92:
378:
50:
464:
31:
448:
214:
330:
between 2,400 and 3,600 m in summer, and in winter, dense coniferous and broad-leaved forests between 2,000 and 2,800 m elevations. The western tragopan is mostly arboreal but feeds on the ground. They feed mostly on leaves, shoots and seeds, but also consume
268:
The male is very dark, grey and black with numerous white spots, each spot bordered with black and deep crimson patches on the sides and back of the neck. The throat is bare with blue skin while the bare facial skin is red. They have a small black occipital
277:
and spotted with black, and most of the feathers have black patches and central white streaks. Immature males resemble females, but are larger with longer legs and a variable amount of black on the head and red on neck.
435:
has listed this species in
Appendix I in order to discourage selling of its feathers. Representing the endemic bird area D02 of Western Himalaya, the western tragopan has been described as a range-restricted species.
281:
Males weigh 1.8–2.2 kg (4.0–4.9 lb) and females weigh 1.25–1.4 kg (2.8–3.1 lb). The males vary in length from 55–60 cm (22–24 in) while the females are 48–50 cm (19–20 in).
342:
During display, the males show the throat inflated into lappets that appear purple with pink margins. They also display blue horns with a fancied resemblance to those of the Greek mythological god
318:
river in India. They are found from an altitude of 1,750 to 3,600 m, going higher in summer. Their preferred habitat is the dense understorey of temperate, subalpine and broad-leaved forest.
581:
Jolli, Virat & Pandit, M. K. (2011). "Monitoring pheasants (Phasianidae) in the
Western Himalayas to measure the impact of hydro-electric projects". The Ring 33: 37-46.
3905:
3944:
369:
They are sensitive to anthropogenic disturbance and avoid disturbed habitats (for instance, hydro-electric project development sites).
4024:
3879:
4049:
3918:
667:
625:
Rasmussen, P.C & Anderton, J. C. (2005) Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Smithsonian
Institution and Lynx Edicions.
569:
3923:
4054:
3759:
4044:
3949:
3786:
3866:
420:
2582:
907:
4039:
2602:
1465:
1437:
897:
423:
factors throughout its range. The world population is estimated at fewer than 5,000 individuals, including a
2453:
2112:
291:
4034:
2262:
1675:
516:
3799:
3590:
3295:
2681:
2612:
2162:
2132:
2122:
2000:
1272:
660:
91:
3630:
2906:
2691:
2642:
2632:
2592:
2502:
2333:
1905:
3600:
3520:
3480:
3460:
2916:
2701:
2622:
2272:
2212:
2192:
1990:
1895:
1620:
1449:
1260:
3773:
3910:
3807:
3721:
3670:
3660:
3650:
3490:
3450:
3001:
2991:
2463:
2222:
1790:
1477:
1225:
872:
606:
598:
3936:
3640:
3620:
3550:
3540:
3325:
2981:
2961:
2941:
2781:
2736:
2572:
2343:
2023:
1937:
1516:
186:
3975:
3812:
3768:
3500:
3345:
3195:
2951:
2202:
2142:
1845:
1825:
1800:
1780:
1610:
1250:
1106:
653:
470:
463:
447:
8:
4001:
3680:
3560:
3150:
2242:
1865:
1770:
1650:
1427:
1392:
842:
832:
493:
39:
3400:
3390:
3060:
3040:
2971:
2547:
2252:
1855:
1053:
942:
245:
86:
54:
396:
living pheasants. Its range is very restricted. In the
Kashmir valley, it is known as
4029:
3970:
3830:
3510:
3470:
3370:
3335:
3285:
3105:
2871:
2861:
2806:
2232:
2152:
2102:
2046:
1885:
1585:
1575:
565:
339:. Like most pheasants, they roost in trees singly or in pairs except during nesting.
303:
3835:
3315:
3070:
3050:
2756:
2537:
2182:
2172:
1875:
1835:
1307:
1193:
1040:
991:
582:
511:
428:
424:
413:
386:
327:
270:
203:
3822:
3957:
3871:
3530:
3425:
3380:
3230:
2896:
2851:
2826:
2746:
2483:
2069:
1927:
1710:
1685:
1640:
1630:
1526:
1402:
1133:
932:
343:
307:
3988:
3610:
3580:
3305:
3250:
3115:
3080:
2816:
2726:
2717:
2662:
2418:
2092:
1917:
1745:
1720:
1565:
1342:
1215:
862:
793:
754:
311:
586:
213:
4018:
3931:
3744:
3570:
3260:
3186:
2444:
2428:
2393:
1367:
1096:
1021:
952:
640:
502:
336:
295:
59:
635:
377:
3240:
3031:
2887:
2563:
2527:
2061:
1761:
1666:
1497:
1383:
1332:
1297:
1168:
1158:
1011:
888:
813:
538:
454:
405:
363:
274:
3962:
3892:
3753:
3140:
3021:
2932:
2842:
2672:
2518:
2493:
2409:
2368:
2084:
1418:
1149:
1124:
1030:
923:
722:
706:
676:
253:
153:
143:
3858:
358:). During the display they call and the song is a loud two-note ringing
3996:
3884:
3441:
3220:
3170:
3160:
3096:
2797:
2772:
2359:
2324:
2015:
1982:
1970:
1601:
1546:
1507:
1203:
1087:
1073:
972:
774:
260:
to the east. The species is highly endangered and globally threatened.
3361:
3276:
2301:
1701:
1459:
1323:
784:
241:
103:
3897:
3848:
3715:
366:
season is May and June. They build their nests in low tree hollows.
3738:
3416:
3211:
3131:
2384:
2314:
2038:
982:
823:
694:
299:
249:
237:
163:
123:
30:
3794:
1816:
1736:
1288:
1184:
735:
382:
332:
419:
The population of the western tragopan is threatened by several
3781:
1556:
1358:
1241:
1077:
688:
412:("king of birds"). It was accorded the status of state bird of
315:
113:
645:
3983:
3843:
745:
432:
257:
76:
70:
700:
485:
393:
The western tragopan is considered as one of the rarest
133:
314:
districts of India as well as from an area east of the
491:
362:
which is repeated every second for long periods. The
273:. Females have pale brownish-grey upper parts finely
1050:
564:by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992),
517:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22679147A112467383.en
4016:
661:
431:which numbered fewer than ten pairs in 2012.
668:
654:
212:
48:
29:
1505:
720:
515:
1968:
1019:
782:
376:
2299:
980:
591:
4017:
3720:
3719:
2298:
1967:
719:
649:
743:
236:) is a medium-sized brightly plumed
503:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
13:
555:
381:Sign about Western tragopans near
14:
4066:
642:(Government of Himachal Pradesh )
629:
562:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
263:
4025:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
462:
446:
290:Five populations are known from
244:from north-eastern districts of
90:
3708:185 living species in 32 genera
675:
492:BirdLife International (2017).
285:
4050:Taxa named by John Edward Gray
2583:Bronze-tailed peacock-pheasant
575:
531:
1:
1438:Columbian sharp-tailed grouse
478:
2454:Chestnut-necklaced partridge
7:
4055:Symbols of Himachal Pradesh
2113:Chestnut-breasted partridge
908:Szechenyi's monal-partridge
321:
10:
4071:
2603:Germain's peacock-pheasant
2263:Chestnut-bellied partridge
1466:Attwater's prairie chicken
898:Verreaux's monal-partridge
439:
3728:
3706:
3439:
3414:
3359:
3274:
3209:
3184:
3129:
3094:
3029:
3019:
2930:
2885:
2840:
2795:
2770:
2715:
2682:Mountain bamboo partridge
2670:
2660:
2613:Mountain peacock-pheasant
2561:
2516:
2491:
2481:
2442:
2407:
2382:
2357:
2322:
2312:
2308:
2294:
2163:Chestnut-headed partridge
2133:Rufous-throated partridge
2123:White-necklaced partridge
2083:
2060:
2037:
2014:
2001:Udzungwa forest partridge
1981:
1977:
1963:
1814:
1759:
1734:
1699:
1664:
1599:
1554:
1544:
1495:
1416:
1381:
1356:
1321:
1286:
1273:Black-billed capercaillie
1239:
1182:
1147:
1122:
1085:
1071:
1009:
970:
921:
886:
821:
811:
772:
733:
729:
715:
683:
587:10.2478/v10050-011-0003-7
510:: e.T22679147A112467383.
372:
240:found along the range of
211:
192:
185:
87:Scientific classification
85:
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
2907:White-throated francolin
2692:Chinese bamboo partridge
2643:Bornean peacock-pheasant
2633:Malayan peacock-pheasant
2593:Palawan peacock-pheasant
2503:Crimson-headed partridge
2334:Vietnamese crested argus
1111:C. canadensis franklinii
636:Home of Western Tragopan
4045:Birds described in 1829
4002:Tragopan-melanocephalus
3787:tragopan-melanocephalus
3774:Tragopan_melanocephalus
3760:Tragopan melanocephalus
3730:Tragopan melanocephalus
3601:Double-spurred spurfowl
3481:Chestnut-naped spurfowl
3461:Mount Cameroon spurfowl
2702:Taiwan bamboo partridge
2623:Hainan peacock-pheasant
2273:Grey-breasted partridge
2213:Orange-necked partridge
2193:White-cheeked partridge
1991:Rubeho forest partridge
1676:Lady Amherst's pheasant
1450:Greater prairie chicken
1261:Cantabrian capercaillie
601:Tragopan melanocephalus
496:Tragopan melanocephalus
233:Tragopan melanocephalus
228:western horned tragopan
196:Tragopan melanocephalus
3671:Grey-breasted spurfowl
3661:Yellow-necked spurfowl
3591:Hildebrandt's spurfowl
3491:Black-fronted spurfowl
3296:Przevalski's partridge
2992:Orange River francolin
2464:Green-legged partridge
2223:Red-breasted partridge
1791:Tibetan eared pheasant
1478:Lesser prairie chicken
1226:White-tailed ptarmigan
607:BirdLife International
390:
178:T. melanocephalus
3631:Clapperton's spurfowl
3541:Grey-striped spurfowl
2982:Grey-winged francolin
2942:Ring-necked francolin
2737:Sri Lankan junglefowl
2573:Grey peacock-pheasant
2344:Malayan crested argus
2024:Ferruginous partridge
1906:Hoogerwerf's pheasant
1517:Long-billed partridge
380:
248:province in northern
4040:Birds of North India
3521:Swierstra's spurfowl
3432:) (possibly extinct)
3346:Red-legged partridge
3196:Madagascar partridge
2952:Red-winged francolin
2917:Schlegel's francolin
2203:Bar-backed partridge
2143:Red-billed partridge
1896:Salvadori's pheasant
1801:Brown eared pheasant
1781:White eared pheasant
1621:Mrs. Hume's pheasant
1251:Western capercaillie
539:"Appendices | CITES"
3681:Red-necked spurfowl
3651:Swainson's spurfowl
3561:Red-billed spurfowl
3451:Hartlaub's spurfowl
3151:Snow Mountain quail
3002:Shelley's francolin
1866:Vietnamese pheasant
1771:Blue eared pheasant
1428:Sharp-tailed grouse
1393:Greater sage-grouse
873:Temminck's tragopan
40:Conservation status
3641:Harwood's spurfowl
3621:Heuglin's spurfowl
3551:Jackson's spurfowl
3401:Manipur bush quail
3391:Painted bush quail
3326:Philby's partridge
3061:Himalayan snowcock
3041:Caucasian snowcock
2972:Moorland francolin
2962:Finsch's francolin
2782:Latham's francolin
2647:P. schleiermacheri
2548:Sri Lanka spurfowl
2253:Sumatran partridge
1938:Swinhoe's pheasant
1860:L. erythrophthalma
1856:Crestless fireback
1054:Californian turkey
599:"Western Tragopan
391:
346:, whence the name
326:It inhabits upper
246:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
4035:Birds of Pakistan
4012:
4011:
3971:Open Tree of Life
3722:Taxon identifiers
3713:
3712:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3625:P. icterorhynchus
3545:P. griseostriatus
3511:Djibouti spurfowl
3501:Erckel's spurfowl
3485:P. castaneicollis
3471:Handsome spurfowl
3395:P. erythrorhyncha
3371:Jungle bush quail
3336:Barbary partridge
3286:Arabian partridge
3106:See-see partridge
3015:
3014:
2872:Chinese francolin
2862:Painted francolin
2807:Crested francolin
2656:
2655:
2477:
2476:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2233:Malayan partridge
2153:Siamese partridge
2103:Sichuan partridge
2047:Crested partridge
1959:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1910:L. i. hoogerwerfi
1886:Imperial pheasant
1846:Edward's pheasant
1826:Bulwer's pheasant
1611:Elliot's pheasant
1586:Tibetan partridge
1576:Daurian partridge
1540:
1539:
1491:
1490:
1482:T. pallidicinctus
1442:T. p. columbianus
1265:T. u. cantabricus
1107:Franklin's grouse
1067:
1066:
1005:
1004:
966:
965:
857:T. melanocephalus
807:
806:
768:
767:
570:978-0-8493-4258-5
328:temperate forests
220:
219:
80:
63:
24:Western tragopan
4062:
4005:
4004:
3992:
3991:
3979:
3978:
3966:
3965:
3953:
3952:
3940:
3939:
3927:
3926:
3914:
3913:
3901:
3900:
3888:
3887:
3875:
3874:
3862:
3861:
3852:
3851:
3839:
3838:
3826:
3825:
3816:
3815:
3803:
3802:
3800:44BD6CF10F289FE5
3790:
3789:
3777:
3776:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3717:
3716:
3316:Chukar partridge
3290:A. melanocephala
3225:C. coromandelica
3110:A. griseogularis
3071:Tibetan snowcock
3051:Caspian snowcock
3027:
3026:
2821:O. pondicerianus
2757:Green junglefowl
2668:
2667:
2538:Painted spurfowl
2489:
2488:
2320:
2319:
2310:
2309:
2296:
2295:
2243:Roll's partridge
2207:A. brunneopectus
2183:Taiwan partridge
2173:Hainan partridge
2147:A.a rubrirostris
1979:
1978:
1965:
1964:
1876:Crested fireback
1836:Siamese fireback
1750:Catreus wallichi
1651:Reeve's pheasant
1552:
1551:
1503:
1502:
1312:L. mlokosiewiczi
1308:Caucasian grouse
1194:Willow ptarmigan
1083:
1082:
1052:
1041:Ocellated turkey
1017:
1016:
992:Koklass pheasant
978:
977:
853:Western tragopan
843:Cabot's tragopan
833:Blyth's tragopan
819:
818:
780:
779:
741:
740:
731:
730:
717:
716:
670:
663:
656:
647:
646:
618:
617:
615:
613:
595:
589:
579:
573:
559:
553:
552:
550:
549:
535:
529:
528:
526:
524:
519:
489:
466:
450:
429:Himachal Pradesh
425:captive breeding
414:Himachal Pradesh
387:Himachal Pradesh
224:western tragopan
216:
198:
95:
94:
74:
57:
52:
51:
33:
21:
20:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4000:
3995:
3987:
3982:
3974:
3969:
3961:
3958:Observation.org
3956:
3948:
3943:
3935:
3930:
3922:
3917:
3909:
3904:
3896:
3891:
3883:
3878:
3870:
3865:
3857:
3855:
3847:
3842:
3834:
3829:
3821:
3819:
3811:
3806:
3798:
3793:
3785:
3780:
3772:
3767:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3724:
3714:
3709:
3690:
3605:P. bicalcaratus
3595:P. hildebrandti
3531:Ahanta spurfowl
3465:P. camerunensis
3435:
3430:O. superciliosa
3426:Himalayan quail
3410:
3405:P. manipurensis
3381:Rock bush quail
3355:
3270:
3231:Harlequin quail
3205:
3200:M. madagarensis
3180:
3145:S. ypsilophorus
3125:
3090:
3065:T. himalayensis
3011:
2956:S. levaillantii
2946:S. streptophora
2926:
2897:Coqui francolin
2881:
2852:Black francolin
2836:
2827:Swamp francolin
2791:
2766:
2747:Grey junglefowl
2711:
2652:
2577:P. bicalcaratum
2557:
2512:
2507:H. sanguiniceps
2484:Polyplectronini
2473:
2438:
2403:
2378:
2353:
2304:
2282:
2187:A. crudigularis
2079:
2070:Black partridge
2056:
2033:
2010:
2005:X. udzungwensis
1973:
1947:
1928:Silver pheasant
1922:L. leucomelanos
1810:
1785:C. crossoptilon
1755:
1730:
1711:Common pheasant
1695:
1686:Golden pheasant
1660:
1645:S. soemmerringi
1641:Copper pheasant
1631:Mikado pheasant
1595:
1536:
1527:Dulit partridge
1521:R. longirostris
1487:
1470:T. c. attwateri
1432:T. phasianellus
1412:
1403:Gunnison grouse
1397:C. urophasianus
1377:
1352:
1317:
1282:
1277:T. urogalloides
1235:
1178:
1143:
1134:Siberian grouse
1118:
1076:
1063:
1001:
962:
943:Sclater's monal
933:Himalayan monal
917:
882:
803:
764:
725:
711:
679:
674:
632:
622:
621:
611:
609:
597:
596:
592:
580:
576:
560:
556:
547:
545:
537:
536:
532:
522:
520:
490:
486:
481:
474:
467:
458:
451:
442:
400:, in Chamba as
375:
324:
288:
266:
252:in the west to
207:
200:
194:
181:
89:
81:
64:
53:
49:
42:
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
4068:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
3993:
3980:
3967:
3954:
3941:
3928:
3915:
3902:
3889:
3876:
3863:
3853:
3840:
3827:
3817:
3804:
3791:
3778:
3765:
3750:
3734:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3678:
3668:
3665:P. leucoscepus
3658:
3648:
3638:
3635:P. clappertoni
3628:
3618:
3611:Scaly spurfowl
3608:
3598:
3588:
3581:Natal spurfowl
3578:
3568:
3558:
3548:
3538:
3528:
3518:
3515:P. ochropectus
3508:
3498:
3488:
3478:
3468:
3458:
3447:
3445:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3422:
3420:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3398:
3388:
3378:
3367:
3365:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3343:
3333:
3323:
3313:
3306:Rock partridge
3303:
3293:
3282:
3280:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3258:
3251:Japanese quail
3248:
3238:
3235:C. delegorguei
3228:
3217:
3215:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3192:
3190:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3168:
3158:
3155:S. monorthonyx
3148:
3137:
3135:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3116:Sand partridge
3113:
3102:
3100:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3081:Altai snowcock
3078:
3068:
3058:
3048:
3037:
3035:
3024:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
2999:
2989:
2979:
2969:
2959:
2949:
2938:
2936:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2914:
2911:C. albogularis
2904:
2893:
2891:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2876:F. pintadeanus
2869:
2859:
2856:F. francolinus
2848:
2846:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2824:
2817:Grey francolin
2814:
2803:
2801:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2778:
2776:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2754:
2744:
2734:
2727:Red junglefowl
2723:
2721:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2699:
2689:
2678:
2676:
2665:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2640:
2630:
2620:
2610:
2600:
2590:
2580:
2569:
2567:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2552:G. bicalcarata
2545:
2535:
2524:
2522:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2499:
2497:
2486:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2461:
2450:
2448:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2426:
2419:Indian peafowl
2415:
2413:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2390:
2388:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2365:
2363:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2341:
2330:
2328:
2317:
2306:
2305:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2270:
2260:
2250:
2240:
2230:
2220:
2210:
2200:
2197:A. atrogularis
2190:
2180:
2170:
2160:
2150:
2140:
2137:A. rufogularis
2130:
2120:
2110:
2100:
2093:Hill partridge
2089:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2066:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2043:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2020:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
1998:
1987:
1985:
1975:
1974:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1935:
1925:
1918:Kalij pheasant
1915:
1914:
1913:
1893:
1883:
1873:
1870:L. hatinhensis
1863:
1853:
1843:
1833:
1822:
1820:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1805:C.mantchuricum
1798:
1788:
1778:
1767:
1765:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1746:Cheer pheasant
1742:
1740:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1721:Green pheasant
1718:
1707:
1705:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1683:
1672:
1670:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1648:
1638:
1628:
1618:
1607:
1605:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1583:
1573:
1566:Grey partridge
1562:
1560:
1549:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1524:
1513:
1511:
1500:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1463:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1424:
1422:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1400:
1389:
1387:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1364:
1362:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1343:Chinese grouse
1340:
1329:
1327:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1305:
1294:
1292:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1247:
1245:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1223:
1216:Rock ptarmigan
1213:
1212:
1211:
1190:
1188:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1173:D. fuliginosus
1166:
1155:
1153:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1138:F. falcipennis
1130:
1128:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1093:
1091:
1080:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1058:M. californica
1048:
1038:
1027:
1025:
1014:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1000:
999:
988:
986:
975:
968:
967:
964:
963:
961:
960:
950:
940:
929:
927:
919:
918:
916:
915:
905:
894:
892:
884:
883:
881:
880:
870:
863:Satyr tragopan
860:
850:
840:
829:
827:
816:
809:
808:
805:
804:
802:
801:
794:Blood pheasant
790:
788:
777:
770:
769:
766:
765:
763:
762:
755:Snow partridge
751:
749:
738:
727:
726:
713:
712:
710:
709:
703:
697:
691:
684:
681:
680:
673:
672:
665:
658:
650:
644:
643:
638:
631:
630:External links
628:
627:
626:
620:
619:
590:
574:
554:
530:
483:
482:
480:
477:
476:
475:
468:
461:
459:
452:
445:
441:
438:
427:population in
374:
371:
323:
320:
287:
284:
265:
264:Identification
262:
218:
217:
209:
208:
201:
190:
189:
183:
182:
175:
173:
169:
168:
161:
157:
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107:
106:
101:
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96:
83:
82:
69:
66:
65:
47:
44:
43:
38:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4067:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4003:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3854:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3818:
3814:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3770:
3766:
3761:
3755:
3751:
3746:
3740:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3718:
3705:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3675:P. rufopictus
3672:
3669:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3655:P. swainsonii
3652:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3585:P. natalensis
3582:
3579:
3576:
3572:
3571:Cape spurfowl
3569:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3535:P. ahantensis
3532:
3529:
3526:
3525:P. swierstrai
3522:
3519:
3516:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3266:
3265:C. pectoralis
3262:
3261:Stubble quail
3259:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3187:Margaroperdix
3183:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3045:T. caucasicus
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3018:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2996:S. gutturalis
2993:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2976:S. psilolaema
2973:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2922:
2921:C. schlegelii
2918:
2915:
2912:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2751:G. sonneratii
2748:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2696:B. thoracicus
2693:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2659:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2627:P. katsumatae
2624:
2621:
2618:
2617:P. inopinatum
2614:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2480:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2458:T. charltonii
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2445:Tropicoperdix
2441:
2434:
2430:
2429:Green peafowl
2427:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2399:
2395:
2394:Congo peafowl
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2349:
2348:R. nigrescens
2345:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2293:
2278:
2277:A. orientalis
2274:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2227:A. hyperythra
2224:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2167:A. cambodiana
2164:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2107:A. rufipectus
2104:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1995:X. obscuratus
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1962:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1932:L. nycthemera
1929:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1890:L. imperialis
1887:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1726:
1725:P. versicolor
1722:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1680:C. amherstiae
1677:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1591:
1590:P. hodgsoniae
1587:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1543:
1532:
1531:R. dulitensis
1528:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1494:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1373:
1369:
1368:Ruffed grouse
1366:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1209:
1208:L. l. scotica
1205:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1101:C. canadensis
1098:
1097:Spruce grouse
1095:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1008:
997:
996:P. macrolopha
993:
990:
989:
987:
985:
984:
979:
976:
974:
969:
958:
954:
953:Chinese monal
951:
948:
944:
941:
938:
934:
931:
930:
928:
926:
925:
920:
913:
912:T. szechenyii
909:
906:
903:
899:
896:
895:
893:
891:
890:
885:
878:
877:T. temminckii
874:
871:
868:
864:
861:
858:
854:
851:
848:
844:
841:
838:
834:
831:
830:
828:
826:
825:
820:
817:
815:
810:
799:
795:
792:
791:
789:
787:
786:
781:
778:
776:
771:
760:
756:
753:
752:
750:
748:
747:
742:
739:
737:
732:
728:
724:
718:
714:
708:
704:
702:
698:
696:
692:
690:
686:
685:
682:
678:
671:
666:
664:
659:
657:
652:
651:
648:
641:
639:
637:
634:
633:
624:
623:
608:
604:
602:
594:
588:
584:
578:
571:
567:
563:
558:
544:
540:
534:
518:
513:
509:
505:
504:
499:
497:
488:
484:
472:
465:
460:
456:
449:
444:
443:
437:
434:
430:
426:
422:
421:anthropogenic
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
394:
388:
384:
379:
370:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
340:
338:
337:invertebrates
334:
329:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
296:Kaghan valley
293:
283:
279:
276:
272:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
234:
229:
225:
215:
210:
205:
199:
197:
191:
188:
187:Binomial name
184:
180:
179:
174:
171:
170:
167:
166:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
98:
93:
88:
84:
78:
72:
67:
61:
56:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3729:
3684:
3674:
3664:
3654:
3644:
3634:
3624:
3615:P. squamatus
3614:
3604:
3594:
3584:
3574:
3565:P. adspersus
3564:
3554:
3544:
3534:
3524:
3514:
3504:
3495:P. atrifrons
3494:
3484:
3474:
3464:
3455:P. hartlaubi
3454:
3440:
3429:
3415:
3404:
3394:
3385:P. argoondah
3384:
3374:
3360:
3349:
3339:
3329:
3319:
3309:
3299:
3289:
3275:
3264:
3254:
3244:
3241:Common quail
3234:
3224:
3210:
3199:
3185:
3175:S. chinensis
3174:
3165:S. adansonii
3164:
3154:
3144:
3130:
3119:
3109:
3095:
3084:
3075:T. tibetanus
3074:
3064:
3054:
3044:
3032:Tetraogallus
3030:
3005:
2995:
2985:
2975:
2965:
2955:
2945:
2931:
2920:
2910:
2900:
2888:Campocolinus
2886:
2875:
2865:
2855:
2841:
2830:
2820:
2810:
2796:
2785:
2771:
2760:
2750:
2741:G. lafayetii
2740:
2730:
2716:
2706:B. sonorivox
2705:
2695:
2685:
2671:
2646:
2637:P. malacense
2636:
2626:
2616:
2606:
2596:
2587:P. chalcurum
2586:
2576:
2564:Polyplectron
2562:
2551:
2541:
2531:
2528:Red spurfowl
2517:
2506:
2492:
2468:T. chloropus
2467:
2457:
2443:
2432:
2423:P. cristatus
2422:
2408:
2398:A. congensis
2397:
2383:
2372:
2358:
2347:
2337:
2323:
2276:
2266:
2257:A. sumatrana
2256:
2246:
2237:A. campbelli
2236:
2226:
2216:
2206:
2196:
2186:
2176:
2166:
2156:
2146:
2136:
2126:
2117:A. mandellii
2116:
2106:
2097:A. torqueola
2096:
2073:
2062:Melanoperdix
2050:
2027:
2004:
1994:
1941:
1931:
1921:
1909:
1899:
1889:
1879:
1869:
1859:
1849:
1839:
1829:
1815:
1804:
1794:
1784:
1774:
1762:Crossoptilon
1760:
1749:
1735:
1724:
1715:P. colchicus
1714:
1700:
1689:
1679:
1667:Chrysolophus
1665:
1654:
1644:
1634:
1624:
1614:
1600:
1589:
1579:
1569:
1555:
1530:
1520:
1506:
1498:Rhizotherini
1481:
1469:
1453:
1441:
1431:
1417:
1406:
1396:
1384:Centrocercus
1382:
1371:
1357:
1347:T. sewerzowi
1346:
1336:
1333:Hazel grouse
1322:
1311:
1301:
1298:Black grouse
1287:
1276:
1264:
1255:T. urogallus
1254:
1240:
1229:
1219:
1207:
1197:
1183:
1172:
1169:Sooty grouse
1162:
1159:Dusky grouse
1148:
1137:
1123:
1110:
1100:
1086:
1057:
1044:
1035:M. gallopavo
1034:
1020:
1012:Meleagridini
995:
981:
956:
946:
937:L. impejanus
936:
922:
911:
901:
889:Tetraophasis
887:
876:
866:
856:
852:
846:
836:
822:
814:Lophophorini
797:
783:
758:
744:
610:. Retrieved
600:
593:
577:
561:
557:
546:. Retrieved
542:
533:
521:. Retrieved
507:
501:
495:
487:
455:Ustad Mansur
418:
409:
406:Kullu valley
401:
397:
395:
392:
368:
359:
355:
351:
347:
341:
325:
289:
286:Distribution
280:
275:vermiculated
267:
232:
231:
227:
223:
221:
195:
193:
177:
176:
164:
18:
3893:iNaturalist
3754:Wikispecies
3645:P. harwoodi
3575:P. capensis
3555:P. jacksoni
3505:P. erckelii
3375:P. asiatica
3255:C. japonica
3245:C. coturnix
3141:Brown quail
3085:T. altaicus
3022:Coturnicini
3006:S. shelleyi
2933:Scleroptila
2843:Francolinus
2811:O. sephaena
2673:Bambusicola
2607:P. germaini
2597:P. emphanum
2542:G. lunulata
2532:G. spadicea
2519:Galloperdix
2494:Haematortyx
2369:Great argus
2338:R. ocellata
2267:A. javanica
2085:Arborophila
1942:L. swinhoii
1900:L. inornata
1850:L. edwardsi
1580:P. dauurica
1419:Tympanuchus
1372:B. umbellus
1163:D. obscurus
1150:Dendragapus
1125:Falcipennis
1045:M. ocellata
1031:Wild turkey
947:L. sclateri
924:Lophophorus
902:T. obscurus
798:I. cruentus
723:Phasianinae
707:Galliformes
677:Phasianidae
612:9 September
523:13 November
404:and in the
254:Uttarakhand
154:Phasianidae
144:Galliformes
4019:Categories
3997:Xeno-canto
3475:P. nobilis
3442:Pternistis
3340:A. barbara
3330:A. philbyi
3221:Rain quail
3171:King quail
3161:Blue quail
3097:Ammoperdix
3055:T. caspius
2966:S. finschi
2831:O. gularis
2798:Ortygornis
2786:P. lathami
2773:Peliperdix
2686:B. fytchii
2433:P. muticus
2360:Argusianus
2325:Rheinardia
2300:Subfamily
2157:A. diversa
2127:A. gingica
2051:R. rouloul
2028:C. oculeus
2016:Caloperdix
1983:Xenoperdix
1971:Rollulinae
1969:Subfamily
1830:L. bulweri
1795:C. harmani
1775:C. auritum
1655:S. reevesi
1615:S. ellioti
1602:Syrmaticus
1547:Phasianini
1508:Rhizothera
1407:C. minimus
1337:T. bonasia
1230:L. leucura
1204:Red grouse
1198:L. lagopus
1088:Canachites
1074:Tetraonini
973:Pucrasiini
957:L. lhuysii
837:T. blythii
775:Ithaginini
721:Subfamily
548:2022-01-14
479:References
471:D G Elliot
335:and other
73:Appendix I
55:Vulnerable
3362:Perdicula
3320:A. chukar
3310:A. graeca
3277:Alectoris
2866:F. pictus
2761:G. varius
2731:G. gallus
2302:Pavoninae
2217:A. davidi
2177:A. ardens
1880:L. ignita
1840:L. diardi
1702:Phasianus
1690:C. pictus
1635:S. mikado
1625:S. humiae
1570:P. perdix
1462:(extinct)
1460:Heath hen
1454:T. cupido
1324:Tetrastes
1302:L. tetrix
1022:Meleagris
867:T. satyra
847:T. caboti
785:Ithaginis
687:Kingdom:
543:cites.org
416:in 2007.
354:"goat" +
302:and from
242:Himalayas
172:Species:
110:Kingdom:
104:Eukaryota
4030:Tragopan
3984:Species+
3937:22679147
3911:10197087
3813:22679147
3808:BirdLife
3739:Wikidata
3417:Ophrysia
3300:A. magna
3212:Coturnix
3132:Synoicus
2901:C. coqui
2385:Afropavo
2373:A. argus
2315:Pavonini
2247:A. rolli
2074:M. niger
2039:Rollulus
983:Pucrasia
824:Tragopan
759:L. lerwa
695:Chordata
693:Phylum:
689:Animalia
410:jujurana
398:daangeer
364:breeding
360:wou-weee
348:tragopan
322:Habitats
304:Kishtwar
300:Pakistan
292:Kohistan
250:Pakistan
238:pheasant
204:Gray, JE
165:Tragopan
150:Family:
124:Chordata
120:Phylum:
114:Animalia
100:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
3885:2473543
3849:westra1
3823:westra1
3795:Avibase
3745:Q845992
3685:P. afer
3350:A. rufa
3120:A. heyi
2986:S. afra
2663:Gallini
1817:Lophura
1737:Catreus
1289:Lyrurus
1220:L. muta
1185:Lagopus
736:Lerwini
705:Order:
699:Class:
440:Gallery
402:phulgar
389:, India
383:Sarahan
333:insects
256:within
206:, 1829)
160:Genus:
140:Order:
130:Class:
75: (
58: (
3976:954861
3950:128172
3924:176063
3867:EURING
3856:ECOS:
3782:ARKive
3020:Tribe
2718:Gallus
2661:Tribe
2482:Tribe
2313:Tribe
1557:Perdix
1545:Tribe
1496:Tribe
1359:Bonasa
1242:Tetrao
1078:Grouse
1072:Tribe
1010:Tribe
971:Tribe
812:Tribe
773:Tribe
734:Tribe
568:
373:Status
352:tragos
316:Satluj
308:Chamba
3963:70354
3906:IRMNG
3844:eBird
3836:7CMVS
3820:BOW:
746:Lerwa
433:CITES
312:Kullu
271:crest
258:India
77:CITES
71:CITES
3989:8927
3945:NCBI
3932:IUCN
3919:ITIS
3898:1057
3880:GBIF
3872:3780
3859:5110
2410:Pavo
701:Aves
614:2015
566:ISBN
525:2021
508:2017
473:1872
457:1625
310:and
294:and
222:The
134:Aves
3831:CoL
3769:ADW
2909:, (
583:doi
512:doi
469:by
453:by
408:as
356:Pan
344:Pan
298:in
226:or
4021::
3999::
3986::
3973::
3960::
3947::
3934::
3921::
3908::
3895::
3882::
3869::
3846::
3833::
3810::
3797::
3784::
3771::
3756::
3741::
1902:)
1456:)
1434:)
1257:)
1200:)
1103:)
605:.
541:.
506:.
500:.
385:,
306:,
3687:)
3683:(
3677:)
3673:(
3667:)
3663:(
3657:)
3653:(
3647:)
3643:(
3637:)
3633:(
3627:)
3623:(
3617:)
3613:(
3607:)
3603:(
3597:)
3593:(
3587:)
3583:(
3577:)
3573:(
3567:)
3563:(
3557:)
3553:(
3547:)
3543:(
3537:)
3533:(
3527:)
3523:(
3517:)
3513:(
3507:)
3503:(
3497:)
3493:(
3487:)
3483:(
3477:)
3473:(
3467:)
3463:(
3457:)
3453:(
3428:(
3407:)
3403:(
3397:)
3393:(
3387:)
3383:(
3377:)
3373:(
3352:)
3348:(
3342:)
3338:(
3332:)
3328:(
3322:)
3318:(
3312:)
3308:(
3302:)
3298:(
3292:)
3288:(
3267:)
3263:(
3257:)
3253:(
3247:)
3243:(
3237:)
3233:(
3227:)
3223:(
3202:)
3198:(
3177:)
3173:(
3167:)
3163:(
3157:)
3153:(
3147:)
3143:(
3122:)
3118:(
3112:)
3108:(
3087:)
3083:(
3077:)
3073:(
3067:)
3063:(
3057:)
3053:(
3047:)
3043:(
3008:)
3004:(
2998:)
2994:(
2988:)
2984:(
2978:)
2974:(
2968:)
2964:(
2958:)
2954:(
2948:)
2944:(
2923:)
2919:(
2913:)
2903:)
2899:(
2878:)
2874:(
2868:)
2864:(
2858:)
2854:(
2833:)
2829:(
2823:)
2819:(
2813:)
2809:(
2788:)
2784:(
2763:)
2759:(
2753:)
2749:(
2743:)
2739:(
2733:)
2729:(
2708:)
2704:(
2698:)
2694:(
2688:)
2684:(
2649:)
2645:(
2639:)
2635:(
2629:)
2625:(
2619:)
2615:(
2609:)
2605:(
2599:)
2595:(
2589:)
2585:(
2579:)
2575:(
2554:)
2550:(
2544:)
2540:(
2534:)
2530:(
2509:)
2505:(
2470:)
2466:(
2460:)
2456:(
2435:)
2431:(
2425:)
2421:(
2400:)
2396:(
2375:)
2371:(
2350:)
2346:(
2340:)
2336:(
2279:)
2275:(
2269:)
2265:(
2259:)
2255:(
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2245:(
2239:)
2235:(
2229:)
2225:(
2219:)
2215:(
2209:)
2205:(
2199:)
2195:(
2189:)
2185:(
2179:)
2175:(
2169:)
2165:(
2159:)
2155:(
2149:)
2145:(
2139:)
2135:(
2129:)
2125:(
2119:)
2115:(
2109:)
2105:(
2099:)
2095:(
2076:)
2072:(
2053:)
2049:(
2030:)
2026:(
2007:)
2003:(
1997:)
1993:(
1944:)
1940:(
1934:)
1930:(
1924:)
1920:(
1912:)
1908:(
1898:(
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1888:(
1882:)
1878:(
1872:)
1868:(
1862:)
1858:(
1852:)
1848:(
1842:)
1838:(
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1828:(
1807:)
1803:(
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1773:(
1752:)
1748:(
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1723:(
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994:(
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955:(
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910:(
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551:.
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350:(
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79:)
62:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
