one of the first roads cut through (the woods) so people could start settling the area".

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in 1894, which, similarly to the Berlin and Waterloo, connected the existing urban centres of Galt and Preston. It soon became the

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An Act erecting certain parts of the Counties of Halton and Simcoe into a new District, by the name of the District of Wellington

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The governor general of Canada, the Duke of Connaught, while visiting Berlin, Ontario, in May 1914, discussed the importance of

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In 1807, 45,195 acres (182.90 km) of Block 3 (Woolwich) was purchased by Pennsylvanians John Erb, Jacob Erb and others.

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McLaughlin, Kenneth (1991). "Waterloo County: A Pennsylvania-German Homeland". In Burke, Susan M.; Hill, Matthew H. (eds.).

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Fraser, Alexander, ed. (1912). Eighth Report of the Bureau of Archives for the Province of Ontario (Report). King's Printer.

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other quite easily and there was no apparent conflict between the Germans from Europe and those who came from Pennsylvania.

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At the beginning of 1852, the County was divided into three, forming the United Counties of Wellington, Waterloo and Grey:

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Cruikshank, E. A. (1927). "The Reserve of the Six Nations on the Grand River and the Mennonite Purchase of Block No. 2".

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of another £25,000 was requested and authorized in 1837. A further £8,000 was authorized two years later, in 1839, for

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delayed railway development, and it wouldn't be until the railway fever of the 1840s that new proposals would emerge.

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who died in 1853, Joseph Schneider, and Rev. Joseph Cramer, founder of the House of Friendship social service agency.

5017: 4768: 4220: 4160: 4137: 4050: 3858: 3761: 3600: 3579: 3476: 2107: 1394: 1163: 545: 159: 293:. The payment to Beasly, in cash, arrived from Pennsylvania in kegs, carried in a wagon surrounded by armed guards. 51: 4753: 4748: 4667: 4512: 4431: 4180: 3967: 3791: 3681: 1775: 1616: 532:, were first settled in the early 1800s. The early settlers were primarily from England or Ireland but after 1830, 215:

confederation refugees from central and western New York State, indigenous peoples who served as allies during the

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Breithaupt, William Henry (1927). "History of Waterloo County". In Middleton, Jesse Edgar; Landon, Fred (eds.).

2762: 383:(now part of Cambridge) was already in use. The next cemetery to be started is the one next to Pioneer Tower in 5012: 4622: 3539: 1355: 1218: 1191: 420: 290: 2342: 1863: 1464:. The former village, town and city councils joined into the council of a new township or city. An overseeing 5071: 4836: 4773: 4763: 2133: 1309: 1297:

the dominant language spoken. More than one visitor commented on the necessity of speaking German in Berlin.

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useful transportation and as a result, furniture manufacturing and other industries began to open in Elmira.

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same time and a store was opened. At the time, the settlement of Berlin was still considered to be a hamlet.

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built a sawmill. Years later, Schneider and Phineas Varnum would help form the commercial centre of Ebytown.

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and his wife settled on the west bank of the Grand, on a farm near what would become the village of Blair.

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denominations: most in the first groups were Catholic and those who arrived later were primarily Lutheran.

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explains that "pauperism was considered a moral failing that could be erased through order and hard work".

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The Pioneer Memorial Tower, dedicated the Pennsylvania-German pioneers who arrived between 1800 and 1803

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The first school opened in 1802 near the village of Blair, then known as Shinglebridge and now part of

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and Waterloo County were formed in June 1840 from territory transferred from certain other districts:

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The Joseph Schneider Haus was built by one of the early settlers in Berlin, Ontario and still stands.

151: 3805: 3487: 3174:"City on Edge: Berlin Becomes Kitchener in 1916" Exhibit at Waterloo Region Museum, on display 2016. 4452: 3146: 1241: 1214: 1166:

which, despite its name, took on many of the characteristics of an interurban. It featured two new

147: 3347: 1034:

By 1911, there were nearly three times as many Lutherans as Mennonites in that area, for example.

978:

There had been some contentious debate between Galt and Berlin (later, Kitchener) as to where the

970: 4826: 4358: 4260: 4197: 1998: 1422: 1229: 718: 355: 1386:

Market Square, a former urban mall on the corner of Frederick St. and King St East in Kitchener.

1340:

built in 1926 commemorates the settlement by the Pennsylvania 'Dutch' (actually Pennsilfaanisch

1224:

Taken as a sum, these interurban lines created direct rail connections between Waterloo County,

4758: 4398: 4388: 3988:

Doering, J. Frederick (1936). "Pennsylvania German Folk Medicine in Waterloo County, Ontario".

3922: 1799: 1754: 1155: 943: 626: 576: 204: 4909: 4627: 4592: 4567: 4393: 4368: 2197: 2195: 1663:"Empty for years, home to one of Waterloo Region's earliest Mennonite settlers gets makeover" 1491: 1465: 1447: 1382: 1345: 1324: 730: 208: 3880:

Ethnic Elites, Propaganda, Recruiting and Intelligence in German-Canadian Ontario, 1914–1918

3567: 2395: 344:

Old Order Mennonite horse and carriage, still common in the northern part of Waterloo Region

5032: 4997: 4992: 4980: 4720: 4715: 4705: 4700: 4383: 4348: 4343: 4323: 4033: 3184: 3068: 2648: 1210: 992: 425: 301: 3962: 3786: 2192: 265: 8: 4934: 4864: 4690: 4632: 4414: 4378: 4338: 4108: 3624: 1187: 1171: 1159: 1011: 1003: 734: 525: 504:

and a prominent citizen. He would later move to the village of New Hope that was renamed

216: 3851:

Traction on The Grand: The Story of Electric Railways along Ontario's Grand River Valley

3700: 3568: 1829: 1456:

The Region is 1,369 square kilometres in size and its regional seat of government is in

4939: 4929: 4695: 4373: 4328: 4318: 4308: 4265: 4239: 4234: 4130:

Little Paradise, The Saga of the German Canadians of Waterloo County, Ontario 1800–1975

4011: 3771: 3738: 3662: 3524: 1461: 1457: 1442: 1410: 1402: 1398: 1273: 668:

the triangular piece of land adjoining the said tract in the proposed District of Huron

505: 349: 334: 4914: 4904: 4889: 4874: 4816: 4680: 4582: 4419: 4353: 4333: 4275: 4244: 4156: 4133: 4076: 4046: 3911: 3878: 3854: 3835: 3757: 3685: 3596: 3590: 3575: 3513: 3472: 3327: 2361: 2127: 1434: 1414: 1406: 521: 450: 250: 4189: 1268:

The Pioneer Tower honours the Mennonite Germans who helped populate Waterloo County.

5059: 4987: 4975: 4960: 4944: 4811: 4710: 4572: 4363: 4303: 4003: 3932: 3815: 3728: 3652: 3497: 1468:

council handles the former county-level responsibilities, as well as now providing

1258: 987: 493: 321: 317: 4121:

The Trail of the Slate: A history of early education in Waterloo County, 1802–1912

3210: 3120: 2449:, S.U.C. 1837 (1st Session), c. 116 , implemented by Proclamation of June 18, 1840 1519: 4970: 4965: 4894: 4806: 4791: 4685: 4675: 4587: 4557: 4313: 4270: 3869: 3675: 1418: 1281: 1225: 1057: 915: 529: 445: 305: 297: 166: 116: 5047: 4821: 4642: 4597: 4298: 4152: 2511: 2493:

An Act to make certain alterations in the Territorial Divisions of Upper Canada

1800:"Map of Block Number 2, German Company Tract, Waterloo Township, Ontario, 1805" 1755:"Map of Block Number 2, German Company Tract, Waterloo Township, Ontario, 1805" 1178:

management as it had in the 19th century, until its eventual shutdown in 1946.

1119: 962:

The County of Waterloo was withdrawn from the United Counties in January 1853.

497: 467: 458: 429: 380: 258: 224: 3713:"Change and Stability Within an Urban Hierarchy: Waterloo County 1864 to 1971" 3637:"Some Economic Constraints on Land Transportation in Upper Canada/Canada West" 501: 340: 5087: 4647: 4602: 4149:

From Pennsylvania to Waterloo: Pennsylvania-German Folk Culture in Transition

4080: 3753:

A Biographical History of Waterloo Township and Other Townships of the County

3468: 2624:"Flash from the Past: Hospitals' history of growth a Cambridge-Galt constant" 2288: 1051: 621: 478: 384: 364: 174: 80: 67: 3867: 2201: 1221:, a more modern successor to the Grand Valley Railway which opened in 1916. 965: 933:

formerly the Pilkington Tract in the Township of Woolwich (1851 Act, Sch. D)

671:

part of the late purchase from the Indians of Gore, and part of Indian lands

401: 4924: 4801: 4562: 4552: 4293: 4023: 2021:"University of Waterloo researchers hoping to borrow corduroy road samples" 1167: 1080: 706: 388: 312: 286: 281:

Many of the Mennonite Germans from Pennsylvania arrived in Conestoga wagons

192: 4504: 1150:

was built which connected Preston and Hespeler along the east bank of the

1131:

service before later owners electrified the line and began using electric

4919: 4577: 3751: 1363: 1151: 1147: 979: 744: 441: 414: 3742: 3666: 2315:"West Woolwich Mennonite Meetinghouse (Elmira, Ontario, Canada) - GAMEO" 1641:"Kitchener council allows heritage homeowner to build a detached garage" 4869: 1315: 1205: 1138:

The next street railway system to be constructed in the county was the

983: 533: 277: 242: 4015: 3733: 3712: 3657: 3636: 3592:

Waterloo County to 1972: an annotated bibliography of regional history

2674: 1264: 4879: 4796: 3950:

County of Waterloo Gazetteer and General Business Directory, For 1864

3832:

The German Canadians 1750–1937: Immigration, Settlement & Culture

2605: 2603: 2601: 1132: 1075: 771:

Distribution of the townships of the first County of Waterloo (1851)

733:

that was constructed in the period 1840-1848 to the new community of

510: 463: 454: 220: 128: 1520:"The Walter Bean Grand River Trail - Waterloo County: The Beginning" 4007: 2346: 1128: 1046:

1862 map showing rail-connected Berlin at the centre of the county.

729:

the sum of which was surveyed into townships on either side of the

212: 2598: 2559:"Flash from the Past: Seven meetings that decided Waterloo County" 2148:"Mennonite cemetery offers glimpse into Kitchener's earliest days" 942:

the northern part of the Township of Dumfries, previously part of

308:. Many of the first farms were least four hundred acres in size. 4899: 4841: 4536: 3630:(Report). Kitchener: Waterloo Historical Society. pp. 59–66. 2329:"Elmira Mennonite Meetinghouse (Elmira, Ontario, Canada) - GAMEO" 1369: 1360: 1154:. This system hosted not just passengers and mail, but also full 155: 4884: 4859: 4831: 1469: 1118:

Although railways had arrived in Waterloo County in the 1850s,

748: 696:

later surveyed to form the townships of Maryborough and Wallace

432:

headquartered in Guelph. Galt was a friend of William Dickson.

326: 235: 3625:

Seventh Annual Report Of the Waterloo Historical Society, 1919

296:

Other settlers followed mostly from Pennsylvania typically by

1882: 1319:

The Oktoberfest Timeteller, a traditional display in Waterloo

2231: 2229: 2227: 4132:. Translated by Weissenborn, G. K. Kitchener: Allprint Co. 3706:(Report). Vol. 15. Waterloo, Ontario: Chronicle Press. 3589:

Bloomfield, Elizabeth; Foster, Linda; Forgay, Jane (1993).

3322:. 30 June 2016. Archived from the original on 30 June 2016. 2258: 2256: 2214: 2212: 2210: 1323:

Nonetheless, before and during World War I, there was some

762: 158:

from 1867 until 1973. It was the direct predecessor of the

4109:

Fifteenth Annual Report of the Waterloo Historical Society

1999:"The History of Blair, originally known as "Shinglebridge" 1599: 1597: 1595: 955:

later surveyed to form the Townships of Keppel and Sarawak

687:

later surveyed to form the townships of Wellesley and Peel

3268:"First World War ripped away Canada's 'age of innocence'" 2241: 2224: 966:

Urbanization and centralization around Berlin (1853–1894)

3870:

First Report of the Commission on Municipal Institutions

2461: 2426: 2253: 2207: 1922: 1920: 1437:), was added to North Dumfries and the Waterloo Region. 1090: 552:

Townships transferred to the Wellington District (1840)

3433:"Waterloo Region growing but not as fast, census shows" 2154: 1864:"Kitchener-Waterloo Ontario History - To Confederation" 1592: 154:

from 1853 until 1867, then in the Canadian province of

3588: 3049: 2854: 2852: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2609: 2586: 1162:

was effectively extended with the construction of the

4219: 4105:"The Trail of the Aborigines through Waterloo County" 3868:

Ontario Commission on Municipal Institutions (1888).

3834:. Translated by Bassler, Gerhard P. Jesperson Press. 3804:

Kallmann, Helmut; Kemp, Walter P. (7 February 2006).

2884: 2882: 2869: 2867: 1917: 754:

Records indicate a population of 13,782 in 1841. The

359:

The corduroy road discovered under King St., Waterloo

198: 4174:(revised ed.). Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. 3229: 2837: 2047:"Corduroy road gives a glimpse into Waterloo's past" 1894: 428:, the British author and then Superintendent of the 3595:. Waterloo: Waterloo Regional Heritage Foundation. 3014: 3002: 2990: 2978: 2966: 2954: 2942: 2930: 2906: 2849: 2710: 2698: 2681: 2473: 2414: 2402: 2382:"Old Order Mennonite groups in Ontario are growing" 1858: 1856: 1854: 3830:Lehmann, Heinz (1986). Bassler, Gerhard P. (ed.). 2918: 2894: 2879: 2864: 2806:that they were outside the view of other citizens. 2295: 1870: 3294:"Kitchener mayor notes 100th year of name change" 2202:Ontario Commission on Municipal Institutions 1888 1979: 1932: 5099:History of the Regional Municipality of Waterloo 5085: 3971:. Vol. VIII (1851–1860) (online ed.). 3701:Annual Report of the Waterloo Historical Society 3677:The Early History of Elora, Ontario and Vicinity 3332:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2552: 2550: 2548: 1851: 914:together with part of the Indian Reserve on the 435: 352:. The first teacher's name was Mr. Rittenhaus. 3795:. Vol. VII (1836–1850) (online ed.). 2811: 2754: 1837:Waterloo Historical Society 1930 Annual Meeting 1514: 1512: 1069: 1027:the 10 percent typical in the rest of Ontario. 320:) was shot and wounded by a Mississauga man in 3621:"Early Roads And Transportation: Upper Canada" 3286: 3035:"10 things to know about Mennonites in Canada" 2795:. Social Innovation Research Group. March 2017 2789:"Waterloo County House of Industry and Refuge" 1574:"Joseph (Schoerg) Sherk and Samuel D. Betzner" 1006:bridge over the Grand River near Breslau, 1856 4520: 4205: 4114:(Report). Waterloo, Ontario: Chronicle Press. 3402:"Get to Know Us During Local Government Week" 2545: 2114:. Archived from the original on 25 March 2017 1472:and other service for the Region as a whole. 1460:. The Region's population was 535,154 at the 1393:The county was dissolved in 1973 and the new 1200:An interurban train crossing the Grand River. 195:land, was excellent for hunting and fishing. 3803: 3612:Province of Ontario – A History 1615 to 1927 2736:"When 'poorhouse' wasn't only an expression" 1509: 1217:and extended north to Galt in 1903, and the 1114:A streetcar seen in downtown Berlin in 1905. 520:The land which now makes up the township of 236:Early arrivals from Pennsylvania (1800–1819) 4534: 3784: 3265: 2820:"Searching for Kitchener's lost graveyards" 2175:"Unwilling participants in the War of 1812" 2160: 4527: 4513: 4212: 4198: 4146: 4127: 4045:. Kitchener: Waterloo Historical Society. 3946: 3776:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3698: 3618: 3609: 3574:. Kitchener: Waterloo Historical Society. 3565: 3537: 3529:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3055: 2592: 2247: 2235: 1963:. Region of Waterloo. 2013. Archived from 1888: 1727:. Region of Waterloo. 2013. Archived from 1603: 1542: 1540: 1397:, was formed, consisting of the cities of 1280:(German). (This dialect is different from 1037: 665:reserved lands west of Woolwich and Nichol 3785:Good, E. Reginald; Tiessen, Paul (1988). 3732: 3656: 3634: 3462: 2432: 2218: 1144:Galt, Preston and Hespeler Street Railway 1106:Galt, Preston and Hespeler Street Railway 986:and jail. When the local Berlin hotelier 257:to a point on the Grand River near where 4427:Region of Waterloo International Airport 4118: 3920: 3876: 3170: 3168: 2843: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1381: 1314: 1263: 1195: 1109: 1056: 1041: 998: 969: 763:Reorganization of the county (1852–1853) 400: 379:By 1804, the cemetery in the village of 354: 339: 276: 264: 165:Situated on a subset of land within the 5109:Populated places disestablished in 1973 4043:Waterloo County: An Illustrated History 3987: 3829: 3614:. Toronto: Dominion Publishing Company. 3570:Waterloo Township Through Two Centuries 3485: 3424: 3348:"HistoricPlaces.ca - HistoricPlaces.ca" 3069:"Religion in Waterloo North (Pre 1911)" 2420: 2408: 2172: 2166: 2108:"Historical Plaques of Waterloo County" 2101: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2070: 2044: 2018: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1537: 1127:. It initially started operations with 14: 5086: 4185:. The Catholic Register and Extension. 4182:The Catholic Church in Waterloo County 4169: 4102: 4022: 3673: 3635:Burghardt, Andrew F. (February 1990). 3538:Bloomfield, Elizabeth (October 1997). 3511: 3430: 3375:Baker, Jennifer K. (16 October 2016). 3368: 3272:Kitchener Post, Waterloo Region Record 3032: 2817: 2763:"A virtual museum for the 'poorhouse'" 2760: 2366:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2301: 1926: 1912: 1876: 1181: 1158:. In 1904, the railway's Galt–Preston 4508: 4193: 4178: 4059: 4040: 3909: 3897:from the original on 30 November 2020 3848: 3710: 3465:Handbook of Upper Canadian Chronology 3374: 3165: 3020: 3008: 2996: 2984: 2972: 2960: 2948: 2936: 2924: 2912: 2900: 2888: 2873: 2858: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2704: 2692: 2675:"History – St. James Lutheran Church" 2621: 2556: 2529: 2496:, S.Prov.C. 1851, c. 5, Sch. A and B 2479: 2467: 2019:Jackson, James (September 26, 2018). 1944: 1354:Running for nearly 50 years now, the 1176:Kitchener Public Utilities Commission 1102:Kitchener and Waterloo Street Railway 1091:Later railway development (1894–1955) 207:, the British Government granted the 5104:Populated places established in 1853 3960: 3486:Bassler, Gerhard P. (30 July 2013). 3026: 2610:Bloomfield, Foster & Forgay 1993 2090: 1813: 1707:Canadian Register of Historic Places 1689:Canadian Register of Historic Places 496:was a thriving business centre with 5066: 3888:Memorial University of Newfoundland 3749: 3377:"Oktoberfest 2016 comes to a close" 1985: 1938: 1900: 1839:. Waterloo Historical Society. 1930 1305:rural areas and small communities. 475:Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad 24: 3981: 3619:Breithaupt, William Henry (1919). 2173:Seiling, Jonathan (23 June 2012). 1425:. In addition, a small portion of 1252: 1125:Berlin and Waterloo Street Railway 1095: 1074:In 1869, the County built a large 199:Haldimand Proclamation (1784–1800) 25: 5120: 4221:Regional Municipality of Waterloo 4090:from the original on 17 July 2020 3965:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). 3789:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). 3408:. 10 October 2012. Archived from 1395:Regional Municipality of Waterloo 1204:By the turn of the 20th century, 1164:Preston and Berlin Street Railway 367:had been built along what is now 173:), Preston, Hespeler, Blair, and 160:Regional Municipality of Waterloo 5065: 5054: 5053: 5041: 4487: 4486: 3968:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 3792:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 3682:Wilfrid Laurier University Press 3463:Armstrong, Frederick H. (1985). 3431:Outhit, Jeff (8 February 2017). 3394: 3354: 3340: 3312: 3266:D'Amato, Louisa (28 June 2014). 3259: 3243:. Wartime Canada. Archived from 3033:Draper, Barb (12 January 2017). 2818:Mercer, Greg (25 January 2015). 2734:Tyler, Tracey (3 January 2009). 2622:Mills, Rych (23 November 2018). 2532:"Building a new Waterloo County" 2105: 524:, including communities such as 50: 27:Former county in Ontario, Canada 4060:Hayes, Geoffrey (Autumn 1999). 3916:. Toronto: H. & W. Rowsell. 3455: 3203: 3177: 3139: 3113: 3087: 3061: 2781: 2667: 2641: 2615: 2572: 2523: 2499: 2485: 2452: 2438: 2388: 2374: 2335: 2321: 2307: 2281: 2140: 2071:Csanady, Ashley (20 May 2016). 2064: 2045:Jackson, James (May 10, 2018). 2038: 2012: 1991: 1961:Waterloo Region Museum Research 1906: 1792: 1768: 1747: 1725:Waterloo Region Museum Research 1713: 1338:Waterloo Pioneer Memorial Tower 1330:Berlin to Kitchener name change 1213:, built as an extension of the 1140:Galt and Preston Street Railway 949: 936: 927: 723: 711: 699: 690: 681: 4653:Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry 4477:Communities in Waterloo Region 4170:Reaman, George Elmore (1965). 4128:Leibbrandt, Gottlieb (1980) . 3566:Bloomfield, Elizabeth (1995). 3217:. University of Waterloo. 2015 3191:. University of Waterloo. 2015 3153:. University of Waterloo. 2015 3127:. University of Waterloo. 2015 2761:Mercer, Greg (12 March 2017). 2655:. University of Waterloo. 2015 1695: 1677: 1655: 1633: 1609: 1566: 1356:Kitchener-Waterloo Oktoberfest 1219:Lake Erie and Northern Railway 1192:Lake Erie and Northern Railway 13: 1: 4172:The Trail of the Black Walnut 3956:. Toronto: Mitchell & Co. 3872:(Report). Warwick & Sons. 3512:Bauman, Angus Spaeth (1940). 3237:"Mennonites and conscription" 1497: 1310:Canadians of German ethnicity 440:During and shortly after the 436:Rural development (1819–1852) 247:Franklin County, Pennsylvania 185: 171:known as Berlin prior to 1916 3991:Journal of American Folklore 3877:Robinson, Curtis B. (2019). 2557:mills, rych (14 July 2017). 2266:. 2019-08-07. Archived from 1502: 1487:List of townships in Ontario 1377: 1070:House of Industry and Refuge 121:known as Kitchener from 1916 7: 5023:Ontario electoral districts 4482:Census divisions of Ontario 3973:University of Toronto Press 3921:Sullivan, Brian E. (2015). 3797:University of Toronto Press 3725:University of Toronto Press 3649:University of Toronto Press 2530:mills, rych (8 July 2017). 1710:. Retrieved 29 March 2021. 1692:. Retrieved 29 March 2021. 1475: 1276:, actually Pennsilfaanisch 10: 5125: 5094:Former counties in Ontario 5028:Former counties of Ontario 4784:Single-tier municipalities 4119:Johnston, Mary A. (1975). 4103:Hunter, Andrew F. (1927). 4029:The Trail of the Conestoga 3947:Sutherland, James (1864). 3913:Smith's Canadian Gazetteer 3910:Smith, William H. (1846). 3886:(PhD thesis). St. John's: 3185:"Waterloo Region Pre-1914" 2649:"Waterloo Region Pre-1914" 1482:Former counties of Ontario 1441:Waterloo. The new city of 1185: 1099: 858: 832: 782: 756:Smith's Canadian Gazetteer 479:an economic crisis in 1837 180: 5008: 4953: 4850: 4782: 4729: 4666: 4543: 4471: 4445: 4407: 4284: 4253: 4227: 4000:American Folklore Society 3928:The Canadian Encyclopedia 3811:The Canadian Encyclopedia 3711:Dahms, Fred (June 1991). 3547:Ontario Mennonite History 3493:The Canadian Encyclopedia 3099:The Canadian Encyclopedia 2519:(3): 75. 22 January 1853. 2132:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 1348:area of Waterloo County. 1246:Michigan Central Railroad 1238:Canadian National Railway 152:United Province of Canada 127: 112: 104: 96: 61: 49: 42: 35: 4852:Separated municipalities 4432:Waterloo Regional Police 4179:Spetz, Theobald (1916). 4041:Hayes, Geoffrey (1997). 3853:. Railfare Enterprises. 3516:progenitor Wendel Bauman 2793:Waterloo House of Refuge 2077:Canada's Historic Places 1242:Canadian Pacific Railway 1215:Brantford Street Railway 424:would be named Galt for 306:Grand River Indian Lands 4731:Regional municipalities 3849:Mills, John M. (1977). 3519:. Wallenstein, Ontario. 2161:Good & Tiessen 1988 1038:Nascent urban hierarchy 719:Saugeen Tract Agreement 492:By 1830 the village of 203:In 1784, by way of the 5018:Ontario municipalities 3362:"Old Order Mennonites" 3211:"Waterloo Region 1911" 3121:"Waterloo Region 1911" 2051:Waterloo Region Record 2025:Waterloo Region Record 1524:www.walterbeantrail.ca 1387: 1320: 1269: 1201: 1115: 1062: 1047: 1007: 975: 406: 363:By the early 1800s, a 360: 345: 282: 270: 205:Haldimand Proclamation 4369:Punkeydoodles Corners 4153:Joseph Schneider Haus 3750:Eby, Ezra E. (1895). 3674:Connon, John (1975). 3147:"Friedensfest (1871)" 1492:Anti-German sentiment 1448:regional municipality 1409:and the townships of 1385: 1325:Anti-German sentiment 1318: 1267: 1199: 1113: 1060: 1045: 1002: 973: 404: 358: 343: 280: 268: 5072:WikiProject: Ontario 5033:Geography of Ontario 4998:Northwestern Ontario 4993:Northeastern Ontario 4981:Southwestern Ontario 4638:Prescott and Russell 4613:Lennox and Addington 4024:Dunham, Bertha Mabel 3961:Wust, Klaus (1985). 3717:Urban History Review 3641:Urban History Review 3037:. Canadian Mennonite 1344:, or German) of the 1211:Grand Valley Railway 289:who represented the 219:. The area was from 5013:Ontario communities 4608:Leeds and Grenville 4415:Grand River Transit 3963:"Gaukel, Friedrich" 3787:"Schneider, Joseph" 3756:. Berlin, Ontario. 3215:Waterloo Region WWI 3189:Waterloo Region WWI 3151:Waterloo Region WWI 3125:Waterloo Region WWI 2653:Waterloo Region WWI 1967:on 27 February 2017 1957:"Waterloo Township" 1891:, pp. 338–339. 1731:on 27 February 2017 1721:"Waterloo Township" 1580:on 17 November 2019 1234:freight interchange 1188:Grand River Railway 1182:Interurban railways 1172:Grand River Railway 1012:Grand Trunk Railway 1004:Grand Trunk Railway 772: 717:acquired under the 553: 546:Wellington District 311:At this time, many 302:Six Nations Indians 217:American Revolution 77: / 56:County map of 1883. 5048:Ontario portal 4437:Waterloo Paramedic 4155:. pp. 35–45. 3488:"German Canadians" 3300:. 1 September 2016 3095:"German Canadians" 2470:, p. 205–206. 1552:Region of Waterloo 1388: 1368:Canada's Greatest 1321: 1274:Pennsylvania Dutch 1270: 1202: 1116: 1063: 1048: 1008: 976: 946:(1851 Act, Sch. D) 770: 551: 407: 361: 350:Cambridge, Ontario 346: 335:Pennsylvania Dutch 313:Mississauga people 283: 271: 5081: 5080: 4502: 4501: 4420:Ion rapid transit 4408:Regional services 3841:978-1-55081-308-1 3734:10.7202/1017563ar 3691:978-0-88920-012-8 3658:10.7202/1017719ar 2112:www.waynecook.com 1903:, pp. 47–48. 1702:Schoerg Homestead 1684:Betzner Farmstead 1427:Beverley Township 1366:and is billed as 1236:with significant 923: 922: 677: 676: 255:Beverley Township 253:westward through 137: 136: 81:43.467°N 80.500°W 16:(Redirected from 5116: 5069: 5068: 5060:Category:Ontario 5057: 5056: 5046: 5045: 5044: 4988:Northern Ontario 4976:Golden Horseshoe 4961:Southern Ontario 4535:Subdivisions of 4529: 4522: 4515: 4506: 4505: 4490: 4489: 4214: 4207: 4200: 4191: 4190: 4186: 4175: 4166: 4143: 4124: 4115: 4113: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4089: 4066: 4056: 4037: 4026:(October 1924). 4019: 3976: 3957: 3955: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3933:Historica Canada 3917: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3896: 3885: 3873: 3864: 3845: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3816:Historica Canada 3800: 3781: 3775: 3767: 3746: 3736: 3707: 3705: 3695: 3670: 3660: 3631: 3629: 3615: 3606: 3585: 3573: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3544: 3534: 3528: 3520: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3498:Historica Canada 3482: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3412:on 22 March 2013 3398: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3372: 3366: 3365: 3364:. 31 March 2014. 3358: 3352: 3351: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3331: 3323: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3247:on 15 March 2017 3241:wartimecanada.ca 3233: 3227: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3181: 3175: 3172: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3117: 3111: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3030: 3024: 3018: 3012: 3006: 3000: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2886: 2877: 2871: 2862: 2856: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2802: 2800: 2785: 2779: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2758: 2752: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2708: 2702: 2696: 2690: 2679: 2678: 2671: 2665: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2619: 2613: 2607: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2576: 2570: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2554: 2543: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2503: 2497: 2489: 2483: 2477: 2471: 2465: 2459: 2456: 2450: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2399: 2396:"About Woolwich" 2392: 2386: 2385: 2384:. December 2015. 2378: 2372: 2371: 2365: 2357: 2355: 2354: 2345:. Archived from 2339: 2333: 2332: 2325: 2319: 2318: 2311: 2305: 2299: 2293: 2292: 2285: 2279: 2278: 2276: 2275: 2260: 2251: 2245: 2239: 2233: 2222: 2216: 2205: 2199: 2190: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2170: 2164: 2158: 2152: 2151: 2144: 2138: 2137: 2131: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2103: 2088: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2068: 2062: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2042: 2036: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2016: 2010: 2009: 2007: 2005: 1995: 1989: 1983: 1977: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1953: 1942: 1936: 1930: 1924: 1915: 1914: 1910: 1904: 1898: 1892: 1886: 1880: 1874: 1868: 1867: 1860: 1849: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1834: 1826: 1811: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1796: 1790: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1780: 1772: 1766: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1751: 1745: 1744: 1738: 1736: 1717: 1711: 1699: 1693: 1681: 1675: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1659: 1653: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1637: 1631: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1621: 1613: 1607: 1601: 1590: 1589: 1587: 1585: 1576:. Archived from 1570: 1564: 1563: 1561: 1559: 1544: 1535: 1534: 1532: 1530: 1516: 1435:City of Hamilton 1431:Wentworth County 1429:, in the former 1259:Friedrich Gaukel 988:Friedrich Gaukel 956: 953: 947: 940: 934: 931: 773: 769: 737: 727: 721: 715: 709: 703: 697: 694: 688: 685: 554: 550: 322:Haldimand County 298:Conestoga wagons 92: 91: 89: 88: 87: 82: 78: 75: 74: 73: 70: 54: 33: 32: 21: 5124: 5123: 5119: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5114: 5113: 5084: 5083: 5082: 5077: 5042: 5040: 5004: 4971:Eastern Ontario 4966:Central Ontario 4949: 4846: 4807:Greater Sudbury 4778: 4725: 4662: 4539: 4533: 4503: 4498: 4467: 4446:Overview topics 4441: 4403: 4286: 4280: 4249: 4223: 4218: 4163: 4140: 4111: 4093: 4091: 4087: 4069:Ontario History 4064: 4053: 3984: 3982:Further reading 3979: 3953: 3937: 3935: 3900: 3898: 3894: 3883: 3861: 3842: 3820: 3818: 3769: 3768: 3764: 3703: 3692: 3627: 3603: 3582: 3556: 3554: 3542: 3522: 3521: 3502: 3500: 3479: 3471:. p. 195. 3458: 3453: 3452: 3442: 3440: 3429: 3425: 3415: 3413: 3406:Waterloo Region 3400: 3399: 3395: 3385: 3383: 3373: 3369: 3360: 3359: 3355: 3346: 3345: 3341: 3325: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3303: 3301: 3292: 3291: 3287: 3277: 3275: 3264: 3260: 3250: 3248: 3235: 3234: 3230: 3220: 3218: 3209: 3208: 3204: 3194: 3192: 3183: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3166: 3156: 3154: 3145: 3144: 3140: 3130: 3128: 3119: 3118: 3114: 3104: 3102: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3078: 3076: 3073:Waterloo Region 3067: 3066: 3062: 3056:Bloomfield 1997 3054: 3050: 3040: 3038: 3031: 3027: 3019: 3015: 3007: 3003: 2995: 2991: 2983: 2979: 2971: 2967: 2959: 2955: 2947: 2943: 2935: 2931: 2923: 2919: 2911: 2907: 2899: 2895: 2887: 2880: 2872: 2865: 2857: 2850: 2842: 2838: 2828: 2826: 2816: 2812: 2798: 2796: 2787: 2786: 2782: 2772: 2770: 2759: 2755: 2745: 2743: 2732: 2728: 2720: 2711: 2703: 2699: 2691: 2682: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2658: 2656: 2647: 2646: 2642: 2632: 2630: 2620: 2616: 2608: 2599: 2593:Sutherland 1864 2591: 2587: 2578: 2577: 2573: 2563: 2561: 2555: 2546: 2536: 2534: 2528: 2524: 2505: 2504: 2500: 2490: 2486: 2478: 2474: 2466: 2462: 2458:1837 Act, s. 28 2457: 2453: 2443: 2439: 2431: 2427: 2419: 2415: 2407: 2403: 2394: 2393: 2389: 2380: 2379: 2375: 2359: 2358: 2352: 2350: 2343:"Archived copy" 2341: 2340: 2336: 2327: 2326: 2322: 2313: 2312: 2308: 2300: 2296: 2287: 2286: 2282: 2273: 2271: 2262: 2261: 2254: 2248:Breithaupt 1927 2246: 2242: 2236:Bloomfield 1995 2234: 2225: 2217: 2208: 2200: 2193: 2183: 2181: 2171: 2167: 2159: 2155: 2146: 2145: 2141: 2125: 2124: 2117: 2115: 2104: 2091: 2081: 2079: 2069: 2065: 2055: 2053: 2043: 2039: 2029: 2027: 2017: 2013: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1996: 1992: 1984: 1980: 1970: 1968: 1955: 1954: 1945: 1937: 1933: 1925: 1918: 1911: 1907: 1899: 1895: 1889:Cruikshank 1927 1887: 1883: 1875: 1871: 1862: 1861: 1852: 1842: 1840: 1832: 1828: 1827: 1814: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1797: 1793: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1774: 1773: 1769: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1752: 1748: 1734: 1732: 1719: 1718: 1714: 1700: 1696: 1682: 1678: 1668: 1666: 1665:. 30 March 2021 1661: 1660: 1656: 1646: 1644: 1643:. 28 March 2021 1639: 1638: 1634: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1615: 1614: 1610: 1604:Breithaupt 1919 1602: 1593: 1583: 1581: 1572: 1571: 1567: 1557: 1555: 1546: 1545: 1538: 1528: 1526: 1518: 1517: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1478: 1380: 1282:Standard German 1255: 1253:German heritage 1194: 1186:Main articles: 1184: 1156:carload freight 1120:street railways 1108: 1100:Main articles: 1098: 1096:Street railways 1093: 1072: 1040: 968: 960: 959: 954: 950: 941: 937: 932: 928: 916:Bruce Peninsula 911: 855: 829: 765: 741: 740: 728: 724: 716: 712: 704: 700: 695: 691: 686: 682: 646: 614: 438: 421:William Dickson 238: 201: 188: 183: 167:Haldimand Tract 140:Waterloo County 86:43.467; -80.500 85: 83: 79: 76: 71: 68: 66: 64: 63: 57: 45: 38: 37:Waterloo County 31: 28: 23: 22: 18:Waterloo County 15: 12: 11: 5: 5122: 5112: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5075: 5063: 5051: 5036: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5009: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5002: 5001: 5000: 4995: 4985: 4984: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4957: 4955: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4856: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4822:Kawartha Lakes 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4788: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4735: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4672: 4670: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4623:Northumberland 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4549: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4532: 4531: 4524: 4517: 4509: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4496: 4484: 4479: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4466: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4449: 4447: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4423: 4422: 4411: 4409: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4359:North Woolwich 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4290: 4288: 4285:Unincorporated 4282: 4281: 4279: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4261:North Dumfries 4257: 4255: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4231: 4229: 4225: 4224: 4217: 4216: 4209: 4202: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4176: 4167: 4161: 4144: 4138: 4125: 4116: 4100: 4075:(2): 131–150. 4057: 4051: 4038: 4020: 4008:10.2307/535400 3983: 3980: 3978: 3977: 3958: 3944: 3918: 3907: 3874: 3865: 3859: 3846: 3840: 3827: 3801: 3782: 3762: 3747: 3708: 3696: 3690: 3671: 3632: 3616: 3607: 3601: 3586: 3580: 3563: 3535: 3509: 3483: 3477: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3450: 3423: 3393: 3367: 3353: 3339: 3311: 3285: 3258: 3228: 3202: 3176: 3164: 3138: 3112: 3086: 3060: 3048: 3025: 3013: 3001: 2989: 2977: 2965: 2953: 2941: 2929: 2917: 2905: 2893: 2878: 2863: 2848: 2836: 2810: 2780: 2753: 2726: 2709: 2697: 2680: 2666: 2640: 2614: 2597: 2585: 2571: 2544: 2522: 2512:Canada Gazette 2507:"Proclamation" 2498: 2484: 2472: 2460: 2451: 2437: 2435:, p. 195. 2433:Armstrong 1985 2425: 2413: 2401: 2387: 2373: 2334: 2320: 2306: 2294: 2280: 2252: 2250:, p. 991. 2240: 2238:, p. 173. 2223: 2221:, p. 234. 2219:Burghardt 1990 2206: 2191: 2165: 2153: 2139: 2089: 2063: 2037: 2011: 1990: 1978: 1943: 1931: 1929:, p. 184. 1916: 1905: 1893: 1881: 1869: 1850: 1812: 1791: 1767: 1746: 1712: 1694: 1676: 1654: 1632: 1608: 1591: 1565: 1536: 1507: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1495: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1477: 1474: 1423:North Dumfries 1379: 1376: 1254: 1251: 1230:Norfolk County 1183: 1180: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1071: 1068: 1039: 1036: 967: 964: 958: 957: 948: 935: 925: 924: 921: 920: 919: 918: 910: 909: 906: 903: 900: 897: 894: 891: 888: 885: 882: 879: 876: 873: 870: 867: 863: 861: 857: 856: 854: 853: 850: 847: 844: 841: 840:North Dumfries 837: 835: 831: 830: 828: 827: 824: 821: 818: 815: 812: 809: 806: 803: 800: 797: 794: 791: 787: 785: 781: 780: 777: 764: 761: 739: 738: 731:Garafraxa Road 722: 710: 698: 689: 679: 678: 675: 674: 673: 672: 669: 666: 661: 659: 656: 650: 649: 647: 645: 644: 641: 638: 635: 631: 629: 624: 618: 617: 615: 613: 612: 609: 606: 603: 600: 597: 594: 591: 588: 585: 581: 579: 574: 568: 567: 564: 561: 558: 500:, a native of 498:Jacob Hespeler 468:macadamization 437: 434: 430:Canada Company 237: 234: 200: 197: 187: 184: 182: 179: 135: 134: 131: 125: 124: 114: 110: 109: 106: 102: 101: 98: 94: 93: 59: 58: 55: 47: 46: 43: 40: 39: 36: 29: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5121: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5074: 5073: 5064: 5062: 5061: 5052: 5050: 5049: 5038: 5037: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5010: 5007: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4990: 4989: 4986: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4963: 4962: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4952: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4849: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4837:Prince Edward 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4781: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4665: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4530: 4525: 4523: 4518: 4516: 4511: 4510: 4507: 4495: 4494: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4474: 4473: 4470: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4444: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4421: 4418: 4417: 4416: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4406: 4400: 4399:Zuber Corners 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4389:West Montrose 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4283: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4252: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4215: 4210: 4208: 4203: 4201: 4196: 4195: 4192: 4184: 4183: 4177: 4173: 4168: 4164: 4162:0-9695578-0-9 4158: 4154: 4151:. Kitchener: 4150: 4145: 4141: 4139:0-919207-01-4 4135: 4131: 4126: 4122: 4117: 4110: 4106: 4101: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4063: 4058: 4054: 4052:0-9699719-1-5 4048: 4044: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4030: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3992: 3986: 3985: 3974: 3970: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3952: 3951: 3945: 3934: 3930: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3915: 3914: 3908: 3893: 3889: 3882: 3881: 3875: 3871: 3866: 3862: 3860:0-919130-27-5 3856: 3852: 3847: 3843: 3837: 3833: 3828: 3817: 3813: 3812: 3807: 3806:"Sängerfeste" 3802: 3798: 3794: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3779: 3773: 3765: 3763:9780665100192 3759: 3755: 3754: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3709: 3702: 3697: 3693: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3678: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3633: 3626: 3622: 3617: 3613: 3608: 3604: 3602:9780969693604 3598: 3594: 3593: 3587: 3583: 3581:0-9699719-0-7 3577: 3572: 3571: 3564: 3552: 3548: 3541: 3536: 3532: 3526: 3518: 3517: 3510: 3499: 3495: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3480: 3478:0-919670-92-X 3474: 3470: 3469:Dundurn Press 3466: 3461: 3460: 3438: 3434: 3427: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3397: 3382: 3381:CTV Kitchener 3378: 3371: 3363: 3357: 3349: 3343: 3335: 3329: 3321: 3315: 3299: 3295: 3289: 3273: 3269: 3262: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3232: 3216: 3212: 3206: 3190: 3186: 3180: 3171: 3169: 3152: 3148: 3142: 3126: 3122: 3116: 3100: 3096: 3090: 3074: 3070: 3064: 3057: 3052: 3036: 3029: 3023:, p. 26. 3022: 3017: 3011:, p. 25. 3010: 3005: 2999:, p. 42. 2998: 2993: 2987:, p. 20. 2986: 2981: 2975:, p. 32. 2974: 2969: 2963:, p. 10. 2962: 2957: 2951:, p. 31. 2950: 2945: 2939:, p. 54. 2938: 2933: 2926: 2921: 2915:, p. 80. 2914: 2909: 2902: 2897: 2890: 2885: 2883: 2875: 2870: 2868: 2861:, p. 69. 2860: 2855: 2853: 2845: 2844:Sullivan 2015 2840: 2825: 2821: 2814: 2807: 2794: 2790: 2784: 2768: 2764: 2757: 2741: 2737: 2730: 2724:, p. 41. 2723: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2707:, p. 40. 2706: 2701: 2695:, p. 38. 2694: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2676: 2670: 2654: 2650: 2644: 2629: 2625: 2618: 2611: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2594: 2589: 2582:. 2019-08-07. 2581: 2575: 2560: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2533: 2526: 2518: 2514: 2513: 2508: 2502: 2495: 2494: 2488: 2482:, p. 15. 2481: 2476: 2469: 2464: 2455: 2448: 2447: 2441: 2434: 2429: 2422: 2417: 2410: 2405: 2398:. 2018-03-20. 2397: 2391: 2383: 2377: 2369: 2363: 2349:on 2006-11-30 2348: 2344: 2338: 2330: 2324: 2316: 2310: 2303: 2298: 2290: 2284: 2270:on 2017-02-27 2269: 2265: 2259: 2257: 2249: 2244: 2237: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2220: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2204:, p. 25. 2203: 2198: 2196: 2180: 2176: 2169: 2162: 2157: 2150:. 2016-01-31. 2149: 2143: 2135: 2129: 2113: 2109: 2106:Cook, Wayne. 2102: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2078: 2074: 2067: 2052: 2048: 2041: 2026: 2022: 2015: 2000: 1994: 1988:, p. 25. 1987: 1982: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1941:, p. 47. 1940: 1935: 1928: 1923: 1921: 1909: 1902: 1897: 1890: 1885: 1878: 1873: 1865: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1838: 1831: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1801: 1795: 1777: 1771: 1756: 1750: 1743: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1716: 1709: 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