776:
938:
38:
537:
662:
529:
1144:
1025:
55:
807:
369:
107:
231:
1133:
961:
897:
82:
990:
712:
738:
1039:
560:, exchanges the pale grey colour of the nominate subspecies with black in males, and dark grey in females and juveniles, but is otherwise identical in its behaviour. Other subspecies, the validity of some of which is questionable, differ in the colour of the wings, back, and head, or other features. Some races show
1042:
548:
The white wagtail is a slender bird, 16.5 to 19 cm (6.5 to 7.5 in) in length; the East Asian subspecies are slightly longer, measuring up to 21 cm (8.3 in). It has the characteristic long, constantly wagging tail of its genus. Its average weight is 25 g (0.88 oz) and the
1212:
This species has a large range, with an estimated extent of more than 10 million square kilometres (3.9 million square miles). The population size is between 130 and 230 million. Population trends have not been quantified, but the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the
1041:
1171:
the female alone builds the nest, which is a rough cup assembled from twigs, grass, leaves and other plant matter, as the male is still provisioning the young. It is lined with soft materials, including animal hair. The nest is set into a crevice or hole, traditionally in a bank next to a river or
1047:
1045:
1040:
564:
during the breeding season. As many as six subspecies may be present in the wintering grounds in India or southeast Asia and here they can be difficult to distinguish. Phylogenetic studies using mtDNA suggest that some morphological features have evolved more than once, including the back and chin
1095:
The most conspicuous habit of this species is a near-constant tail wagging, a trait that has given the species, and indeed the genus, its common name. In spite of the ubiquity of this behaviour, the reasons for it are poorly understood. It has been suggested that it may flush prey, or signal
1046:
1221:. The population in Europe appears to be stable. The species has adapted well to human changes to the environment and has exploited human changes such as human-made structures that are used for nesting sites and increased open areas that are used for foraging. In a number of cities, notably
352:
of open country, often near habitation and water. It prefers bare areas for feeding, where it can see and pursue its prey. In urban areas, it has adapted to foraging on paved areas such as car parks. It nests in crevices in stone walls and similar natural and human-made structures.
1184:
are laid, with the usual number being four to six. The eggs are cream-coloured, often with a faint bluish-green or turquoise tint, and heavily spotted with reddish brown; they measure, on average, 21 mm Ă— 15 mm (0.83 in Ă— 0.59 in). Both parents
1044:
1225:, large flocks gather in winter to roost. They are therefore rated as of least concern. However, they are caught for sport and then placed into collections. They are also kept as cagebirds and eaten as food. Climate change may be affecting the time of their migration.
1172:
ditch, but the species has also adapted to nesting in walls, bridges and buildings. One nest was found in the skull of a walrus. White wagtails will nest in association with other animals; particularly, where available, the dams of
592:, slightly softer than the version given by the pied wagtail. The song is more regular in white than pied, but with little territorial significance, since the male uses a series of contact calls to attract the female.
472:(i.e. the species is not itself a single coherent grouping). Other phylogenetic studies using mtDNA still suggest that there is considerable gene flow within the races and the resulting closeness makes
1189:
the eggs, although the female generally does so for longer and incubates at night. The eggs begin to hatch after 12 days (sometimes as late as 16 days). Both parents feed the chicks until they
1043:
1204:. Moksnes et al. theorised that this occurs because the wagtail is too small to push the intruding egg out of the nest, and too short-billed to destroy the egg by puncturing it.
1568:
Pavlova, A.; Zink, R. M.; Rohwer, S.; Koblik, E. A.; Red'kin, Y. A.; Fadeev, I. V. & Nesterov, E. V. (2005). "Mitochondrial DNA and plumage evolution in the white wagtail
552:
There are a number of other subspecies, some of which may have arisen because of partial geographical isolation, such as the resident
British and Irish form, the pied wagtail
1456:
Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata
1075:
in much of the rest of its range. Northern
European breeders winter around the Mediterranean and in tropical and subtropical Africa, and Asiatic birds move to the
600:
Information on the plumage differences and distribution of the subspecies of the white wagtail is shown below. Nine subspecies are generally accepted. Two others,
1067:. It occupies a wide range of habitats, but is absent from deserts. White wagtails are residents in the milder parts of its range such as western Europe and the
581:
has been recorded breeding in the Siddar Valley of
Kashmir of the Western Himalayas. It has also been noted that both back and chin change colour during the
1124:
bird that continues to feed on insects during the winter (most other insectivorous birds in temperate climates migrate or switch to more vegetable matter).
1120:. Small fish fry have also been recorded in the diet. The white wagtail is somewhat unusual in the parts of its range where it is non-migratory as it is an
2455:
2375:
1163:. The breeding season for most is from April to August, with the season starting later further north. Both sexes are responsible for building the
1020:. The upperparts of this subspecies are paler and more blue-grey than nominate, and has it has a continuous unbroken white panel on wing coverts.
2763:
2443:
1316:
The pied wagtail has occasionally been called "water wagtail"; and in
Ireland "willie wagtail", not to be confused with the Australian species
2828:
2923:
1167:, with the male responsible for initiating the nest building and the female for finishing the process. For second broods in the subspecies
956:
This subspecies has a black back and a lot of black around the head, a white wing panel and white edges on the secondaries and tertials.
641:
Great
Britain and Ireland; birds in the northern part of the range winter in Spain and North Africa, those further south are resident.
2727:
2348:
1051:
White wagtails sitting in a spruce and flying away; their characteristic flight pattern is visible. Kõrvemaa, Estonia, Spring 2021
2776:
1096:
submissiveness to other wagtails. A study in 2004 has suggested instead that it is a signal of vigilance to potential predators.
585:; all black-throated subspecies develop white chins and throats in winter and some black-backed birds are grey-backed in winter.
2303:
556:, which now also breeds in adjacent areas of the neighbouring European mainland. The pied wagtail, named after the naturalist
2039:
2014:
1485:
2781:
694:'s eastern coast. Some migrate to the south of Europe and Africa down as far as Kenya and Malawi. In Britain, they breed on
2953:
775:
2943:
2420:
1400:
1836:
Nakamura, Kazue (1985). "Historical change of the geographical distribution of two closely related species of the genus
705:
2064:
1887:
1785:
1217:(i.e. declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). For these reasons, the species is evaluated to be of
937:
2872:
2358:
2948:
2880:
2696:
1929:
2833:
2216:
2709:
2678:
1874:
Tyler, S. (2004). "Family
Motacillidae (Pipits and Wagtails)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A.; Christie, D. (eds.).
381:
221:
1931:
1542:
1523:
2277:
1024:
2815:
2613:
2321:
2452:
2517:
823:
37:
2590:
2541:
647:. Has a much blacker back than the nominate race, black of throat continues on side of neck. Named after
414:, the white wagtail's closest genetic relatives appear to be other black-and-white wagtails such as the
2595:
1904:
1903:
Badyaev, Alexander V.; Gibson, Daniel D.; Kessel, Brina; Pyle, Peter; Patten, Michael A. (4 May 2017).
1806:
1655:
1372:
360:
and has featured on the stamps of several countries. It is listed as being 'of least concern' by IUCN.
2546:
536:
106:
2885:
2559:
2440:
2334:
1137:
1104:
The exact composition of the diet of white wagtails varies by location, but terrestrial and aquatic
2933:
2508:
827:
653:
528:
2807:
1930:
British
Ornithologists' Union Records Committee; British Birds Rarities Committee (22 July 2009).
1116:, small snails, spiders, worms, crustaceans, to maggots found in carcasses and, most importantly,
661:
2938:
2859:
1983:
Rowlands, Adam (May 2010). "Proposed criteria for BBRC assessment of claims of 'Amur
Wagtail'".
2768:
2577:
2470:
2350:
A Natural Year: The
Tranquil Rhythms and Restorative Powers of Irish Nature Through the Seasons
1502:"Latin Definitions for: Alba (Latin Search) - Latin Dictionary and Grammar Resources - Latdict"
730:. It has more black on the head than the nominate, and resembles a grey-backed, white-throated
2794:
2411:
1599:
Odeen, A.; Alstrom, P. (2001). "Evolution of secondary traits in wagtails (genus
Motacilla)".
1059:
from areas where the July isotherm is less than 4 °C. It also breeds in the mountains of
1006:(part of Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan); winters in the Middle East, India and
2854:
201:
1524:"Systematics and historical biogeography of wagtails: Dispersal versus vicariance revisited"
2867:
2652:
2582:
2528:
2132:
1318:
1143:
731:
422:
20:
8:
2742:
2719:
1349:
1156:
999:
859:
71:
2136:
2928:
2533:
2258:
2239:
2190:
2148:
2101:
1958:
1876:
1547:
1474:
1160:
454:
101:
1616:"Avian longevities and their interpretation under evolutionary theories of senescence"
1601:
Effects of post-glacial range expansion and population bottlenecks on species richness
1193:
after between 12 and 15 days, and the chicks are fed for another week after fledging.
1055:
This species breeds throughout Eurasia up to latitudes 75°N, only being absent in the
2626:
2618:
2354:
2315:
2060:
2035:
2010:
1883:
1781:
1632:
1615:
1585:
1481:
1250:
675:
561:
317:
as a scarce breeder. It is resident in the mildest parts of its range, but otherwise
2194:
2119:
Davies, N.B. (1976). "Food, Flocking and Territorial Behaviour of the Pied Wagtail (
2105:
1551:
1501:
54:
2631:
2231:
2182:
2140:
2093:
1912:
1627:
1581:
1537:
1528:
1367:
1186:
910:
415:
279:
2683:
2278:"Rejection Behavior by Common Cuckoo Hosts Towards Artificial Brood Parasite Eggs"
2097:
806:
2841:
2605:
2459:
2453:
Ageing and sexing (PDF; 4.9 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
2447:
2424:
855:
758:
648:
557:
457:
2898:
2820:
2430:
1720:
1697:
1670:
1108:
and other small invertebrates form the major part of the diet. These range from
2704:
2691:
2170:
1747:
1298:
1201:
1084:
1072:
914:
851:
793:
699:
679:
608:, are accepted by some other authors, but are generally considered synonyms of
429:
318:
2417:
1810:
476:
a single species. A study has suggested the existence of only two groups: the
2917:
2789:
2394:
1567:
1451:
1358:
1218:
1214:
1197:
1121:
1068:
863:
687:
377:
334:
230:
217:
91:
86:
1959:"'Amur Wagtail' in County Durham: new to Britain and the Western Palearctic"
1811:"Waxbills, parrotfinches, munias, whydahs, Olive Warbler, accentors, pipits"
368:
2493:
2434:
1177:
1132:
469:
465:
461:
447:
440:
436:
399:
writers thought it meant "wag-tail", giving rise to a new false Latin word
310:
282:
168:
1916:
1718:
960:
2802:
2750:
2502:
1427:
1087:. Birds from the North American population also winter in tropical Asia.
1076:
1003:
918:
896:
789:
2569:
1460:
M. pectore nigro, recticibus duabus lateralibus dimidiato oblique albis.
871:
2893:
2846:
2732:
2243:
1310:
1007:
989:
750:
322:
298:
711:
376:
The white wagtail was one of the many species originally described by
2755:
2665:
1254:
1164:
1113:
950:
840:, but with an all grey rump, clearer blue-grey and darker gray back.
754:
691:
272:
158:
118:
2464:
2235:
2186:
2152:
875:
2670:
2644:
2487:
1181:
867:
762:
737:
695:
396:
290:
138:
2275:
702:(mostly from Iceland, but also Scandinavia) in spring and autumn.
439:
position of which is mysterious), with which it appears to form a
2657:
2554:
2144:
1302:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1060:
926:
889:
819:
761:(northern Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan,
582:
330:
294:
178:
19:"Pied wagtail" redirects here. For the related African bird, see
569:
look much like the nominate race except for the black back, and
2080:
Randler, Christoph (2006). "Is tail wagging in white wagtails,
2007:
The Birds of the Western Palearctic concise edition (2 volumes)
1668:
1306:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1222:
1190:
1173:
1109:
1105:
1064:
1056:
922:
831:
683:
541:
357:
314:
302:
128:
2168:
1200:, the white wagtail typically deserts its nest if it has been
2639:
1842:
Bulletin of the Kanagawa Prefecture Museum of Natural Science
1080:
444:
392:
286:
2276:
Moksnes, Arne; Eivin Roskaft; Anders T. Braa (April 1991).
1543:
10.1650/0010-5422(2002)104[0725:SAHBOW]2.0.CO;2
1401:"Bird's Lifestyle: White Wagtail - National Bird of Latvia"
1266:
349:
306:
275:
148:
2376:"Take on Nature: Pied Wagtails make a poignant appearance"
2032:
Birds of the Palearctic: Passerines (Collins Field Guide)
1117:
2256:
395:
genus name originally meant "little mover", but certain
2009:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1103–1106.
1902:
1719:
Pittie, Aasheesh; Kulkarni, MS; Mathew, Rajeev (1998).
892:; might have a claim to constitute a distinct species.
1458:(in Latin). Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). p. 185.
1347:
2217:"Nesting and occurrence of White Wagtail in Alaska"
2005:Snow, David; Perrins, Christopher M., eds. (1998).
1778:
Larks, Pipits and Wagtails (Collins New Naturalist)
1649:
1151:
in northern Norway, showing the grey face and chest
2169:Badyaev, A. V.; Gibson, D. D.; Kessel, B. (1996).
1875:
1840:in the Japanese Archipelago: a preliminary note".
1473:
1373:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22718348A137417893.en
1725:at Pocharam Lake, Medak District, Andhra Pradesh"
985:; appears to be hybrid or intergrade population.
2915:
2310:. Archived from the original on October 1, 2000.
1196:Though it is known to be a host species for the
573:of the Himalayas differs from the Central Asian
549:maximum lifespan in the wild is about 12 years.
321:to Africa. In total, there are between 9 and 11
884:or Kamchatka/Japanese pied wagtail, similar to
802:but grey back and less white on head and wing.
698:and occasionally elsewhere, and are regular on
464:data suggests that the white wagtail is itself
1829:
1729:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
1702:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
1695:
1679:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
1613:
1598:
1305:. The white wagtail is the national bird of
2004:
1932:"Changes to Category A of the British List"
1805:
1515:
1033:
363:
337:, the black-backed subspecies known as the
2441:Identification article with pictures (PDF)
1745:
1669:Akhtar, Syed Asad; Prakash, Vibhu (1989).
1309:, and has been often mentioned in Latvian
229:
80:
53:
36:
2301:
1645:
1643:
1631:
1563:
1561:
1541:
1510:white, pale...(adjective#1, definition 3)
1371:
588:The call of the white wagtail is a sharp
1982:
1956:
1835:
1771:
1769:
1450:
1142:
1131:
1090:
1037:
771:. All-black head with a white face mask
535:
527:
367:
2392:
2079:
1923:
1521:
1471:
387:, and it still bears its original name
2916:
2373:
2214:
2164:
2162:
2118:
2054:
2048:
2029:
2023:
2000:
1998:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1640:
1614:Wasser, D. E.; Sherman, P. W. (2010).
1558:
1398:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
888:, but has a black eyestripe and white
544:with insects in its beak to its young.
532:An adult with a juvenile in Kazakhstan
348:The white wagtail is an insectivorous
2469:
2468:
2418:Masked, pied and white wagtail photos
2374:Colton, Stephen (February 23, 2019).
2346:
1873:
1817:. International Ornithologists' Union
1775:
1766:
1476:A Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
2710:d546d276-82c9-4500-a2a5-db322060415c
1780:. Harper Collins. pp. 233–252.
1422:
1420:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1213:population decline criterion of the
2924:IUCN Red List least concern species
2159:
2084:, an honest signal of vigilance?".
1995:
1852:
1794:
1650:Alstrom, P. & Mild, K. (2003).
1359:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1332:
1099:
313:; it also has a toehold in western
13:
2034:. Harper Collins. pp. 30–31.
1878:Handbook of the Birds of the World
1721:"Range extension of White Wagtail
1322:which bears the same common name.
1233:They have featured on stamps from
372:Breeding ranges of the major races
14:
2965:
2405:
2179:The Birds of North America Online
1882:. Vol. 9. pp. 777–778.
1748:"Breeding of the Masked Wagtail (
1675:Swinhoe from Harike Lake, Punjab"
1417:
1387:
403:for "tail". The specific epithet
2431:"Pied Wagtail... The Gipsy Bird"
2393:Ashdown, Robert (July 3, 2012).
2347:Fewer, Michael (March 2, 2020).
2257:Paul Guillet; Nicole Bouglouan.
1633:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00671.x
1586:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2005.03373.x
1023:
988:
970:North central and western Iran.
959:
936:
895:
805:
774:
736:
724:Morocco; non-migratory resident
710:
660:
105:
2414:on the Internet Bird Collection
2386:
2367:
2340:
2328:
2295:
2269:
2250:
2215:Peyton, Leonard J. (May 1963).
2208:
2112:
2073:
1976:
1950:
1938:. British Ornithologists' Union
1896:
1809:; Donsker, David, eds. (2024).
1739:
1712:
1689:
1662:
1607:
1348:BirdLife International (2019).
651:(1784-1856), the writer of the
1957:Addinall, Stephen (May 2010).
1592:
1494:
1465:
1444:
925:), Southeast Asia, India, and
523:
1:
2125:The Journal of Animal Ecology
2098:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.07.026
2057:The North American Bird Guide
1325:
1228:
1176:and also inside the nests of
618:
595:
1815:World Bird List Version 14.1
7:
2954:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1480:. Oxford University Press.
1399:Hunter, Fact (2013-03-18).
1127:
616:may be a separate species.
612:. The black-backed wagtail
356:It is the national bird of
10:
2970:
2944:National symbols of Latvia
2547:Motacilla_(Motacilla)_alba
1698:"Notes on Indian wagtails"
1671:"Streakeyed Pied Wagtail,
1656:Princeton University Press
1603:(PhD). Uppsala University.
1010:. Now usually included in
981:. Now usually included in
18:
2477:
2412:Videos, photos and sounds
2363:– via Google Books.
2320:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1366:: e.T22718348A137417893.
1207:
1138:Museum Wiesbaden, Germany
921:), expanding into Japan (
630:
627:
624:
621:
426:Motacilla madaraspatensis
410:Within the wagtail genus
237:
228:
207:
200:
102:Scientific classification
100:
78:
69:
61:
52:
44:
35:
30:
2427:- Norwegian Cyberbirding
2121:Motacilla alba yarrellii
2030:Arlott, Norman) (2007).
1756:J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc
1723:Motacilla alba leucopsis
1574:Journal of Avian Biology
1506:www.latin-dictionary.net
1034:Distribution and habitat
828:Central Siberian Plateau
826:(Russia, eastwards from
654:History of British Birds
577:only by its black back.
364:Taxonomy and systematics
2949:Birds described in 1758
1673:Motacilla alba ocularis
1472:Jobling, James (1991).
2395:"The spirited Wagtail"
2304:"White Wagtail stamps"
2055:Sibley, David (2000).
1911:. Cornell University.
1696:Ticehurst, CB (1922).
1522:Voelker, Gary (2002).
1152:
1140:
1052:
830:) expanding into West
545:
533:
407:is Latin for "white".
373:
285:, which also includes
248: Year-round range
2855:Paleobiology Database
2437:culture - Romani Rise
2337:collinsdictionary.com
1917:10.2173/bow.whiwag.01
1146:
1135:
1091:Behaviour and ecology
1050:
973:Intermediate between
953:and surrounding area
539:
531:
380:in his landmark 1758
371:
2705:Fauna Europaea (new)
1776:Simms, Eric (1992).
1319:Rhipidura leucophrys
1159:and defend breeding
882:Black-backed wagtail
732:African pied wagtail
433:Motacilla samveasnae
423:white-browed wagtail
62:First summer female
21:African pied wagtail
2308:www.bird-stamps.org
2137:1976JAnEc..45..235D
2123:Gould) in Winter".
1750:Motacilla personata
1746:Fenton, LL (1910).
1652:Pipits and wagtails
1155:White wagtails are
1018:Indian pied wagtail
1000:West Siberian Plain
860:Kamchatka Peninsula
706:Nominate subspecies
72:Conservation status
2458:2016-11-08 at the
2446:2007-09-27 at the
2423:2012-07-16 at the
1909:Birds of the World
1620:Journal of Zoology
1153:
1141:
1053:
720:M. a. subpersonata
657:(first ed. 1843).
546:
534:
502:M. a. subpersonata
455:NADH dehydrogenase
428:(and possibly the
374:
254: Winter range
242: Summer range
2909:
2908:
2471:Taxon identifiers
2433:Pied wagtails in
2353:. Merrion Press.
2041:978-0-00-714705-2
2016:978-0-19-854099-1
1487:978-0-19-854634-4
1180:. Three to eight
1136:Eggs, Collection
1048:
1031:
1030:
975:M. a. dukhunensis
850:Russia Far East (
784:M. a. baicalensis
676:Iberian Peninsula
602:M. a. dukhunensis
565:colour. Breeding
562:sexual dimorphism
490:M. a. baicalensis
419:Motacilla grandis
259:
258:
95:
2961:
2902:
2901:
2889:
2888:
2876:
2875:
2863:
2862:
2850:
2849:
2837:
2836:
2824:
2823:
2821:NHMSYS0000530493
2811:
2810:
2798:
2797:
2785:
2784:
2772:
2771:
2759:
2758:
2746:
2745:
2736:
2735:
2723:
2722:
2713:
2712:
2700:
2699:
2687:
2686:
2674:
2673:
2661:
2660:
2648:
2647:
2635:
2634:
2622:
2621:
2609:
2608:
2599:
2598:
2586:
2585:
2573:
2572:
2563:
2562:
2560:80A3185DD94F9D98
2550:
2549:
2537:
2536:
2524:
2523:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2466:
2465:
2399:
2398:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2319:
2311:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2282:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2221:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2171:"White Wagtail (
2166:
2157:
2156:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2092:(5): 1089–1093.
2086:Animal Behaviour
2077:
2071:
2070:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2002:
1993:
1992:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1963:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1881:
1871:
1850:
1849:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1803:
1792:
1791:
1773:
1764:
1763:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1647:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1565:
1556:
1555:
1545:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1479:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1424:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1405:Bird's Lifestyle
1396:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1375:
1345:
1100:Diet and feeding
1049:
1027:
992:
963:
940:
911:Korean Peninsula
899:
809:
792:area, Mongolia,
778:
740:
728:Moroccan wagtail
714:
674:Europe from the
664:
619:
416:Japanese wagtail
382:10th edition of
345:) predominates.
301:zone in most of
253:
247:
241:
233:
213:
110:
109:
89:
84:
83:
57:
40:
28:
27:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2934:Holarctic birds
2914:
2913:
2910:
2905:
2897:
2892:
2884:
2879:
2871:
2866:
2858:
2853:
2845:
2842:Observation.org
2840:
2832:
2827:
2819:
2814:
2806:
2801:
2793:
2788:
2780:
2775:
2767:
2762:
2754:
2749:
2741:
2739:
2731:
2726:
2718:
2716:
2708:
2703:
2695:
2690:
2682:
2677:
2669:
2664:
2656:
2651:
2643:
2638:
2630:
2625:
2617:
2612:
2604:
2602:
2594:
2589:
2581:
2576:
2568:
2566:
2558:
2553:
2545:
2540:
2532:
2527:
2521:
2516:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2473:
2460:Wayback Machine
2448:Wayback Machine
2425:Wayback Machine
2408:
2403:
2402:
2391:
2387:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2345:
2341:
2333:
2329:
2313:
2312:
2302:Chris Gibbons.
2300:
2296:
2280:
2274:
2270:
2259:"White Wagtail"
2255:
2251:
2236:10.2307/1365667
2219:
2213:
2209:
2199:
2197:
2187:10.2173/bna.236
2167:
2160:
2117:
2113:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2003:
1996:
1981:
1977:
1961:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1939:
1928:
1924:
1905:"White wagtail"
1901:
1897:
1890:
1872:
1853:
1844:(in Japanese).
1834:
1830:
1820:
1818:
1804:
1795:
1788:
1774:
1767:
1744:
1740:
1717:
1713:
1708:(4): 1082–1090.
1694:
1690:
1667:
1663:
1648:
1641:
1612:
1608:
1597:
1593:
1566:
1559:
1520:
1516:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1470:
1466:
1449:
1445:
1436:
1434:
1426:
1425:
1418:
1409:
1407:
1397:
1388:
1378:
1376:
1346:
1333:
1328:
1231:
1210:
1130:
1102:
1093:
1038:
1036:
979:M. a. personata
905:M. a. leucopsis
886:M. a. yarrellii
856:Khabarovsk Krai
800:M. a. leucopsis
759:Altay Mountains
746:M. a. personata
686:, Iceland, the
649:William Yarrell
637:M. a. yarrellii
598:
583:pre-basic moult
579:M. a. personata
575:M. a. personata
567:M. a. yarrellii
558:William Yarrell
554:M. a. yarrellii
526:
518:M. a. personata
514:M. a. leucopsis
486:M. a. yarrellii
384:Systema Naturae
366:
343:M. a. yarrellii
255:
251:
249:
245:
243:
239:
224:
215:
209:
196:
104:
96:
85:
81:
74:
24:
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
2967:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2939:Birds of Japan
2936:
2931:
2926:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2899:Motacilla-alba
2890:
2877:
2864:
2851:
2838:
2825:
2812:
2799:
2786:
2773:
2760:
2747:
2737:
2724:
2714:
2701:
2692:Fauna Europaea
2688:
2675:
2662:
2649:
2636:
2623:
2610:
2600:
2587:
2574:
2564:
2551:
2538:
2534:Motacilla_alba
2525:
2514:
2509:Motacilla alba
2499:
2483:
2481:
2479:Motacilla alba
2475:
2474:
2463:
2462:
2450:
2438:
2428:
2415:
2407:
2406:External links
2404:
2401:
2400:
2385:
2380:The Irish News
2366:
2359:
2339:
2327:
2294:
2268:
2249:
2230:(3): 232–235.
2207:
2173:Moticilla alba
2158:
2131:(1): 235–253.
2111:
2082:Motacilla alba
2072:
2066:978-1873403983
2065:
2059:. Pica Press.
2047:
2040:
2022:
2015:
1994:
1975:
1949:
1922:
1895:
1889:978-8487334696
1888:
1851:
1828:
1793:
1787:978-0002198714
1786:
1765:
1738:
1711:
1688:
1661:
1639:
1606:
1591:
1580:(4): 322–336.
1570:Motacilla alba
1557:
1536:(4): 725–739.
1514:
1493:
1486:
1464:
1452:Linnaeus, Carl
1443:
1416:
1386:
1352:Motacilla alba
1330:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1299:United Kingdom
1230:
1227:
1209:
1206:
1129:
1126:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1085:Southeast Asia
1035:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1021:
1015:
997:
994:
993:
986:
971:
968:
965:
964:
957:
954:
948:
946:M. a. alboides
942:
941:
934:
929:
915:Ryukyu Islands
907:
901:
900:
893:
879:
852:Primorsky Krai
848:
842:
841:
834:
817:
815:M. a. ocularis
811:
810:
803:
796:
794:Inner Mongolia
786:
780:
779:
772:
769:Masked wagtail
766:
748:
742:
741:
734:
725:
722:
716:
715:
708:
703:
682:, Turkey, the
680:Ural Mountains
672:
666:
665:
658:
642:
639:
633:
632:
629:
626:
623:
597:
594:
571:M. a. alboides
525:
522:
510:M. a. alboides
494:M. a. ocularis
474:Motacilla alba
430:Mekong wagtail
389:Motacilla alba
365:
362:
297:breeds in the
268:Motacilla alba
257:
256:
250:
244:
238:
235:
234:
226:
225:
216:
211:Motacilla alba
205:
204:
198:
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190:
188:
184:
183:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
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151:
146:
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136:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
98:
97:
79:
76:
75:
70:
67:
66:
59:
58:
50:
49:
42:
41:
33:
32:
31:White wagtail
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2966:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2912:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2743:white-wagtail
2738:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:Featherbase:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2500:
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2482:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2461:
2457:
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2442:
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2436:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2396:
2389:
2381:
2377:
2370:
2362:
2360:9781785373206
2356:
2352:
2351:
2343:
2336:
2335:Water wagtail
2331:
2323:
2317:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2291:(2): 248–254.
2290:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2264:
2263:Oiseaux-Birds
2260:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2174:
2165:
2163:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2068:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2043:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2018:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1999:
1990:
1986:
1985:British Birds
1979:
1971:
1967:
1966:British Birds
1960:
1953:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1891:
1885:
1880:
1879:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1789:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1770:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1752:) in Kashmir"
1751:
1742:
1735:(2): 347–348.
1734:
1730:
1726:
1724:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1674:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1644:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1602:
1595:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1564:
1562:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1489:
1483:
1478:
1477:
1468:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1432:
1429:
1423:
1421:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1331:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1219:least concern
1216:
1215:IUCN Red List
1205:
1203:
1199:
1198:common cuckoo
1194:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1178:golden eagles
1175:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1150:
1145:
1139:
1134:
1125:
1123:
1122:insectivorous
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1097:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1069:Mediterranean
1066:
1062:
1058:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
998:
996:
995:
991:
987:
984:
980:
976:
972:
969:
967:
966:
962:
958:
955:
952:
949:
947:
944:
943:
939:
935:
933:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
906:
903:
902:
898:
894:
891:
887:
883:
880:
877:
873:
869:
865:
864:Kuril Islands
861:
857:
853:
849:
847:
844:
843:
839:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
818:
816:
813:
812:
808:
804:
801:
797:
795:
791:
787:
785:
782:
781:
777:
773:
770:
767:
764:
760:
756:
752:
749:
747:
744:
743:
739:
735:
733:
729:
726:
723:
721:
718:
717:
713:
709:
707:
704:
701:
697:
693:
689:
688:Faroe Islands
685:
681:
677:
673:
671:
668:
667:
663:
659:
656:
655:
650:
646:
643:
640:
638:
635:
634:
620:
617:
615:
611:
607:
606:M. a. persica
603:
593:
591:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
563:
559:
555:
550:
543:
538:
530:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
456:
452:
451:
446:
442:
438:
434:
431:
427:
424:
420:
417:
413:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
385:
379:
378:Carl Linnaeus
370:
361:
359:
354:
351:
346:
344:
340:
336:
335:Great Britain
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
309:and parts of
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
281:
277:
274:
271:) is a small
270:
269:
264:
263:white wagtail
236:
232:
227:
223:
219:
214:
212:
206:
203:
202:Binomial name
199:
195:
194:
189:
186:
185:
182:
181:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
159:Passeriformes
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
140:
137:
134:
133:
130:
127:
124:
123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
108:
103:
99:
93:
88:
87:Least Concern
77:
73:
68:
65:
60:
56:
51:
48:
43:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
2911:
2478:
2435:Welsh Romani
2388:
2379:
2369:
2349:
2342:
2330:
2307:
2297:
2288:
2284:
2271:
2262:
2252:
2227:
2223:
2210:
2198:. Retrieved
2178:
2172:
2145:10.2307/3777
2128:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2056:
2050:
2031:
2025:
2006:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1969:
1965:
1952:
1940:. Retrieved
1935:
1925:
1908:
1898:
1877:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1819:. Retrieved
1814:
1777:
1759:
1755:
1749:
1741:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1714:
1705:
1701:
1691:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1664:
1651:
1623:
1619:
1609:
1600:
1594:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1533:
1527:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1496:
1475:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1446:
1435:. Retrieved
1433:. 2015-01-13
1431:
1408:. Retrieved
1404:
1377:. Retrieved
1363:
1357:
1351:
1317:
1315:
1232:
1211:
1195:
1168:
1154:
1148:
1103:
1094:
1063:and western
1054:
1017:
1011:
982:
978:
974:
945:
932:Amur wagtail
931:
904:
885:
881:
846:M. a. lugens
845:
838:M. a. lugens
837:
814:
799:
783:
768:
745:
727:
719:
669:
652:
645:Pied wagtail
644:
636:
614:M. a. lugens
613:
609:
605:
601:
599:
589:
587:
578:
574:
570:
566:
553:
551:
547:
540:An adult in
517:
513:
509:
508:group, with
505:
501:
498:M. a. lugens
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
480:group, with
477:
473:
470:paraphyletic
466:polyphyletic
449:
441:superspecies
437:phylogenetic
432:
425:
418:
411:
409:
404:
400:
388:
383:
375:
355:
347:
342:
339:pied wagtail
338:
326:
311:North Africa
283:Motacillidae
267:
266:
262:
260:
210:
208:
193:M. alba
192:
191:
179:
169:Motacillidae
64:M. alba alba
63:
47:M. alba alba
46:
25:
2803:NatureServe
2751:iNaturalist
2503:Wikispecies
1807:Gill, Frank
1202:parasitised
1161:territories
1114:dragonflies
1077:Middle East
1004:Caspian Sea
836:Similar to
824:Far Eastern
790:Lake Baikal
622:Subspecies
524:Description
448:cytochrome
443:. However,
45:Adult male
2918:Categories
2894:Xeno-canto
1991:: 268–275.
1972:: 260–267.
1626:(2): 103.
1437:2019-01-18
1410:2019-01-18
1326:References
1311:folk songs
1229:In culture
1157:monogamous
1149:M. a. alba
1012:M. a. alba
1008:Bangladesh
798:Resembles
788:Russia in
751:Hindu Kush
670:M. a. alba
610:M. a. alba
596:Subspecies
504:; and the
482:M. a. alba
323:subspecies
299:Palearctic
2929:Motacilla
1838:Motacilla
1821:21 August
1762:(4): 992.
1685:(2): 246.
1428:"Symbols"
1255:Hong Kong
1169:personata
1147:Juvenile
1073:migratory
951:Himalayas
913:, Japan (
870:, Japan (
755:Tian Shan
692:Greenland
412:Motacilla
291:longclaws
273:passerine
187:Species:
180:Motacilla
125:Kingdom:
119:Eukaryota
2808:2.796910
2795:22718348
2769:11349217
2658:17102239
2619:bob10200
2583:22718348
2578:BirdLife
2567:BioLib:
2488:Wikidata
2456:Archived
2444:Archived
2421:Archived
2316:cite web
2200:16 April
2195:83483724
2106:53189368
1936:BOU News
1552:85844839
1454:(1758).
1379:8 August
1187:incubate
1128:Breeding
872:HokkaidĹŤ
868:Sakhalin
763:Xinjiang
696:Shetland
590:chissick
506:alboides
462:sequence
421:and the
397:medieval
319:migrates
218:Linnaeus
165:Family:
139:Chordata
135:Phylum:
129:Animalia
115:Domain:
92:IUCN 3.1
2733:9687165
2555:Avibase
2244:1365667
2133:Bibcode
1942:22 July
1303:Vietnam
1271:Ireland
1263:Iceland
1259:Hungary
1251:Georgia
1247:Finland
1243:Belgium
1239:Belarus
1235:Bahrain
1174:beavers
1110:beetles
1106:insects
1061:Morocco
927:Oceania
909:China,
890:remiges
820:Siberia
700:passage
458:subunit
331:Ireland
327:M. alba
295:species
278:in the
175:Genus:
155:Order:
145:Class:
90: (
2886:232066
2860:369353
2782:178476
2740:GNAB:
2679:EURING
2671:MOTAAL
2645:whiwag
2606:whiwag
2522:whiwag
2494:Q25399
2357:
2242:
2224:Condor
2193:
2151:
2104:
2063:
2038:
2013:
1886:
1784:
1550:
1529:Condor
1484:
1307:Latvia
1297:, the
1295:Poland
1291:Norway
1287:Latvia
1283:Kuwait
1279:Jersey
1275:Israel
1223:Dublin
1208:Status
1191:fledge
1083:, and
1071:, but
1065:Alaska
1057:Arctic
923:Honshū
919:Kyūshū
876:Honshū
832:Alaska
684:Levant
631:Image
628:Notes
625:Range
542:Sweden
500:, and
435:, the
391:. The
358:Latvia
315:Alaska
303:Europe
293:. The
287:pipits
280:family
252:
246:
240:
2881:WoRMS
2873:10972
2834:45807
2764:IRMNG
2756:13695
2697:97427
2684:10200
2640:eBird
2632:44G99
2603:BOW:
2281:(PDF)
2240:JSTOR
2220:(PDF)
2191:S2CID
2149:JSTOR
2102:S2CID
1962:(PDF)
1548:S2CID
1118:flies
1081:India
1002:east
445:mtDNA
401:cilla
393:Latin
329:; in
2829:NCBI
2790:IUCN
2777:ITIS
2728:GBIF
2720:alba
2666:EPPO
2596:9652
2591:BOLD
2570:8850
2355:ISBN
2322:link
2202:2010
2153:3777
2061:ISBN
2036:ISBN
2011:ISBN
1944:2009
1884:ISBN
1823:2024
1782:ISBN
1482:ISBN
1381:2021
1364:2019
1301:and
1267:Iran
1182:eggs
1165:nest
983:alba
977:and
690:and
604:and
516:and
478:alba
453:and
405:alba
350:bird
333:and
307:Asia
305:and
289:and
276:bird
261:The
222:1758
149:Aves
2868:TSA
2847:202
2816:NBN
2653:EoL
2627:CoL
2614:BTO
2542:AFD
2529:ADW
2518:ABA
2289:108
2285:Auk
2232:doi
2183:doi
2141:doi
2094:doi
1989:103
1970:103
1913:doi
1628:doi
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1582:doi
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678:to
468:or
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