1269:
1359:
1304:
1062:
1248:
48:
777:
907:
1322:
727:
1284:
858:
875:
760:
892:
928:
1342:
71:
1376:
1045:
743:
710:
1234:) are either free or fused together. The cup at the base of the acorn has thickened triangular scales that are either free or fused at the base and have sharp angled tips. The scales have keels and are often covered with small bumps (tuberculate). The leaf teeth typically do not have either bristle-like or spiny tips.
847:
ornamentation has only small wrinkles or folds (verrucae). The acorns mature after two years. The cup (cupule) at the base of the acorn has triangular scales that are fused at the base and have sharp angled tips. The scales are thick and compressed into rings, often forming small bumps, that may be
1124:. The acorns mature in a year. The cup at the base of the acorn has narrowly triangular scales, with thin keels, at most small bumps (tubercules), and sharp angled ends. The leaves are evergreen or almost so. A distinctive feature of the section is that the germinating seed has fused seed leaves (
1576:
Hipp, Andrew L.; Manos, Paul S.; Hahn, Marlene; Avishai, Michael; BodĂ©nès, CathĂ©rine; Cavender-Bares, Jeannine; Crowl, Andrew A.; Deng, Min; Denk, Thomas; Fitz-Gibbon, Sorel; Gailing, Oliver; González-Elizondo, M. Socorro; González-RodrĂguez, Antonio; Grimm, Guido W.; Jiang, Xiao-Long; Kremer,
1358:
679:) forming a connective piece. Both the connective piece and the cup are covered with small triangular scales, mostly thin and membranous with broadly angled tips. The leaves typically have teeth with bristle-like extensions, or just bristles in leaves without teeth.
1268:
998:
are up to 10 cm long. The cup (cupule) at the base of the acorn has scales with sharp angled ends. The leaves are either evergreen or deciduous, with simple or compound teeth. The leaf buds are large, enclosed in loosely attached scales.
1402:
At page 23, Denk et al. have only the surnames "Schwarz" and "Camus", but these are the standard botanical abbreviations for the wrong authors. "Schwarz" should be "O. Schwarz", standard abbreviation "O.Schwarz". "Camus" should be
1303:
698:
in South
America. The red oaks of Mexico are one of the groups of oaks that have most rapidly diversified into different species. Molecular evidence suggests that there are significant numbers of undescribed
1577:
Antoine; Lesur, Isabelle; McVay, John D.; Plomion, Christophe; RodrĂguez-Correa, Hernando; Schulze, Ernst-Detlef; Simeone, Marco C.; Sork, Victoria L. & Valencia-Avalos, Susana (2020),
683:
825:
1656:; González-RodrĂguez, Antonio; Eaton, Deren A. R.; Hipp, Andrew A. L.; Beulke, Anne; Manos, Paul S. (2015), "Phylogeny and biogeography of the American live oaks (
1619:
906:
970:
675:
is cone-shaped and often has rings. The acorns mature in two years, rarely in one year. The 'cup' (cupule) of the acorn is fused with its stalk (
1061:
1247:
1211:. Members of the section may be called white oaks. The section includes all white oaks from North America (treated by Trelease as subgenus
1283:
288:. It may be called the New World clade or the high-latitude clade; most species are native to the Americas, the others being found in
776:
1505:"An Updated Infrageneric Classification of the Oaks: Review of Previous Taxonomic Schemes and Synthesis of Evolutionary Patterns"
857:
1321:
874:
1528:
1341:
355:
is primarily
Eurasian, with a few species in North Africa, and may be called the Old World clade or the mid-latitude clade.
759:
703:
species in Mexico, so the number of known species in the section is likely to be an underestimate of the total diversity.
1219:
992:
836:
664:
660:
801:
1086:
950:
709:
70:
1804:
1740:
1711:
1556:
1168:
596:
891:
918:
1375:
927:
726:
1578:
742:
1161:
1143:
The section contains seven species, native to south-eastern
Northern America, Mexico, the West Indies (
1044:
851:
The section contains only five species, native to southwestern North
America and northwestern Mexico.
17:
829:
1841:
589:
339:
The two subgenera are also distinguished to some extent by their different distributions. Subgenus
320:-like fruit in which a cup covers at least the base of the nut. The outer structure of the mature
1653:
313:
1762:
1290:
1109:
in 1838. It has also been treated as a series. Members of the section may be called live oaks.
47:
1618:
Denk, Thomas; Grimm, Guido W.; Manos, Paul S.; Deng, Min & Hipp, Andrew L. (2017-11-02),
1507:, in Gil-PelegrĂn, Eustaquio; Peguero-Pina, JosĂ© Javier & Sancho-Knapik, Domingo (eds.),
750:
1671:
1106:
616:
278:
1237:
There are about 150 species, native to
Northern America, Mexico, Central America, western
8:
1427:
Schwarz, O. (1936), "Entwurf zu einem natĂĽrlichen System der
Cupuliferen und der Gattung
973:
in 1930. It has also been treated as a subsection and a series, including under the name
881:
864:
372:
summarizes the relationships that Denk et al. used to draw up their 2017 classification:
1675:
1503:
Denk, Thomas; Grimm, Guido W.; Manos, Paul S.; Deng, Min & Hipp, Andrew L. (2017),
1448:
1311:
1068:
1010:
913:
766:
65:
1187:
has been known, either in whole or part, by a variety of names in the past, including
1689:
1666:
1601:
1524:
1023:
676:
1846:
1679:
1634:
1630:
1593:
1516:
1440:
821:
733:
716:
285:
1348:
1328:
1051:
1004:
691:
619:
in 1830. The section, or part of it, has also been treated under names including
108:
1520:
1789:
1121:
672:
95:
1504:
1835:
1366:
783:
351:, and may be called the New World clade or the high-latitude clade. Subgenus
329:
56:
312:
by few morphological features, their separation being largely determined by
1818:
1693:
1605:
1333:
1255:
348:
293:
1798:
1652:
1509:
Oaks
Physiological Ecology. Exploring the Functional Diversity of Genus
1452:
1295:
1260:
1031:
1684:
1597:
1231:
1133:
1125:
1117:
369:
1756:
1444:
1433:
Notizblatt des Königlichen
Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin
1813:
1783:
1129:
695:
656:
268:
154:
121:
1620:"Appendix 2.1: An updated infrageneric classification of the oaks"
1543:
1731:
1238:
1113:
988:
344:
324:
is one feature that distinguishes the two subgenera: in subgenus
289:
144:
1706:
1223:
1035:
1019:
995:
844:
840:
687:
668:
321:
134:
1132:) that forms a tube, while the stem below the cotyledons (the
1227:
1137:
317:
82:
1515:, Cham.: Springer International Publishing, pp. 13–38,
1315:
showing staminate (left) and pistillate flowers (top right)
1144:
848:
obscured by glandular hairs. The leaf teeth end in spines.
343:
occurs mainly in the
Americas, with some species native to
273:
164:
328:, the small folds or wrinkles (rugulae) are obscured by
336:, the rugulae are visible or at most weakly obscured.
277:
was divided in a 2017 classification (the other being
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1575:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
663:
flowers has a characteristic flange-like shape. The
284:). It contains about 190 species divided among five
1617:
1502:
1128:) and an elongated stem above the cotyledons (the
1670:, vol. 24, no. 14, pp. 3668–3687,
1569:
1459:
682:The section contains about 125 species native to
1833:
1664:): a genomic and population genetics approach",
1364:New leaves and pistillate ('female') flowers of
1160:"White oak" redirects here. For other uses, see
1018:is native to mountainous areas of north-eastern
1579:"Genomic landscape of the global oak phylogeny"
824:in 1922 and then later treated as a section by
588:"Red oak" redirects here. For other uses, see
1724:
1536:
1699:
671:. The stalk connecting the perianth to the
641:. It has also been treated as the subgenus
308:are distinguished from members of subgenus
1611:
316:evidence. All are trees or shrubs bearing
46:
1683:
1422:
1420:
987:Species are shrubs or small trees, with
1426:
820:was first established as a subgenus by
792:
14:
1834:
652:. Its members may be called red oaks.
1761:
1760:
1646:
1417:
1277:catkins (staminate or 'male' flowers)
1230:mature in one year. The seed leaves (
1396:
1014:. They have disjoint distributions.
1741:The International Plant Names Index
1712:The International Plant Names Index
1557:The International Plant Names Index
1077:
941:
24:
1732:"Les ChĂŞnes: Monographie du genre
1152:
580:
60:(type species) growing in England
25:
1858:
1374:
1357:
1340:
1320:
1302:
1282:
1267:
1246:
1060:
1043:
926:
905:
890:
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856:
775:
758:
741:
725:
708:
69:
1352:in England, about 300 years old
1241:, East Asia, and North Africa.
1635:10.6084/m9.figshare.5547622.v1
299:
13:
1:
1707:"Schwartz, Oskar (1901-1945)"
1410:
1002:There are only two species,
363:
7:
1521:10.1007/978-3-319-69099-5_2
1222:flowers have seven or more
1030:is native to northern-most
358:
10:
1863:
1166:
1162:White oak (disambiguation)
1159:
1084:
948:
839:flowers have eight to ten
799:
787:in autumn (in cultivation)
594:
587:
1769:
1105:was first established by
969:was first established by
554:
493:
477:
470:
454:
447:
431:
424:
408:
401:
390:
383:
193:
188:
66:Scientific classification
64:
54:
45:
34:
1654:Cavender-Bares, Jeannine
1389:
1147:), and Central America.
590:Red oak (disambiguation)
826:Otto Karl Anton Schwarz
667:flowers have up to six
1291:Quercus berberidifolia
1038:in the United States.
830:Aimée Antoinette Camus
645:and as the full genus
332:, whereas in subgenus
314:molecular phylogenetic
1805:Quercus subg. Quercus
1112:Species are trees or
885:leaves showing spines
751:Quercus ellipsoidalis
271:into which the genus
27:Subgenus of Oak trees
1107:John Claudius Loudon
868:in habitat in Mexico
617:John Claudius Loudon
304:Members of subgenus
228:(Trelease) O.Schwarz
1676:2015MolEc..24.3668C
898:Quercus chrysolepis
882:Quercus chrysolepis
865:Quercus cedrosensis
615:was established by
1312:Quercus lusitanica
1069:Quercus sadleriana
1034:and southern-most
1028:Quercus sadleriana
1011:Quercus sadleriana
934:Quercus tomentella
914:Quercus tomentella
770:growing as a shrub
767:Quercus myrtifolia
267:is one of the two
1829:
1828:
1763:Taxon identifiers
1685:10.1111/mec.13269
1667:Molecular Ecology
1598:10.1111/nph.16162
1530:978-3-319-69099-5
1384:leaves and acorns
1207: sect.
1199: sect.
1191: sect.
1116:shrubs. They are
983:
919:Santa Rosa Island
720:leaves and acorns
651:
650:(Spach) O.Schwarz
640:
629:
577:
576:
568:
567:
543:
542:
534:
533:
525:
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292:and northernmost
256:
255:
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229:
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16:(Redirected from
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1615:
1609:
1608:
1592:(4): 1198–1212,
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1565:
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1534:
1533:
1500:
1457:
1455:
1424:
1404:
1400:
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1361:
1344:
1324:
1309:Illustration of
1306:
1286:
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1173:species#Section
1091:species#Section
1064:
1047:
981:
955:species#Section
930:
909:
894:
877:
860:
822:William Trelease
806:species#Section
779:
762:
745:
734:Quercus coccinea
729:
717:Quercus castanea
712:
684:Northern America
649:
638:
627:
601:species#Section
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472:
450:
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393:
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248:
227:
215:
203:
181:
74:
73:
50:
39:
32:
31:
21:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1842:Plant subgenera
1832:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1817:
1812:
1803:
1802:
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1788:
1787:
1782:
1772:
1765:
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1754:
1746:
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1730:
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1725:
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1715:
1705:
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1651:
1647:
1639:
1637:
1622:
1616:
1612:
1586:New Phytologist
1581:
1574:
1570:
1562:
1560:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1501:
1460:
1445:10.2307/3994908
1425:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1385:
1379:
1370:
1362:
1353:
1349:Quercus petraea
1345:
1336:
1329:Quercus montana
1325:
1316:
1307:
1298:
1287:
1278:
1272:
1263:
1251:
1178:
1165:
1158:
1096:
1083:
1073:
1065:
1056:
1052:Quercus pontica
1048:
1016:Quercus pontica
1005:Quercus pontica
971:Boris Stefanoff
960:
947:
937:
931:
922:
910:
901:
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886:
878:
869:
861:
811:
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788:
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721:
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692:Central America
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569:
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179:
68:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1827:
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1824:
1823:
1810:
1795:
1779:
1777:
1767:
1766:
1753:
1752:
1723:
1698:
1645:
1610:
1568:
1535:
1529:
1458:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1380:
1373:
1371:
1363:
1356:
1354:
1346:
1339:
1337:
1326:
1319:
1317:
1308:
1301:
1299:
1294:in habitat in
1288:
1281:
1279:
1273:
1266:
1264:
1252:
1245:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1122:brevideciduous
1082:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1072:in cultivation
1066:
1059:
1057:
1049:
1042:
946:
940:
939:
938:
932:
925:
923:
917:in habitat on
911:
904:
902:
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764:
757:
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747:
740:
738:
731:
724:
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707:
647:Erythrobalanus
643:Erythrobalanus
636:Erythrobalanus
585:
579:
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368:The following
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3:
2:
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1708:
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1442:
1439:(116): 1–22,
1438:
1435:(in German),
1434:
1430:
1423:
1421:
1416:
1399:
1395:
1383:
1382:Quercus robur
1377:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1367:Quercus robur
1360:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1343:
1338:
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1331:
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1323:
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1314:
1313:
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1176:
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1139:
1135:
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1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
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1108:
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1095:
1094:
1090:
1081:
1071:
1070:
1063:
1058:
1054:
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1046:
1041:
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1039:
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1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
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1012:
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990:
985:
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976:
972:
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929:
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916:
915:
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903:
899:
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888:
884:
883:
876:
871:
867:
866:
859:
854:
853:
852:
849:
846:
842:
838:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
810:
809:
805:
796:
786:
785:
784:Quercus rubra
778:
773:
769:
768:
761:
756:
753:
752:
744:
739:
736:
735:
728:
723:
719:
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706:
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702:
697:
693:
689:
685:
680:
678:
674:
670:
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662:
658:
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644:
637:
633:
626:
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610:
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600:
591:
584:
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406:
405:
399:
395:
394:
388:
387:
381:
378:
377:
373:
371:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
337:
335:
331:
330:sporopollenin
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
282:
276:
275:
270:
266:
265:
261:
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231:
226:
222:
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207:
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198:
195:
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187:
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175:
172:
171:
168:
167:
163:
160:
159:
156:
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150:
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143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
127:
126:
123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
96:Tracheophytes
94:
91:
88:
87:
84:
81:
78:
77:
72:
67:
63:
59:
58:
57:Quercus robur
53:
49:
44:
41:
33:
30:
19:
1770:
1745:, retrieved
1739:
1733:
1726:
1716:, retrieved
1710:
1701:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1648:
1638:, retrieved
1626:
1613:
1589:
1585:
1571:
1561:, retrieved
1555:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1512:
1508:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1398:
1381:
1365:
1347:
1334:Pennsylvania
1327:
1310:
1289:
1275:Quercus alba
1274:
1256:Quercus alba
1254:
1236:
1217:
1213:Leucobalanus
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1154:
1142:
1111:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1079:
1067:
1050:
1027:
1022:and western
1015:
1009:
1003:
1001:
986:
978:
974:
966:
962:
961:
956:
952:
943:
933:
921:, California
912:
897:
880:
863:
850:
834:
828:in 1936 and
818:Protobalanus
817:
813:
812:
808:Protobalanus
807:
803:
795:Protobalanus
794:
782:
765:
749:
732:
715:
700:
681:
654:
646:
642:
635:
631:
624:
620:
612:
608:
607:
602:
598:
582:
557:
555:
496:
494:
480:
478:
457:
455:
435:Protobalanus
434:
432:
411:
409:
397:
379:
367:
352:
349:North Africa
340:
338:
333:
325:
309:
305:
303:
294:North Africa
280:
272:
263:
259:
258:
257:
245:
241:
236:
232:
225:Protobalanus
224:
220:
212:
208:
200:
196:
177:
176:
165:
128:
115:
102:
89:
55:
35:
29:
1799:Wikispecies
1660:subsection
1259:growing in
1209:Mesobalanus
1201:Macrocarpae
1114:rhizomatous
979:Sadlerianae
686:(including
396:subg.
300:Description
109:Angiosperms
1836:Categories
1747:2023-02-25
1718:2023-02-25
1640:2023-02-17
1563:2023-02-25
1411:References
1403:"A.Camus".
1296:California
1261:New Jersey
1232:cotyledons
1167:See also:
1126:cotyledons
1085:See also:
1055:in habitat
1032:California
949:See also:
800:See also:
748:Leaves of
661:pistillate
595:See also:
173:Subgenus:
1220:staminate
1134:hypocotyl
1118:evergreen
993:staminate
837:staminate
832:in 1938.
677:peduncule
665:staminate
370:cladogram
364:Phylogeny
279:subgenus
269:subgenera
262:subgenus
189:Sections
79:Kingdom:
18:White oak
1819:13100513
1814:Tropicos
1790:Q4163388
1784:Wikidata
1771:Quercus
1694:26095958
1662:Virentes
1627:figshare
1606:31609470
1169:List of
1153:Section
1138:tuberous
1130:epicotyl
1103:Virentes
1093:Virentes
1087:List of
1080:Virentes
1078:Section
989:rhizomes
982:Trelease
967:Ponticae
957:Ponticae
951:List of
944:Ponticae
942:Section
802:List of
793:Section
696:Colombia
657:perianth
597:List of
581:Section
481:Virentes
458:Ponticae
359:Taxonomy
286:sections
246:Virentes
213:Ponticae
178:Quercus
155:Fagaceae
151:Family:
122:Eudicots
36:Quercus
1847:Quercus
1775:Quercus
1734:Quercus
1672:Bibcode
1658:Quercus
1552:Loudon"
1550:Lobatae
1546:Quercus
1511:Quercus
1456:, p. 21
1453:3994908
1429:Quercus
1239:Eurasia
1224:stamens
1205:Quercus
1197:Quercus
1189:Quercus
1185:Quercus
1181:Quercus
1175:Quercus
1171:Quercus
1155:Quercus
1099:Quercus
1089:Quercus
1024:Georgia
996:catkins
963:Quercus
953:Quercus
841:stamens
814:Quercus
804:Quercus
701:Quercus
669:stamens
659:of the
632:Quercus
621:Quercus
613:Lobatae
609:Quercus
603:Lobatae
599:Quercus
583:Lobatae
497:Quercus
412:Lobatae
398:Quercus
380:Quercus
345:Eurasia
341:Quercus
326:Quercus
306:Quercus
290:Eurasia
274:Quercus
264:Quercus
260:Quercus
242:Quercus
237:Quercus
233:Quercus
221:Quercus
209:Quercus
201:Lobatae
197:Quercus
182:Quercus
166:Quercus
161:Genus:
145:Fagales
141:Order:
83:Plantae
40:Quercus
1692:
1604:
1548:sect.
1527:
1451:
1253:Large
1228:acorns
1226:. The
1183:sect.
1101:sect.
1036:Oregon
1020:Turkey
991:. The
965:sect.
900:acorns
845:pollen
843:. The
816:sect.
694:, and
688:Mexico
634:sect.
628:Loudon
625:Rubrae
623:sect.
611:sect.
558:Cerris
556:subg.
495:sect.
479:sect.
456:sect.
433:sect.
410:sect.
353:Cerris
334:Cerris
322:pollen
310:Cerris
281:Cerris
249:Loudon
244:sect.
235:sect.
223:sect.
211:sect.
204:Loudon
199:sect.
135:Rosids
1773:subg.
1623:(xls)
1582:(PDF)
1449:JSTOR
1431:L.",
1390:Notes
1193:Albae
1136:) is
977:ser.
936:acorn
673:ovary
639:Spach
318:acorn
216:Stef.
180:subg.
129:Clade
116:Clade
103:Clade
90:Clade
38:subg.
1690:PMID
1602:PMID
1525:ISBN
1218:The
1203:and
1145:Cuba
1008:and
835:The
655:The
630:and
347:and
1680:doi
1631:doi
1594:doi
1590:226
1517:doi
1441:doi
1332:in
1215:).
1120:or
690:),
1838::
1816::
1801::
1786::
1738:,
1709:,
1688:,
1678:,
1629:,
1625:,
1600:,
1588:,
1584:,
1554:,
1523:,
1513:L.
1461:^
1447:,
1437:13
1419:^
1195:,
1140:.
1026:.
984:.
975:Q.
296:.
131::
118::
105::
92::
1736:"
1682::
1674::
1633::
1596::
1544:"
1519::
1443::
1164:.
592:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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