1555:
27:
1918:
1798:
212:
2220:
1423:
2386:
1694:
2427:
2191:
2051:
1810:
2454:
2283:
2232:
2174:
2134:
2093:
2039:
1856:
1435:
221:
1647:
1893:
1774:
1659:
1635:
1992:
2374:
1682:
1523:
1958:
1735:
1506:
2415:
2398:
2122:
1786:
1718:
2081:
1752:
2351:
1980:
1930:
1611:
1594:
387:
433:(H for "high confinement"), which was previously only accessible to tokamaks. This allows it to easily achieve ignition conditions of a fusion reactor as the plasma is able to develop an insulating layer a few centimeters thick from the edge of the machine, allowing for higher temperatures inside.
390:
A look through a vacuum window in the toroidal direction and along the plasma in W7-AS. The “cold” edge of the plasma appears bright, showing bulbous island structures in the center of the picture that press against the graphite tiles of the wall (left side). The radiated heat emitted at the hot
425:
from the plasma that would additionally cool the hot plasma inside. For this purpose, the magnetic field lines at the edge of the plasma were deformed in such a way that multi-charged ions of the hot plasma hit targeted baffle plates and distribute their energy as cheaply as possible, thereby
411:) with higher thermal energies than its predecessors. This improvement made it possible to reach temperatures eight times higher than the internal temperature of the Sun (inside the plasma ring for electrons), and slightly more (internal temperature of the Sun) for hydrogen ions.
215:
Top view of the magnetic coil system of the
Wendelstein 7-AS. The position of the plasma in it is shown in red. The cross-section of the plasma changes five times along the ring, each from an upright elliptical shape (bottom left) to a more teardrop shape (bottom right) and
1620:
418:, which is of great importance for the continuous operation of a future reactor. Instabilities can lead to temporary cooling or the loss of hot plasma particles and thus reduce the plasma pressure and temperatures inside the vessel.
800:
Jaenicke, R; Baldzuhn, J; Erckmann, V; Geiger, J; Grigull, P; Hofmann, J V; Kick, M; Kisslinger, J; Kuhner, G; Maassberg, H; Niedermeyer, H (1995). "High power heating experiments on WENDELSTEIN 7-AS stellarator".
450:
Renner, H; Anabitarte, E; Ascasibar, E; Besshou, S; Brakel, R; Burhenn, R; Cattanei, G; Dodhy, A; Dorst, D; Elsner, A; Engelhardt, K (1989). "Initial operation of the
Wendelstein 7AS advanced stellarator".
757:
Wagner, F.; Bäumel, S.; Baldzuhn, J.; Basse, N.; Brakel, R.; Burhenn, R.; Dinklage, A.; Dorst, D.; Ehmler, H.; Endler, M.; Erckmann, V. (2005). "W7-AS: One step of the
Wendelstein stellarator line".
278:
of the magnetic fields were carried out at
Wendelstein 7-AS. It was only on the successor device Wendelstein 7-X that a full optimization of the code used to generate the fields were carried out.
505:
Hirsch, M; Baldzuhn, J; Beidler, C; Brakel, R; Burhenn, R; Dinklage, A; Ehmler, H; Endler, M; Erckmann, V; Feng, Y; Geiger, J (2008). "Major results from the stellarator
Wendelstein 7-AS".
203:
in 2002, was completed in 2014 and started operation in
December 2015. The goal of its successor is to investigate the suitability of components designed for a future fusion reactor.
399:
The following experimental results confirmed the predictions of a partially optimized
Wendelstein 7-AS and led to the development and construction of the Wendelstein 7-X:
1870:
852:
McCormick, K.; Grigull, P.; Burhenn, R.; Brakel, R.; Ehmler, H.; Feng, Y.; Fischer, R.; Gadelmeier, F.; Giannone, L.; Hildebrandt, D.; Hirsch, M. (2003).
2480:
1527:
1703:
1515:
743:
1564:
2001:
266:
coil system that creates the twisted magnetic fields necessary to confine the plasma. It was designed to give the magnetic fields more
616:
Chu, T.K.; Furth, H.P.; Johnson, J.L.; Ludescher, C.; Weimer, K.E. (1982). "Optimization techniques for modular stellarator coils".
1427:
1885:
1824:
181:
66:
2515:
2183:
2143:
1498:
917:
421:
A so-called island divertor was successfully operated on the
Wendelstein 7-AS – the first time on a stellarator; this removes
1559:
31:
Wendelstein 7-AS in
Garching. The stellarator - at the rear right - is almost covered by diagnostic and heating components.
1471:
549:
414:
Furthermore, it was shown that the partially optimized stellarator behaves extraordinarily "good-natured" with regard to
1802:
1288:
188:. It was the first of a new class of advanced stellarators with modular coils, designed with the goal of developing a
965:
251:
designed for continuous operation as the current exclusively flows on the outside of the machine, in contrast to the
1819:
1245:
2485:
2327:
1461:
1875:
2006:
1814:
1722:
2302:
2241:
1149:
2256:
2178:
2148:
1488:
1481:
1368:
1273:
1260:
1141:
2312:
1860:
1727:
1466:
1357:
1333:
960:
955:
910:
2236:
2085:
1399:
1003:
853:
2520:
2153:
2055:
1761:
1250:
2463:
2209:
2138:
2097:
1865:
1237:
1122:
1097:
1053:
185:
52:
2024:
1404:
1171:
1117:
1102:
189:
395:
spectrum and is invisible to the camera; the plasma therefore appears diffuse and transparent.
2510:
2060:
1756:
1476:
1338:
1321:
903:
737:
660:
682:
Wanner, M.; the W7-X Team (2000). "Design goals and status of the WENDELSTEIN 7-X project".
274:
and the need to quickly test the validity of the concept on the stellarator, only a partial
2070:
1939:
1686:
1181:
1112:
1065:
1042:
1013:
861:
810:
766:
691:
460:
415:
375:
up to 20 million K = 1.7 keV (slightly more than the temperature in the center of the Sun)
275:
712:
8:
1880:
1343:
865:
814:
770:
695:
518:
464:
1962:
1708:
1663:
1532:
1444:
1176:
834:
822:
725:
641:
598:
530:
484:
270:
that allowed it shaped closer to the optimal theoretical configuration. Due to limited
267:
26:
2402:
895:
873:
703:
472:
211:
1227:
1208:
1075:
975:
970:
877:
838:
826:
782:
729:
717:
645:
633:
629:
602:
590:
586:
534:
522:
488:
476:
391:
center of the plasma tube (right side, approximately 30 cm in diameter) is near the
2390:
2126:
1598:
1456:
1278:
1154:
1023:
1008:
869:
860:. Plasma-Surface Interactions in Controlled Fusion Devices 15. 313–316: 1131–1140.
818:
774:
707:
699:
625:
582:
514:
468:
244:
225:
37:
2307:
2111:
1972:
1698:
1639:
1603:
1449:
1159:
1107:
993:
271:
262:
Wendelstein 7-AS was the first in a series of IPP stellarator experiments with a
248:
247:
via current-carrying coils outside the plasma. They are potential candidates for
196:
161:
2224:
1790:
998:
950:
942:
256:
237:
108:
2504:
2458:
2292:
2246:
1739:
1510:
1439:
1268:
1060:
988:
881:
830:
786:
721:
637:
594:
526:
480:
422:
2431:
2419:
2322:
2043:
1090:
1080:
926:
220:
2332:
2297:
2287:
1934:
1838:
1198:
1186:
1164:
233:
177:
100:
42:
2317:
573:
Grieger, G.; Renner, H.; Wobig, H. (1985). "Wendelstein stellarators".
263:
224:
One of the characteristic optimized non-planar coils, exhibited in the
200:
778:
403:
The magnetic field was able to trap plasma particles (mostly hydrogen
343:
5.3 megawatts (2.6 MW microwaves + 2.8 MW neutral particle injection)
2355:
1996:
1493:
1213:
1132:
1127:
1070:
2407:
1625:
1301:
408:
319:
up to 2.6 Tesla (≈ 500,000 times Earth's magnetic field in Europe)
241:
123:
2195:
1766:
1379:
1218:
1203:
1191:
1018:
854:"Island divertor experiments on the Wendelstein 7-AS stellarator"
252:
56:
449:
1778:
1744:
1586:
661:"Experimental programme of W VII-AS and projections to W VII-X"
430:
137:
799:
386:
2378:
1984:
1922:
1897:
1651:
1615:
1581:
1576:
1326:
1296:
851:
392:
1569:
1394:
1085:
504:
671:(18) – via International Nuclear Information System.
429:
The
Wendelstein 7-AS was the first stellarator access the
756:
404:
615:
925:
327:
45 modular, non-flat coils + 10 flat additional coils
259:
from the current that flows within the plasma itself.
16:
Stellarator for plasma fusion experiments (1988-2002)
550:"The bizarre reactor that might save nuclear fusion"
2481:
International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility
681:
572:
176:, for "Advanced Stellarator") was an experimental
89:0.13–0.18 m (5.1 in – 7.1 in)
2502:
665:Proceedings of the Workshop on Wendelstein VII-X
180:which was in operation from 1988 to 2002 by the
1041:
941:
911:
287:Technical specifications of Wendelstein 7-AS
742:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
281:
918:
904:
711:
385:
219:
210:
240:necessary for the confinement of a hot
182:Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics
67:Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics
2503:
658:
206:
899:
547:
803:Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion
684:Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion
507:Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion
500:
498:
453:Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion
13:
381:
14:
2532:
891:
495:
2452:
2425:
2413:
2396:
2384:
2372:
2349:
2281:
2230:
2218:
2189:
2172:
2132:
2120:
2091:
2079:
2049:
2037:
1990:
1978:
1956:
1928:
1916:
1891:
1854:
1808:
1796:
1784:
1772:
1750:
1733:
1716:
1692:
1680:
1657:
1645:
1633:
1609:
1592:
1553:
1521:
1504:
1433:
1421:
195:The experiment was succeeded by
113:up to 2.6 T (26,000 G)
25:
2486:ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility
845:
236:, a device which generates the
793:
750:
713:11858/00-001M-0000-0029-543E-1
675:
652:
609:
566:
541:
443:
255:which generates the confining
199:, which began construction in
81:2 m (6 ft 7 in)
1:
2516:Nuclear technology in Germany
874:10.1016/S0022-3115(02)01506-4
519:10.1088/0741-3335/50/5/053001
437:
367:up to 78 million K = 6.8 keV
1150:Field-reversed configuration
858:Journal of Nuclear Materials
823:10.1088/0741-3335/37/11a/010
548:Clery, Daniel (2015-10-21).
7:
704:10.1088/0741-3335/42/11/304
473:10.1088/0741-3335/31/10/008
426:avoiding local overheating.
372:Ion temperature (hydrogen)
10:
2537:
630:10.1088/0029-5515/22/7/001
587:10.1088/0029-5515/25/9/040
192:to generate electricity.
2476:
2444:
2364:
2341:
2273:
2266:
2255:
2208:
2164:
2110:
2069:
2032:
2023:
1948:
1906:
1846:
1837:
1672:
1543:
1413:
1387:
1378:
1367:
1356:
1314:
1287:
1259:
1236:
1140:
1052:
1032:
1004:Fusion energy gain factor
934:
324:Number of toroidal coils
157:
149:
144:
130:
117:
107:
93:
85:
77:
72:
62:
48:
36:
24:
282:Technical specifications
73:Technical specifications
929:, processes and devices
232:Wendelstein 7-AS was a
396:
229:
217:
190:nuclear fusion reactor
389:
364:Electron temperature
223:
214:
1066:Triple-alpha process
1014:Magnetohydrodynamics
966:List of technologies
416:plasma instabilities
150:Year(s) of operation
2144:Lockheed Martin CFR
1098:Proton–proton chain
961:List of experiments
866:2003JNuM..313.1131M
815:1995PPCF...37A.163J
771:2005PhPl...12g2509W
696:2000PPCF...42.1179W
659:Renner, H. (1988).
465:1989PPCF...31.1579R
288:
207:Experimental design
21:
1177:Dense plasma focus
809:(11A): A163–A176.
759:Physics of Plasmas
397:
286:
268:degrees of freedom
230:
218:
131:Discharge duration
19:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2472:
2471:
2440:
2439:
2391:Asterix IV (PALS)
2204:
2203:
2106:
2105:
2019:
2018:
1833:
1832:
1352:
1351:
1310:
1309:
1269:Bubble (acoustic)
1251:Magnetized target
1228:Toroidal solenoid
984:
983:
779:10.1063/1.1927100
690:(11): 1179–1186.
459:(10): 1579–1596.
379:
378:
356:Amount of plasma
167:
166:
2528:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2271:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2210:Magneto-inertial
2194:
2193:
2192:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2030:
2029:
2010:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1968:Wendelstein 7-AS
1961:
1960:
1959:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1844:
1843:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1712:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1629:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1536:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1462:Electric Tokamak
1438:
1437:
1436:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1385:
1384:
1376:
1375:
1365:
1364:
1246:Magnetized liner
1238:Magneto-inertial
1155:Levitated dipole
1050:
1049:
1039:
1038:
1009:Lawson criterion
939:
938:
920:
913:
906:
897:
896:
886:
885:
849:
843:
842:
797:
791:
790:
754:
748:
747:
741:
733:
715:
679:
673:
672:
656:
650:
649:
613:
607:
606:
581:(9): 1231–1242.
570:
564:
563:
561:
560:
545:
539:
538:
502:
493:
492:
447:
359:<1 milligram
351:≈ 1 cubic meter
335:up to 2 seconds
332:Plasma duration
289:
285:
226:Deutsches Museum
170:Wendelstein 7-AS
140:
126:
103:
29:
22:
20:Wendelstein 7-AS
18:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2521:1988 in science
2501:
2500:
2499:
2490:
2468:
2453:
2451:
2436:
2426:
2424:
2414:
2412:
2397:
2395:
2385:
2383:
2373:
2371:
2360:
2350:
2348:
2337:
2282:
2280:
2258:
2251:
2231:
2229:
2219:
2217:
2200:
2190:
2188:
2173:
2171:
2160:
2133:
2131:
2121:
2119:
2102:
2092:
2090:
2080:
2078:
2065:
2050:
2048:
2038:
2036:
2015:
2004:
1991:
1989:
1979:
1977:
1973:Wendelstein 7-X
1957:
1955:
1944:
1929:
1927:
1917:
1915:
1908:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1855:
1853:
1829:
1809:
1807:
1797:
1795:
1785:
1783:
1773:
1771:
1751:
1749:
1734:
1732:
1717:
1715:
1706:
1693:
1691:
1681:
1679:
1668:
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1646:
1644:
1634:
1632:
1623:
1610:
1608:
1593:
1591:
1554:
1552:
1545:
1539:
1530:
1522:
1520:
1505:
1503:
1434:
1432:
1422:
1420:
1409:
1370:
1359:
1348:
1306:
1283:
1255:
1232:
1160:Magnetic mirror
1136:
1123:Silicon-burning
1108:Lithium burning
1045:
1034:
1028:
994:Nuclear reactor
980:
930:
924:
894:
889:
850:
846:
798:
794:
755:
751:
735:
734:
680:
676:
657:
653:
614:
610:
571:
567:
558:
556:
546:
542:
503:
496:
448:
444:
440:
384:
382:Project results
340:Plasma heating
316:Magnetic field
311:0.13 to 0.18 m
284:
272:computing power
257:magnetic fields
249:fusion reactors
238:magnetic fields
209:
197:Wendelstein 7-X
162:Wendelstein 7-X
135:
121:
98:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2534:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2448:
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2442:
2441:
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2434:
2422:
2410:
2405:
2393:
2381:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2345:
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2339:
2338:
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2330:
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2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2277:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2227:
2214:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2186:
2181:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2146:
2141:
2129:
2116:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2088:
2075:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2046:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2011:
1987:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1925:
1912:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1850:
1848:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1805:
1793:
1781:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1747:
1742:
1730:
1725:
1713:
1701:
1689:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1654:
1642:
1630:
1618:
1606:
1601:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1562:
1549:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1518:
1513:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1442:
1430:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1391:
1389:
1382:
1373:
1362:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1339:Muon-catalyzed
1336:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1322:Colliding beam
1318:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1293:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1265:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1242:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1211:
1201:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1182:Reversed field
1179:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1157:
1152:
1146:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1118:Oxygen-burning
1115:
1110:
1105:
1103:Carbon-burning
1100:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1047:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
999:Atomic nucleus
996:
991:
985:
982:
981:
979:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
951:Burning plasma
947:
945:
943:Nuclear fusion
936:
932:
931:
923:
922:
915:
908:
900:
893:
892:External links
890:
888:
887:
844:
792:
749:
674:
651:
624:(7): 871–881.
618:Nuclear Fusion
608:
575:Nuclear Fusion
565:
554:Science | AAAS
540:
494:
441:
439:
436:
435:
434:
427:
419:
412:
383:
380:
377:
376:
373:
369:
368:
365:
361:
360:
357:
353:
352:
349:
348:Plasma volume
345:
344:
341:
337:
336:
333:
329:
328:
325:
321:
320:
317:
313:
312:
309:
305:
304:
301:
297:
296:
293:
283:
280:
208:
205:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
151:
147:
146:
142:
141:
132:
128:
127:
119:
115:
114:
111:
109:Magnetic field
105:
104:
95:
91:
90:
87:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
50:
46:
45:
40:
34:
33:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2533:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2423:
2421:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2394:
2392:
2382:
2380:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2247:Fusion Engine
2245:
2243:
2242:FRX-L – FRCHX
2240:
2238:
2228:
2226:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2197:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2130:
2128:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2089:
2087:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2047:
2045:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2008:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1806:
1804:
1794:
1792:
1782:
1780:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1740:ASDEX Upgrade
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1690:
1688:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1655:
1653:
1643:
1641:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1542:
1534:
1529:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1440:Alcator C-Mod
1431:
1429:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1388:International
1386:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1355:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1334:Metal lattice
1332:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1289:Electrostatic
1286:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1061:Alpha process
1059:
1057:
1055:
1054:Gravitational
1051:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
989:Nuclear power
987:
986:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
948:
946:
944:
940:
937:
933:
928:
921:
916:
914:
909:
907:
902:
901:
898:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
848:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
796:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
765:(7): 072509.
764:
760:
753:
745:
739:
731:
727:
723:
719:
714:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
678:
670:
666:
662:
655:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
612:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
569:
555:
551:
544:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
513:(5): 053001.
512:
508:
501:
499:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
446:
442:
432:
428:
424:
420:
417:
413:
410:
406:
402:
401:
400:
394:
388:
374:
371:
370:
366:
363:
362:
358:
355:
354:
350:
347:
346:
342:
339:
338:
334:
331:
330:
326:
323:
322:
318:
315:
314:
310:
308:Minor radius
307:
306:
302:
300:Major radius
299:
298:
294:
291:
290:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
243:
239:
235:
227:
222:
213:
204:
202:
198:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
172:(abbreviated
171:
163:
160:
156:
152:
148:
143:
139:
133:
129:
125:
120:
118:Heating power
116:
112:
110:
106:
102:
96:
94:Plasma volume
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
71:
68:
65:
61:
58:
54:
51:
47:
44:
41:
39:
35:
28:
23:
2511:Stellarators
2044:Perhapsatron
1967:
1344:Pyroelectric
1274:Laser-driven
1113:Neon-burning
1081:Helium flash
927:Fusion power
857:
847:
806:
802:
795:
762:
758:
752:
738:cite journal
687:
683:
677:
668:
664:
654:
621:
617:
611:
578:
574:
568:
557:. Retrieved
553:
543:
510:
506:
456:
452:
445:
423:contaminants
398:
276:optimization
261:
231:
194:
173:
169:
168:
158:Succeeded by
86:Minor radius
78:Major radius
2259:confinement
2005: [
1935:Heliotron J
1839:Stellarator
1707: [
1624: [
1531: [
1371:confinement
1360:experiments
1315:Other forms
1199:Stellarator
1165:Bumpy torus
1043:Confinement
935:Core topics
234:stellarator
178:stellarator
63:Affiliation
43:Stellarator
38:Device type
2505:Categories
1279:Ion-driven
1033:Processes,
976:Aneutronic
971:Commercial
559:2020-06-16
438:References
201:Greifswald
2464:Z machine
2445:Non-laser
2356:GEKKO XII
2308:Long path
2002:Uragan-3M
1997:Uragan-2M
1494:Riggatron
1214:Spheromak
1209:Spherical
1133:S-process
1128:R-process
1071:CNO cycle
882:0022-3115
839:250801192
831:0741-3335
787:1070-664X
730:110058999
722:0741-3335
646:121149986
638:0029-5515
603:250832456
595:0029-5515
535:118508232
527:0741-3335
489:250858130
481:0741-3335
409:electrons
292:Property
184:(IPP) in
153:1988–2002
122:5.3
2408:LULI2000
2274:Americas
2257:Inertial
1847:Americas
1414:Americas
1369:Magnetic
1358:Devices,
1302:Polywell
1261:Inertial
1142:Magnetic
1091:remnants
956:Timeline
242:hydrogen
186:Garching
97:approx.
53:Garching
49:Location
2293:Cyclops
2225:SPECTOR
2196:Trisops
2056:Sceptre
1909:Oceania
1881:Model C
1767:IGNITOR
1699:COMPASS
1546:Oceania
1528:Novillo
1489:Pegasus
1380:Tokamak
1219:Dynomak
1204:Tokamak
1035:methods
1019:Neutron
862:Bibcode
811:Bibcode
767:Bibcode
692:Bibcode
461:Bibcode
264:modular
253:tokamak
145:History
136:2
99:1
57:Germany
2432:Vulcan
2365:Europe
2139:Astron
2112:Mirror
1949:Europe
1815:MAST-U
1779:ISTTOK
1745:TEXTOR
1673:Europe
1599:ADITYA
1587:SUNIST
1457:DIII-D
1428:STOR-M
1024:Plasma
880:
837:
829:
785:
728:
720:
644:
636:
601:
593:
533:
525:
487:
479:
431:H-mode
295:Value
245:plasma
134:up to
2459:PACER
2420:ISKRA
2379:HiPER
2333:Shiva
2328:OMEGA
2298:Janus
2288:Argus
2267:Laser
2237:Linus
2165:Other
2025:Pinch
2009:]
1985:TJ-II
1923:H-1NF
1907:Asia,
1898:SCR-1
1871:HIDRA
1820:START
1711:]
1704:GOLEM
1652:KSTAR
1640:GLAST
1628:]
1621:QUEST
1616:JT-60
1604:SST-1
1582:HL-2M
1577:HL-2A
1560:CFETR
1544:Asia,
1535:]
1516:TCABR
1450:SPARC
1405:PROTO
1327:Migma
1297:Fusor
1187:Theta
1172:Pinch
1076:Fusor
835:S2CID
726:S2CID
642:S2CID
599:S2CID
531:S2CID
485:S2CID
393:X-ray
216:back.
174:W7-AS
2342:Asia
2323:Nova
2318:Nike
2303:LIFE
2184:PFRC
2149:MFTF
2061:ZETA
1963:WEGA
1886:NCSX
1825:STEP
1791:T-15
1728:WEST
1664:TT-1
1570:HT-7
1565:EAST
1499:SSPX
1482:TFTR
1472:NSTX
1400:DEMO
1395:ITER
1192:Zeta
1086:Nova
1046:type
878:ISSN
827:ISSN
783:ISSN
744:link
718:ISSN
634:ISSN
591:ISSN
523:ISSN
477:ISSN
407:and
405:ions
303:2 m
2403:LMJ
2313:NIF
2179:LDX
2154:TMX
2127:GDT
2098:MST
2086:RFX
2071:RFP
1940:LHD
1876:HSX
1866:CTH
1861:CNT
1803:TCV
1762:FTU
1757:DTT
1723:TFR
1687:JET
1511:ETE
1477:PLT
1467:LTX
1445:ARC
870:doi
819:doi
775:doi
708:hdl
700:doi
626:doi
583:doi
515:doi
469:doi
2507::
2007:uk
1709:cs
1626:ja
1533:es
876:.
868:.
856:.
833:.
825:.
817:.
807:37
805:.
781:.
773:.
763:12
761:.
740:}}
736:{{
724:.
716:.
706:.
698:.
688:42
686:.
669:20
667:.
663:.
640:.
632:.
622:22
620:.
597:.
589:.
579:25
577:.
552:.
529:.
521:.
511:50
509:.
497:^
483:.
475:.
467:.
457:31
455:.
124:MW
55:,
919:e
912:t
905:v
884:.
872::
864::
841:.
821::
813::
789:.
777::
769::
746:)
732:.
710::
702::
694::
648:.
628::
605:.
585::
562:.
537:.
517::
491:.
471::
463::
228:.
138:s
101:m
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
