445:
912:
2894:
407:
1994:
2302:
3201:, there are two other theories on how the group was established. A second theory is based on an August 1947 report that Yeom gave to US General Albert Wedemeyer. It stated that the WSS was founded on August 2, 1942, and had over 67,300 members, including 26,000 in North Korea and Manchuria and 41,300 in South Korea. Jung expressed skepticism about the claims of the group's size, although he did not doubt that it had a presence in both North Korea and Manchuria by 1947. A third theory is based on the June 29, 1949, Cilley report, in which an American intelligence agent who interviewed Yeom claims that the core of the group was founded in 1935.
2855:
3022:
2081:
by the fact that sporadic acts of violence against the Soviet occupation and the communists in northern Korea were staged by and other right-wing elements from southern Korea in spring 1946 and that the U.S. military intelligence and, later, the CIA sent agents into northern Korea as early as 1946... As for the
American intelligence and counter-intelligence activities in northern Korea, these seemed to have been mainly for purposes of gathering information and most likely did not give support to oppositional elements in northern Korea.
721:
432:
394:
1874:
990:
1886:
458:
839:
68:
170:
27:
2956:. Other agents worked as firefighters, merchants, industrialists, and farmers. Yeom also recruited members of labor unions in the South. Cilley speculated that the group operated not only within the Korean peninsula but also in Manchuria, although he noted there was uncertainty in both the scope and size of the group.
2080:
An aspect of the popular resistance against the Soviet rule that made such resistance difficult was the fact that it received very little or almost no support—either financial or in terms of personnel—from nationalists in southern Korea or from the U.S. military government. This needs to be qualified
2901:
The
Northwest Youth League (NYL) is also considered to be closely tied to the WSS. The NYL was an anti-communist youth group founded via a merger of several smaller groups on November 30, 1946. Their members were mostly if not entirely from North Korea, and were infamously violent. They had a number
2069:(USFK) in training and sending spies to North Korea. About 20 men were dispatched each month. Ahn also noted that in early May 1946, WSS agents infiltrated the North to gather intelligence on Northern troop deployments. Of particular interest was learning what equipment had been sent by the Soviets.
948:
While it is now the general consensus that
Daedongdan was behind the assassination, until the 1990s, it was widely believed that left-wing forces were behind the attack, particularly due to the confusion over the uniform. However, consensus shifted after the publication of Lee Yeong-shin's 1994 book
2873:
organization that operated under the KPG's
Ministry of Internal Affairs. Their objective was to influence politics, usually through means of intelligence or violence, to the favor of both the KPG and even Sin personally. However, the two organizations were not explicitly linked; Sin reportedly even
2767:. The selection criteria were strict; all selectees were required to be able to fluently speak in the local dialect of the region they were being sent to. For each province, two native-born agents would be selected. According to Ahn, Park Hyeon-yeong served as the administrator for the training.
956:
In 2021, Jung theorized that the murder occurred primarily due to the factional conflicts in
Pyongyang security shortly after the war. Paek's older brother was the head of a police faction that was in conflict with the organization led by Hyŏn. Jung thus speculated that the motive was two-fold:
2714:
Cilley claimed the organization had a "Revolutionary Group" or "Special Attack Corps". The Corps' commandoes were divided into five groups, with each group containing four members. When an assassination order came through, commandoes would swear a blood oath to give their lives to the cause if
2999:) were sentenced to 1 year and 6 months in prison and 3 years of probation for an attempted robbery. They were released on November 30, 1946. They attempted another robbery on January 5, 1947, that was thwarted, although they managed to escape. On February 12, 1947, they extorted over 100,000
2190:
2786:
According to a written statement by Yeom, the WSS worked with the CIC since
January 1946. The declassified Cilley report confirmed that Cilley had known Yeom since approximately October 1947. The report also confirmed WSS agents were used for in CIC initiatives between 1947 and 1948.
2727:
According to Ahn Gi-seok, the group had a secret initiation ritual. The initiation would be held in a secret room inside the headquarters that had two locks on the door. The initiate would meet Yeom first, kneel, and raise their right hand. They'd then make the following pledge:
2831:
proposed that the WSS take up the espionage role instead. Yeom's main link to the CIC became Lee's superior officer Major
Whitaker, the head of the Seoul branch of the CIC, who promised to protect the WSS as long as it provided the U.S. information on the North.
897:). According to the scholar Ahn Gi-seok, Yeom recruited most of the other members, among whom were some middle school students. There is no evidence, including from later testimonies, that the group participated in any pro-Korean independence activities.
2222:
in August 1948, the role of the WSS and other private militant organizations began to decrease. While most agents had other jobs to return to, around 100 agents had no other place to go. A former WSS member who became an intelligence officer at the
698:. Some Koreans went into exile, especially in China, where they fought against the Japanese. The ideological gap between left and right-leaning Koreans intensified while they were abroad. Many of the right-leaning Koreans became associated with the
2005:, the WSS made a number of assassination attempts on North Korean politicians within a span of two weeks. According to interviews with former members of the WSS, these assassination attempts were done in collaboration with the CPTF and KPG.
3035:" Kim Du-han has been considered functionally a member of the group. During his lifetime, he denied being a member, and called himself an "advisor" at best. However, according to Lee Yeong-shin's 1994 book, Yeom considered Kim a "lackey" (
4796:[Assassination of Hyun Junhyuk and Assassination Attempt on Kim Ilsung: ‘The Frustrated Golden Days’ of Pyongnam Korean Committee for the Preparation of the Re-establishment of the State and the Origin of White Shirts Society],
3079:
Based on information currently available on the subject, the White Shirts
Society collaborated sporadically with U.S. forces in obtaining intelligence north of the 38th parallel. Due to lack of evidence, any cooperation beyond this is
2980:
Yeom also made a point of hiding the identity of members from each other. Ahn Gi-seok notes that, because of this, there is a theory that there were over 30,000 members of the WSS by 1948, but that the theory is impossible to verify.
2024:
on March 12. Choe and Kang would later become key allies for Kim Il Sung. However, the attacks made the WSS infamous and brought them to the attention of both the U.S. and USSR. According to a March 22, 1946, Soviet report about the
630:
in
November 1945. It was the successor to Daedongdan, which was also founded by Yeom in 1944. A number of prominent assassinations and assassination attempts have been attributed to the group, including an assassination attempt on
2114:, assassinated Lyuh Woon-hyung on July 19, 1947. According to most sources, the WSS was behind the murder. However, the scholar Ahn Gi-seok contradicted this narrative in 2005 by claiming Han was not a member of the WSS.
625:
Because the group operated in secret, much of the information on it is derived from interviews and limited documents, and is still subject to uncertainty and debate. According to most scholars, the group was founded by
758:
and not the
Japanese. Despite this disagreement, all sources agree that the torture caused Yeom to lose his eyesight. Eventually, Yeom was somehow able to secure his release and return to his hometown of Pyongyang.
654:. According to multiple interviews from former members of the group, the group trained and sent spies to the North to both gather military information for the U.S. and South Korea as well as stir local discontent.
4493:
1934:
The general consensus is that Yeom founded and became leader of the White Shirts Society (WSS) in either October or November 1945, with most sources citing the November founding date. The group was founded in
2201:. According to Cilley, Ahn had been an informant and then an agent of the CIC, and may have been ordered by Yeom to assassinate Kim. Cilley also alleged that the Yeom and Kim had been plotting a military
3317:
2948:
Members shared the WSS's desire to eliminate all communist and anti-government politicians. Most were right-leaning defectors that came from North Korea, and a majority of them were followers of Kim Ku.
2209:
before Kim's death. However, Ahn Gi-seok casts doubt on whether Yeom ordered Kim's killing, citing the fact that Yeom's feelings towards Kim were mixed and that many WSS members highly respected Kim Ku.
2989:
Members of the WSS were arrested for petty crime on several occasions. While they claimed their crimes were unrelated to the WSS, Jung speculated that they were intended to procure funds for the group.
728:
Yeom Dong-jin was among the Koreans who went into exile in China and aligned themselves with the KPG and KMT. In 1934, he enrolled in a joint KPG–KMT course for Korean independence fighters at the
934:
The assassins were never caught and fled to the South. Yeom was briefly arrested in suspicion of being connected to the murder, but was soon released. He then fled south along with other members.
2917:
754:
and tortured. Under duress from the torture, Yeom then agreed to become a spy on behalf of the Japanese. However, according to U.S. military intelligence, Yeom was captured and tortured by the
5276:
2224:
662:
2926:
2959:
They were sworn to secrecy in their activities, and constantly monitored to ensure they kept secrets and obeyed orders. Those accused of wrongdoing were examined via "comrade trials" (
2874:
offered Yeom a position in the group, which Yeom declined in order to avoid explicitly associating the WSS with the KPG. Lee Seong-ryeol, a WSS agent, said in an early 2000s interview:
4766:[Lyom Dongjin, Spy of Kwantung Army Kempeitai vs. Kim Hyuk, Independence Fighter: Cross Rancor of Alumni of Luoyang Military Academy and Origins of the White Shirts Society],
2763:
According to interviews with group members, the WSS and CIC collaborated on training and sending spies to the North. According to Ahn, the training was held at a WSS stronghold in
3273:
Korean scholars and Cilley are in widespread agreement that these assassinations were done by the WSS, although Cilley notes there is no concrete evidence linking the WSS to them.
4361:
863:
2971:): solitary confinement in a guarded cell within the headquarters for either ten days or a month. If found guilty of a greater crime, they would be subject to expulsion (
2160:. Yeom enlisted the help of Kim Ku, who in turn reached out to his long-time ally Chiang Kai-shek. However, this plan never came to pass due to Chiang's 1949 loss in the
5571:
5510:
3089:
RG 319, Entry 85A, Army Intelligence Document File, 1944–45 (ID File) no. 573339, Kim Koo: Background Information Concerning Assassination". The current events magazine
2862:
Many of the WSS leadership were either actively or previously associated with the KPG. The groups were particularly linked via the long-time friendship between Yeom and
608:
4483:
747:, Yeom worked in the statistical survey department for the National Revolutionary Army. The group performed espionage and information-gathering activities for the KMT.
2922:
1954:
occurred. Over a hundred anti-communist students eventually defected to the South in the aftermath, and many joined either the militant Central Political Task Force (
957:
firstly it was an opportunity to portray Hyŏn's group in a negative light, and secondly it was an opportunity for Yeom and the group to eliminate a communist leader.
5682:
3234:
According to Weisser, a recent article by Ki Kwang-seo found that, other than for Kim Il Sung’s assassination attempt, the dates are hard to pin down with certainty.
4136:
3928:
Lebedev, Vasilii (June 15, 2021), "War and peace in liberated North Korea: Soviet military administration and the creation of North Korean police force in 1945",
2820:, who wanted Sin to either disband his political organization or use it to spy on the North for the US. Furious, Sin stormed out of the room. However, Sin's aide
2117:
In 2021, Jung Byung Joon noted that Park Gyeong-gu, the WSS's Deputy Commander, had said in an undated interview that Lyuh was assassinated by order of the WSS.
1836:
1966:) in the KPG and/or the WSS. Jung speculated that part of this was because they gravitated towards other North Korean escapees and respected Yeom's reputation.
3178:
Conflicting reports of dates over several decades, including 2, 3, 4, 18, and September 28, but Jung claims it is 3, based on a photo of Hyŏn's tombstone. See
2869:
The two groups were particularly linked via a group founded by Sin on December 6, 1945, called the Central Political Task Force (CPTF). The CPTF was a covert
2260:
2029:
is under the direct leadership of Kim Ku. It includes Koreans who returned from China and members of some youth groups. Their goal is to kill members of the
1916:
1225:
4603:
3754:
743:, a secret militant fascist group within the KMT. According to the later testimonies of former White Shirts Society agents, after the 1937 outbreak of the
5281:
3151:
2073:
1776:
736:, one of the administrators of the course. After a scandal emerged in which Kim was accused of embezzling funds, Yeom became a prominent critic of Kim.
5581:
3007:, which Jung speculated was to fund the WSS's espionage operations. On February 27, while attempting another robbery, they were caught and arrested in
3585:
5637:
4782:
4752:
4715:
4681:
3191:
2449:
2120:
Yeom was first introduced to the men who would assassinate Lyuh via an advisor of the group, Kim Yeong-cheol. The assassins, including Shin Dong-un (
2049:
at the Koryo Hotel. But Cho reportedly refused to escape, and said "If I go south, who will our comrades in the North have to rely on for survival?"
444:
4793:
4763:
4726:
2245:, sent an envoy to Yeom and requested they work together to acquire information on the North. As a result of this interaction, on June 1, 1949, the
4857:
4221:
3211:
2790:
According to Ahn, Yeom was first connected to the CIC via Sin Ik-hui, with whom he had been close during their exile in China. Sin invited Yeom to
2002:
931:. For the assassination, Paek was wearing the uniform of a left-wing militant group run by Hyŏn. Paek ran up to Hyŏn, shot him, and slipped away.
2836:
2076:
believed it was unlikely that the U.S. supported the WSS's terrorist attacks on North Korea which occurred within the same timeframe. Lee wrote:
699:
412:
2735:
One, for the sake of the establishment of an independent government in the fatherland, I will risk my life to complete any mission given to me.
3522:
3303:『나는 백의사 단원으로 입단하면서 다음과 같이 서약한다. 하나, 나는 조국의 자주적인 정부수립을 위해 목숨을 걸고 맡은 바 임무를 완수한다. 하나, 나는 목숨을 걸고 백의사의 명령에 복종한다. 하나, 나는 어떠한 경우에도 조국과 백의사를 배반하지 않는다.』
2806:
2630:
1771:
881:
613:
2952:
Members came from many employment backgrounds. Yeom made a significant effort to have members become police officers or join the South Korean
5271:
4410:
2821:
2104:
849:
In Pyongyang in August 1944, Yeom founded the anti-communist group Daedongdan, which was the direct predecessor to the White Shirts Society.
5667:
5662:
2791:
2229:
667:
647:
5535:
3316:, the house was used as the headquarters of the Intelligence Detachment of the South Korean Armed Forces as a secret training ground for
2932:
2275:
1260:
5617:
5296:
2953:
2581:
5647:
5396:
5266:
4351:
3904:
1909:
1487:
5677:
4244:
3540:
A Walk Through Modern Korean History, 1940s Vol. 1: From the 15 August Liberation until the Eve of the Korean War (Revised Edition)
3444:
A Walk Through Modern Korean History, 1940s Vol. 1: From the 15 August Liberation until the Eve of the Korean War (Revised Edition)
337:
132:
3495:
104:
2085:
These cross-border espionage activities stopped due to financial difficulties, training issues, and tightened security at the
5556:
5525:
5515:
4706:
4665:
4644:
4283:
3547:
3510:
Criticism of the Sanctification of Legitimacy Theory of the Provisional Government of Korea and the Rise of 'ROK Nationalism'
3451:
676:, the South Korean military's intelligence unit. Yeom disappeared and was likely killed in the early days of the Korean War.
85:
40:
4289:
4051:
3553:
3457:
2349:
For leadership, it is widely agreed that Yeom served as the commander-in-chief. According to several sources, Park Jin-goo (
111:
5286:
4850:
4592:[When Angry, the Left is Scarier Than the Right... Youth Groups Led the Anti-communist Struggle After Liberation],
4461:
3645:
1985:
via three armed trucks. A politician from Jeonju also claimed on February 8 that the WSS was a right-wing terrorist group.
1902:
1532:
969:
449:
365:
3978:
5687:
1841:
5672:
4914:
4126:
1851:
1527:
118:
5642:
5622:
4909:
4827:
3056:
1608:
1104:
242:
224:
151:
54:
202:
4543:
3000:
1634:
1629:
1613:
1559:
1547:
1172:
919:
On September 3, 1945, the general consensus is that Daedongdan members Paek, Seonu, and Park Jin-yang assassinated
3406:
2256:. Yeom did not evacuate the city and disappeared, with most scholars speculating that he was captured and killed.
750:
The general consensus among Korean scholars is that Yeom was then captured by the military police of the Japanese
5386:
4843:
4589:
4233:"The Internalization of the Cold War in Korea: Entangling the Domestic Politics with the Global Cold War in 1946"
3740:
3283:
2893:
2467:
2279:
1821:
1766:
1033:
911:
100:
5520:
4105:
3969:
3141:
Lebedev gives the founding year as 1943, but the majority of Korean-language sources give a 1944 starting date.
1346:
809:
578:
514:
89:
4874:
732:
Military Academy, and trained as a guerrilla. It is during this period when Yeom came into close contact with
724:
Yeom Dong-jin, upon his 1935 graduation from the Military Academy. One of two known photos of him, as of 2021.
5657:
5652:
5612:
5494:
4919:
2501:
2309:
The group's name was inspired by the names of other fascist organizations, but especially by the name of the
2089:. However, the CIC continued to collaborate with the WSS on other activities until the latter's dissolution.
2057:
According to a written statement by Yeom, from January to September 1946, the WSS collaborated with the U.S.
1993:
643:
in 1949. But there is disagreement on whether the group was responsible for many of its attributed attacks.
5561:
5530:
4882:
3575:
3322:
2157:
1798:
685:
309:
2313:. The Blue Shirts were in turn inspired by other fascist groups with similar names, including the Italian
2009:
5632:
5627:
5484:
5291:
1623:
1618:
1517:
1067:
977:
953:
and the 2002 release of a 1986 audio recording of a Daedongdan member confessing to plotting the murder.
619:
5479:
5381:
2301:
2066:
2034:
1761:
1756:
1718:
1644:
1040:
1004:
943:
856:, which was then a hotbed for both left- and right-wing nationalist gatherings. The monk Park Go-bong (
198:
2878:
In terms of organizational management, it would not be an exaggeration to say that the WSS = the CPTF.
5566:
4110:
3974:
3261:
2058:
1846:
1215:
1045:
695:
689:
651:
327:
206:
46:
3509:
2336:
2328:
5081:
2030:
2013:
1713:
1703:
1649:
1598:
1542:
1492:
1381:
1243:
1126:
1018:
924:
744:
194:
4400:
3356:
Cilley stated that he had known Yeom for around 20 months prior to writing the June 1949 document.
2854:
2136:
pistols for the mission. Afterwards, Yeom worked with a pro-Japanese police officer Roh Deok-sul (
125:
5338:
4977:
4894:
3021:
2965:). If found guilty of a lesser crime, the member would be subjected to a "cripple's punishment" (
2422:
2341:), which refers to everyday Korean people, as Korean commoners historically wore white clothing.
2296:
2219:
1858:
1512:
1248:
1238:
1233:
1164:
868:
755:
658:
190:
78:
3743:[The Korean and Chinese anti-communists who fought fiercely and disappeared like mist],
3312:
The house was an isolated mansion that used to be a villa for a wealthy Japanese man. After the
2747:
One, no matter the circumstance, I will never betray the fatherland or the White Shirts Society.
5463:
5322:
4866:
3313:
2888:
2674:
2086:
1969:
On February 19, 1946, the WSS appeared in a U.S. military intelligence report. The head of the
1684:
1588:
1050:
928:
600:
2305:
The White Shirts Society was named for the white clothes historically worn by Korean commoners
186:
5551:
5360:
5350:
3478:
3032:
2253:
2238:
1982:
1978:
1603:
1577:
1187:
1028:
823:
528:
3090:
1079:
5489:
4488:
3411:
2781:
2246:
1639:
1288:
739:
All sources agree that, after graduating from the Academy, Yeom became associated with the
673:
646:
In 2001, South Korean researchers discovered a declassified document published by the U.S.
3894:
2259:
After the war, the group's headquarters passed into the ownership of the Attorney General
8:
5576:
4131:
3257:
2310:
1878:
1553:
1522:
1507:
1255:
1062:
1023:
920:
740:
4232:
2897:
Northwest Youth League publicly demanding the withdrawal of Soviet troops (May 31, 1948)
5453:
4813:
4787:
4757:
4720:
4686:
4535:
4226:
3527:
3216:
3196:
3156:
2841:
2826:
2811:
2796:
2744:], I will obey the commands of the White Shirts Society even at the risk of death.
2635:
2109:
2098:
2062:
1890:
1781:
1497:
886:
370:
352:
347:
322:
4823:
4734:
4702:
4661:
4640:
4527:
4279:
3947:
3543:
3447:
2242:
2161:
2041:
In addition, Bae alleged that around this time, several WSS agents attempted to help
1331:
906:
4942:
4100:
3179:
2202:
5183:
4904:
3937:
2802:
1951:
1265:
1182:
1121:
853:
880:
Yeom and Park Go-bong led the group together. Early members of the group included
5692:
5157:
5147:
4692:
4655:
4634:
4599:
4457:
4405:
4273:
4041:
3899:
3750:
3641:
3533:
3437:
3061:
3008:
2764:
2322:
1735:
1679:
1667:
1537:
1502:
1326:
1293:
1055:
874:
636:
568:
4447:
3631:
3264:
was set only after the Korean War and based on the pre-War 38th parallel border.
2325:. The name is also a reference to the Korean expression "white-clothed people" (
1947:
house that the wealthy Oh Dong-jin purchased from a Japanese man for the group.
5428:
5219:
5214:
5198:
5162:
5142:
5106:
5071:
5015:
4957:
4947:
4729:[The Background of Assassination of Kim Koo and White-Shirts Society],
4594:
3964:
3745:
2644:
2168:
1944:
1416:
1099:
604:
317:
4454:
Full translation of "Kim Koo: Background Information Concerning Assassination"
3942:
3638:
Full translation of "Kim Koo: Background Information Concerning Assassination"
2278:
took ownership of the property. It later served as the exact site of the 1979
862:) suggested that a right-leaning group be created to counter the left-leaning
720:
5606:
5458:
5438:
5116:
5096:
5091:
5045:
5000:
4952:
4738:
4531:
4269:
4044:[In Times of Chaos, Does Consolidated Leadership Really Not Exist?],
3951:
3222:
2908:, a likely cadre in the WSS, led one of the groups that merged into the NYL.
2817:
2390:
2265:
2133:
2021:
1691:
1583:
1464:
1441:
1436:
1421:
1401:
1361:
1351:
1336:
1321:
1303:
1192:
751:
715:
627:
399:
286:
702:(KPG), the self-proclaimed government-in-exile that aligned itself with the
5229:
5188:
5101:
5055:
5050:
5025:
5020:
4982:
4967:
4887:
3041:) and issued him instructions and missions to forward the goals of the WSS.
2870:
2752:
2206:
2046:
1831:
1482:
1459:
1431:
1406:
1396:
1386:
1366:
1356:
1283:
1158:
1116:
1111:
1073:
592:
437:
5586:
5443:
5433:
5423:
5391:
5234:
5224:
5167:
5152:
5137:
5111:
5076:
5035:
5030:
5010:
5005:
4972:
4899:
4835:
2905:
2716:
2443:
2314:
2271:
2184:
2042:
1936:
1725:
1708:
1426:
1391:
1376:
1143:
1136:
842:
632:
463:
179:
4539:
4515:
3011:. On June 1, 1947, they each received sentences to two years in prison.
2466:
Yu later became a representative for multiple terms in the South Korean
989:
5591:
5301:
5239:
5193:
5086:
5040:
4962:
3028:
3004:
2863:
2425:, worked officially as Deputy Commander of the National Defense Corps.
2318:
1730:
1411:
1341:
1298:
1220:
1148:
838:
703:
596:
5277:
International Coalition to Stop Crimes Against Humanity in North Korea
4352:"How right-wing terrorists nearly killed North Korea's future leaders"
3897:[The Legendary White Terrorists Who Gave Kim Il Sung Chills],
3494:백의사도 자신의 정당성을 '정의'에서 찾았다. 백의사의 강령은 '조국의 자주적인 정부수립'을 명시하고, 암살자들은 민주한국과
2156:), in which they would build a right-wing guerrilla army north of the
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2180:
2017:
1997:
Kim Il Sung (second from left) in 1945, with Soviet military officers
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As an initiate of the White Shirts Society, I pledge the following.
845:, the Buddhist temple where Daedongdan was conceptualized (c. 1930s)
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From Stalin to Kim Il Sung: The Formation of North Korea, 1945-1960
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was established. The remaining WSS agents ended up working there.
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Shortly after the WSS's establishment, on November 23, 1945, the
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of high-profile clashes with both the left-wing and the police.
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All of the WSS's assination attempts in early 1946 failed. They
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1974:
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in August 1948. Many of its members went on to join either the
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4484:"Assassin of Kim Gu Had Links Both to U.S. and to Terror Unit"
3347:. He had been a member of Daedongdan before he joined the WSS.
2358:
In 2021, Jung Byung Joon described the leadership as follows:
1988:
2150:
Between 1946 and 1948, the WSS created the "Manchuria Plan" (
1940:
793:
498:
5572:
List of fact-finding reports on human rights in North Korea
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Deportation of North Koreans by the South Korean government
4636:
The Partition of Korea After World War II: A Global History
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The WSS has also been linked to the right-wing labor union
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The Korean Provisional Government upon its founding in 1919
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According to Ahn and Jung, after the establishment of the
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Not to be confused with the 1919 group of the same name,
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3221:. Also called "Department of Political Intelligence" by
2931:(GKILL). GKILL was founded in response to the left-wing
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2770:
4733:(in Korean), vol. 128, 한국사연구회 , pp. 257–296,
4590:""화나면 좌익보다 더 무서운 것이 우익 …, 해방 후 반공투쟁 앞장선 것도 우익청년단체들이었다""
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The initiate would then make a cut on their finger and
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police department claimed the WSS was headquartered in
4770:(in Korean), vol. 135, 역사문제연구소 , pp. 289–331
4557:
4121:
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Yongmyongsa was later destroyed during the Korean War.
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Born in Pyongyang. One of the Daedongdan assassins of
4516:""Fascism" in China: The Blue Shirts Society 1932-37"
2001:
Shortly after the establishment of the Soviet-backed
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Its activities slowed after the establishment of the
4080:
2708:. Second son of a post office manager in Pyongyang.
582:
5282:
Network for North Korean Democracy and Human Rights
4350:Weiser, Martin (June 1, 2022), Betts, Bryan (ed.),
4116:
3535:한국 현대사 산책 1940년대편 1 : 8·15 해방에서 6·25 전야까지(개정판)
3439:한국 현대사 산책 1940년대편 1 : 8·15 해방에서 6·25 전야까지(개정판)
2993:
On May 2, 1946, Seonu Bong and member Kim Yung-gi (
2500:) had been a member of the KPG's militant wing the
2092:
852:The group was first conceptualized at the Buddhist
92:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4657:Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey: A Short History
4375:
3407:"남의사(藍衣社)와 백의사(白衣社): 치열하게 살다 안개처럼 사라져간 韓·中의 反共투사들"
2835:The group was also connected to another CIC agent
2816:. Lee conveyed a request to Sin from U.S. General
900:
4764:"관동군 밀정 염동진과 독립투사 김혁―낙양군관학교 동기생의 엇갈린 운명과 백의사의 기원"
2167:Most sources also believe the group assassinated
5604:
3093:has a Korean translation of the document online.
2849:
2537:. Ahn was officially the head of a labor union (
2252:On June 25, 1950, the Korean War began with the
694:From 1910 to the end of World War II, Korea was
3923:
3921:
2485:) was previously Director of Special Dispatch (
2234:recruited many WSS members for his department.
413:Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea
182:of the claims made in this article is disputed.
5582:North–South differences in the Korean language
4345:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4264:
4262:
3256:The border around the time of the WSS was the
2719:was a member of the first group of the Corps.
5272:Database Center for North Korean Human Rights
4851:
4781:
4330:
4309:
4024:
3025:Kim Du-han, the "political gangster", in 1955
2003:Provisional People's Committee of North Korea
1910:
944:Hyon Chun-hyok § Historiography of death
591:terrorist organization that operated between
5683:South Korea–United States military relations
4820:Secret Society White Shirts Society (Part 2)
4394:
4392:
4390:
4278:, Rutgers University Press, pp. 24–25,
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3282:Organization was later involved in the 1951
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648:National Archives and Records Administration
572:
504:
488:
5536:Visa requirements for North Korean citizens
4800:(in Korean), no. 136, pp. 342–388
4794:"현준혁 암살과 김일성 암살시도―평남 건준의 좌절된 '해방황금시대'와 백의사"
4336:
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3698:
3696:
3694:
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3690:
3688:
3686:
3576:"Meet the man who saved Kim Il Sung's life"
2933:General Federation of Trade Unions of Korea
2197:On June 26, 1949, Ahn Doo-hee assassinated
2052:
1989:1946 assassination attempts and Cho Man-sik
1772:Korean Federation of Teachers' Associations
1261:Supreme Council for National Reconstruction
55:Learn how and when to remove these messages
5297:People for Successful Corean Reunification
4865:
4858:
4844:
3318:operatives that would infiltrate the North
2213:
2174:
1917:
1903:
205:. Relevant discussion may be found on the
16:1945–c.1950 Korean fascist terrorist group
5267:Committee for Human Rights in North Korea
4387:
3941:
3381:『조직 운영에 있어서는 ‘백의사=중앙정치공작대’라고 해도 과언이 아니었다』
2882:
2280:assassination of President Park Chung Hee
243:Learn how and when to remove this message
225:Learn how and when to remove this message
152:Learn how and when to remove this message
5638:Organizations for North Korean defectors
4653:
4581:
4030:
3833:
3774:
3683:
3677:
3665:
3574:Young, Benjamin R. (December 12, 2013),
3542:] (in Korean), 인물과사상사, p. 326,
3446:] (in Korean), 인물과사상사, p. 326,
3020:
3014:
2892:
2853:
2300:
2241:, the chief of intelligence for General
2188:
1992:
1837:Controversy over National Foundation Day
951:Secret Organization White Shirts Society
938:Identity of attackers and historiography
910:
837:
719:
338:Korean Provisional Government Legitimism
4654:Robinson, Michael E. (April 30, 2007),
4237:International Journal of Korean History
3927:
5605:
5397:North Korean People's Liberation Front
4513:
4446:Cilley, George E. (January 11, 2005),
4445:
4349:
4268:
3930:International Journal of Asian Studies
3630:Cilley, George E. (January 11, 2005),
3629:
3588:from the original on December 13, 2013
3556:from the original on December 15, 2023
3460:from the original on December 15, 2023
5557:Balloon propaganda campaigns in Korea
5526:North Korean Human Rights Act of 2004
4839:
4699:Biography of Mongyang Lyuh Woon-hyung
4413:from the original on January 24, 2024
4292:from the original on January 24, 2024
4139:from the original on December 3, 2021
3573:
2918:Great Korean Independent Labor League
2912:Great Korean Independent Labor League
2771:Relationship with other organizations
2715:needed. He claimed Kim Ku's assassin
5287:North Korea Intellectuals Solidarity
4751:
4714:
4680:
4575:
4482:Jung, Chang-hyun (January 5, 2003),
4481:
4398:
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4005:
3827:
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3605:
3521:
3435:
3401:
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2010:attempted to assassinate Kim Il Sung
366:Assassination attempt on Kim Il Sung
163:
90:adding citations to reliable sources
61:
20:
5668:1940s establishments in North Korea
5663:1940s establishments in South Korea
4811:
4633:Lee, Jongsoo James (May 13, 2006).
4632:
4587:
4563:
4381:
4039:
3892:
3738:
3436:Kang, Jun-man (November 13, 2006),
3294:Hangul for birth name not provided.
2225:Republic of Korea Army Headquarters
2145:
13:
4606:from the original on June 12, 2023
4247:from the original on July 28, 2023
4040:Lee, Gye-hong (October 19, 2019),
3512:(in Korean). Retrieved 2024-08-07.
3479:"폭력, 어떻게 볼 것인가 - 1.폭력의 기원과 한국근대정치"
3245:『내가 월남하면 북조선 동포들은 누굴 의지해서 산단 말인가?』
2782:Yeom Dong-jin § Cilley report
2276:Korean Central Intelligence Agency
603:to South Korea. It was militantly
599:. It was mostly composed of young
14:
5704:
5618:Far-right politics in South Korea
5516:North Korea–South Korea relations
4546:from the original on May 21, 2023
4496:from the original on May 22, 2023
4464:from the original on June 3, 2023
4054:from the original on June 9, 2023
3981:from the original on May 22, 2023
3907:from the original on May 31, 2023
3893:Ahn, Gi-seok (January 11, 2005),
3757:from the original on May 15, 2023
3648:from the original on June 3, 2023
3396:
3057:Korean National Youth Association
2758:
450:People's Committee of North Korea
36:This article has multiple issues.
5648:Korean nationalist organizations
4812:Lee, Yeong-shin (June 1, 1993),
4364:from the original on May 9, 2023
4129:[White Shirts Society],
4103:[White Shirts Society],
2943:
2103:An alleged member of the group,
2093:Assassination of Lyuh Woon-hyung
1929:
1884:
1872:
1614:New National Participation Party
988:
709:
650:that linked the WSS to the U.S.
609:opposed the trusteeship of Korea
456:
443:
430:
405:
392:
371:Assassination of Lyuh Woon-hyung
168:
66:
25:
5678:United States military scandals
5387:Fighters for a Free North Korea
4507:
4475:
4399:Park, Robert (March 18, 2019),
4214:
3957:
3739:Bae, Jin-yeong (October 2016),
3498:의 부활을 방해하는 자들을 제거했다는 정당성을 내세웠다.
3373:
3359:
3350:
3330:
3306:
3297:
3288:
3284:National Defense Corps incident
3276:
3267:
3262:Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)
3250:
3237:
3228:
3210:Translation of group name from
3204:
3184:
3172:
3163:
3144:
3135:
3102:Testimonies from Paek Kwan-ok (
3096:
3083:
923:, the head of committee of the
901:Assassination of Hyŏn Chun-hyŏk
700:Provisional Government of Korea
77:needs additional citations for
44:or discuss these issues on the
4660:, University of Hawaii Press,
4106:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
3970:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
3741:"치열하게 살다 안개처럼 사라져간 韓·中의 反共투사들"
3567:
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2128:
2122:
1962:
1956:
893:
858:
800:
784:
663:South Korean Army Headquarters
573:
505:
489:
1:
5495:Reconnaissance General Bureau
4626:
4588:Bae, Jin-yeong (April 2017),
3389:
3370:; English spelling uncertain.
2850:Korean Provisional Government
2722:
2511:Director of the Organization
2502:Korean Patriotic Organization
2220:First Republic of South Korea
1977:, and had a presence in both
762:
679:
5531:South Korean nationality law
4674:
4578:, pp. 290–293, 367–369.
2954:Ministry of National Defense
2682:Director of General Affairs
2582:Ministry of National Defense
2355:) was the Deputy Commander.
2344:
2205:against incumbent President
2132:), were given American-made
2099:Lyuh Woon-hyung § Death
1799:North-West Youth Association
686:Korean independence movement
639:in 1947, and the killing of
7:
5521:North Korean Defectors' Day
5485:Human rights in North Korea
5292:North Korea Strategy Center
3895:"金日成 간담 서늘케 한 전설적 백색 테러리스트"
3126:), and Seon-woo Gil-yeong (
3045:
2801:and introduced Yeom to the
1624:Our Republican Party (2020)
1619:Our Republican Party (2017)
1488:Democratic Republican Party
907:Hyon Chun-hyok § Death
829:
815:
620:Soviet Civil Administration
583:
534:
520:
10:
5709:
5688:Allied occupation of Korea
5480:Hamhung concentration camp
5382:Donkey Squads (Korean War)
4621:
4270:Lankov, Andrei Nikolaevich
3967:[Yeom Eung-taek],
2938:
2886:
2779:
2753:sign a contract with blood
2294:
2237:In February 1949, General
2178:
2096:
2067:United States Forces Korea
2037:, and the leaders of the .
1762:Christian Council of Korea
1757:Center for Free Enterprise
1645:Unification National Party
960:
941:
904:
864:Korean Independence League
713:
683:
5673:State-sponsored terrorism
5567:Korean Demilitarized Zone
5544:
5503:
5472:
5414:
5374:
5331:
5310:
5259:
5252:
5207:
5176:
5125:
5064:
4991:
4935:
4928:
4873:
4401:"Unsettled assassination"
4111:Academy of Korean Studies
4042:"혼돈의 시기, 통합적 리더십은 정말 없는가"
3975:Academy of Korean Studies
3943:10.1017/S1479591421000127
2776:Counterintelligence Corps
2548:Director of Intelligence
2087:North–South Korean border
2059:Counterintelligence Corps
1943:, and headquartered in a
1847:Liberalism in South Korea
1216:Four Major Rivers Project
822:
808:
792:
776:
769:
690:Korea under Japanese rule
652:Counterintelligence Corps
545:
541:
527:
513:
497:
481:
476:
472:
422:
384:
358:
346:
308:
300:
292:
282:
262:
257:
5643:Anti-communist terrorism
5623:Terrorism in South Korea
5562:China–North Korea border
4822:] (in Korean), 알림문,
4050:(in Korean), 프레시안협동조합 ,
3067:
2574:. Later a Bureau Chief (
2158:China–North Korea border
2142:) to cover up the case.
2053:Espionage in North Korea
2031:Communist Party of Korea
1714:Maeil Business Newspaper
1704:The Korea Economic Daily
1650:United Liberal Democrats
1599:Korea Independence Party
1503:Democratic Liberal Party
1493:Democratic Justice Party
1127:Economic interventionism
968:This article is part of
925:Communist Party of Korea
745:Second Sino-Japanese War
635:in 1946, the killing of
5339:Ministry of Unification
4701:] (in Korean), 한울,
2423:South Hamgyong Province
2297:White clothing in Korea
2290:
2214:Decline and dissolution
2175:Assassination of Kim Ku
2126:) and Kim Heung-seong (
2035:People's Party of Korea
2016:on March 5 or March 7,
1879:Conservatism portal
1859:Politics of South Korea
1513:Korea Nationalist Party
873:, which was created by
756:Chinese Communist Party
659:First Republic of Korea
376:Assassination of Kim Ku
348:Political position
323:Korean ultranationalism
5323:Liberty in North Korea
4867:North Korean defectors
4514:Elkins, W. F. (1969),
3314:Second Battle of Seoul
3026:
3003:from a businessman in
2898:
2889:Northwest Youth League
2883:Northwest Youth League
2880:
2859:
2749:
2675:North Pyongan Province
2580:) in the South Korean
2306:
2194:
2083:
2039:
1998:
1891:South Korea portal
1822:Anti-Chinese sentiment
1589:Korea Democratic Party
1533:New Conservative Party
929:South Pyongan Province
916:
846:
725:
601:North Korean defectors
101:"White Shirts Society"
5552:Anti-Korean sentiment
5473:North Korean response
5361:Heavenly Dream School
5351:Hangyeore High School
4520:Science & Society
3532:(November 13, 2006),
3024:
3015:Other notable members
2896:
2876:
2857:
2730:
2653:Director of Training
2463:All were former KPG.
2304:
2254:First Battle of Seoul
2192:
2171:on December 2, 1947.
2078:
2063:military intelligence
2027:
1996:
1983:South Jeolla Province
1979:North Jeolla Province
1842:National Security Act
1604:Korean National Party
1578:Dawn of Liberty Party
1543:People's Future Party
1226:Mutual Defense Treaty
914:
841:
723:
269:White Clothes Society
5658:1940s in South Korea
5653:1940s in North Korea
5613:White Shirts Society
5402:White Shirts Society
4489:Korea JoongAng Daily
4449:'김구 암살 관련 배경정보' 전문번역
3633:'김구 암살 관련 배경정보' 전문번역
2247:Korea Liaison Office
1804:White Shirts Society
1528:National Association
1508:Grand National Party
1477:Parties (mainstream)
1105:Anti-North sentiment
810:Revised Romanization
674:Korea Liaison Office
618:, especially by the
565:White Shirts Society
515:Revised Romanization
258:White Shirts Society
193:its references and
187:improve this article
86:improve this article
5577:North Korean famine
5126:Authors and artists
4900:Former Soviet Union
4566:, pp. 103–107.
4456:] (in Korean),
4333:, pp. 369–373.
4312:, pp. 367–369.
4211:, pp. 267–270.
4192:, pp. 290–293.
4132:Doosan Encyclopedia
4077:, pp. 360–366.
4027:, pp. 344–349.
4008:, pp. 257–259.
3830:, pp. 486–488.
3813:, pp. 270–274.
3794:, pp. 293–301.
3640:] (in Korean),
3620:, pp. 259–263.
3608:, pp. 289–290.
3258:38th parallel north
3180:Hyon Chun-hyok#Date
2589:Executive Director
2380:Commander-in-chief
2366:Position (English)
2362:
2311:Blue Shirts Society
2181:Kim Ku § Death
1748:Other organizations
1560:United Future Party
1523:Liberty Korea Party
1256:October Restoration
741:Blue Shirts Society
696:under Japanese rule
272:White Shirt Society
203:support the article
5633:Ethnic nationalism
5628:Clandestine groups
5454:Norbert Vollertsen
5417:(Non-North Korean)
4936:Former politicians
4331:Jung (August) 2021
4310:Jung (August) 2021
4025:Jung (August) 2021
3033:political gangster
3027:
2899:
2860:
2615:, birth name 韓哲民.
2369:Position (Korean)
2361:
2323:Spanish Blueshirts
2307:
2239:Charles Willoughby
2195:
2012:on March 1, 1946,
1999:
1782:Unification Church
1630:People First Party
1548:People Power Party
1498:Future Korea Party
917:
847:
726:
5600:
5599:
5410:
5409:
5248:
5247:
4727:"백범 김구암살 배경과 백의사"
4708:978-89-460-2229-4
4667:978-0-8248-3174-5
4646:978-1-4039-8301-5
4285:978-0-8135-3117-5
3777:, pp. 52–55.
3680:, pp. 52–53.
3668:, pp. 32–35.
3549:978-89-5906-044-3
3453:978-89-5906-044-3
2712:
2711:
2468:National Assembly
2399:Deputy Commander
2243:Douglas MacArthur
2162:Chinese Civil War
2074:James Jongsoo Lee
1927:
1926:
1332:Choung Byoung-gug
836:
835:
824:McCune–Reischauer
561:
560:
529:McCune–Reischauer
253:
252:
245:
235:
234:
227:
197:any that are not
162:
161:
154:
136:
59:
5700:
5545:Related articles
5332:Resettlement aid
5257:
5256:
5184:Choi Kwang-hyouk
4933:
4932:
4860:
4853:
4846:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4791:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4761:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4724:
4711:
4690:
4670:
4650:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4585:
4579:
4573:
4567:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4443:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4396:
4385:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4347:
4334:
4328:
4313:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4266:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4230:
4218:
4212:
4206:
4193:
4187:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4123:
4114:
4113:
4097:
4078:
4072:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4037:
4028:
4022:
4009:
4003:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3945:
3925:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3890:
3831:
3825:
3814:
3808:
3795:
3789:
3778:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3736:
3681:
3675:
3669:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3627:
3621:
3615:
3609:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3531:
3519:
3513:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3491:
3489:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3419:
3403:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3357:
3354:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3328:
3326:
3310:
3304:
3301:
3295:
3292:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3271:
3265:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3235:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3208:
3202:
3200:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3133:
3132:), among others.
3131:
3130:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3112:
3108:), Paek Kŭn-ok (
3107:
3106:
3100:
3094:
3087:
3081:
3077:
3040:
3039:
3031:– The infamous "
2998:
2997:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2963:
2930:
2845:
2830:
2815:
2800:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2700:
2694:
2689:
2688:
2672:
2671:
2665:
2660:
2659:
2647:
2639:
2627:
2626:
2620:Chief Secretary
2614:
2613:
2608:
2607:
2601:
2596:
2595:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2560:
2555:
2554:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2529:
2523:
2518:
2517:
2499:
2498:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2477:
2457:
2452:
2437:
2436:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2413:
2407:
2387:
2386:
2363:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2340:
2339:
2332:
2331:
2269:
2233:
2155:
2154:
2146:Other activities
2141:
2140:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2124:
2113:
2020:on March 9, and
1965:
1964:
1959:
1958:
1952:Sinuiju Incident
1919:
1912:
1905:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1266:Taegukgi rallies
1183:Moral absolutism
1122:Communitarianism
992:
982:
965:
964:
896:
895:
891:and Seonu Bong (
890:
877:in August 1944.
872:
861:
860:
854:Yongmyong Temple
832:
818:
803:
802:
787:
786:
767:
766:
671:
617:
586:
576:
575:
549:Preceded by
537:
523:
508:
507:
492:
491:
462:
460:
459:
448:
447:
436:
434:
433:
411:
409:
408:
398:
396:
395:
255:
254:
248:
241:
230:
223:
219:
216:
210:
172:
164:
157:
150:
146:
143:
137:
135:
94:
70:
62:
51:
29:
28:
21:
5708:
5707:
5703:
5702:
5701:
5699:
5698:
5697:
5603:
5602:
5601:
5596:
5540:
5499:
5468:
5416:
5406:
5370:
5327:
5306:
5244:
5203:
5172:
5158:Masaji Ishikawa
5148:Kim Cheol-woong
5121:
5060:
4993:
4987:
4924:
4869:
4864:
4830:
4803:
4801:
4792:(August 2021),
4785:
4783:Jung Byung Joon
4773:
4771:
4755:
4753:Jung Byung Joon
4743:
4741:
4718:
4716:Jung Byung Joon
4709:
4684:
4682:Jung Byung Joon
4677:
4668:
4647:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4618:
4609:
4607:
4600:The Chosun Ilbo
4586:
4582:
4574:
4570:
4562:
4558:
4549:
4547:
4512:
4508:
4499:
4497:
4480:
4476:
4467:
4465:
4444:
4425:
4416:
4414:
4406:The Korea Times
4397:
4388:
4380:
4376:
4367:
4365:
4348:
4337:
4329:
4316:
4308:
4304:
4295:
4293:
4286:
4267:
4260:
4250:
4248:
4224:
4219:
4215:
4207:
4196:
4188:
4151:
4142:
4140:
4125:
4124:
4117:
4099:
4098:
4081:
4073:
4066:
4057:
4055:
4038:
4031:
4023:
4012:
4004:
3993:
3984:
3982:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3926:
3919:
3910:
3908:
3900:The Dong-a Ilbo
3891:
3834:
3826:
3817:
3809:
3798:
3790:
3781:
3773:
3769:
3760:
3758:
3751:The Chosun Ilbo
3737:
3684:
3676:
3672:
3664:
3660:
3651:
3649:
3628:
3624:
3616:
3612:
3604:
3600:
3591:
3589:
3572:
3568:
3559:
3557:
3550:
3525:
3520:
3516:
3508:
3504:
3487:
3485:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3463:
3461:
3454:
3434:
3430:
3417:
3415:
3405:
3404:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3378:
3374:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3335:
3331:
3320:
3311:
3307:
3302:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3281:
3277:
3272:
3268:
3255:
3251:
3242:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3214:
3209:
3205:
3194:
3192:Jung Byung Joon
3189:
3185:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3120:), Jo Jae-guk (
3114:), Choe Ui-ho (
3101:
3097:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3062:Korean conflict
3048:
3017:
3009:Jongno District
2987:
2946:
2941:
2920:
2914:
2891:
2885:
2852:
2839:
2824:
2809:
2803:Korean-American
2794:
2784:
2778:
2773:
2765:Jeongneung-dong
2761:
2725:
2693:Jeong Byeong-mo
2692:
2663:
2643:
2633:
2599:
2558:
2522:Ahn Byeong-seok
2521:
2460:
2456:Kim Yeong-cheol
2455:
2450:Baek Chang-seop
2448:
2405:
2347:
2317:, the Romanian
2299:
2293:
2288:
2263:
2227:
2216:
2187:
2177:
2148:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2055:
1991:
1932:
1923:
1885:
1883:
1873:
1871:
1864:
1863:
1817:
1809:
1808:
1749:
1741:
1740:
1736:Ilbe Storehouse
1663:
1655:
1654:
1573:
1572:Parties (minor)
1565:
1564:
1538:New Korea Party
1478:
1470:
1469:
1455:
1447:
1446:
1327:Chung Mong-joon
1317:
1309:
1308:
1294:Park Heong-joon
1279:
1271:
1270:
1211:
1203:
1202:
1188:Pro-Americanism
1095:
1087:
1086:
1056:Christian right
1000:
980:
978:
963:
946:
940:
909:
903:
884:
875:Lyuh Woon-hyung
866:
804:
788:
765:
718:
712:
692:
682:
665:
637:Lyuh Woon-hyung
611:
587:) was a secret
557:
556:
551:
509:
493:
468:
457:
455:
442:
431:
429:
418:
406:
404:
393:
391:
380:
359:Notable attacks
342:
283:Founding leader
278:
249:
238:
237:
236:
231:
220:
214:
211:
184:
173:
158:
147:
141:
138:
95:
93:
83:
71:
30:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5706:
5696:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5598:
5597:
5595:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5548:
5546:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5507:
5505:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5492:
5490:Kin punishment
5487:
5482:
5476:
5474:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5429:Choe Deok-geun
5426:
5420:
5418:
5412:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5378:
5376:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5347:
5346:
5335:
5333:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5325:
5320:
5314:
5312:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5263:
5261:
5254:
5250:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5220:Jang Yeong-jin
5217:
5215:Cho Myung-chul
5211:
5209:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5199:Yun Myung-chan
5196:
5191:
5186:
5180:
5178:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5165:
5163:Seong Hye-rang
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5143:Kang Chun-hyok
5140:
5135:
5129:
5127:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5107:Shin Dong-hyuk
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5072:Jeong Kwang-il
5068:
5066:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5016:Jin Gyeong-suk
5013:
5008:
5003:
4997:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4958:Kang Chol-hwan
4955:
4950:
4948:Hwang Jang-yop
4945:
4943:Chŏng Sang-jin
4939:
4937:
4930:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4922:
4920:United Kingdom
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4891:
4890:
4879:
4877:
4871:
4870:
4863:
4862:
4855:
4848:
4840:
4834:
4833:
4828:
4809:
4779:
4749:
4712:
4707:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4666:
4651:
4645:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4595:Monthly Chosun
4580:
4568:
4556:
4526:(4): 426–433,
4506:
4474:
4423:
4386:
4384:, p. 138.
4374:
4335:
4314:
4302:
4284:
4258:
4222:Park Myung-lim
4213:
4194:
4149:
4115:
4079:
4064:
4029:
4010:
3991:
3956:
3936:(1): 121–122,
3917:
3832:
3815:
3796:
3779:
3767:
3746:Monthly Chosun
3682:
3670:
3658:
3622:
3610:
3598:
3566:
3548:
3514:
3502:
3470:
3452:
3428:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3372:
3358:
3349:
3329:
3305:
3296:
3287:
3275:
3266:
3260:; the current
3249:
3236:
3227:
3212:Park Myung-Lim
3203:
3183:
3171:
3162:
3143:
3134:
3095:
3082:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3016:
3013:
2986:
2983:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2913:
2910:
2884:
2881:
2851:
2848:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2760:
2759:Training spies
2757:
2724:
2721:
2710:
2709:
2695:
2690:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2666:
2661:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2645:Hyon Chun-hyok
2640:
2628:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2602:
2597:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2561:
2556:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2524:
2519:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2492:
2471:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2408:
2406:Park Gyeong-gu
2403:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2388:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2346:
2343:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2215:
2212:
2193:Kim Ku in 1949
2176:
2173:
2169:Chang Deok-soo
2147:
2144:
2094:
2091:
2061:(CIC) and the
2054:
2051:
1990:
1987:
1945:Gungjeong-dong
1931:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1881:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1818:
1816:Related topics
1815:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1609:National Youth
1606:
1601:
1596:
1586:
1581:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1417:Park Chung Hee
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1100:Anti-communism
1096:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1065:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1001:
998:
997:
994:
993:
985:
984:
981:in South Korea
974:
973:
962:
959:
942:Main article:
939:
936:
921:Hyŏn Chun-hyŏk
902:
899:
834:
833:
826:
820:
819:
812:
806:
805:
798:
796:
790:
789:
782:
780:
774:
773:
764:
761:
714:Main article:
711:
708:
681:
678:
622:in the North.
605:anti-communist
559:
558:
547:
546:
543:
542:
539:
538:
531:
525:
524:
517:
511:
510:
503:
501:
495:
494:
487:
485:
479:
478:
474:
473:
470:
469:
467:
466:
453:
440:
426:
424:
420:
419:
417:
416:
402:
388:
386:
382:
381:
379:
378:
373:
368:
362:
360:
356:
355:
350:
344:
343:
341:
340:
335:
334:
333:
320:
318:Anti-communism
314:
312:
306:
305:
302:
298:
297:
294:
290:
289:
284:
280:
279:
277:
276:
273:
270:
266:
264:
260:
259:
251:
250:
233:
232:
176:
174:
167:
160:
159:
74:
72:
65:
60:
34:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5705:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5543:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5502:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5471:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5459:Kim Dong-shik
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5439:Hyeon Soo Lim
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5419:
5413:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5373:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5330:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5309:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5258:
5255:
5253:Organizations
5251:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5206:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5124:
5118:
5117:Yoo Sang-joon
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5097:Park Sang-hak
5095:
5093:
5092:Lee Hyeon-seo
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5082:Kim Seong-min
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5063:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5046:Oh Chong-song
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
5001:An Myeong-jin
4999:
4998:
4996:
4990:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4953:Jang Jin-sung
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4934:
4931:
4927:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4905:United States
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4861:
4856:
4854:
4849:
4847:
4842:
4841:
4838:
4831:
4829:9788985278010
4825:
4821:
4817:
4816:
4810:
4799:
4795:
4789:
4784:
4780:
4769:
4765:
4759:
4754:
4750:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4722:
4717:
4713:
4710:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4695:
4688:
4683:
4679:
4678:
4669:
4663:
4659:
4658:
4652:
4648:
4642:
4638:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4605:
4601:
4598:(in Korean),
4597:
4596:
4591:
4584:
4577:
4572:
4565:
4560:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4510:
4495:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4478:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4450:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4412:
4408:
4407:
4402:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4383:
4378:
4363:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4332:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4311:
4306:
4291:
4287:
4281:
4277:
4276:
4271:
4265:
4263:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4228:
4223:
4217:
4210:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4191:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4138:
4135:(in Korean),
4134:
4133:
4128:
4122:
4120:
4112:
4109:(in Korean),
4108:
4107:
4102:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4076:
4071:
4069:
4053:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4036:
4034:
4026:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4007:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3980:
3976:
3973:(in Korean),
3972:
3971:
3966:
3960:
3953:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3924:
3922:
3906:
3903:(in Korean),
3902:
3901:
3896:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3829:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3812:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3793:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3776:
3775:Robinson 2007
3771:
3756:
3752:
3749:(in Korean),
3748:
3747:
3742:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3679:
3678:Robinson 2007
3674:
3667:
3666:Robinson 2007
3662:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3634:
3626:
3619:
3614:
3607:
3602:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3570:
3555:
3551:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3529:
3524:
3518:
3511:
3506:
3499:
3497:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3459:
3455:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3432:
3425:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3402:
3400:
3395:
3376:
3362:
3353:
3333:
3324:
3319:
3315:
3309:
3300:
3291:
3285:
3279:
3270:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3240:
3231:
3224:
3223:Andrei Lankov
3218:
3213:
3207:
3198:
3193:
3190:According to
3187:
3181:
3175:
3166:
3158:
3153:
3147:
3138:
3099:
3092:
3086:
3076:
3072:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3034:
3030:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2991:
2982:
2978:
2957:
2955:
2950:
2936:
2934:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2895:
2890:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2867:
2865:
2856:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2837:Jang Seok-yun
2833:
2828:
2823:
2819:
2818:John R. Hodge
2813:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2768:
2766:
2756:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2738:One [
2736:
2733:
2729:
2720:
2718:
2696:
2691:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2667:
2662:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2629:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2603:
2600:Han Seung-gyu
2598:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2562:
2559:Kim Myeong-uk
2557:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2525:
2520:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2503:
2493:
2491:) in the KPG.
2472:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2409:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2391:Yeom Dong-jin
2389:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2356:
2342:
2338:
2330:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2303:
2298:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2274:in 1961, the
2273:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2255:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2172:
2170:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2143:
2135:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2100:
2090:
2088:
2082:
2077:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2022:Kang Ryang-uk
2019:
2015:
2014:Choe Yong-gon
2011:
2006:
2004:
1995:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1953:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1930:Establishment
1920:
1915:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1882:
1880:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1745:
1744:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1692:JoongAng Ilbo
1690:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1640:Saenuri Party
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1584:Free Korea 21
1582:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1554:Saenuri Party
1552:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1518:Liberal Party
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1466:
1465:Park Sang-hak
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1443:
1442:Yoon Suk Yeol
1440:
1438:
1437:Suh Chung-won
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1422:Park Geun-hye
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1402:Kim Young-sam
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1362:Lee Myung-bak
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1352:Lee Hoi-chang
1350:
1348:
1347:Lee Beom-seok
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1337:Hwang Kyo-ahn
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1322:Chun Doo-hwan
1320:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1305:
1304:Yoo Seong-min
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1278:Intellectuals
1275:
1274:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1193:Protectionism
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1081:
1080:neo-Confucian
1078:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1041:Paternalistic
1039:
1035:
1034:State-aligned
1032:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1005:Authoritarian
1003:
1002:
996:
995:
991:
987:
986:
983:
976:
975:
971:
967:
966:
958:
954:
952:
945:
935:
932:
930:
926:
922:
913:
908:
898:
888:
883:
878:
876:
870:
865:
855:
850:
844:
840:
831:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
811:
807:
797:
795:
791:
781:
779:
775:
772:
768:
760:
757:
753:
752:Kwantung Army
748:
746:
742:
737:
735:
731:
722:
717:
716:Yeom Dong-jin
710:Yeom Dong-jin
707:
705:
701:
697:
691:
687:
677:
675:
669:
664:
660:
655:
653:
649:
644:
642:
638:
634:
629:
628:Yeom Dong-jin
623:
621:
615:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
585:
580:
570:
566:
554:
550:
544:
540:
536:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
516:
512:
502:
500:
496:
486:
484:
480:
475:
471:
465:
454:
451:
446:
441:
439:
428:
427:
425:
421:
414:
403:
401:
400:United States
390:
389:
387:
383:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
363:
361:
357:
354:
351:
349:
345:
339:
336:
332:
330:
326:
325:
324:
321:
319:
316:
315:
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
296:November 1945
295:
291:
288:
287:Yeom Dong-jin
285:
281:
274:
271:
268:
267:
265:
263:Also known as
261:
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180:verifiability
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103: –
102:
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97:Find sources:
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75:This article
73:
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49:
48:
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42:
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32:
23:
22:
19:
5401:
5230:Kyong Won-ha
5189:Li Gyong-hui
5102:Phillip Buck
5056:Zhu Xianjian
5051:Son Jong-nam
5026:Kim Hyon-hui
5021:Joo Seong-ha
4992:Former spies
4983:Thae Yong-ho
4978:Ryu Hyun-woo
4968:Pak Sung-won
4888:Abai Village
4875:Destinations
4819:
4814:
4802:, retrieved
4797:
4772:, retrieved
4767:
4762:(May 2021),
4742:, retrieved
4730:
4698:
4693:
4656:
4639:. Springer.
4635:
4608:, retrieved
4593:
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4571:
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4548:, retrieved
4523:
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4509:
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4487:
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4466:, retrieved
4453:
4448:
4415:, retrieved
4404:
4377:
4366:, retrieved
4355:
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4274:
4249:. Retrieved
4240:
4236:
4216:
4141:, retrieved
4130:
4104:
4056:, retrieved
4045:
3983:, retrieved
3968:
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3898:
3770:
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3744:
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3661:
3650:, retrieved
3637:
3632:
3625:
3613:
3601:
3590:, retrieved
3579:
3569:
3558:, retrieved
3539:
3534:
3523:Kang Jun-man
3517:
3505:
3493:
3486:. Retrieved
3482:
3473:
3462:, retrieved
3443:
3438:
3431:
3424:극우 테러조직인 백의사
3423:
3416:. Retrieved
3410:
3375:
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2951:
2947:
2915:
2904:
2900:
2877:
2871:paramilitary
2868:
2861:
2834:
2807:Lee Sun-yong
2789:
2785:
2762:
2750:
2746:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2726:
2713:
2631:Paek Kwan-ok
2357:
2348:
2308:
2270:. After the
2258:
2251:
2236:
2217:
2207:Syngman Rhee
2196:
2166:
2149:
2119:
2116:
2102:
2084:
2079:
2071:
2056:
2047:house arrest
2040:
2028:
2007:
2000:
1968:
1949:
1933:
1832:Chojoongdong
1803:
1787:
1786:
1751:
1635:People Party
1592:
1483:Bareun Party
1460:Ha Tae-keung
1432:Syngman Rhee
1407:Na Kyung-won
1397:Kim Moo-sung
1387:Kim Jong-pil
1367:Kim Chong-in
1357:Lee Jun-seok
1284:Kim Seong-su
1173:Japanophobia
1159:Japanophilia
1117:Confucianism
1112:Asian values
1074:Hongik Ingan
1072:
1009:
979:Conservatism
955:
950:
947:
933:
918:
915:Hyŏn in 1935
882:Paek Kwan-ok
879:
851:
848:
770:
749:
738:
727:
693:
656:
645:
624:
593:World War II
564:
562:
552:
548:
438:Soviet Union
328:
239:
221:
212:
185:Please help
177:
148:
139:
129:
122:
115:
108:
96:
84:Please help
79:verification
76:
52:
45:
39:
38:Please help
35:
18:
5587:Tumen River
5464:Robert Park
5444:Kenneth Bae
5434:Hannah Song
5424:Adrian Hong
5392:Free Joseon
5235:Ri Jong-yol
5225:Jihyun Park
5168:Yi Han-yong
5153:Lee Soon-ok
5138:Jaehoon Ahn
5112:Yeonmi Park
5077:Ji Seong-ho
5036:Lee Sang-jo
5031:Kim Shin-jo
5011:Jeong Su-il
5006:Jang Gil-su
4994:or soldiers
4973:Ryu Mi-yong
4910:Philippines
4883:South Korea
4815:비밀결사 백의사(중)
4786: [
4756: [
4719: [
4685: [
4458:Shin Dong-a
4296:October 30,
4225: [
4143:December 3,
3965:"염응택 (廉應澤)"
3642:Shin Dong-a
3526: [
3321: [
3215: [
3195: [
3155: [
3091:Shin Dong-a
2985:Petty crime
2944:Description
2921: [
2906:Yu Chin-san
2840: [
2825: [
2822:Jo Jung-seo
2810: [
2795: [
2717:Ahn Doo-hee
2664:Seon U-bong
2634: [
2444:Yu Chin-san
2319:Greenshirts
2315:Blackshirts
2286:Description
2272:May 16 coup
2264: [
2228: [
2203:coup d'état
2185:Ahn Doo-hee
2134:.45 caliber
2108: [
2105:Han Ji-geun
2045:escape his
2043:Cho Man-sik
1937:Nagwon-dong
1726:Munhwa Ilbo
1709:Kukmin Ilbo
1680:Dong-a Ilbo
1668:Chosun Ilbo
1556:(2012–2017)
1427:Roh Tae-woo
1392:Kim Kyu-sik
1382:Kim Jin-pyo
1377:Kim Kyu-sik
1316:Politicians
1289:B. R. Myers
1177:"Old Right"
1144:Familialism
1137:Meritocracy
1068:Traditional
885: [
867: [
843:Yongmyongsa
666: [
633:Kim Il Sung
612: [
581::
571::
477:Korean name
464:North Korea
452:(1946–1948)
415:(1945–1948)
331:nationalism
304:Around 1950
215:August 2024
142:August 2024
5607:Categories
5592:Yalu River
5311:Escape aid
5302:Rimjingang
5240:MoFa Seven
5194:Mun Ki-nam
5087:Lee Ae-ran
5041:No Kum-sok
4963:Oh Kil-nam
4627:In English
4243:(1): 335.
3390:References
3152:Daedongdan
3029:Kim Du-han
3005:Donam-dong
2887:See also:
2864:Sin Ik-hui
2805:CIC agent
2780:See also:
2723:Initiation
2673:. Born in
2421:. Born in
2372:Holder(s)
2321:, and the
2295:See also:
2179:See also:
2097:See also:
2072:Historian
1731:Segye Ilbo
1412:Oh Se-hoon
1342:Kim Du-han
1299:Yi Munyeol
1221:Korean War
1149:Free trade
1094:Principles
905:See also:
830:Taedongdan
816:Daedongdan
771:Daedongdan
763:Daedongdan
704:Kuomintang
684:See also:
680:Background
597:Korean War
553:Daedongdan
293:Foundation
201:or do not
112:newspapers
41:improve it
5415:Activists
5065:Activists
4929:Defectors
4739:1226-296X
4675:In Korean
4576:Jung 2021
4532:0036-8237
4209:Jung 2005
4190:Jung 2021
4075:Jung 2021
4006:Jung 2005
3952:1479-5914
3828:Jung 1995
3811:Jung 2005
3792:Jung 2021
3618:Jung 2005
3606:Jung 2021
3488:August 7,
3418:August 7,
2792:his house
2430:Advisors
2345:Structure
2018:Kim Chaek
1685:Channel A
1673:TV Chosun
1626:(present)
1580:(present)
1550:(present)
1454:Activists
1230:Republic
1198:Tradition
1165:New Right
1154:Hierarchy
1051:Religious
1019:Corporate
607:and also
589:far-right
423:Opponents
353:Far-right
301:Dissolved
275:Baikyi-sa
207:talk page
191:verifying
47:talk page
5449:Mike Kim
5375:Militant
5356:HanVoice
5318:Durihana
5260:Advocacy
5177:Athletes
4915:Thailand
4725:(2005),
4691:(1995),
4610:June 12,
4604:archived
4564:Lee 1993
4544:archived
4540:40401439
4494:archived
4462:archived
4411:archived
4382:Lee 2006
4362:archived
4290:archived
4272:(2002),
4251:July 29,
4245:Archived
4231:(2001).
4137:archived
4052:archived
4047:Pressian
3979:archived
3905:archived
3755:archived
3646:archived
3586:archived
3554:archived
3458:archived
3080:unclear.
3052:Ilminism
3046:See also
1852:template
1593:de facto
1046:Populist
1029:National
1011:Ilminism
970:a series
595:and the
584:Baeguisa
535:Paegŭisa
521:Baeguisa
310:Ideology
199:reliable
195:removing
5366:Saejowi
5344:Hanawon
5133:An Hyuk
4774:June 4,
4744:May 22,
4694:몽양여운형평전
4622:Sources
4550:May 21,
4500:May 21,
4468:May 22,
4417:May 11,
4368:May 11,
4357:NK News
4058:June 9,
3985:May 21,
3911:May 31,
3761:May 15,
3652:June 2,
3592:May 15,
3581:NK News
3560:May 15,
3464:May 15,
2968:앉은뱅이 형벌
2939:Members
2540:노총 조직부장
2065:of the
1827:Chaebol
1794:Hanahoe
1788:Defunct
1210:History
1132:Elitism
999:Schools
961:History
730:Luoyang
706:(KMT).
672:or the
126:scholar
5693:Kim Ku
5504:Policy
4826:
4804:May 9,
4737:
4731:한국사연구
4705:
4664:
4643:
4538:
4530:
4282:
3950:
3546:
3496:한국민족주의
3450:
3341:;
2702:;
2609:;
2568:;
2531:;
2479:;
2473:Baek (
2415:;
2375:Notes
2333:;
2261:Lee In
2199:Kim Ku
2183:, and
2033:, the
1975:Jeonju
1971:Gunsan
1960:;
1752:Active
1372:Kim Gu
1244:Fourth
1063:Social
1024:Fiscal
778:Hangul
734:Kim Ku
641:Kim Ku
577:;
569:Korean
555:(1943)
483:Hangul
461:
435:
410:
397:
385:Allies
329:Minjok
128:
121:
114:
107:
99:
5208:Other
4895:China
4818:[
4798:역사비평
4790:]
4768:역사비평
4760:]
4723:]
4697:[
4689:]
4536:JSTOR
4452:[
4229:]
4127:"백의사"
4101:"백의사"
3636:[
3538:[
3530:]
3483:대학원신문
3442:[
3325:]
3219:]
3199:]
3159:]
3068:Notes
2962:동지 재판
2929:]
2844:]
2829:]
2814:]
2799:]
2638:]
2494:Kim (
2488:특파사무국
2268:]
2232:]
2112:]
1963:政治工作隊
1957:정치공작대
1941:Seoul
1777:NKnet
1662:Media
1249:Fifth
1239:Third
1234:First
889:]
871:]
794:Hanja
670:]
616:]
499:Hanja
133:JSTOR
119:books
4824:ISBN
4806:2023
4776:2023
4746:2023
4735:ISSN
4703:ISBN
4662:ISBN
4641:ISBN
4612:2023
4552:2023
4528:ISSN
4502:2023
4470:2023
4419:2023
4370:2023
4298:2023
4280:ISBN
4253:2023
4145:2021
4060:2023
3987:2023
3948:ISSN
3913:2023
3763:2023
3654:2023
3594:2023
3562:2023
3544:ISBN
3490:2024
3466:2023
3448:ISBN
3420:2024
3412:조선일보
3129:선우길영
2687:총무국장
2658:훈련국장
2625:비서실장
2594:집행국장
2553:정보국장
2516:조직국장
2402:부사령
2337:白衣民族
2329:백의민족
2291:Name
2153:만주계획
2025:WSS:
1981:and
1767:FFNK
1697:JTBC
927:for
688:and
563:The
178:The
105:news
3938:doi
3367:위테커
3344:朴玄英
3338:박현영
3123:조재국
3117:최의호
3111:백근옥
3105:백관옥
3001:won
2996:김융기
2977:).
2741:sic
2705:鄭柄模
2699:정병모
2670:선우봉
2612:韓承奎
2606:한승규
2571:金明煜
2565:김명욱
2543:).
2534:安炳奭
2528:안병석
2497:김영철
2482:白昌燮
2476:백창섭
2418:朴經九
2412:박경구
2385:총사령
2352:박진구
2139:노덕술
2129:김흥성
2123:신동운
1719:MBN
894:선우봉
859:박고봉
801:大同團
785:대동단
574:백의사
506:白衣社
490:백의사
189:by
88:by
5609::
4788:ko
4758:ko
4721:ko
4687:ko
4602:,
4542:,
4534:,
4524:33
4522:,
4518:,
4492:,
4486:,
4460:,
4426:^
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4389:^
4360:,
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4317:^
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4261:^
4239:.
4235:.
4227:ko
4197:^
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4082:^
4067:^
4032:^
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3994:^
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3920:^
3835:^
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3799:^
3782:^
3753:,
3685:^
3644:,
3584:,
3578:,
3552:,
3528:ko
3492:.
3481:.
3456:,
3422:.
3409:.
3398:^
3323:ko
3217:ko
3197:ko
3157:ko
3038:꼬봉
2974:출당
2935:.
2927:ja
2925:;
2923:ko
2866:.
2846:.
2842:ko
2827:ko
2812:ko
2797:ko
2755:.
2677:.
2648:.
2636:ko
2584:.
2577:과장
2435:고문
2282:.
2266:ko
2230:ko
2164:.
2110:ko
1939:,
972:on
887:ko
869:ko
668:ko
614:ko
579:RR
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4859:e
4852:t
4845:v
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4255:.
4241:2
3940::
3327:.
3225:.
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2470:.
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57:)
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