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745:) provided. Of the e The iPass 2014 interactive map, that shows data provided by the analysts Maravedis Rethink, shows that in December 2014 there are 46,000,000 hotspots worldwide and more than 22,000,000 roamable hotspots. More than 10,900 hotspots are on trains, planes and airports (Wi-Fi in motion) and more than 8,500,000 are "branded" hotspots (retail, cafés, hotels). The region with the largest number of public hotspots is Europe, followed by North America and Asia.
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1538:. The firm was one of the first to sign such public access locations as Starbucks, American Airlines, and Hilton Hotels. The company was sold to Deutsche Telecom in 2001, who then converted the name of the firm into "T-Mobile Hotspot". It was then that the term "hotspot" entered the popular vernacular as a reference to a location where a publicly accessible wireless LAN is available.
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Depending upon the set up of a public hotspot, the provider of the hotspot has access to the metadata and content accessed by users of the hotspot, and may have legal obligations related to privacy requirements and liability for use of the hotspot for unlawful purposes. /ref> The company was sold
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The first commercial venture to attempt to create a public local area access network was a firm founded in
Richardson, Texas known as PLANCOM (Public Local Area Network Communications). The founders of the venture, Mark Goode, Greg Jackson, and Brett Stewart dissolved the firm in 1998, while Goode
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If the net traffic increases, then the user has to pay the next higher tariff class. The user can be prompted to confirm that they want to continue the session in the higher traffic class. A higher class fare can also be charged for delay sensitive applications such as video and audio, versus non
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Closed public networks use a HotSpot
Management System to control access to hotspots. This software runs on the router itself or an external computer allowing operators to authorize only specific users to access the Internet. Providers of such hotspots often associate the free access with a menu,
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Depending upon the set up of a public hotspot, the provider of the hotspot has access to the metadata and content accessed by users of the hotspot, and may have legal obligations related to privacy requirements and liability for use of the hotspot for unlawful purposes. ref name = pommer/>
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Depending upon the set up of a public hotspot, the provider of the hotspot has access to the metadata and content accessed by users of the hotspot, and may have legal obligations related to privacy requirements and liability for use of the hotspot for unlawful purposes. In countries where the
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with the intentions of providing modern technology for the masses as a replacement to a payphone. Businesses complained they were a homeless magnet and CBS news observed transients with wires connected to the kiosk lingering for an extended period. It was shut down following complaints about
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services are expanding among major hotspot service providers. With roaming service the users of a commercial provider can have access to other providers' hotspots, either free of charge or for extra fees, which users will usually be charged on an access-per-minute basis.
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Many Wi-Fi adapters built into or easily added to consumer computers and mobile devices include the functionality to operate as private or mobile hotspots, sometimes referred to as "mi-fi". The use of a private hotspot to enable other personal devices to access the
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Using an open public network is the easiest way to create a free hotspot. All that is needed is a Wi-Fi router. Similarly, when users of private wireless routers turn off their authentication requirements, opening their connection, intentionally or not, they permit
1212:. The idea is for mobile devices to automatically join a Wi-Fi subscriber service whenever the user enters a Hotspot 2.0 area, in order to provide better bandwidth and services-on-demand to end-users and relieve carrier infrastructure of some traffic.
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to
Deutsche Telecom in 2001, who then converted the name of the firm into "T-Mobile Hotspot". It was then that the term "hotspot" entered the popular vernacular as a reference to a location where a publicly accessible wireless LAN is available.
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Depending upon the setup of a public hotspot, the provider of the hotspot has access to the metadata and content accessed by users of the hotspot. The safest method when accessing the
Internet over a hotspot, with unknown security measures, is
1196:, usually used in a client role, to also be used for hotspot purposes. However, some service providers, such as AT&T, Sprint, and T-Mobile charge users for this service or prohibit and disconnect user connections if tethering is detected.
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Libraries throughout the United States are implementing hotspot lending programs to extend access to online library services to users at home who cannot afford in-home
Internet access or do not have access to Internet infrastructure. The
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Security is a serious concern in connection with public and private hotspots. There are three possible attack scenarios. First, there is the wireless connection between the client and the access point, which needs to be
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The "user-fairness model" is a dynamic billing model, which allows volume-based billing, charged only by the amount of payload (data, video, audio). Moreover, the tariff is classified by net traffic and user needs.
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Third-party software vendors offer applications to allow users to operate their own hotspot, whether to access the
Internet when on the go, share an existing connection, or extend the range of another hotspot.
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standard, which is a set of protocols published in 2011 to enable cellular-like roaming. If the device supports 802.11u and is subscribed to a
Hotspot 2.0 service it will automatically connect and roam.
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The "User-fairness model" can be implemented with the help of EDCF (IEEE 802.11e). An EDCF user priority list shares the traffic in 3 access categories (data, video, audio) and user priorities (UP).
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was the largest program, lending out 10,000 devices to library patrons. Similar programs have existed in Kansas, Maine, and
Oklahoma; and many individual libraries are implementing these programs.
1807:
780:. Second, there is the hotspot itself. The WLAN encryption ends at the interface, then travels its network stack unencrypted and then, third, travels over the wired connection up to the
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creators can enable this functionality in Wi-Fi devices on many Wi-Fi devices, depending upon the capabilities of the hardware, and most modern consumer operating systems, including
725:, or even when both the hotspot device and the device accessing it are connected to the same Wi-Fi network but one which does not provide Internet access. Similarly, a Bluetooth or
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can be used by a mobile device to provide
Internet access via Wi-Fi instead of a mobile network, to a device that itself has neither Wi-Fi nor mobile network capability passwords.
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were the most frequent users of the kiosk since its installation in early 2016 spurring complaints about public viewing of pornography and masturbation.
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which required hotspot owners to retain key user statistics for 12 months was annulled by the Court of
Justice of the European Union in 2014. The
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698:(AP), in conjunction with a router to connect the AP to the Internet. A single wireless router combining these functions may suffice.
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more restricted, there may be requirements such as licensing, logging, or recording of user information. Concerns may also relate to
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Many services provide payment services to hotspot providers, for a monthly fee or commission from the end-user income. For example,
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According to statista.com, in the year 2022, there are approximately 550 million free Wi-Fi hotspots around the world. The
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in San Francisco in August 1993. Sjoden did not use the term "hotspot" but referred to publicly accessible wireless LANs.
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configured to provide Internet access, controlled to some degree by the venue. In its simplest form, venues that have
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Windows 8 and Windows 8.1 lack network discovery, but support connecting to a network when the credentials are known.
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2424:"American Airlines and MobileStar Network to Deliver Wireless Internet Connectivity to American's Passengers"
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1046:(upload and download speed) to ensure that everyone gets a good quality service. Often this is done through
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Hotspot 2.0, also known as HS2 and Wi-Fi Certified Passpoint, is an approach to public access Wi-Fi by the
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This article is about Wi-Fi hotspots. For personal hotspots running on a mobile telephone and tablet, see
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and illegal behaviours, and prevention of perpetration of such behaviors by hotspot users themselves.
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support. This conflicts with enterprise configurations that have solutions specific to their internal
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1993:
1856:"Free Wi-Fi Kiosks Were to Aid New Yorkers. An Unsavory Side Has Spurred a Retreat. (Published 2016)"
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2266:"iOS 7 Will Make It Possible To Roam Between Open Wi-Fi Networks Without Your Data Ever Dropping"
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can be used to set up hotspots that intend to offer both fee-based and free internet access, and
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that provides payment services for hotspot providers who wish to deploy their own service.
508:
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2452:"MobileStar Network to Supply U.S. Hilton Hotels With Wireless High-Speed Internet Access"
8:
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Kotaru, Manikanta; Joshi, Kiran; Bharadia, Dinesh; Katti, Sachin (2015-01-01). "SpotFi".
1487:: The hotspot owner must retain individual's information within the confines of the law.
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predicted a steady annual increase from 5.2m public hotspots in 2012 to 10.5m in 2018.
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270:
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Proceedings of the 2015 ACM Conference on Special Interest Group on Data Communication
1526:(LANs) were first proposed by Henrik Sjoden at the NetWorld+Interop conference in The
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include features to support this. Additionally wireless chipset manufacturers such as
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1728:"OSU, public libraries working together to bridge 'digital divide' in rural Oklahoma"
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reported there was a total of 4.9 million global Wi-Fi hotspots in 2012. In 2016 the
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Data analytics and data capture tools, to analyze and export data from Wi-Fi clients
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2474:"Demand for Mobility will Boost Global Wi-Fi Hotspots to Reach 6.3 Million in 2013"
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1808:"Internet Security Podcast episode 10: Free WiFi And The Security issues it poses"
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users; however, this does not prevent users from viewing network traffic using
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membership, or purchase limit. Operators may also limit each user's available
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or other suitable portable device to access the wireless connection (usually
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https://www.consumer.ftc.gov/articles/0014-tips-using-public-wi-fi-networks
1910:"New York's Wi-Fi kiosks disabled after complaints of people watching porn"
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Public hotspots may be created by a business for use by customers, such as
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reported there was a total of 4.9 million global Wi-Fi hotspots in 2012.
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3144:
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3039:
2999:
2959:
2818:
2428:
1743:"'Borrowing' the Internet: Library Program Lets Patrons Take Access Home"
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1355:
time-critical applications such as reading Web pages and sending e-mail.
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transient activity around the station and encampments forming around it.
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563:
458:
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1958:"NSA Issues Guidance on Securing Wireless Devices in Public Settings"
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2181:"Wi-Fi Alliance Rebrands Hotspot 2.0 as Wi-Fi Certified Passpoint"
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852:
815:
776:, so that the connection cannot be eavesdropped or attacked by a
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devices have full support for network discovery and connection.
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921:
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1888:"New Yorkers Express Concern About Homeless At LinkNYC Kiosks"
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such as exposure to objectionable content, protection against
1067:/ login screen / splash page that users are redirected to for
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3426:
2734:
2292:
2017:
1980:
Tips for Using Public Wi-Fi Networks. (2014). Retrieved from
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340:
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220:
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819:
581:
1075:. The captive portal / splash page sometimes includes the
2136:"New Mobile Hotspot Plans and Usage Notification Options"
1770:. SIGCOMM '15. New York, NY, USA: ACM. pp. 269–282.
722:
709:
data plan, to allow Internet access to other devices via
705:, may be configured on a smartphone or tablet that has a
2493:"Don't Buy AT&T Internet Plans Until You Read This!"
2398:"Starbucks wireless network a sweet deal for MobileStar"
2288:"Wi-Fi roaming: Hotspot 2.0 and Next Generation Hotspot"
1765:
1497:, and imposes fines of up to £250,000 for contravention.
2247:"Hotspot 2.0 inches its way into public Wi-Fi networks"
851:
New York City introduced a Wi-Fi hotspot kiosk called
686:
or hotels. Public hotspots are typically created from
1192:
and others, may add the capability for certain Wi-Fi
814:
Some vendors provide a download option that deploys
694:
can create public wireless access by configuring an
2038:
Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard: Visual QuickStart Guide
1714:"Check-out the Internet Project, Washington County"
1700:"MiFi Pilot 2 (Borrow the Internet @ your library)"
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1469:Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications
1094:, or another payment service (voucher-based Wi-Fi)
1962:National Security Agency/Central Security Service
1593:Securing Adolescents From Exploitation-Online Act
3700:
2090:"How to set up a mobile hotspot with Windows 10"
1101:feature that allows free access to certain sites
2244:
1026:warns against connecting to free public Wi-Fi.
792:. Examples of strong end-to-end encryption are
659:is a physical location where people can obtain
1834:"WPA3: How and why the Wi-Fi standard matters"
920:, and other public places. Additionally, many
2547:
2343:Roaming zwischen Wireless Local Area Networks
2225:"Hotspot 2.0 and the Next Generation Hotspot"
837:standard, but is not yet widely implemented.
628:
1908:York, Associated Press in New (2016-09-14).
1160:, and known as tethering. Manufacturers and
3562:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
974:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
763:based on the positions of nearby hotspots.
3598:
2554:
2540:
2285:
1359:Tariff classes of the user-fairness model
840:
635:
621:
2336:
2334:
1730:. Oklahoma State University. 6 June 2018.
994:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2263:
1934:"Global public Wi-Fi hotspots 2016-2022"
1853:
1740:
1518:has free Wi-Fi from a local corporation.
1505:
1010:
646:
2200:
2178:
1656:
3701:
2561:
2396:Marsan, Carolyn Duffy (25 June 2001).
2395:
2340:
2331:
2222:
2034:
1054:
833:in open Wi-Fi networks, alongside the
370:Wireless electronic devices and health
2535:
2312:
2310:
1849:
1847:
1363:
1263:
582:Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)
376:International Telecommunication Union
3608:
2318:"Hotspot 2.0 - Windows Hardware Dev"
1907:
1741:Schrubbe, Alexis (11 January 2017).
1223:
1136:
972:adding citations to reliable sources
939:
401:Radiation sources / regions
365:Wireless device radiation and health
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
2286:Branscombe, Mary (3 October 2012).
1640:
1029:Free hotspots operate in two ways:
872:Public hotspots are often found at
388:World Radiocommunication Conference
13:
2307:
2223:Burton, Marcus (10 January 2012).
1844:
1810:. 18 February 2013. Archived from
1493:: Deals with, among other things,
1473:General Data Protection Regulation
1059:A commercial hotspot may feature:
847:LinkNYC § Nuisance complaints
766:
14:
3725:
3678:
3645:
2513:
2490:
2245:Fitchard, Kevin (March 7, 2014).
1759:
1478:
1458:
827:Opportunistic Wireless Encryption
651:A diagram showing a Wi-Fi network
3607:
3597:
3588:
3587:
3576:
3197:Free-space optical communication
2519:
2386:. Wifi Net News. August 8, 2002.
2201:Simkins, Rob (10 January 2012).
1994:"What is Open vs Closed Network"
1854:McGeehan, Patrick (2016-09-14).
1006:
944:
701:A private hotspot, often called
151:
34:
2484:
2466:
2444:
2416:
2389:
2377:
2363:
2279:
2257:
2238:
2216:
2194:
2179:vonNagy, Andrew (20 May 2012).
2172:
2150:
2128:
2110:
2082:
2028:
2010:
1986:
1974:
1950:
1926:
1901:
1880:
1826:
1427:
45:needs additional citations for
2497:internet.realitytvcalendar.com
2341:Pommer, hermann (2008-03-25).
2142:. May 16, 2012. Archived from
1800:
1734:
1720:
1706:
1692:
1688:. The New York Public Library.
1678:
1634:
1203:
1:
3673:Service-oriented provisioning
3640:Service-oriented provisioning
2371:"HTL Support Ts and Cs - HTL"
2264:Brownlee, John (2013-06-12).
1641:Ngo, Dong (30 October 2012).
1628:
1563:Evil twin (wireless networks)
1422:Service-oriented provisioning
1229:Apple mobile devices running
1107:to allow for improved revenue
1105:Service-oriented provisioning
1038:(sharing) by anyone in range.
251:Low-noise block downconverter
3675:for viable implementations.
3642:for viable implementations.
3583:Telecommunication portal
3364:Telecommunications equipment
1471:was replaced in 2018 by the
1424:for viable implementations.
1399:
1396:
1388:
1385:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1215:Hotspot 2.0 is based on the
1152:(usually but not always the
867:
236:Counterpoise (ground system)
7:
3100:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
2158:"Smartphone Mobile Hotspot"
1702:. Kansas State Library, KS.
1551:
1546:Wireless Broadband Alliance
669:wireless local-area network
489:Friis transmission equation
10:
3730:
3682:
3649:
2804:Telecommunications history
1501:
1431:
1253:
1140:
844:
326:Municipal wireless network
15:
3571:
3513:
3450:
3412:Public Switched Telephone
3372:
3336:
3293:
3234:
3224:telecommunication circuit
3185:Fiber-optic communication
3168:
2930:Francis Blake (telephone)
2877:
2725:Optical telecommunication
2569:
1643:"Networking buying guide"
1439:internet is regulated or
1382:
1379:
1374:
1371:
1366:
1302:
1299:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1082:A payment option using a
692:broadband Internet access
677:Internet service provider
573:Bell Laboratories Layered
3685:Legality of piggybacking
3652:Legality of piggybacking
3323:Orbital angular-momentum
2760:Satellite communications
2599:Communications satellite
1664:"IPass Wi-Fi Growth Map"
1578:Legality of piggybacking
1491:Digital Economy Act 2010
1485:Data Protection Act 1998
1465:Data Retention Directive
1434:Legality of piggybacking
1259:EDCF user-priority list
1048:service-level agreements
1015:Public Wi-Fi hotspot in
935:
829:(OWE) standard provides
778:man-in-the-middle attack
22:Hotspot (disambiguation)
3624:ref name = pommer/>
3202:Molecular communication
3025:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
2854:Undersea telegraph line
2589:Cable protection system
2140:Sprint Community: Plans
1776:10.1145/2785956.2787487
1522:Public access wireless
841:Unintended consequences
831:encrypted communication
751:New York Public Library
732:
606:Multiple Access (WSDMA)
604:Wideband Space Division
3714:Wireless access points
3344:Communication protocol
3130:Charles Sumner Tainter
2945:Walter Houser Brattain
2890:Edwin Howard Armstrong
2698:Information revolution
2035:Langer, Maria (2010).
1716:. Maine State Library.
1519:
1495:copyright infringement
1019:
688:wireless access points
652:
336:Radio masts and towers
20:. For other uses, see
3318:Polarization-division
3050:Narinder Singh Kapany
3015:Erna Schneider Hoover
2935:Jagadish Chandra Bose
2915:Alexander Graham Bell
2646:online video platform
2146:on November 29, 2014.
1603:Wireless Access Point
1598:Visitor Based Network
1509:
1014:
790:end-to-end encryption
737:The public can use a
650:
524:Signal-to-noise ratio
359:Safety and regulation
3160:Vladimir K. Zworykin
3120:Almon Brown Strowger
3090:Charles Grafton Page
2745:Prepaid mobile phone
2673:Electrical telegraph
2528:at Wikimedia Commons
1534:and Jackson created
968:improve this section
509:Radiation resistance
54:improve this article
3110:Johann Philipp Reis
2869:Wireless revolution
2831:The Telephone Cases
2688:Hydraulic telegraph
1536:MobileStar Networks
1524:local area networks
1360:
1260:
1055:Commercial hotspots
932:on their campuses.
3308:Frequency-division
3285:Telephone exchange
3155:Charles Wheatstone
3085:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
3060:Innocenzo Manzetti
2995:Reginald Fessenden
2730:Optical telegraphy
2563:Telecommunications
2404:on 15 October 2013
2098:. February 1, 2018
2041:. Peachpit Press.
1860:The New York Times
1520:
1394:not time-critical
1358:
1326:not time-critical
1258:
1124:Linux distribution
1020:
667:technology, via a
663:, typically using
653:
575:Space-Time (BLAST)
429:Near and far field
27:Wi-Fi access point
3621:
3620:
3359:Store and forward
3354:Data transmission
3268:Network switching
3219:Transmission line
3065:Guglielmo Marconi
3030:Internet pioneers
2895:Mohamed M. Atalla
2864:Whistled language
2524:Media related to
2454:. 28 October 1998
2356:978-3-8364-8708-5
2118:"Mobile Hotspots"
1840:. August 8, 2018.
1814:on 31 August 2014
1785:978-1-4503-3542-3
1686:"Library HotSpot"
1613:Wireless security
1441:freedom of speech
1404:
1403:
1348:
1347:
1224:Supported devices
1137:Software hotspots
1004:
1003:
996:
930:wireless networks
912:and campgrounds,
882:department stores
757:Wi-Fi positioning
717:, or through the
715:Bluetooth pairing
645:
644:
529:Spurious emission
514:Radio propagation
504:Radiation pattern
479:Equivalent radius
474:Electrical length
381:Radio Regulations
226:Block upconverter
130:
129:
122:
104:
3721:
3611:
3610:
3601:
3600:
3591:
3590:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3452:Notable networks
3442:Wireless network
3382:Cellular network
3374:Types of network
3349:Computer network
3236:Network topology
3150:Thomas A. Watson
3005:Oliver Heaviside
2990:Philo Farnsworth
2965:Daniel Davis Jr.
2940:Charles Bourseul
2900:John Logie Baird
2609:Data compression
2604:Computer network
2556:
2549:
2542:
2533:
2532:
2526:Hotspots (Wi-Fi)
2523:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2400:. Archived from
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2338:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2314:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2164:. Archived from
2154:
2148:
2147:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2073:
2069:
2067:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1851:
1842:
1841:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1638:
1361:
1357:
1261:
1257:
1172:10.6 and later,
999:
992:
988:
985:
979:
948:
940:
880:, coffee shops,
759:is a method for
675:connected to an
637:
630:
623:
402:
316:Cellular network
256:Passive radiator
155:
132:
131:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3699:
3698:
3687:
3681:
3654:
3648:
3622:
3617:
3577:
3575:
3567:
3509:
3446:
3368:
3332:
3289:
3238:
3230:
3171:
3164:
3070:Robert Metcalfe
2925:Tim Berners-Lee
2873:
2693:Information Age
2565:
2560:
2516:
2511:
2501:
2499:
2491:Jinia, Irashe.
2489:
2485:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2455:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2435:
2433:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2405:
2394:
2390:
2382:
2378:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2345:. Saarbrücken:
2339:
2332:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2308:
2298:
2296:
2284:
2280:
2271:
2269:
2262:
2258:
2243:
2239:
2229:
2227:
2221:
2217:
2207:
2205:
2199:
2195:
2185:
2183:
2177:
2173:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2101:
2099:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2071:
2070:
2061:
2060:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2033:
2029:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2002:
2000:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1966:
1964:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1942:
1940:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1918:
1916:
1906:
1902:
1893:
1891:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1872:
1870:
1852:
1845:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1817:
1815:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1786:
1764:
1760:
1751:
1749:
1739:
1735:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1669:
1667:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1647:
1645:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1568:Hotspot gateway
1554:
1510:Public park in
1504:
1481:
1461:
1436:
1430:
1256:
1226:
1206:
1156:) is a form of
1145:
1139:
1057:
1009:
1000:
989:
983:
980:
965:
949:
938:
870:
849:
843:
809:packet sniffers
769:
767:Security issues
735:
671:(WLAN) using a
661:Internet access
641:
612:
611:
608:
605:
599:
595:Spread spectrum
590:Reconfiguration
577:
574:
568:
543:
535:
534:
533:
453:
452:Characteristics
445:
444:
443:
403:
400:
393:
392:
384:
378:
360:
352:
351:
350:
300:
292:
291:
290:
215:
207:
206:
205:
165:
126:
115:
109:
106:
69:"Wi-Fi hotspot"
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
25:
12:
11:
5:
3727:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3680:
3677:
3669:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3647:
3644:
3636:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3605:
3595:
3585:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3523:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3456:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3378:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3303:Space-division
3299:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3253:
3248:
3242:
3240:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3182:
3176:
3174:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3140:Camille Tissot
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3115:Claude Shannon
3112:
3107:
3105:Tivadar Puskás
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3075:Antonio Meucci
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3045:Charles K. Kao
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3020:Harold Hopkins
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2920:Emile Berliner
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2859:Videotelephony
2856:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2834:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2762:
2757:
2755:Radiotelephone
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2641:Internet video
2633:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2575:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2559:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2515:
2514:External links
2512:
2510:
2509:
2483:
2465:
2443:
2415:
2388:
2384:Wi-Fi Timeline
2376:
2362:
2355:
2330:
2306:
2278:
2256:
2237:
2215:
2193:
2171:
2168:on 2014-11-29.
2149:
2127:
2109:
2081:
2047:
2027:
2009:
1998:igi-global.com
1985:
1973:
1949:
1925:
1900:
1879:
1843:
1825:
1799:
1784:
1758:
1733:
1719:
1705:
1691:
1677:
1655:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1553:
1550:
1528:Moscone Center
1503:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1488:
1480:
1479:United Kingdom
1477:
1460:
1459:European Union
1457:
1429:
1426:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1383:time-critical
1381:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1303:time-critical
1301:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1241:
1238:Samsung Galaxy
1234:
1225:
1222:
1210:Wi-Fi Alliance
1205:
1202:
1141:Main article:
1138:
1135:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1102:
1095:
1080:
1069:authentication
1065:captive portal
1056:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1039:
1008:
1005:
1002:
1001:
952:
950:
943:
937:
934:
918:train stations
869:
866:
845:Main article:
842:
839:
803:Some hotspots
768:
765:
734:
731:
721:protocol over
643:
642:
640:
639:
632:
625:
617:
614:
613:
610:
609:
602:
598:
597:
592:
586:
585:
584:
578:
571:
567:
566:
561:
556:
551:
545:
544:
541:
540:
537:
536:
532:
531:
526:
521:
519:Radio spectrum
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
455:
454:
451:
450:
447:
446:
442:
441:
439:Vertical plane
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
405:
404:
399:
398:
395:
394:
391:
390:
385:
374:
372:
367:
361:
358:
357:
354:
353:
349:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
302:
301:
298:
297:
294:
293:
289:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
217:
216:
213:
212:
209:
208:
204:
203:
198:
193:
191:Satellite dish
188:
183:
178:
173:
167:
166:
161:
160:
157:
156:
148:
147:
141:
140:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3726:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3686:
3676:
3674:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3643:
3641:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3614:
3606:
3604:
3596:
3594:
3586:
3584:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3563:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3328:Code-division
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3313:Time-division
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3239:and switching
3237:
3233:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3190:optical fiber
3188:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3180:Coaxial cable
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3095:Radia Perlman
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2985:Lee de Forest
2983:
2981:
2980:Thomas Edison
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2970:Donald Davies
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2955:Claude Chappe
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2799:Smoke signals
2797:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2777:Semiconductor
2775:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2636:Digital media
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2432:. 11 May 2000
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2268:. Cult of Mac
2267:
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2226:
2219:
2204:
2203:"Hotspot 2.0"
2197:
2182:
2175:
2167:
2163:
2162:Tethering FAQ
2159:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2123:
2122:AT&T Shop
2119:
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2097:
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2048:9780321658999
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1454:
1453:cyberbullying
1450:
1449:social issues
1446:
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1423:
1415:
1412:
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1099:walled garden
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1025:
1018:
1013:
1007:Free hotspots
998:
995:
987:
977:
973:
969:
963:
962:
958:
953:This section
951:
947:
942:
941:
933:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
886:fuel stations
883:
879:
875:
865:
863:
859:
854:
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838:
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832:
828:
823:
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583:
579:
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550:
549:Beam steering
547:
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311:Amateur radio
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231:Coaxial cable
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74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
23:
19:
3694:ABI Research
3692:
3688:
3679:Legal issues
3670:
3655:
3646:Legal issues
3637:
3623:
3295:Multiplexing
3170:Transmission
3135:Nikola Tesla
3125:Henry Sutton
3080:Samuel Morse
3010:Robert Hooke
2975:Amos Dolbear
2910:John Bardeen
2829:
2809:Telautograph
2713:Mobile phone
2668:Edholm's law
2651:social media
2584:Broadcasting
2500:. Retrieved
2496:
2486:
2478:ABI Research
2477:
2468:
2456:. Retrieved
2446:
2434:. Retrieved
2427:
2418:
2406:. Retrieved
2402:the original
2391:
2379:
2365:
2342:
2321:. Retrieved
2297:. Retrieved
2291:
2281:
2270:. Retrieved
2259:
2250:
2240:
2228:. Retrieved
2218:
2206:. Retrieved
2196:
2184:. Retrieved
2174:
2166:the original
2161:
2152:
2144:the original
2139:
2130:
2121:
2112:
2100:. Retrieved
2093:
2084:
2052:. Retrieved
2037:
2030:
2021:
2012:
2001:. Retrieved
1997:
1988:
1976:
1965:. Retrieved
1961:
1952:
1941:. Retrieved
1937:
1928:
1917:. Retrieved
1914:the Guardian
1913:
1903:
1892:. Retrieved
1890:. 2018-10-10
1882:
1871:. Retrieved
1859:
1837:
1828:
1816:. Retrieved
1812:the original
1802:
1767:
1761:
1750:. Retrieved
1747:Daily Yonder
1746:
1736:
1722:
1708:
1694:
1680:
1668:. Retrieved
1658:
1646:. Retrieved
1636:
1623:Wi-Fi Direct
1608:Wireless LAN
1542:ABI Research
1540:
1532:
1521:
1462:
1445:child safety
1437:
1428:Legal issues
1419:
1405:
1367:Net traffic
1353:
1349:
1267:Net traffic
1217:IEEE 802.11u
1214:
1207:
1198:
1146:
1128:
1116:Amazingports
1113:
1077:social login
1058:
1036:piggybacking
1028:
1021:
990:
984:January 2012
981:
966:Please help
954:
926:universities
914:supermarkets
871:
850:
824:
813:
805:authenticate
802:
786:
784:of the ISP.
770:
755:
747:
736:
700:
696:access point
684:coffee shops
681:
656:
654:
419:Ground plane
306:Antenna farm
163:Common types
116:
110:January 2012
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3495:NPL network
3207:Radio waves
3145:Alfred Vail
3055:Hedy Lamarr
3040:Dawon Kahng
3000:Elisha Gray
2960:Yogen Dalal
2885:Nasir Ahmed
2819:Teleprinter
2683:Heliographs
2502:28 December
2429:PR Newswire
2095:Greg Shultz
2072:|work=
1666:. ipass.com
1573:IEEE 802.11
1397:low priced
1380:User needs
1300:User needs
1240:smartphones
1204:Hotspot 2.0
1084:credit card
906:restaurants
862:panhandlers
761:geolocation
559:Beamforming
464:Directivity
414:Focal cloud
276:Transmitter
3703:Categories
3683:See also:
3650:See also:
3541:Antarctica
3500:Toasternet
3422:Television
2905:Paul Baran
2837:Television
2821:(teletype)
2814:Telegraphy
2792:transistor
2770:Phryctoria
2740:Photophone
2718:Smartphone
2708:Mass media
2347:VDM Verlag
2272:2013-09-16
2022:Sprint PCS
2003:2019-04-03
1967:2022-04-21
1943:2022-04-21
1919:2020-12-24
1894:2020-12-24
1873:2020-12-24
1752:2018-06-13
1670:31 October
1629:References
1588:MobileStar
1432:See also:
1389:exclusive
1244:Windows 10
1170:Apple OS X
902:pay phones
878:bookstores
858:Transients
564:Small cell
542:Techniques
469:Efficiency
459:Array gain
214:Components
196:Television
80:newspapers
3525:Americas
3514:Locations
3485:Internet2
3246:Bandwidth
2950:Vint Cerf
2847:streaming
2825:Telephone
2765:Semaphore
2656:streaming
2074:ignored (
2064:cite book
1868:0362-4331
1558:Bluetooth
1400:standard
1386:standard
1044:bandwidth
955:does not
900:, public
898:libraries
894:hospitals
868:Locations
774:encrypted
703:tethering
554:Beam tilt
434:Side lobe
424:Main lobe
409:Boresight
286:Twin-lead
246:Feed line
18:Tethering
3593:Category
3480:Internet
3470:CYCLADES
3387:Ethernet
3337:Concepts
3261:terminal
3212:wireless
3035:Bob Kahn
2878:Pioneers
2703:Internet
2594:Cable TV
2458:13 April
2436:13 April
2408:13 April
2323:24 April
2299:13 April
2230:13 April
2208:13 April
2186:13 April
1938:Statista
1818:13 April
1648:13 April
1552:See also
1516:New York
1512:Brooklyn
1186:Broadcom
1162:firmware
1158:bridging
1154:Internet
1079:buttons.
1024:U.S. NSA
910:RV parks
874:airports
711:password
580:Massive
346:Wireless
261:Receiver
186:Monopole
145:Antennas
137:a series
135:Part of
3613:Commons
3603:Outline
3556:Oceania
3475:FidoNet
3460:ARPANET
3273:circuit
2842:digital
2571:History
2102:29 June
2054:29 June
2018:"Mi-Fi"
1794:8728165
1583:LinkNYC
1502:History
1364:
1264:
1254:Billing
1182:Atheros
1174:Windows
1166:Android
1130:Roaming
1073:payment
1071:and/or
976:removed
961:sources
922:schools
853:LinkNYC
727:USB OTG
707:network
657:hotspot
321:Hotspot
299:Systems
266:Rotator
176:Fractal
94:scholar
3667:Audio
3664:Video
3661:Data
3634:Audio
3631:Video
3628:Data
3551:Europe
3521:Africa
3505:Usenet
3465:BITNET
3402:Mobile
3278:packet
2787:MOSFET
2782:device
2579:Beacon
2353:
2251:Gigaom
2045:
1866:
1792:
1782:
1447:, and
1416:Audio
1413:Video
1410:Data
1292:Video
1289:Audio
1283:Video
1280:Audio
1233:and up
1176:, and
1143:SoftAP
1120:ZoneCD
1092:PayPal
1017:Zürich
890:hotels
739:laptop
673:router
499:Height
484:Factor
171:Dipole
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3709:Wi-Fi
3534:South
3529:North
3490:JANET
3427:Telex
3417:Radio
3256:Nodes
3251:Links
3172:media
2750:Radio
2735:Pager
2663:Drums
2629:video
2624:image
2614:audio
2293:ZDNet
1790:S2CID
1618:Wi-Fi
1375:high
1295:Data
1286:Data
1275:high
1236:Some
1231:iOS 7
1190:Intel
1178:Linux
1122:is a
1088:iPass
936:Types
928:have
794:HTTPS
743:Wi-Fi
719:moeex
665:Wi-Fi
341:Wi-Fi
331:Radio
281:Tuner
221:Balun
101:JSTOR
87:books
3671:See
3638:See
3546:Asia
3432:UUCP
3392:ISDN
2504:2016
2460:2013
2438:2013
2410:2013
2351:ISBN
2325:2016
2301:2013
2232:2013
2210:2013
2188:2012
2104:2019
2076:help
2056:2016
2043:ISBN
1864:ISSN
1820:2013
1780:ISBN
1672:2015
1650:2013
1463:The
1420:See
1372:low
1272:low
1194:NICs
959:any
957:cite
924:and
835:WPA3
825:The
820:WLAN
796:and
782:BRAS
733:Uses
494:Gain
271:Stub
241:Feed
201:Whip
181:Loop
73:news
3437:WAN
3407:NGN
3397:LAN
2678:Fax
2619:DCT
1838:HPE
1772:doi
1150:WAN
970:by
816:WPA
798:SSH
723:USB
56:by
3705::
2495:.
2476:.
2426:.
2349:.
2333:^
2309:^
2290:.
2249:.
2160:.
2138:.
2120:.
2092:.
2068::
2066:}}
2062:{{
2020:.
1996:.
1960:.
1936:.
1912:.
1862:.
1858:.
1846:^
1836:.
1788:.
1778:.
1745:.
1514:,
1344:2
1341:-
1338:-
1335:2
1332:-
1329:-
1321:0
1318:4
1315:6
1312:0
1309:5
1306:7
1188:,
1184:,
1168:,
1097:A
1090:,
1086:,
1063:A
916:,
908:,
904:,
896:,
892:,
888:,
884:,
876:,
822:.
811:.
800:.
713:,
679:.
655:A
139:on
3564:)
3560:(
2555:e
2548:t
2541:v
2506:.
2480:.
2462:.
2440:.
2412:.
2373:.
2359:.
2327:.
2303:.
2275:.
2253:.
2234:.
2212:.
2190:.
2124:.
2106:.
2078:)
2058:.
2024:.
2006:.
1970:.
1946:.
1922:.
1897:.
1876:.
1822:.
1796:.
1774::
1755:.
1674:.
1652:.
1050:.
997:)
991:(
986:)
982:(
978:.
964:.
860:/
636:e
629:t
622:v
383:)
379:(
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
24:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
