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O.; Harder, N.; Hartmann, D.; Helander, P.; Heinemann, B.; Hirsch, M.; Höfel, U.; Hopf, C.; Ida, K.; Isobe, M.; Jakubowski, M. W.; Kazakov, Y. O.; Killer, C.; Klinger, T.; Knauer, J.; König, R.; Krychowiak, M.; Langenberg, A.; Laqua, H. P.; Lazerson, S.; McNeely, P.; Marsen, S.; Marushchenko, N.; Nocentini, R.; Ogawa, K.; Orozco, G.; Osakabe, M.; Otte, M.; Pablant, N.; Pasch, E.; Pavone, A.; Porkolab, M.; Puig Sitjes, A.; Rahbarnia, K.; Riedl, R.; Rust, N.; Scott, E.; Schilling, J.; Schroeder, R.; Stange, T.; von
Stechow, A.; Strumberger, E.; Sunn Pedersen, T.; Svensson, J.; Thomson, H.; Turkin, Y.; Vano, L.; Wauters, T.; Wurden, G.; Yoshinuma, M.; Zanini, M.; Zhang, D. (1 August 2019).
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1044:: Citat: "...After two successful initial operation phases, the Wendelstein 7-X fusion device has been further expanded. This final step, which upgrades the machine to demonstrate plasma pulses of up to 30 minutes with increased heating power, has now been completed and Wendelstein 7-X is finished. A water-cooled inner cladding and the new centrepiece, a water-cooled divertor, complete the device. In autumn 2022, Wendelstein 7-X will go back into operation..."
3425:
1056:: Citat: "...From autumn 2022 onwards, an international team of scientists will once again drive W7-X to new heights of performance. "With the improved equipment, we want to be able to keep high-performance plasmas with up to 18 gigajoules of energy turnover stable for half an hour in a few years," approaching this goal step-by-step and learning more about plasma operation at higher energies without putting too much stress on the machine too quickly,"
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Wolf, R. C.; Alonso, A.; Äkäslompolo, S.; Baldzuhn, J.; Beurskens, M.; Beidler, C. D.; Biedermann, C.; Bosch, H.-S.; Bozhenkov, S.; Brakel, R.; Braune, H.; Brezinsek, S.; Brunner, K.-J.; Damm, H.; Dinklage, A.; Drewelow, P.; Effenberg, F.; Feng, Y.; Ford, O.; Fuchert, G.; Gao, Y.; Geiger, J.; Grulke,
426:
A three-laboratory
American consortium (Princeton, Oak Ridge, and Los Alamos) became a partner in the project, paying €6.8 million of the eventual total cost of €1.06 billion. In 2012, Princeton University and the Max Planck Society announced a new joint research center in plasma physics, to include
453:
Five poloidal graphite limiters served as the main plasma-facing components during this first campaign (instead of the divertor modules). Experimental observations confirmed 3D modeling predictions that showed heat and particle flux deposition patterns on the limiters in clear correlation with the
457:
Such tests were planned to continue for about a month, followed by a scheduled shut-down to open the vacuum vessel and line it with protective carbon tiles and install a "divertor" for removing impurities and heat from the plasma. The science program continued while gradually increasing discharge
269:
As of 2023, the
Wendelstein 7-X reactor is the world's largest stellarator device. After two successful operation phases ending in October 2018, the reactor was taken offline for upgrades. The upgrade completed in 2022. New fusion experiments in February 2023 demonstrated longer confinement and
1682:
Pedersen, T. Sunn; Otte, M.; Lazerson, S.; Helander, P.; Bozhenkov, S.; Biedermann, C.; Klinger, T.; Wolf, R. C.; Bosch, H. -S.; Abramovic, Ivana; Äkäslompolo, Simppa; Aleynikov, Pavel; Aleynikova, Ksenia; Ali, Adnan; Alonso, Arturo; Anda, Gabor; Andreeva, Tamara; Ascasibar, Enrique; Baldzuhn,
449:
More than 300 discharges with helium were done in
December and January with gradually increasing temperatures finally reaching six million degrees Celsius, to clean the vacuum vessel walls and test the plasma diagnostic systems. Then, on 3 February 2016, production of the first hydrogen plasma
410:
and probes based on a variety of complementary technologies will measure key properties of the plasma, including the profiles of the electron density and of the electron and ion temperature, as well as the profiles of important plasma impurities and of the radial electric field resulting from
450:
initiated the science program. The highest temperature plasmas were produced by four-megawatt microwave heater pulses lasting one second; plasma electron temperatures reached 100 MK, while ion temperatures reached 10 MK. More than 2,000 pulses were conducted before shutdown.
383:
The plasma vessel, built of 20 parts, is on the inside adjusted to the complex shape of the magnetic field. It has 254 ports (holes) for plasma heating and observation diagnostics. The whole plant is built of five nearly identical modules, which were assembled in the experiment hall.
1461:
Sunn
Pedersen, T.; Andreeva, T.; Bosch, H. -S; Bozhenkov, S.; Effenberg, F.; Endler, M.; Feng, Y.; Gates, D. A.; Geiger, J.; Hartmann, D.; Hölbe, H.; Jakubowski, M.; König, R.; Laqua, H. P.; Lazerson, S.; Otte, M.; Preynas, M.; Schmitz, O.; Stange, T.; Turkin, Y. (November 2015).
628:
including investment plus operating costs (personnel and material resources) amounted to €1.06 billion for that 18-year period. This exceeded the original budget estimate, mainly because the initial development phase was longer than expected, doubling the personnel costs.
479:
During the last experiments of 2018, the density reached 2 × 10 particles/m at a temperature of 20 million degrees. With good plasma values, long-lasting plasmas with long discharge times of 100 seconds were obtained. Energy content exceeded 1 megajoule.
371:
in aluminium) are arranged around a heat insulating cladding with a diameter of 16 metres, called the cryostat. A cooling device produces enough liquid helium to cool down the magnets and their enclosure (about 425 metric tons of "cold mass") to
3152:
423:. Its new building was completed in 2000. Construction of the stellarator was originally expected to reach completion in 2006. Assembly began in April 2005. Problems with the coils took about 3 years to fix. The schedule slipped into late 2015.
430:
The end of the construction phase, which required more than 1 million assembly hours, was officially marked by an inauguration ceremony on 20 May 2014. After a period of vessel leak-checking, beginning in the summer of 2014, the cryostat was
270:
increased power. The goal of this phase is to gradually increase power and duration for up to 30 minutes of continuous plasma discharge, thus demonstrating an essential feature of a future fusion power plant: continuous operation.
1154:
438:
Operational phase 1 (OP1.1) began 10 December 2015. On that day the reactor successfully produced helium plasma (with temperatures of about 1 MK) for about 0.1 s. For this initial test with about 1 mg of
475:
In June 2018 a record ion temperature of about 40 million degrees, a density of 0.8 × 10 particles/m, and a confinement time of 0.2 second yielded a record fusion product of 6 × 10 degree-seconds per cubic metre.
258:(IPP), and completed in October 2015. Its purpose is to advance stellarator technology: though this experimental reactor will not produce electricity, it is used to evaluate the main components of a future
714:
230:, showing the stainless cover plates and the water-cooled copper backing plates which will eventually be covered by graphite tiles and function as armor to protect against plasma/wall interactions.
1683:
Jürgen; Banduch, Martin; Barbui, Tullio; Beidler, Craig; Benndorf, Andree; Beurskens, Marc; Biel, Wolfgang; Birus, Dietrich; Blackwell, Boyd; Blanco, Emilio; Blatzheim, Marko; et al. (2016).
1339:
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Financial support for the project is about 80% from
Germany and about 20% from the European Union. 90% of German funding comes from the federal government and 10% from the state government of
487:
heat loss. Collisions between heated particles cause some to escape the magnetic field. This was due to magnetic field cage optimization that was essential in achieving the record results.
395:
heating (ECRH), which will deliver up to 15 MW of heating to the plasma. For operational phase 2 (OP-2), after completion of the full armor/water-cooling, up to 8 megawatts of
4429:
419:
The German funding arrangement for the project was negotiated in 1994, establishing the
Greifswald Branch Institute of the IPP in the north-eastern corner of the recently integrated
791:
2125:
Beidler, C. D.; Smith, H. M.; Alonso, A.; Andreeva, T.; Baldzuhn, J.; Beurskens, M. N. A.; Borchardt, M.; Bozhenkov, S. A.; Brunner, K. J.; Damm, H.; Drevlak, M. (11 August 2021).
1158:
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The aim for the OP 1.1 was to conduct integrated testing of the most important systems as quickly as possible and to gain first experience with the physics of the machine.
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624:. The total investment for the stellarator itself over 1997–2014 amounted to €370 million, while the total cost for the IPP site in
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Construction in May 2012. Visible are the torus, offset in the test cell, and the large overhead crane. Note the workers for scale.
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68:
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In 2021 an analysis of X-ray imaging crystal spectrometer data collected in the 2018 experiment substantially reduced troubling
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640:, announced that the United States would contribute $ 7.5 million under the program "Innovative Approaches to Fusion" of the
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from colliding with the reactor walls. The 50 non-planar coils are used for adjusting the magnetic field. It aims for a
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Stellarator schema - coil system (blue), plasma (yellow), a magnetic field line (green) on the plasma surface.
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1300:
1025:"Wendelstein 7-X reaches milestone: Power plasma with gigajoule energy turnover generated for eight minutes"
443:
gas injected into the evacuated plasma vessel, microwave heating was applied for a short 1.3 MW pulse.
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KFKI Research
Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Hungary)
206:
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temperature (4 K). The coils will carry 12.8 kA current and create a field of up to 3
2060:
1986:
1934:
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884:, three field-period Helias configuration – had similar coil problems – construction halted in 2008
677:
293:
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1038:
idw-online.de: Federal
Research Minister Stark-Watzinger and Minister Martin visit IPP Greifswald
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132:
1838:"Performance of Wendelstein 7-X stellarator plasmas during the first divertor operation phase"
4517:
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3592:
3288:
3008:
2870:
2853:
2435:
2047:
1921:
1685:"Confirmation of the topology of the Wendelstein 7-X magnetic field to better than 1:100,000"
1633:
1572:
1519:
3602:
3471:
3218:
2713:
2644:
2597:
2574:
2545:
2350:"Expansion of the Wendelstein 7-X fusion device completed / Experiments to start in autumn"
2295:
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1475:
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368:
305:
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8:
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in
Bavaria, was decided at the end of the 1950s, referencing the preceding project from
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1080:
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282:
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Institute of Nuclear Physics Kraków and National Centre for Nuclear Research (Poland)
373:
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1505:
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2146:
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2015:
1987:"Wendelstein 7-X fusion reactor keeps its cool en route to record-breaking results"
1899:
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Superconducting feed lines being attached to the superconducting planar coils, 2008
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39:
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Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology (IGVP) at the
313:
2073:
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Operational phase 1 (OP1.1) concluded 10 March 2016 and an upgrade phase began.
28:
3756:
3322:
2530:
2482:
2474:
2349:
2279:"Upgrades of edge, divertor and scrape-off layer diagnostics of W7-X for OP1.2"
2150:
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2075:
2020:
2011:
1904:
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1607:
1556:
853:
811:
464:
Operational phase 1 continued (OP1.2) in 2017 to test the (uncooled) divertor.
458:
power and duration. The special magnetic field topology was confirmed in 2016.
323:
222:
109:
2416:
467:
214:
190:
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2255:
2158:
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319:
2216:
403:
heating (ICRH) system will become available for physics operation in OP1.2.
202:
Wendelstein 7-X research complex in Greifswald, experiment hall on the left.
4252:
4032:
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3854:
3575:
2622:
2612:
2458:
2176:
2127:"Demonstration of reduced neoclassical energy transport in Wendelstein 7-X"
1726:
1599:
905:
861:
420:
377:
259:
2192:"Wendelstein 7-X fusion reactor on path to plasma twice as hot as the Sun"
1741:"Tests confirm that Germany's massive nuclear fusion machine really works"
1366:"Start of scientific experimentation at the Wendelstein 7-X fusion device"
4304:
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3829:
3819:
3466:
3370:
2730:
2718:
2696:
2102:
1872:
1440:"The first plasma: the Wendelstein 7-X fusion device is now in operation"
1340:"Princeton, Max Planck Society launch new research center plasma physics"
637:
609:
Start of OP2, demonstrated steady-state operation at higher power levels
243:
227:
101:
44:
4116:
1708:
1616:
1520:"Wendelstein 7-X: Upgrading after successful first round of experiments"
970:
4455:
4195:
4074:
3849:
2323:
2234:
Grieger, G.; Renner, H.; Wobig, H. (1985). "Wendelstein stellarators".
2030:
1960:
1794:
1278:
996:
945:
625:
247:
54:
1862:
1837:
1660:
1439:
1392:
1125:"Stellarators difficult to build? The construction of Wendelstein 7-X"
1037:
847:
715:
Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas
3887:
3528:
3025:
2745:
2664:
2659:
2602:
1235:
1193:
1301:"Wendelstein 7-x stellarator puts new twist on nuclear fusion power"
1214:
1067:
G. Grieger; H. Renner; H. Wobig (1985), "Wendelstein stellarators",
4354:
3939:
3157:
2833:
1460:
388:
361:
357:
124:
1661:"Wendelstein 7-X fusion device produces its first hydrogen plasma"
723:
Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Warsaw (Poland)
4369:
3727:
3298:
2911:
2750:
2735:
2723:
2550:
1098:"Physics, Technologies, and Status of the Wendelstein 7-X Device"
833:
454:
lengths of the open magnetic field lines in the plasma boundary.
251:
58:
1054:
ipp.mpg.de: Wendelstein 7-X on the verge of new peak performance
3310:
3276:
3118:
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432:
407:
316:
288:
The research facility is an independent partner project of the
143:
709:
Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives
3910:
3516:
3454:
3429:
3183:
3147:
3113:
3108:
2858:
2828:
2409:
1961:"Successful second round of experiments with Wendelstein 7-X"
1834:
309:
182:
1681:
1326:"US narrows fusion research focus, joins German stellarator"
997:"Wendelstein 7-X fusion device at Greifswald to be upgraded"
4460:
3101:
2926:
2617:
1442:. Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics. 10 December 2015
1066:
549:
Successful helium plasma test at 1 MK for ~0.1 s
304:
The Wendelstein 7-X device is based on a five-field-period
2124:
1948:"Wendelstein 7-X achieves world record for fusion product"
1663:. Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics. 3 February 2016
198:
1818:"Wendelstein 7-X: Zweite Experimentierrunde hat begonnen"
1464:"Plans for the first plasma operation of Wendelstein 7-X"
2276:
2076:"Thomas Sunn Pedersen et al 2022 Nucl. Fusion 62 042022"
1393:"Preparations for operation of Wendelstein 7-X starting"
1155:"Magnet tests on Wendelstein 7-X successfully completed"
729:
Trilateral Euregio Cluster (Germany/Belgium/Netherlands)
2457:
1765:
1071:(in German), vol. 25, no. 9, p. 1231,
920:"The bizarre reactor that might save nuclear fusion"
801:
4013:
International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility
273:The name of the project, referring to the mountain
2233:
1019:
1017:
2227:
2074:Sunn Pedersen, Thomas; et al. (April 2022).
435:, and magnet testing was completed in July 2015.
262:plant; it was developed based on the predecessor
4509:
2384:"USA joining the Wendelstein 7-X fusion project"
1896:"S. BrezƖnsek et al 2022 Nucl. Fusion 62 016006"
1546:"F. Effenberg et al 2017 Nucl. Fusion 57 036021"
1423:"Wendelstein 7-X Newsletter No. 13 / April 2017"
601:Final assembly step with water-coolers finished
16:Modern stellarator for plasma fusion experiments
1600:"G.A. Wurden et al 2017 Nucl. Fusion 57 056036"
1390:
1122:
1014:
399:will also be available for 10 seconds. An
2573:
2381:
2012:"T. Klinger et al 2019 Nucl. Fusion 59 112004"
1276:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
906:Introduction – the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator
557:Hydrogen plasma at 80 MK for 0.25 s
4268:
4048:
2473:
2443:
1768:"R.C. Wolf et al 2017 Nucl. Fusion 57 102020"
299:
4282:
4062:
2347:
872:, Japan, Heliotron, superconducting (1998– )
356:The main components are the magnetic coils,
312:, consisting of 50 non-planar and 20 planar
4201:Greifswald International Students' Festival
1292:
1249:
1107:
647:
4275:
4261:
4055:
4041:
2450:
2436:
1432:
1270:
1149:
1147:
1145:
2307:
2166:
2101:
2091:
2029:
2019:
1903:
1871:
1861:
1793:
1783:
1766:Wolf, R. C.; et al. (27 July 2017).
1716:
1615:
1495:
1384:
2386:. Max Planck Institute of Plasma Physics
2363:FAZ: Start frei für deutschen Sonnenofen
1236:"Ion Cyclotron Resonance Heating (ICRH)"
911:
466:
221:
213:
205:
197:
189:
4242:List of University of Greifswald people
2324:"Wendelstein 7-X achieves world record"
1759:
1653:
1454:
1332:
1298:
1165:
1142:
1001:Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics
975:Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics
950:Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics
946:"Wendelstein 7-X achieves world record"
882:National Compact Stellarator Experiment
387:The heating system includes high power
290:Max-Planck Institute for Plasma Physics
256:Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics
69:Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics
4510:
4169:Max Planck Institute of Plasma Physics
2270:
2189:
1984:
1888:
1592:
1538:
1318:
1215:"Neutral Beam Injection Heating (NBI)"
1173:"Stellarator Heating and Optimization"
4256:
4036:
2431:
2277:Hathiramani, D.; et al. (2018).
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
917:
901:
899:
792:National Institute for Fusion Science
772:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
703:Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt
411:electron and ion particle transport.
1228:
1186:
660:Czech Technical University in Prague
338:10 particles per cubic metre, and a
1207:
762:Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory
632:In July 2011, the President of the
13:
1406:
1299:Jeffrey, Colin (25 October 2015).
971:"The second experimentation phase"
896:
739:Eindhoven University of Technology
642:United States Department of Energy
322:, 3.5 m high, which induce a
14:
4544:
2401:
2190:Lavars, Nick (1 September 2021).
1985:Lavars, Nick (26 November 2018).
1123:Klinger, Thomas (14 April 2011).
994:
918:Clery, Daniel (21 October 2015).
690:Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
652:
91:0.53 m (1 ft 9 in)
4446:Anti-nuclear movement in Germany
4149:Ornithological Station Hiddensee
4115:
3984:
3957:
3945:
3928:
3916:
3904:
3881:
3813:
3762:
3750:
3721:
3704:
3664:
3652:
3623:
3611:
3581:
3569:
3522:
3510:
3488:
3460:
3448:
3423:
3386:
3340:
3328:
3316:
3304:
3282:
3265:
3248:
3224:
3212:
3189:
3177:
3165:
3141:
3124:
3085:
3053:
3036:
2965:
2953:
1277:Arnoux, Robert (15 April 2011).
1065:WI-A, WI-B, WII-A, WII-B, W7-A:
878:, USA, Quasi-Helically Symmetric
846:
832:
818:
804:
745:
349:The W7-X is optimised along the
27:
4018:ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility
2375:
2356:
2341:
2316:
2309:10.1016/j.fusengdes.2018.02.013
2209:
2183:
2118:
2067:
2004:
1978:
1953:
1941:
1828:
1810:
1733:
1675:
1512:
1391:Milch, Isabella (12 May 2014).
1358:
1342:. 29 March 2012. Archived from
1090:
767:University of Wisconsin–Madison
733:Technical University of Denmark
593:End OP1.2, begin upgrade phase
565:End OP1.1, begin upgrade phase
2382:Isabella Milch (7 July 2011).
2348:Julia Sieber (9 August 2022).
1497:11858/00-001M-0000-0029-04EB-D
1488:10.1088/0029-5515/55/12/126001
1059:
1047:
1031:
988:
963:
938:
876:Helically Symmetric Experiment
752:Los Alamos National Laboratory
573:Begin operational phase OP1.2
541:Begin operational phase OP1.1
1:
4528:Nuclear technology in Germany
2287:Fusion Engineering and Design
1279:"The stellarator renaissance"
1157:. 7 July 2015. Archived from
890:
757:Oak Ridge National Laboratory
672:Technische Universität Berlin
471:Wendelstein 7-X during OP1.2b
242:) reactor is an experimental
4164:Friedrich Loeffler Institute
4132:Botanic Garden and Arboretum
2682:Field-reversed configuration
615:
393:electron cyclotron resonance
7:
797:
490:
226:Wide-angle view inside the
10:
4549:
2248:10.1088/0029-5515/25/9/040
2151:10.1038/s41586-021-03687-w
1194:"Microwave heating – ECRH"
1077:10.1088/0029-5515/25/9/040
908:Retrieved 5 November 2014.
585:of 6 × 10 degree-second/m
414:
300:Design and main components
183:https://www.ipp.mpg.de/w7x
4438:
4297:
4290:
4214:
4182:
4156:
4124:
4113:
4104:Greifswald Medical School
4083:
4072:
4008:
3976:
3896:
3873:
3805:
3798:
3787:
3740:
3696:
3642:
3601:
3564:
3555:
3480:
3438:
3378:
3369:
3204:
3075:
2945:
2919:
2910:
2899:
2888:
2846:
2819:
2791:
2768:
2672:
2584:
2564:
2536:Fusion energy gain factor
2466:
826:Nuclear technology portal
178:
173:
163:
155:
150:
131:
118:
108:
95:
87:
79:
74:
64:
50:
38:
26:
4523:University of Greifswald
4451:Anti-WAAhnsinns Festival
4284:Nuclear power in Germany
4222:University of Greifswald
4100:Mathematics and Sciences
4065:University of Greifswald
2093:10.1088/1741-4326/ac2cf5
2021:10.1088/1741-4326/ab03a7
1905:10.1088/1741-4326/ac3508
1785:10.1088/1741-4326/aa770d
1608:10.1088/1741-4326/aa6609
1557:10.1088/1741-4326/aa4f83
785:
781:Xantho Technologies, LLC
684:Forschungszentrum Jülich
678:University of Greifswald
648:Collaborating institutes
294:University of Greifswald
114:3 T (30,000 G)
75:Technical specifications
2461:, processes and devices
2418:The First Helium Plasma
2368:7 November 2015 at the
1139:53 slides - many photos
697:University of Stuttgart
401:ion cyclotron resonance
83:5.5 m (18 ft)
2055:Cite journal requires
1950:Phys.org, 25 June 2018
1929:Cite journal requires
1641:Cite journal requires
1580:Cite journal requires
866:Similar stellarators:
622:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
485:neoclassical transport
472:
397:neutral beam injection
266:experimental reactor.
231:
219:
211:
203:
195:
4091:Arts & Humanities
1689:Nature Communications
1257:"Profile Diagnostics"
470:
364:and heating systems.
225:
217:
209:
201:
193:
4157:Independent partners
2598:Triple-alpha process
2546:Magnetohydrodynamics
2498:List of technologies
870:Large Helical Device
306:Helias configuration
279:Princeton University
156:Year(s) of operation
4490: /
4137:University Hospital
4076:Greifswald, Germany
3676:Lockheed Martin CFR
2630:Proton–proton chain
2493:List of experiments
2300:2018FusED.136..304H
2143:2021Natur.596..221B
1854:2019PhPl...26h2504W
1709:10.1038/ncomms13493
1701:2016NatCo...713493P
1480:2015NucFu..55l6001P
1328:. 1 September 2011.
1027:. 22 February 2023.
509:Planning initiated
23:
4142:University Library
2709:Dense plasma focus
1842:Physics of Plasmas
926:. Science Magazine
666:Charles University
634:Max Planck Society
517:Project initiated
473:
427:research on W7-X.
340:plasma temperature
326:that prevents the
283:Project Matterhorn
232:
220:
212:
204:
196:
133:Plasma temperature
21:
4494:54.073°N 13.424°E
4473:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4250:
4249:
4237:Wikimedia Commons
4215:Categories, lists
4030:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4004:
4003:
3972:
3971:
3923:Asterix IV (PALS)
3736:
3735:
3638:
3637:
3551:
3550:
3365:
3364:
2884:
2883:
2842:
2841:
2801:Bubble (acoustic)
2783:Magnetized target
2760:Toroidal solenoid
2516:
2515:
2137:(7871): 221–226.
1863:10.1063/1.5098761
1747:. 6 December 2016
995:Milch, Isabella.
777:Auburn University
741:(The Netherlands)
613:
612:
374:superconductivity
360:, plasma vessel,
308:. It is mainly a
188:
187:
4540:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4483:
4370:Kalkar (SNR-300)
4295:
4294:
4277:
4270:
4263:
4254:
4253:
4206:Nordischer Klang
4119:
4096:Business and Law
4077:
4066:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4034:
4033:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3803:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3742:Magneto-inertial
3726:
3725:
3724:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3562:
3561:
3542:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3500:Wendelstein 7-AS
3493:
3492:
3491:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3376:
3375:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3244:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3161:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3068:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3041:
3040:
3039:
2994:Electric Tokamak
2970:
2969:
2968:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2917:
2916:
2908:
2907:
2897:
2896:
2778:Magnetized liner
2770:Magneto-inertial
2687:Levitated dipole
2582:
2581:
2571:
2570:
2541:Lawson criterion
2471:
2470:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2429:
2428:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:Official website
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2379:
2373:
2372:vom 20. Mai 2014
2360:
2354:
2353:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2283:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2242:(9): 1231–1242.
2231:
2225:
2224:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2170:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2105:
2095:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2043:
2033:
2023:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1917:
1907:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1875:
1865:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1797:
1787:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1720:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1644:
1639:
1637:
1629:
1619:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1568:
1550:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1499:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1419:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1161:on 16 July 2015.
1151:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1129:
1120:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1021:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1007:
992:
986:
985:
983:
981:
967:
961:
960:
958:
956:
942:
936:
935:
933:
931:
915:
909:
903:
856:
851:
850:
842:
837:
836:
828:
823:
822:
821:
814:
809:
808:
807:
668:(Czech Republic)
662:(Czech Republic)
495:
494:
351:quasi-isodynamic
337:
264:Wendelstein 7-AS
168:Wendelstein 7-AS
146:
141:
127:
104:
31:
24:
20:
4548:
4547:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4533:2015 in science
4508:
4507:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4465:
4434:
4385:Mülheim-Kärlich
4330:Grafenrheinfeld
4286:
4281:
4251:
4246:
4210:
4178:
4174:Wendelstein 7-X
4152:
4120:
4111:
4079:
4075:
4068:
4064:
4061:
4031:
4022:
4000:
3985:
3983:
3968:
3958:
3956:
3946:
3944:
3929:
3927:
3917:
3915:
3905:
3903:
3892:
3882:
3880:
3869:
3814:
3812:
3790:
3783:
3763:
3761:
3751:
3749:
3732:
3722:
3720:
3705:
3703:
3692:
3665:
3663:
3653:
3651:
3634:
3624:
3622:
3612:
3610:
3597:
3582:
3580:
3570:
3568:
3547:
3536:
3523:
3521:
3511:
3509:
3505:Wendelstein 7-X
3489:
3487:
3476:
3461:
3459:
3449:
3447:
3440:
3434:
3424:
3422:
3387:
3385:
3361:
3341:
3339:
3329:
3327:
3317:
3315:
3305:
3303:
3283:
3281:
3266:
3264:
3249:
3247:
3238:
3225:
3223:
3213:
3211:
3200:
3190:
3188:
3178:
3176:
3166:
3164:
3155:
3142:
3140:
3125:
3123:
3086:
3084:
3077:
3071:
3062:
3054:
3052:
3037:
3035:
2966:
2964:
2954:
2952:
2941:
2902:
2891:
2880:
2838:
2815:
2787:
2764:
2692:Magnetic mirror
2668:
2655:Silicon-burning
2640:Lithium burning
2577:
2566:
2560:
2526:Nuclear reactor
2512:
2462:
2456:
2417:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2399:
2389:
2387:
2380:
2376:
2370:Wayback Machine
2361:
2357:
2346:
2342:
2332:
2330:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2281:
2275:
2271:
2232:
2228:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2200:
2198:
2188:
2184:
2123:
2119:
2072:
2068:
2056:
2054:
2045:
2044:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1995:
1993:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1930:
1928:
1919:
1918:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1833:
1829:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1764:
1760:
1750:
1748:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1680:
1676:
1666:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1642:
1640:
1631:
1630:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1581:
1579:
1570:
1569:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1529:
1527:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1459:
1455:
1445:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1407:
1397:
1395:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1373:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1349:
1347:
1346:on 4 March 2016
1338:
1337:
1333:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1309:
1307:
1297:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1275:
1271:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1153:
1152:
1143:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1121:
1108:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1064:
1060:
1052:
1048:
1036:
1032:
1023:
1022:
1015:
1005:
1003:
993:
989:
979:
977:
969:
968:
964:
954:
952:
944:
943:
939:
929:
927:
916:
912:
904:
897:
893:
852:
845:
838:
831:
824:
819:
817:
810:
805:
803:
800:
788:
748:
735:(DTU) (Denmark)
717:(CIEMAT; Spain)
655:
650:
618:
525:Assembly began
493:
417:
342:of 60–130
335:
314:superconducting
302:
281:under the name
236:Wendelstein 7-X
139:
137:
122:
99:
34:
22:Wendelstein 7-X
17:
12:
11:
5:
4546:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4499:54.073; 13.424
4471:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4442:
4440:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4400:Niederaichbach
4397:
4395:Neckarwestheim
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4301:
4299:
4292:
4288:
4287:
4280:
4279:
4272:
4265:
4257:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4160:
4158:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4101:
4098:
4093:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4080:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4060:
4059:
4052:
4045:
4037:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3954:
3942:
3937:
3925:
3913:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3809:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3759:
3746:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3718:
3713:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3678:
3673:
3661:
3648:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3620:
3607:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3578:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3519:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3457:
3444:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3382:
3380:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3337:
3325:
3313:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3279:
3274:
3262:
3257:
3245:
3233:
3221:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3186:
3174:
3162:
3150:
3138:
3133:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3094:
3081:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3050:
3045:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2974:
2962:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2923:
2921:
2914:
2905:
2894:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2871:Muon-catalyzed
2868:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2854:Colliding beam
2850:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2825:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2797:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2774:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2743:
2733:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2714:Reversed field
2711:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2689:
2684:
2678:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2650:Oxygen-burning
2647:
2642:
2637:
2635:Carbon-burning
2632:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2588:
2579:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2531:Atomic nucleus
2528:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2483:Burning plasma
2479:
2477:
2475:Nuclear fusion
2468:
2464:
2463:
2455:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2414:
2403:
2402:External links
2400:
2398:
2397:
2374:
2355:
2340:
2328:www.ipp.mpg.de
2315:
2269:
2236:Nuclear Fusion
2226:
2221:www.ipp.mpg.de
2208:
2182:
2117:
2080:Nuclear Fusion
2066:
2057:|journal=
2003:
1977:
1965:www.ipp.mpg.de
1952:
1940:
1931:|journal=
1887:
1827:
1822:www.ipp.mpg.de
1809:
1778:(10): 102020.
1772:Nuclear Fusion
1758:
1732:
1674:
1652:
1643:|journal=
1591:
1582:|journal=
1537:
1526:. 11 July 2016
1511:
1474:(12): 126001.
1468:Nuclear Fusion
1453:
1431:
1405:
1383:
1357:
1331:
1317:
1305:www.gizmag.com
1291:
1269:
1248:
1227:
1206:
1185:
1164:
1141:
1106:
1089:
1069:Nuclear Fusion
1058:
1046:
1030:
1013:
987:
962:
937:
924:sciencemag.org
910:
894:
892:
889:
888:
887:
886:
885:
879:
873:
864:
858:
857:
854:Science portal
843:
829:
815:
812:Germany portal
799:
796:
795:
794:
787:
784:
783:
782:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
747:
744:
743:
742:
736:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
712:
706:
700:
693:
687:
681:
675:
669:
663:
654:
653:European Union
651:
649:
646:
617:
614:
611:
610:
607:
606:February 2023
603:
602:
599:
595:
594:
591:
590:November 2018
587:
586:
583:triple product
579:
575:
574:
571:
567:
566:
563:
559:
558:
555:
551:
550:
547:
543:
542:
539:
538:December 2015
535:
534:
531:
527:
526:
523:
519:
518:
515:
511:
510:
507:
503:
502:
499:
492:
489:
416:
413:
332:plasma density
324:magnetic field
301:
298:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
157:
153:
152:
148:
147:
135:
129:
128:
120:
116:
115:
112:
110:Magnetic field
106:
105:
97:
93:
92:
89:
85:
84:
81:
77:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
52:
48:
47:
42:
36:
35:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4545:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4506:
4503:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4350:Gundremmingen
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4278:
4273:
4271:
4266:
4264:
4259:
4258:
4255:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4183:Miscellaneous
4181:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4118:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4071:
4067:
4058:
4053:
4051:
4046:
4044:
4039:
4038:
4035:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4007:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3965:
3955:
3953:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3926:
3924:
3914:
3912:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3895:
3889:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3786:
3780:
3779:Fusion Engine
3777:
3775:
3774:FRX-L – FRCHX
3772:
3770:
3760:
3758:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3729:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3662:
3660:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3631:
3621:
3619:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3579:
3577:
3567:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3540:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3520:
3518:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3458:
3456:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3437:
3431:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3338:
3336:
3326:
3324:
3314:
3312:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3272:ASDEX Upgrade
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3222:
3220:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3187:
3185:
3175:
3173:
3163:
3159:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3074:
3066:
3061:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2972:Alcator C-Mod
2963:
2961:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:International
2918:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2887:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2866:Metal lattice
2864:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2821:Electrostatic
2818:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2593:Alpha process
2591:
2589:
2587:
2586:Gravitational
2583:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2521:Nuclear power
2519:
2518:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2453:
2448:
2446:
2441:
2439:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2405:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2359:
2351:
2344:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2280:
2273:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2103:1721.1/147631
2099:
2094:
2089:
2086:(4): 042022.
2085:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2062:
2049:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2007:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1949:
1944:
1936:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1873:1721.1/130063
1869:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1848:(8): 082504.
1847:
1843:
1839:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1678:
1662:
1656:
1648:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1587:
1574:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1541:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1457:
1441:
1435:
1424:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1394:
1387:
1372:. 7 June 2016
1371:
1367:
1361:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1327:
1321:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1280:
1273:
1258:
1252:
1237:
1231:
1216:
1210:
1195:
1189:
1174:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1126:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1099:
1093:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1062:
1055:
1050:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1026:
1020:
1018:
1002:
998:
991:
976:
972:
966:
951:
947:
941:
925:
921:
914:
907:
902:
900:
895:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
867:
865:
863:
860:
859:
855:
849:
844:
841:
840:Energy portal
835:
830:
827:
816:
813:
802:
793:
790:
789:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
749:
746:United States
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
711:(CEA; France)
710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
657:
656:
645:
643:
639:
635:
630:
627:
623:
608:
605:
604:
600:
597:
596:
592:
589:
588:
584:
580:
577:
576:
572:
569:
568:
564:
561:
560:
556:
553:
552:
548:
545:
544:
540:
537:
536:
532:
529:
528:
524:
521:
520:
516:
513:
512:
508:
505:
504:
500:
497:
496:
488:
486:
481:
477:
469:
465:
462:
459:
455:
451:
447:
444:
442:
436:
434:
428:
424:
422:
412:
409:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
385:
381:
379:
375:
370:
365:
363:
359:
354:
352:
347:
345:
341:
333:
329:
325:
321:
318:
315:
311:
307:
297:
295:
291:
286:
284:
280:
276:
271:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
238:(abbreviated
237:
229:
224:
216:
208:
200:
192:
184:
181:
177:
172:
169:
166:
162:
158:
154:
149:
145:
136:
134:
130:
126:
121:
119:Heating power
117:
113:
111:
107:
103:
98:
96:Plasma volume
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
73:
70:
67:
63:
60:
56:
53:
49:
46:
43:
41:
37:
30:
25:
19:
4518:Stellarators
4475:
4405:Philippsburg
4355:Hamm-Uentrop
4345:Großwelzheim
4173:
4125:Institutions
3576:Perhapsatron
3504:
2876:Pyroelectric
2806:Laser-driven
2645:Neon-burning
2613:Helium flash
2459:Fusion power
2388:. Retrieved
2377:
2358:
2343:
2331:. Retrieved
2327:
2318:
2291:
2285:
2272:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2220:
2217:"Milestones"
2211:
2199:. Retrieved
2195:
2185:
2134:
2130:
2120:
2083:
2079:
2069:
2048:cite journal
2006:
1994:. Retrieved
1991:newatlas.com
1990:
1980:
1968:. Retrieved
1964:
1955:
1943:
1922:cite journal
1890:
1845:
1841:
1830:
1821:
1812:
1775:
1771:
1761:
1749:. Retrieved
1745:ScienceAlert
1744:
1735:
1692:
1688:
1677:
1665:. Retrieved
1655:
1634:cite journal
1617:11584/213558
1594:
1573:cite journal
1540:
1528:. Retrieved
1523:
1514:
1471:
1467:
1456:
1444:. Retrieved
1434:
1396:. Retrieved
1386:
1374:. Retrieved
1369:
1360:
1348:. Retrieved
1344:the original
1334:
1320:
1308:. Retrieved
1304:
1294:
1282:. Retrieved
1272:
1260:. Retrieved
1251:
1239:. Retrieved
1230:
1218:. Retrieved
1209:
1197:. Retrieved
1188:
1176:. Retrieved
1167:
1159:the original
1131:. Retrieved
1092:
1068:
1061:
1049:
1033:
1006:26 September
1004:. Retrieved
1000:
990:
980:26 September
978:. Retrieved
974:
965:
953:. Retrieved
949:
940:
928:. Retrieved
923:
913:
862:Fusion power
631:
619:
598:August 2022
533:Inaugurated
482:
478:
474:
463:
460:
456:
452:
448:
445:
437:
429:
425:
421:East Germany
418:
406:A system of
405:
386:
382:
366:
355:
348:
303:
289:
287:
272:
268:
260:fusion power
239:
235:
233:
159:2015–present
88:Minor radius
80:Major radius
33:W7-X in 2011
18:
4497: /
4320:Brunsbüttel
4305:AVR reactor
4146:Observatory
3791:confinement
3537: [
3467:Heliotron J
3371:Stellarator
3239: [
3156: [
3063: [
2903:confinement
2892:experiments
2847:Other forms
2731:Stellarator
2697:Bumpy torus
2575:Confinement
2467:Core topics
2294:: 304–308.
2201:2 September
2031:2434/653115
1795:2434/616000
1446:10 December
1262:10 December
1241:10 December
1220:10 December
1199:10 December
1178:10 December
955:27 December
638:Peter Gruss
562:March 2016
367:The coils (
353:principle.
344:megakelvins
275:Wendelstein
244:stellarator
228:stellarator
164:Preceded by
65:Affiliation
45:Stellarator
40:Device type
4512:Categories
4485:13°25′26″E
4482:54°04′23″N
4456:Black bloc
4439:opposition
4425:Unterweser
4410:Rheinsberg
4335:Greifswald
4196:Emausaurus
2811:Ion-driven
2565:Processes,
2508:Aneutronic
2503:Commercial
2390:4 February
1996:1 December
1751:7 December
1667:4 February
1530:11 October
1376:11 October
1310:27 October
930:25 October
891:References
626:Greifswald
578:June 2018
570:June 2017
248:Greifswald
55:Greifswald
4430:Würgassen
4390:Obrigheim
4084:Divisions
3996:Z machine
3977:Non-laser
3888:GEKKO XII
3840:Long path
3534:Uragan-3M
3529:Uragan-2M
3026:Riggatron
2746:Spheromak
2741:Spherical
2665:S-process
2660:R-process
2603:CNO cycle
2264:250832456
2256:0029-5515
2196:New Atlas
2159:1476-4687
2112:234338848
2040:128140454
1914:240484560
1882:202127809
1695:: 13493.
1626:126252486
1565:125707430
1350:19 August
1085:250832456
705:(Germany)
699:(Germany)
692:(Germany)
686:(Germany)
680:(Germany)
674:(Germany)
616:Financing
433:evacuated
389:gyrotrons
292:with the
254:, by the
246:built in
4315:Brokdorf
4291:Reactors
4192:Festival
4108:Theology
3940:LULI2000
3806:Americas
3789:Inertial
3379:Americas
2946:Americas
2901:Magnetic
2890:Devices,
2834:Polywell
2793:Inertial
2674:Magnetic
2623:remnants
2488:Timeline
2366:Archived
2177:34381232
1970:22 March
1727:27901043
1524:phys.org
1506:67798335
1370:phys.org
798:See also
658:FJFI at
491:Timeline
362:divertor
358:cryostat
317:magnetic
142:10
123:14
100:30
51:Location
4420:Stendal
4375:Krümmel
4340:Grohnde
4325:Emsland
3825:Cyclops
3757:SPECTOR
3728:Trisops
3588:Sceptre
3441:Oceania
3413:Model C
3299:IGNITOR
3231:COMPASS
3078:Oceania
3060:Novillo
3021:Pegasus
2912:Tokamak
2751:Dynomak
2736:Tokamak
2567:methods
2551:Neutron
2423:YouTube
2333:30 June
2296:Bibcode
2168:8357633
2139:Bibcode
1850:Bibcode
1804:1986901
1718:5141350
1697:Bibcode
1476:Bibcode
1284:13 June
1133:13 June
581:Fusion
415:History
408:sensors
252:Germany
179:Website
151:History
59:Germany
4380:Lingen
4310:Biblis
4298:closed
4227:Alumni
3964:Vulcan
3897:Europe
3671:Astron
3644:Mirror
3481:Europe
3347:MAST-U
3311:ISTTOK
3277:TEXTOR
3205:Europe
3131:ADITYA
3119:SUNIST
2989:DIII-D
2960:STOR-M
2556:Plasma
2262:
2254:
2175:
2165:
2157:
2131:Nature
2110:
2038:
1912:
1880:
1802:
1725:
1715:
1624:
1563:
1504:
1398:16 May
1083:
1042:backup
501:Event
441:helium
378:teslas
346:(MK).
328:plasma
310:toroid
138:(6–13)
4415:Stade
4232:Staff
3991:PACER
3952:ISKRA
3911:HiPER
3865:Shiva
3860:OMEGA
3830:Janus
3820:Argus
3799:Laser
3769:Linus
3697:Other
3557:Pinch
3541:]
3517:TJ-II
3455:H-1NF
3439:Asia,
3430:SCR-1
3403:HIDRA
3352:START
3243:]
3236:GOLEM
3184:KSTAR
3172:GLAST
3160:]
3153:QUEST
3148:JT-60
3136:SST-1
3114:HL-2M
3109:HL-2A
3092:CFETR
3076:Asia,
3067:]
3048:TCABR
2982:SPARC
2937:PROTO
2859:Migma
2829:Fusor
2719:Theta
2704:Pinch
2608:Fusor
2282:(PDF)
2260:S2CID
2108:S2CID
2036:S2CID
1910:S2CID
1878:S2CID
1800:S2CID
1622:S2CID
1561:S2CID
1549:(PDF)
1502:S2CID
1426:(PDF)
1128:(PDF)
1101:(PDF)
1081:S2CID
786:Japan
320:coils
174:Links
4461:Wyhl
4365:Kahl
4360:Isar
4190:Bach
3874:Asia
3855:Nova
3850:Nike
3835:LIFE
3716:PFRC
3681:MFTF
3593:ZETA
3495:WEGA
3418:NCSX
3357:STEP
3323:T-15
3260:WEST
3196:TT-1
3102:HT-7
3097:EAST
3031:SSPX
3014:TFTR
3004:NSTX
2932:DEMO
2927:ITER
2724:Zeta
2618:Nova
2578:type
2392:2016
2335:2018
2252:ISSN
2203:2021
2173:PMID
2155:ISSN
2061:help
1998:2018
1972:2019
1935:help
1753:2016
1723:PMID
1669:2016
1647:help
1586:help
1532:2016
1448:2015
1400:2014
1378:2016
1352:2013
1312:2015
1286:2011
1264:2015
1243:2015
1222:2015
1201:2015
1180:2015
1135:2011
1008:2022
982:2022
957:2022
932:2015
554:2016
546:2015
530:2014
522:2005
514:1994
506:1980
498:Date
391:for
369:NbTi
334:of 3
240:W7-X
234:The
3935:LMJ
3845:NIF
3711:LDX
3686:TMX
3659:GDT
3630:MST
3618:RFX
3603:RFP
3472:LHD
3408:HSX
3398:CTH
3393:CNT
3335:TCV
3294:FTU
3289:DTT
3255:TFR
3219:JET
3043:ETE
3009:PLT
2999:LTX
2977:ARC
2421:on
2304:doi
2292:136
2244:doi
2163:PMC
2147:doi
2135:596
2098:hdl
2088:doi
2026:hdl
2016:doi
1900:doi
1868:hdl
1858:doi
1790:hdl
1780:doi
1713:PMC
1705:doi
1612:hdl
1604:doi
1553:doi
1492:hdl
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1073:doi
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