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The New
Zealand Company's issues were made worse by Wakefield's personality; he demonstrated no leadership qualities and was unwilling to take initiative in dealing with problems, alienating many settlers. One settler wrote that "the baneful influence of Colonel Wakefield has ruined every settler and
524:
They were commanded by
Colonel Wakefield, an officer who was strict in discipline, though not so tyrannical as Colonel Kinloch, their former commanding officer, but every whit as brave and efficient before the enemy. Kinloch was a tyrant, but at the same time a clever officer, and hero in courage. He
725:
investigated the New
Zealand Company's 1839 Port Nicholson deed of purchase and declared it invalid. The tribunal found that Māori were never paid for some 120,000 acres (49,000 ha), the boundaries weren't clear, not all those with customary rights signed the deed, and those who did sign didn't
709:
Several land deals were renegotiated, as many settlers were either not happy with the land they had been allocated or hadn't received what they had paid for. To satisfy its commitments, the New
Zealand Company needed about 500 square kilometres of land, which was difficult considering the terrain in
546:
in London was hurriedly organising its first expedition, eager to take advantage of the still uncertain governance situation in New
Zealand. The Company's aim was to establish a model of English society in New Zealand by selling land to settlers at a profit and using the funds to pay for settlers'
713:
Over the next few years, Wakefield was involved in disputes with the Crown, with Māori, and with his own surveyors, meaning that land deals were delayed by months or years. The New
Zealand Company had guaranteed work for labourers that emigrated to New Zealand, but delays over land deals led to a
556:
sailed from
Plymouth on 12 May 1839, with Wakefield as sole and unqualified leader of the expedition. He was given set of instructions for the expedition's activities: to purchase land for the New Zealand Company, to gather knowledge about New Zealand, and to prepare for building settlements.
646:
This site was already occupied by Māori, being one of their residential areas. Wakefield had bought and paid for the land on behalf of the New
Zealand Company, but soon realised that Māori had had a different understanding of the deal; they had expected to share the land with
681:
In 1842, Wakefield was joined in New
Zealand by his daughter Emily, then sixteen years old. Shortly afterwards she became engaged to Francis Molesworth, but the engagement was broken off when an injury forced Molesworth to return to England. In late 1845, Emily met
634:
Wakefield returned to Te
Whanganui-a-Tara in early January 1840. The first British settlers’ ships arrived in Port Nicholson in January, encouraged by the New Zealand Company's advertisements promoting immigration. However, it became clear that the land around
662:
for Māori to sign, he also claimed some of the land the New Zealand Company had purchased. Wakefield granted him one acre (4,000 m²) of town land, but Williams was later to lose his role as a missionary for defrauding Māori.
468:
and both brothers were arrested. While out on bail, Wakefield absconded to Paris, apparently to meet with Emily who was three months pregnant. He returned to England when the baby was born and was promptly arrested and held in
785:, over an editorial in the Wellington Independent newspaper that questioned his honesty. Featherstone fired first and missed, then Wakefield fired into the air, stating "I would not shoot a man who has seven daughters".
516:. Wakefield was one of the few officers to survive the campaign; he stayed until the Legion was disbanded in 1837 and returned to England the following year. Regarding the 1st Reina Isabel Lancers, BAL,
1336:
986:
A Narrative of the British Auxiliary Legion: With Incidents, Anecdotes, and Sketches of All Parties Connected with the War in Spain, from a Journal of Personal Observations
138:
1223:
448:
Wakefield was largely raised by his elder sister, Catherine, who found him a difficult child. As he grew older he came under the influence of his elder brother,
560:
Wakefield's first sight of New Zealand's formidable mountain ranges was not encouraging. The expedition took on supplies of wood and water at Ship Cove in
547:
travel to New Zealand, encouraging immigration. In reality, the Company was more like a real estate agency, promising generous returns to its investors.
869:
473:
until his trial, and subsequently sentenced to three years in jail. During this time, Emily Sidney died, leaving him with a daughter also named Emily.
464:
In 1825, Wakefield became formally betrothed to Emily Sidney, but before they could be married he became involved with his elder brother Edward in the
675:
793:
On 15 September 1848, Wakefield collapsed at a bath house following two strokes earlier that year, and he died four days later in a room at the
1301:
702:
resented the New Zealand Company, seeing the Settlers' Council as an attempt to establish an illegal republic. The Acting Colonial Secretary
512:. He emerged from the campaign with the rank of major, re-enlisted, and was promoted to lieutenant colonel. Among his junior officers was
1316:
231:
1232:
550:
At the suggestion of his brother, Edward Gibbon, the New Zealand Company appointed Wakefield as commander of this first expedition. The
1321:
678:
was formed in May 1841, Hobson appointed Wakefield as one of its members. Wakefield's membership terminated only a few months later.
1331:
93:
65:
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set out to explore a more of New Zealand, sailing up the west coast. The expedition were impressed with the potential of the
898:
481:
Upon his release from jail, Wakefield spent some time with his daughter and his sister Catherine. In 1832 he travelled to
1198:
1110:
599:, and sixteen chiefs. After five days a deal was made that was subsequently endorsed by the paramount chief of the area,
561:
72:
622:, made contact with traders, and looked at buying land in that district. However, the expedition was cut short when the
402:, and the leader of the second New Zealand Company's first colonising expedition to New Zealand; one of the founders of
922:
445:(1807–1875); Priscilla Susannah Wakefield (1809–1887); Percy Wakefield (1810–1832); and an unnamed child born in 1813.
46:
17:
1115:
1000:
529:. Wakefield, on the other hand, was as clever, less tyrannical, and distinguished, nay, almost reckless in courage."
112:
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79:
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Soon after his death, Wakefield's friends began to fundraise for a memorial, but it was not until 1882 that the
493:. Although he had no military experience, Wakefield was apparently able to enlist as a Captain. He survived the
1346:
1311:
1296:
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Temple and a number of British sources use 1801 while some New Zealand sources give 1803 as his birth date.
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The secretive and rushed way that the New Zealand Company had begun settlement ahead of the signing of the
683:
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the colony of Port Nicholson." Another described Wakefield as "the coldest mannered man they have met".
674:
chose Auckland, possibly feeling that Port Nicholson was dominated by the New Zealand Company. When the
655:
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418:(1774–1854), a distinguished surveyor and land agent, and Susanna Crush (1767–1816). His grandmother,
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Wakefield believed that Port Nicholson's central position made it the obvious choice to be
517:
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742:, caused concern for Wakefield. Wakefield was also affected by the death of his brother
587:. Here he began serious negotiations for purchasing land. The negotiations involved two
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After his time in Portugal, Wakefield returned briefly to England and enlisted in the
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was not suitable for settlement, being too swampy. A new site had to be selected and
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ran aground in Hokianga Harbour. The ship was saved but it needed extensive repairs.
509:
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878:. Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Lords. 24 February 1840. col. 515.
422:(1751–1832), was a popular children's author and helped to establish savings banks.
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Wakefield's siblings were Catherine Gurney Wakefield (1793–1873), the mother of
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attended as did nearly half of Wellington, both Māori and Pākeha. Māori chief
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1236:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 248–249.
1227:
1214:
813:
766:
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304:
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1071:"T E WHANGANU I A TARA M E O NA TA K I WA Report on the Wellington District"
849:
Historia Militar de San Sebastián: Vida y Asedios de una pequeña gran ciudad
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the Wellington area and the fact that the Company had limited resources.
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was dispatched with soldiers and mounted police to disband the council.
1001:"Taming the frontier: Land issues on the eve of the Treaty of Waitangi"
927:
816:. The memorial is registered as a Category I heritage structure by the
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718:
was almost in a state of armed rebellion against the Company’s agents.
403:
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Wakefield was expected to treat the Māori with the utmost fairness.
28:
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William Wakefield was born just outside London in 1801, the son of
1213:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
874:
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lack of work, causing further anger. At one stage, the town of
636:
490:
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when FitzRoy declined to take action against Arthur's killers.
217:
1034:"William Wakefield | NZHistory, New Zealand history online"
564:
and met their first Māori, who were interested in trading.
497:
and the subsequent campaigning, and earned several medals.
1337:
Members of the New Zealand Legislative Council (1841–1853)
797:. He was given what amounted to a state funeral. Governor
603:. Strong objections were raised by Te Rauparaha's nephew,
1020:
Finding Thomas: The search for my great-great-grandfather
730:
translation missed or confused several important facts.
588:
398:(1801 – 19 September 1848) was an English officer of the
781:
In March 1847, Wakefield fought a duel with his doctor,
618:
area for further settlement. They then sailed up to the
583:
to Te Whanganui-a-Tara ("The Big Harbour of Tara") and
1264:(4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer.
485:
and enlisted as a mercenary soldier in the service of
945:
845:"Carta a W. Wakefield (Tte. Col. 1º Lanceros B.A.L.)"
686:
of Nelson and they were married the following year.
1051:
53:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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441:(1799–1843); John Howard Wakefield (1803–1862);
222:
936:. Vol. 59. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
406:. As a leader, he attracted much controversy.
16:For other people named William Wakefield, see
1156:
1154:
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388:Principal Agent, New Zealand Company, 1839–48
900:Marriages and Deaths of Considerable Persons
738:The unruly behaviour of Wakefield's nephew,
658:appeared in the district with copies of the
643:was chosen, a few kilometres further west.
145:sketched in the Court of Kings Bench in 1826
1262:New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984
1151:
1090:Heughan, Sam and McTavish, Graham (2023).
979:
839:
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670:and seat of government. However, Governor
651:(non-Māori), and were unwilling to move.
610:The purchase completed, Wakefield and the
137:
698:created problems for Wakefield. Governor
280:1st Reina Isabel Lancer Regiment, 1836–37
272:1st Reina Isabel Lancer Regiment, 1836–37
113:Learn how and when to remove this message
1166:New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero
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726:understand it, as it was in English and
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314:Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand, 1840
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302: • Battle of Ayete, 1836
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1256:. Auckland: Auckland University Press.
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1302:New Zealand people of English descent
968:A Sort of Conscience, The Wakefields"
923:"Wakefield, Edward (1774–1854)"
1254:A sort of conscience: The Wakefields
907:
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504:(BAL) fighting for the infant Queen
51:adding citations to reliable sources
22:
1199:Dictionary of New Zealand Biography
1111:Dictionary of New Zealand Biography
1103:
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13:
1317:British Auxiliary Legion personnel
989:. Glasgow: Muir, Gowans, & Co.
18:William Wakefield (disambiguation)
14:
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1322:Burials at Bolton Street Cemetery
1194:Edward Gibbon Wakefield biography
1116:Ministry for Culture and Heritage
452:, who was later to establish the
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933:Dictionary of National Biography
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1332:Military personnel from London
1260:Wilson, James Oakley (1985) .
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514:Henry Inman (police commander)
466:abduction of a wealthy heiress
1:
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812:was unveiled at Wellington's
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1137:"William Wakefield Memorial"
805:was one of the pallbearers.
353:Catherine Wakefield (sister)
7:
676:General Legislative Council
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810:William Wakefield Memorial
763:William Wakefield Memorial
380:Emily Wakefield (daughter)
323:William Wakefield Memorial
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1106:"Te Puni-kōkopu, Hōniana"
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1018:Rossiter, Trish (2023).
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567:After five weeks in the
502:British Auxiliary Legion
400:British Auxiliary Legion
247:British Auxiliary Legion
1342:Settlers of New Zealand
1252:Temple, Philip (2002).
1233:Encyclopædia Britannica
690:Criticism of land deals
450:Edward Gibbon Wakefield
431:Edward Gibbon Wakefield
918:Falkiner, Cæsar Litton
870:"Anglo-Spanish Legion"
803:Hōniana Te Puni-kōkopu
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291:(Portuguese Civil War)
164:London, United Kingdom
1347:History of Wellington
1312:New Zealand duellists
1297:Criminals from London
981:Somerville, Alexander
760:
668:New Zealand's capital
630:Wellington settlement
562:Queen Charlotte Sound
527:late M. P. for Dundee
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253:Years of service
143:Mr. William Wakefield
1170:Heritage New Zealand
1139:. Cricket Wellington
903:. 1791. p. 969.
818:Heritage New Zealand
704:Willoughby Shortland
654:When the missionary
518:Alexander Somerville
506:Isabella II of Spain
376:Jerningham Wakefield
244:Portuguese Loyalists
47:improve this article
1162:"William Wakefield"
1005:New Zealand History
970:, review, NZ Herald
544:New Zealand Company
542:In early 1839, the
525:was the son of the
454:New Zealand Company
420:Priscilla Wakefield
349:Priscilla Wakefield
194:Kingdom of Portugal
62:"William Wakefield"
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769:cricket ground in
696:Treaty of Waitangi
660:Treaty of Waitangi
569:Marlborough Sounds
293: •
264:Lieutenant Colonel
1104:Ballara, Angela.
1078:Waitangi Tribunal
1038:nzhistory.govt.nz
1007:. 5 October 2021.
783:Isaac Featherston
734:Personal troubles
728:Richard Barrett's
723:Waitangi Tribunal
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1080:. 16 May 2003.
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1173:. Retrieved
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1281:Categories
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