111:
298:
63:
169:. A stark contrast to that of Scot, King James VI was a firm believer in magic and the role of demons in its practice. His book acts as a dissertation on the practice of necromancy, divination and dark magic and how demons seek to influence weakened men and women and convince them to take part in the unholy practice of magic. It was in essence published to inform the general population of Scotland about why witches must be hunted and prosecuted.
317:, which implicated three women; Joan Flowers, and Margaret and Philippa Flowers, who were her two daughters. The three were known locally to be herbal healers, and following their dismissal as servants from the Castle of Belvoir the Earl and two of his sons died whilst the Countess and her daughter suffered from violent illness. It was five years after these events, and after the hanging of a group of witches in
336:. Three women were hanged for the crime of causing a local woman, Grace Thomas, to fall ill by supernatural means. There was a great deal of other accusations that also contributed to their being found guilty, although none of which had any evidence. The women that were hanged were Temperance Lloyd; a widow, Mary Trembles; a beggar, and Susanna Edwards; another beggar.
205:(a figurine fashioned to look like a specific person, used for spell casting) and casting a destructive charm. Charms were common in this time and often used for healing, an art which Gwen herself took part in, however this specific charm was written backwards and as per the traditions of the time this meant that it was meant for harm.
321:, that the Flowers were arrested on suspicion of harming the Earl of Rutland's family through sorcery. Joan Flowers died on the way to her trial after consuming communion bread. Her daughters confessed to having familiars, to having visions of demons and to performing a spell on the Earl and Countess' children. Margaret was hung at
419:, and many other notable historians, that in their desperation for a solution and explanation, the people of Britain (and Europe as a whole) blamed it on witchcraft. Older women of the lower classes were the easiest to blame, with little societal standing to defend themselves, and so often fell victim to witch related accusations.
470:, an American sociologist, a theory is proposed that witch hunts, across all countries, were merely a tool used by the government to bring communities together by giving them a common enemy and then increasing their faith in the governing body by providing them with a method to get rid of said enemy.
462:
In Peter Elmer's novel
Witchcraft, Witch-Hunting, and politics in early modern England he argues and provides evidence for the fact that many of England's great witch trials occurred at times when political parties and governing bodies felt that their authority was being threatened. During the years
414:
was a period of dramatic climate change that took place around the early modern period, which in
Britain was characterised by cool, rainy and torrential weather as well as a growth in mountain glaciers. The effects of this weather were drastic - crops began to fail, livestock didn't produce enough
223:
Between the years of 1500 and 1700 somewhere between 4000 and 6000 people were tried for witchcraft in
Scotland, a much higher number than any of the other British countries attained. This was likely due to the reign of King James VI who was known for his interest in sorcery and magic. He was even
389:
c. 5), and called “the last witch,” by her defenders. Duncan "shared news of the dead, coughed up ectoplasm (typically muslin), and ventriloquized, so that cabinets appeared to contain speaking mediums". In 1944 she was charged with claiming to be able to conjure the spirits of dead people, found
344:
Unlike the mass trials and executions found across the rest of the UK, and even the rest of Europe during the early modern period, Ireland's number of prosecutions failed to reach even double figures. It has been suggested that this is due to the lack of religious upheaval in
Ireland during this
274:. The trials were infamous in their time, and were known to have influenced Shakespeare's Macbeth. The play borrows the setting of the trials and draws on many of the witches confessed practices, the witches also reference the storm during King James VI's crossing to Denmark in their spell:
192:
Compared to the rest of
Britain, Wales had relatively few trials or hunts for witches during the early modern period. Many accusations were made, but finding proof made convicting women as witches rather difficult. The first witch to be trialled and executed in Wales was
361:, who was tortured and forced into confessing them both to be witches which led to them being burnt at the stake. Another well documented witch trial occurred in March 1711 where eight women were convicted and sentenced to death for the practice of witchcraft in the
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2385:
83:; the reading of the heavens to predict one’s future, however in the early modern period the most concern was over that which involved dealing with the devil. Witches were said to make pacts with the devil in exchange for powers, belief and prosecution of
353:, which were known for causing trouble and general mischief which in other countries was linked to witchcraft (e.g. the curdling of milk, dying of crops etc.). Nevertheless there were still a series of notable trials that occurred, the first of which was
50:. c. 5) reversed the law, making it illegal not to practice witchcraft but to either claim that there were people with magical powers or to accuse someone of being a witch in Great Britain, (though these crimes were no longer punishable by death).
58:
The belief in magic and magical practices has been documented in
Britain all the way back until antiquity – the belief that people could have influence over or make predictions about the natural world did not arise only in the 16th century.
140:
which in part presented his belief that
Britain had been fooled into believing in witchcraft by easily explained tricks. The book's success was widespread, but his scepticism in regards to magic was not what drew in most of its admirers;
90:
Witches no longer were seen as healers or helpers, but rather were believed to be the cause of many natural and man-made disasters. Witches were blamed for troubles with livestock, any unknown diseases and unpredicted weather changes.
239:
between the years of 1590 and 1592, and led to at least 70 accused witches being condemned to violent torture and in most cases, death. The trials took place after the King experienced terrible storms whilst journeying by ship to
126:
changed the face of religion in
Britain, and it was common belief that this allowed for dark or satanic forces to arise. As a result a law was passed which defined what it was to be a witch and how they must be prosecuted.
224:
documented as having overseen trials and torture of multiple women accused of witchcraft. Following
Scotland's union with England 1707 prosecutions of witches declined as they were more tightly controlled by specific
437:
and Jacob Russ argue that the rise of witch hunts following a period in which the Church refused to acknowledge their existence (despite their popular belief in medieval
Britain) was due to a competition between the
305:
The death toll in England was significantly lower than that of Scotland, but many notable trials still occurred due to a number of self-proclaimed "witch-hunters". One such witch-hunter was a man from East Anglia,
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2719:
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milk or meat and people fell ill. During this time there was no knowledge of climate change and little rational explanation could be found, so it is believed by the German historian
463:
of 1629 to 1637 no trials occurred in Dorchester, it is theorised in Elmer's book that this is because the government of that area was prosperous and felt their order was secure.
145:
also contained details regarding the belief in and practices of witches - it held sections on alchemy, spirits and conjuring, much of which is thought to have inspired
2755:
310:, who called himself the "Witchfinder General". Hopkins and his associates were believed to have caused the executions of at least 300 accused men and women.
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It wasn't until the beginning of the 16th century that the Church and the State recognised witchcraft as a legitimate practice, this was in a time of
575:
543:
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450:, and claim that this serves as an explanation for Ireland's low number of witch trials - the country remained strongly Catholic even after
27:-- i.e. any magical or supernatural practices made by mankind -- was often seen as a healing art, performed by people referred to as the
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time, it has also been suggested by Ireland's general population that this fact may be due to their strong cultural belief in the
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36:
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Pumfrey, Stephen (2003-01-02), "Potts, plots and politics: James I's Daemonologie and The Wonderfull Discoverie of Witches",
398:. c. 33), a law "persecuting deliberately fraudulent mediums" but not sincere believers. In 2008 this law was repealed also.
216:
84:
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1545:
1484:
Bergesen, Albert James (April 1977). "Political Witch Hunts: The Sacred and the Subversive in Cross-National Perspective".
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369:, an area of strong Scottish-English heritage, which Dr. Andrew Sneddon suggests may be a cause for its large scale.
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It was not just common folk who believed in the existence of witches and magic, but Royals and the Church as well.
1419:
Behringer, Wolfgang (1999), "Climatic Change and Witch-Hunting: The Impact of the Little Ice Age on Mentalities",
624:
Behringer, Wolfgang (1999), "Climatic Change and Witch-Hunting: The Impact of the Little Ice Age on Mentalities",
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churches who were both seeking higher numbers of followers. These two economists describe this process as a
256:), turned to the "witches" in North Berwick to blame for this event. Most of the information we have on the
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The lore of the land : a guide to England's legends, from spring-heeled Jack to the Witches of Warboys
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where he would marry Princess Anne. King James VI, having seen authorities in Denmark accuse women such as
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98:, was accused of such practices as animal sacrifice, creating potions to control others and possessing a
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guilty and sentenced to nine months in prison. In 1951, the Witchcraft Act 1735 was replaced with the
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102:(an animal companion often thought to be possessed by a spirit which aided a witch in her magic).
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One of Scotland's most notable mass witch trials occurred under the reign and supervision of
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20:, a time that spanned from the beginning of the 16th century to the end of the 18th century.
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on 11 March 1619, whereas her sister managed to escape, presumably by drugging the guards.
17:
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1936:
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Sneddon, Andrew (December 2012). "Witchcraft Belief and Trials in Early Modern Ireland".
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24:
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who traveled Britain holding séances and channeling spirits, was prosecuted under the
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in Britain, and many historians have theorised that these two events are connected.
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79:; the purification, perfection, maturation and changing of various substances, and
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There were thought to be many types of witchcraft that one could practice, such as
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278:"Purposely to be cassin into the sea to raise winds for destruction of ships."
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However, not everyone was convinced. A member of parliament in England called
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2019:
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725:
708:
Gaskill, M. (2008-02-01). "Witchcraft and Evidence in Early Modern England".
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Another book which was thought to play a part in the creation of Macbeth was
131:
95:
31:. It was later believed to be Satanic in origin and thus sparked a series of
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Climatic Variability in Sixteenth-Century Europe and Its Social Dimension
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Climatic Variability in Sixteenth-Century Europe and Its Social Dimension
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366:
328:
The last documented executions of witches in England occurred during the
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1188:"Witches of Belvoir Witches Trials (England, 1618 - 1619) - Witchcraft"
918:
198:
905:
William Monter (2008). "Fiscal Sources and Witch Trials in Lorraine".
3411:
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1911:
1889:
1839:
1834:
1812:
80:
16:
Witch trials and witch related accusations were at a high during the
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Treatises on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants
1685:
1497:
346:
4309:
2938:
2817:
2720:
Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period
2643:
2386:
Treatise on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants
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2086:
2004:
1844:
1807:
1623:
386:
166:
47:
1643:
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2009:
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1745:
241:
150:
76:
509:
Witchcraft and magic in sixteenth and seventeenth-century Europe
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2199:
2154:
2124:
2076:
2071:
2066:
1979:
1962:
1957:
1884:
1453:
Witchcraft, witch-hunting, and politics in early modern England
1295:
Leeson, Peter T.; Russ, Jacob W. (2017-08-16). "Witch Trials".
271:
202:
39:
being conducted, with it becoming a capital offense in 1542.
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1972:
1967:
1916:
1824:
1802:
1797:
1728:
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567:
565:
563:
350:
333:
2159:
2091:
1859:
1817:
684:"The Sorcery Trial of Alice kyteler by Bernadette Williams"
1363:
Wright, Thomas (2012), "Story of the lady Alice Kyteler",
1214:
Witchcraft and Demonology in South-West England, 1640-1789
560:
372:
1008:
Witchfinders : a seventeenth-century English tragedy
1156:
Witches : a tale of sorcery, scandal and seduction
847:
740:"The Discovery of Witchcraft by Reginald Scot, 1584"
248:
of using witchcraft to create the storms during the
2770:
1043:
The Lancashire witches : histories and stories
1120:
1005:
313:One of the more well known trials was that of the
4624:
1003:
970:
952:. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press.
601:"Alchemy - Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy"
506:
1339:"Why Were There Only a Few Irish Witch Trials?"
882:"The Act of Union between England and Scotland"
767:, Manchester University Press, pp. 22–39,
4422:Witchcraft and divination in the Old Testament
2243:Witchcraft and divination in the Old Testament
1367:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 25–40,
1102:. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press.
1012:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
904:
4509:A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts
3680:
2756:
2330:A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts
1539:
1153:
1040:
1450:
87:was especially focused on the demonic pact.
1045:. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
3687:
3673:
2763:
2749:
1546:
1532:
1423:, Springer Netherlands, pp. 335–351,
1294:
628:, Springer Netherlands, pp. 335–351,
1418:
1108:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t007763
958:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.o903140
773:10.7228/manchester/9780719062032.003.0002
623:
172:
3650:Museum of Witchcraft and Magic, Cornwall
1553:
1483:
1078:"Witchcraft trio 'may have been framed'"
301:Memorial tablet for the Bideford Witches
296:
109:
61:
4305:Witch trials in the Spanish Netherlands
1343:Lora O'Brien - Irish Author & Guide
1248:
1097:
947:
762:
707:
573:
373:End of witchcraft laws in Great Britain
105:
53:
4625:
2649:List of people executed for witchcraft
1362:
852:. Hammersmith, London: HarperCollins.
357:(described above) and her maidservant
94:The first witch condemned in Ireland,
3957:Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire
3730:Witch trials in early modern Scotland
3668:
3277:Gormshuil Mhòr na Maighe (aka Gormla)
2744:
2618:Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire
1527:
1290:
1288:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1212:"The Trial of the Bideford Witches",
1072:
1070:
973:The witch-hunt in early modern Europe
795:
793:
791:
406:
217:Witch trials in early modern Scotland
3809:Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1661–62
3799:Great Scottish witch hunt of 1649–50
801:"BBC - Wales History: Welsh witches"
654:
652:
538:
536:
511:. Basingstoke: Macmillan Education.
502:
500:
70:
4610:Witchcraft Act 1735 (Great Britain)
4328:Amersfoort and Utrecht witch trials
2834:Dummy, the Witch of Sible Hedingham
13:
4469:De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus
4067:Witch trials in Estonia and Latvia
3710:Witchcraft in early modern Britain
2715:Left-hand path and right-hand path
2290:De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus
1285:
1237:
1067:
788:
574:Galchen, Rivka (15 January 2024).
149:'s descriptions of the witches in
14:
4654:
3764:Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1597
2888:Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn
1251:Irish Economic and Social History
975:(2nd ed.). London: Longman.
850:Collins encyclopaedia of Scotland
649:
533:
497:
266:, as well as a pamphlet entitled
3735:Witchcraft in early modern Wales
3694:
2964:Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers
1396:"Little Ice Age | geochronology"
848:Keay, John; Keay, Julia (1994).
186:Witchcraft in early modern Wales
4638:Early modern history of Britain
4300:Witch trials in the Netherlands
3991:Pappenheimer family witch trial
1477:
1444:
1412:
1388:
1365:Narratives of Sorcery and Magic
1356:
1331:
1205:
1180:
1147:
1114:
1091:
1034:
997:
964:
941:
898:
874:
841:
817:
756:
4453:Summis desiderantes affectibus
4246:Navarre witch trials (1525–26)
4145:Vardø witch trials (1651–1653)
2413:Jamyi Witch hiring controversy
2274:Summis desiderantes affectibus
732:
701:
676:
617:
593:
18:early modern period in Britain
1:
3871:Northern Moravia witch trials
3775:Northamptonshire witch trials
3079:Northamptonshire witch trials
2883:Hermetic Brotherhood of Luxor
907:Magic, Ritual, and Witchcraft
490:
260:was found in the King's book
201:. She was accused of using a
4588:accusations against children
4493:The Discoverie of Witchcraft
3940:Trial of the Wizards of Lyon
3793:Bury St Edmunds witch trials
3715:Channel Islands Witch Trials
3588:Last person imprisoned under
3109:Bury St Edmunds witch trials
2418:accusations against children
2314:The Discoverie of Witchcraft
1486:American Sociological Review
1429:10.1007/978-94-015-9259-8_13
1373:10.1017/cbo9781139176354.002
1216:, Palgrave Macmillan, 2011,
1192:www.witchcraftandwitches.com
634:10.1007/978-94-015-9259-8_13
576:"Trials of the Witchy Women"
143:The Discoverie of Witchcraft
137:The Discoverie of Witchcraft
7:
3910:Aix-en-Provence possessions
2798:Anglo-Saxon metrical charms
1455:. Oxford University Press.
1121:Westwood, Jennifer (2005).
473:
457:
422:
401:
392:Fraudulent Mediums Act 1951
235:. The trials took place in
208:
23:Prior to the 16th century,
10:
4659:
4517:Daemonolatreiae libri tres
4364:Liechtenstein witch trials
4045:Witch trial of Fuersteneck
3905:Labourd witch-hunt of 1609
3758:North Berwick witch trials
3357:George and Lachlan Rattray
3227:Janet Douglas, Lady Glamis
3049:North Berwick witch trials
2903:Society of the Inner Light
2338:Daemonolatreiae libri tres
1222:10.1057/9780230361386.0006
948:Kushner, David Z. (2002).
339:
282:
4575:
4549:A Guide to Grand-Jury Men
4414:
4373:
4290:
4234:Val Camonica witch trials
4214:Witch trials in Catalonia
4201:
4122:Vardø witch trials (1621)
4054:
3949:
3892:
3865:Kasina Wielka witch trial
3847:
3804:Alloa witch trials (1658)
3702:
3642:
3621:
3612:
3578:
3501:
3471:
3462:
3435:
3172:
3021:
2996:
2916:
2865:
2856:
2826:
2790:
2783:
2682:
2661:
2626:
2610:
2568:
2517:
2486:
2455:
2446:
2403:
2396:
2370:A Guide to Grand-Jury Men
2233:
2110:
1950:
1763:
1696:
1572:
1565:
1004:Gaskill, Malcolm (2005).
971:Levack, Brian P. (1995).
507:Scarre, Geoffrey (1987).
349:, more commonly known as
252:(in turn inspired by the
4557:The Discovery of Witches
4429:Directorium Inquisitorum
4399:Witch trials in New York
4387:Connecticut Witch Trials
4381:Witch trials in Virginia
4219:Witch trials in Portugal
4033:Mergentheim witch trials
4027:Baden-Baden witch trials
3795:(1645, 1662, 1655, 1694)
3629:Witches' Well, Edinburgh
2700:Christian views on magic
2378:The Discovery of Witches
2250:Directorium Inquisitorum
429:great religious conflict
177:
66:A witch and her familiar
4485:De praestigiis daemonum
4437:De maleficis mulieribus
4334:Bredevoort witch trials
4281:Witch trial of Nogaredo
4162:Kastelholm witch trials
4098:Copenhagen witch trials
4077:Witch trials in Iceland
4072:Witch trials in Finland
4062:Witch trials in Denmark
3979:Rottenburg witch trials
3973:Wiesensteig witch trial
3855:Witch trials in Hungary
3838:Islandmagee witch trial
3720:Witch trials in England
3159:Islandmagee witch trial
2808:Cunning folk in Britain
2306:De praestigiis daemonum
2258:De maleficis mulieribus
1400:Encyclopedia Britannica
1098:Pringle, Denys (2003).
363:Islandmagee witch trial
291:Witch trials in England
289:See also main article:
250:Copenhagen witch trials
215:See also main article:
184:See also main article:
4643:Witchcraft in Scotland
4541:Compendium Maleficarum
4533:Magical Investigations
4424:(8th–2nd centuries BC)
4240:Mirandola witch trials
4224:Witch trials in Sicily
4087:Witch trials in Sweden
4082:Witch trials in Norway
4039:Esslingen witch trials
4009:Eichstätt witch trials
3967:Derenburg witch trials
3900:Witch trials in France
3860:Witch trials in Poland
3113:1645, 1662, 1655, 1694
2362:Compendium Maleficarum
2354:Magical Investigations
2245:(8th–2nd centuries BC)
1154:Borman, Tracy (2014).
1041:Poole, Robert (2002).
765:The Lancashire Witches
302:
280:
270:that was published in
173:Witch hunts and trials
119:
85:witchcraft in Scotland
67:
4633:Witchcraft in England
4600:Werewolf witch trials
4393:Maryland Witch Trials
4358:Salzburg witch trials
4275:Terrassa witch trials
4229:Witch trials in Spain
4209:Witch trials in Italy
4180:Katarina witch trials
4174:Torsåker witch trials
4150:Kirkjuból witch trial
4127:Akershus witch trials
4015:Würzburg witch trials
4003:Ellwangen witch trial
3962:Rottweil Witch Trials
3934:Affair of the Poisons
3928:Normandy witch trials
3883:Doruchowo witch trial
3059:Aberdeen witch trials
1985:Cloak of invisibility
1741:Solitary practitioner
1654:Witch-cult hypothesis
1451:Elmer, Peter (2016).
605:www.rep.routledge.com
468:Albert James Bergesen
448:non-price competition
300:
276:
113:
65:
4340:Roermond witch trial
4310:Stedelen witch trial
4263:Witches of Laspaúles
4139:Rosborg witch trials
4116:Finspång witch trial
4021:Bamberg witch trials
3922:Louviers possessions
3820:Bideford witch trial
3725:Witchcraft in Orkney
3703:In the British Isles
3129:Bideford witch trial
2898:Ordo Templi Orientis
2803:Anglo-Saxon paganism
2705:Magical organization
2220:Witches of Benevento
1297:The Economic Journal
718:10.1093/pastj/gtm048
480:Early modern Britain
330:Bideford witch trial
258:North Berwick trials
134:wrote a book called
106:Prevalence of belief
54:Belief in witchcraft
4501:Newes from Scotland
4461:Malleus Maleficarum
4322:Geneva witch trials
4316:Valais witch trials
4269:Basque witch trials
4192:Thisted witch trial
4186:Rugård witch trials
4133:Ramsele witch trial
4104:Gyldenstierne-sagen
4092:Põlula witch trials
3877:Szeged witch trials
3592:Witchcraft Act 1735
3464:Neopagan witchcraft
3257:Issobell Fergussone
2322:Newes from Scotland
2282:Malleus Maleficarum
1659:Anglo-Saxon England
1263:10.7227/iesh.39.1.1
744:The British Library
383:Witchcraft Act 1735
359:Petronilla de Meath
268:Newes from Scotland
44:Witchcraft Act 1735
4405:Salem witch trials
4251:Lisbon witch trial
4202:In Southern Europe
4156:Vardø witch trials
4055:In Northern Europe
3997:Fulda witch trials
3985:Trier witch trials
3916:Loudun possessions
3832:Pittenweem witches
3787:Witches of Belvoir
3781:Samlesbury witches
3752:Witches of Warboys
3445:Christian Caldwell
3322:Euphame MacCalzean
3222:Katherine Campbell
3149:Pittenweem witches
3099:Witches of Belvoir
3089:Samlesbury witches
3039:Witches of Warboys
2979:Austin Osman Spare
2969:Madeline Montalban
2674:Witches in fiction
2662:In popular culture
2236:historic treatises
1309:10.1111/ecoj.12498
1303:(613): 2066–2105.
1194:. 15 December 2018
919:10.1353/mrw.0.0015
710:Past & Present
485:English literature
417:Wolfgang Behringer
412:The Little Ice Age
407:The Little Ice Age
396:14 & 15 Geo. 6
355:Lady Alice Kyteler
315:Witches of Belvoir
303:
254:Trier witch trials
226:magic related laws
120:
96:Lady Alice Kyteler
68:
4620:
4619:
4374:Outside of Europe
4352:Lukh witch trials
3848:In Eastern Europe
3662:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3608:
3607:
3574:
3573:
3483:Alexandrian Wicca
3458:
3457:
3436:Witch hunters and
3417:Major Thomas Weir
2992:
2991:
2852:
2851:
2844:George Pickingill
2738:
2737:
2695:Witch (archetype)
2657:
2656:
2606:
2605:
1932:Sympathetic magic
1759:
1758:
377:Nellie Duncan, a
71:Alleged practices
33:laws being passed
4650:
4168:Mora witch trial
3746:St Osyth Witches
3689:
3682:
3675:
3666:
3665:
3619:
3618:
3585:
3584:
3566:Cecil Williamson
3493:Cochrane's Craft
3488:Gardnerian Wicca
3469:
3468:
3387:Annaple Thomsone
3377:Bessie Stevenson
3292:Gwen ferch Ellis
3237:Margaret Duchill
3202:Margaret Barclay
3019:
3018:
2934:Aleister Crowley
2924:Peter J. Carroll
2863:
2862:
2858:Ceremonial magic
2788:
2787:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2742:
2741:
2669:Magic in fiction
2499:Northern Moravia
2453:
2452:
2433:Papua New Guinea
2401:
2400:
2185:Nine sorceresses
1937:Witches' Sabbath
1786:Ceremonial magic
1776:Apotropaic magic
1570:
1569:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1525:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1292:
1283:
1282:
1246:
1235:
1234:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1074:
1065:
1064:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1011:
1001:
995:
994:
968:
962:
961:
945:
939:
938:
902:
896:
895:
893:
892:
878:
872:
871:
845:
839:
838:
836:
835:
825:"Written Charms"
821:
815:
814:
812:
811:
797:
786:
785:
760:
754:
753:
751:
750:
736:
730:
729:
705:
699:
698:
696:
695:
680:
674:
673:
672:
671:
660:"Little Ice Age"
656:
647:
646:
621:
615:
614:
612:
611:
597:
591:
590:
588:
586:
571:
558:
557:
555:
554:
540:
531:
530:
504:
195:Gwen ferch Ellis
118:by King James VI
4658:
4657:
4653:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4647:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4616:
4605:Witchcraft Acts
4571:
4410:
4369:
4346:Spa witch trial
4292:
4286:
4197:
4050:
3945:
3888:
3843:
3826:Paisley witches
3740:Windsor Witches
3698:
3693:
3663:
3654:
3638:
3614:
3604:
3589:
3580:
3570:
3561:Doreen Valiente
3546:Frederic Lamond
3521:Robert Cochrane
3516:Charles Cardell
3503:
3497:
3454:
3437:
3431:
3407:Beatrix Watsone
3302:Grissel Jaffray
3217:Margaret Burges
3207:Magdalene Blair
3192:Allison Balfour
3187:Margaret Aitken
3174:
3168:
3139:Paisley witches
3029:Windsor Witches
3017:
2999:
2988:
2929:Andrew Chumbley
2912:
2908:Typhonian Order
2848:
2822:
2779:
2769:
2739:
2734:
2678:
2653:
2622:
2602:
2564:
2518:Northern Europe
2513:
2482:
2442:
2392:
2235:
2229:
2112:
2106:
2045:Magical weapons
1995:Flying ointment
1946:
1791:Magical formula
1755:
1692:
1639:Greece and Rome
1561:
1552:
1522:
1521:
1498:10.2307/2094602
1482:
1478:
1463:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1417:
1413:
1404:
1402:
1394:
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1332:
1293:
1286:
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1211:
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1206:
1197:
1195:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1166:
1152:
1148:
1133:
1119:
1115:
1100:Belvoir Castle
1096:
1092:
1083:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1068:
1053:
1039:
1035:
1020:
1002:
998:
983:
969:
965:
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903:
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860:
846:
842:
833:
831:
823:
822:
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798:
789:
783:
761:
757:
748:
746:
738:
737:
733:
706:
702:
693:
691:
688:History Ireland
682:
681:
677:
669:
667:
658:
657:
650:
644:
622:
618:
609:
607:
599:
598:
594:
584:
582:
572:
561:
552:
550:
542:
541:
534:
519:
505:
498:
493:
476:
460:
452:the Reformation
425:
409:
404:
375:
342:
308:Matthew Hopkins
285:
211:
180:
175:
108:
73:
56:
12:
11:
5:
4656:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4618:
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4613:
4612:
4602:
4597:
4592:
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4590:
4579:
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4573:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4561:
4553:
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4537:
4529:
4521:
4513:
4505:
4497:
4489:
4481:
4473:
4465:
4457:
4449:
4441:
4433:
4425:
4418:
4416:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4402:
4396:
4390:
4384:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4361:
4355:
4349:
4343:
4337:
4331:
4325:
4319:
4313:
4307:
4302:
4296:
4294:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4278:
4272:
4266:
4260:
4254:
4248:
4243:
4237:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4205:
4203:
4199:
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4189:
4183:
4177:
4171:
4165:
4159:
4153:
4147:
4142:
4136:
4130:
4124:
4119:
4113:
4107:
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4095:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4042:
4036:
4030:
4024:
4018:
4012:
4006:
4000:
3994:
3988:
3982:
3976:
3970:
3964:
3959:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3937:
3931:
3925:
3919:
3913:
3907:
3902:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3880:
3874:
3868:
3862:
3857:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3835:
3829:
3823:
3817:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3790:
3784:
3778:
3772:
3769:Pendle witches
3766:
3761:
3755:
3749:
3743:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3692:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3669:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3631:
3625:
3623:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3596:
3594:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3541:Gerald Gardner
3538:
3533:
3531:Stewart Farrar
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3507:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3475:
3473:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3441:
3439:
3438:Witch-prickers
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3397:Issobell Young
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3372:Isobell Shyrie
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3352:Alison Pearson
3349:
3344:
3339:
3337:Barbara Napier
3334:
3329:
3327:Elspeth McEwen
3324:
3319:
3317:Beatrix Leslie
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3242:Geillis Duncan
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3178:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3069:Pendle witches
3066:
3065:
3064:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3025:
3023:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3004:
3002:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2878:Alpha et Omega
2875:
2869:
2867:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2794:
2792:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2768:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2745:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2572:
2570:
2569:Western Europe
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2490:
2488:
2487:Eastern Europe
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2459:
2457:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2409:
2407:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2382:
2374:
2366:
2358:
2350:
2342:
2334:
2326:
2318:
2310:
2302:
2294:
2286:
2278:
2270:
2262:
2254:
2246:
2239:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2225:Witch of Endor
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2102:Witch's ladder
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1965:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1800:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1576:
1574:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1551:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1528:
1520:
1519:
1492:(2): 220–233.
1476:
1461:
1443:
1437:
1411:
1387:
1381:
1355:
1330:
1284:
1236:
1230:
1204:
1179:
1164:
1146:
1131:
1113:
1090:
1066:
1051:
1033:
1018:
996:
981:
963:
940:
897:
873:
858:
840:
816:
787:
781:
755:
731:
712:(198): 33–70.
700:
675:
648:
642:
616:
592:
580:The New Yorker
559:
532:
517:
495:
494:
492:
489:
488:
487:
482:
475:
472:
466:In a paper by
459:
456:
424:
421:
408:
405:
403:
400:
374:
371:
341:
338:
323:Lincoln Castle
319:Leicestershire
295:
294:
284:
281:
221:
220:
210:
207:
190:
189:
179:
176:
174:
171:
107:
104:
72:
69:
55:
52:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4655:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
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4578:
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4535:
4534:
4530:
4527:
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4522:
4519:
4518:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4490:
4487:
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4479:
4478:
4474:
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4470:
4466:
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4458:
4455:
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4450:
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4426:
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4406:
4403:
4400:
4397:
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4388:
4385:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4365:
4362:
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4356:
4353:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4329:
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4323:
4320:
4317:
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4308:
4306:
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4301:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4289:
4282:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4270:
4267:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4255:
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4238:
4235:
4232:
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4227:
4225:
4222:
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4210:
4207:
4206:
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4200:
4193:
4190:
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4172:
4169:
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4160:
4157:
4154:
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4148:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4134:
4131:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4096:
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4090:
4088:
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4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4046:
4043:
4040:
4037:
4034:
4031:
4028:
4025:
4022:
4019:
4016:
4013:
4010:
4007:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3995:
3992:
3989:
3986:
3983:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
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3952:
3948:
3941:
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3932:
3929:
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3917:
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3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3753:
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3747:
3744:
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3738:
3736:
3733:
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3728:
3726:
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3718:
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3708:
3707:
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3701:
3697:
3690:
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3683:
3678:
3676:
3671:
3670:
3667:
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3648:
3647:
3645:
3641:
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3624:
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3617:
3611:
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3598:
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3593:
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3577:
3567:
3564:
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3559:
3557:
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3537:
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3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3500:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3434:
3428:
3427:Bessie Wright
3425:
3423:
3422:Janet Wishart
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3402:Marion Walker
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3392:Marioun Twedy
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3367:Agnes Sampson
3365:
3363:
3362:Elspeth Reoch
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3287:Helen Guthrie
3285:
3283:
3282:Isobel Gowdie
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3252:Isobel Elliot
3250:
3248:
3247:Bessie Dunlop
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3197:Margaret Bane
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3171:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3119:Alloa witches
3117:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3082:
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3077:
3072:
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3037:
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3027:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2995:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2944:Kenneth Grant
2942:
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2937:
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2932:
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2927:
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2915:
2909:
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2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2866:Organizations
2864:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2839:James Murrell
2837:
2835:
2832:
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2766:
2761:
2759:
2754:
2752:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2725:Folk religion
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
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2675:
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2647:
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2640:
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2629:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2597:
2594:
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2589:
2587:
2584:
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2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
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2561:
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2556:
2553:
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2546:
2543:
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2533:
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2528:
2526:
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2516:
2510:
2507:
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2502:
2500:
2497:
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2479:
2476:
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2454:
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2402:
2399:
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2319:
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2300:
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2279:
2276:
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2263:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2215:Three Witches
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2175:Morgan le Fay
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
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2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
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2048:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2020:Kitchen witch
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
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1991:
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1986:
1983:
1981:
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1671:Latin America
1669:
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1620:
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1612:
1608:
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1604:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1595:Witch smeller
1593:
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1586:
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1581:
1578:
1577:
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1568:
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1472:
1468:
1464:
1462:9780198717720
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1438:9789048153060
1434:
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1382:9781139176354
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1231:9780230361386
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1165:9781444821253
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1132:9780141007113
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1015:
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988:
984:
978:
974:
967:
959:
955:
951:
950:Macbeth (iii)
944:
936:
932:
928:
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916:
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901:
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877:
869:
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805:www.bbc.co.uk
802:
796:
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782:9780719062032
778:
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643:9789048153060
639:
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631:
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596:
581:
577:
570:
568:
566:
564:
549:
548:UK Parliament
545:
539:
537:
528:
524:
520:
514:
510:
503:
501:
496:
486:
483:
481:
478:
477:
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286:
279:
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273:
269:
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259:
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247:
243:
238:
237:North Berwick
234:
233:King James VI
229:
227:
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218:
213:
212:
206:
204:
200:
196:
188:
187:
182:
181:
170:
168:
164:
163:King James VI
160:
159:
153:
152:
148:
144:
139:
138:
133:
132:Reginald Scot
128:
125:
117:
112:
103:
101:
97:
92:
88:
86:
82:
78:
64:
60:
51:
49:
45:
40:
38:
34:
30:
26:
21:
19:
4563:
4555:
4547:
4539:
4531:
4525:Daemonologie
4523:
4515:
4507:
4499:
4491:
4483:
4477:Laienspiegel
4475:
4467:
4459:
4451:
4443:
4435:
4427:
4236:(1505, 1518)
4110:Køge Huskors
3814:Bute witches
3709:
3696:Witch trials
3600:Helen Duncan
3556:Alex Sanders
3536:Janet Farrar
3450:John Kincaid
3342:Alice Nutter
3312:Marie Lamont
3267:Agnes Finnie
3212:Janet Boyman
2998:Early Modern
2997:
2949:Dion Fortune
2690:Witch (word)
2639:Witch's mark
2448:Early Modern
2384:
2376:
2368:
2360:
2352:
2346:Daemonologie
2344:
2336:
2328:
2320:
2312:
2304:
2298:Laienspiegel
2296:
2288:
2280:
2272:
2264:
2256:
2248:
2180:Muma Pădurii
2111:Folklore and
2082:Sator Square
2035:Magic circle
2030:Magic carpet
1990:Crystal ball
1927:Spiritualism
1751:Witch doctor
1663:
1634:Cunning folk
1489:
1485:
1479:
1452:
1446:
1420:
1414:
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1345:. 2018-02-07
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1080:. 2013-10-31
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690:. 2013-01-24
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666:, 2019-04-17
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547:
544:"Witchcraft"
508:
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435:Peter Leeson
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29:cunning folk
22:
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4445:Formicarius
4407:(1692–1693)
4401:(1642–1790)
4395:(1654–1712)
4389:(1647–1663)
4383:(1626–1730)
4366:(1679–1682)
4360:(1675–1681)
4354:(1656–1660)
4330:(1591–1595)
4318:(1428–1447)
4312:(1397–1407)
4277:(1615–1619)
4259:(1575–1650)
4242:(1522–1525)
4194:(1696–1698)
4164:(1665–1668)
4141:(1639–1642)
4112:(1608–1615)
4041:(1662–1666)
4035:(1628–1631)
4029:(1627–1631)
4023:(1626–1631)
4017:(1626–1631)
4011:(1617–1630)
4005:(1611–1618)
3999:(1603–1606)
3987:(1581–1593)
3981:(1578–1613)
3975:(1562–1563)
3942:(1742–1745)
3936:(1679–1682)
3754:(1589–1593)
3634:Maggie Wall
3615:and museums
3347:Mary Pannal
3297:Janet Horne
3182:Lilias Adie
3008:In Scotland
2984:A. E. Waite
2397:Persecution
2266:Formicarius
2210:Spearfinger
2150:Elbow witch
2050:Magic sword
2015:Julleuchter
2000:Goofer dust
1942:White magic
1855:Incantation
1781:Black magic
1736:Renaissance
1704:Chaos magic
1676:Middle East
1607:Philippines
1257:(1): 1–25.
1125:. Penguin.
886:Historic UK
829:Apotropaios
585:15 February
367:Islandmagee
147:Shakespeare
4627:Categories
4595:Drudenhaus
4583:Witch-hunt
4291:Elsewhere
4257:Benandanti
3950:In Germany
3581:witchcraft
3551:Sybil Leek
3332:Violet Mar
3307:Mary Hicks
3000:witchcraft
2974:Alan Moore
2959:James Lees
2784:Folk magic
2778:in Britain
2776:witchcraft
2710:Maleficium
2634:Witch-hunt
2438:Witch camp
2097:Witch ball
2040:Magic ring
2025:Love charm
1880:Necromancy
1875:Moon magic
1870:Mediumship
1865:Love magic
1850:Gray magic
1830:Divination
1629:Benandanti
1559:witchcraft
1405:2019-05-12
1349:2019-05-29
1198:2019-05-30
1158:. Thorpe.
1084:2019-05-30
1052:1417574771
1019:0674019768
982:058208069X
891:2019-05-12
859:0002550822
834:2019-05-12
810:2019-05-12
749:2019-05-12
694:2019-05-08
670:2019-05-08
610:2019-05-08
553:2019-05-08
518:0333399331
491:References
440:Protestant
199:Llandyrnog
124:Henry VIII
25:Witchcraft
4293:in Europe
4283:(1646–47)
4253:(1559–60)
4188:(1685–86)
4158:(1662–63)
3930:(1669–70)
3918:(1633–34)
3893:In France
3879:(1728–29)
3622:Monuments
3613:Monuments
3412:Jane Weir
3382:Anna Tait
3272:Maud Galt
3262:John Fian
3063:1596–1597
3043:1589–1593
2954:Phil Hine
2917:Magicians
2827:Magicians
2611:Classical
2130:Baba Yaga
2113:mythology
1922:Spiritism
1912:Sex magic
1890:Shamanism
1885:Occultism
1840:Evocation
1835:Entheogen
1813:Damnation
1764:Practices
1506:0003-1224
1471:915508933
1325:219395432
1317:0013-0133
1279:161411162
1271:0332-4893
1174:892871089
935:161615132
927:1940-5111
726:0031-2746
664:Knowledge
81:astrology
3502:Neopagan
3472:Variants
3013:In Wales
2939:John Dee
2818:Nicnevin
2791:Variants
2644:Pricking
2555:Scotland
2478:Virginia
2468:New York
2463:Maryland
2456:Americas
2205:Sorginak
2195:Pasiphaë
2087:Talisman
2057:Mojo bag
2005:Grimoire
1900:Regional
1845:Familiar
1808:Anathema
1724:Neopagan
1719:Medieval
1624:Akelarre
1141:61302120
1061:57555447
1028:60589143
991:30154582
868:33166697
527:14904269
474:See also
458:Politics
444:Catholic
423:Religion
402:Theories
387:9 Geo. 2
209:Scotland
167:Scotland
114:Copy of
100:familiar
48:9 Geo. 2
4576:Related
3643:Museums
3511:Artemis
3504:witches
3232:Meg Dow
3175:witches
3173:Accused
2683:Related
2627:Related
2545:Iceland
2540:Finland
2535:England
2530:Denmark
2494:Hungary
2190:Obayifo
2120:Agamede
2077:Potions
2010:Incense
1951:Objects
1771:Animism
1746:Warlock
1681:Oceania
1664:Britain
1514:2094602
351:fairies
340:Ireland
283:England
242:Denmark
151:Macbeth
77:alchemy
4568:(1751)
4560:(1647)
4552:(1627)
4544:(1608)
4536:(1599)
4528:(1597)
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3885:(1783)
3873:(1678)
3867:(1634)
3840:(1711)
3834:(1704)
3828:(1696)
3822:(1682)
3816:(1662)
3789:(1619)
3783:(1612)
3777:(1612)
3771:(1612)
3760:(1590)
3748:(1582)
3742:(1579)
3579:Modern
3022:Trials
2893:O∴A∴A∴
2813:Goetia
2596:Basque
2581:Geneva
2576:France
2560:Sweden
2550:Norway
2525:Baltic
2509:Russia
2504:Poland
2405:Modern
2389:(1751)
2381:(1647)
2373:(1627)
2365:(1608)
2357:(1599)
2349:(1597)
2341:(1595)
2333:(1593)
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2309:(1563)
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2293:(1489)
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2277:(1484)
2269:(1475)
2261:(1440)
2253:(1376)
2200:Sebile
2155:Hecate
2125:Aradia
2072:Poppet
2067:Nkondi
1980:Censer
1963:Athame
1958:Amulet
1917:Sigils
1905:Yellow
1714:Hoodoo
1709:Goetia
1686:Mākutu
1614:Europe
1585:Azande
1580:Africa
1573:Region
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272:London
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37:trials
4415:Texts
3479:Wicca
2772:Magic
2730:Adept
2591:Spain
2586:Italy
2473:Salem
2428:Nepal
2423:India
2234:Major
2170:Medea
2165:Kalku
2145:Drude
2140:Dayan
2135:Circe
2062:Nkisi
1973:besom
1968:Broom
1895:Black
1825:Demon
1803:Curse
1798:Coven
1729:Wicca
1649:Völva
1644:Seiðr
1619:Italy
1590:Ghana
1566:Types
1555:Magic
1510:JSTOR
1321:S2CID
1275:S2CID
931:S2CID
347:Sidhe
334:Devon
178:Wales
3590:the
3526:Dafo
3163:1711
3153:1704
3143:1696
3133:1684
3123:1658
3103:1619
3093:1612
3083:1612
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3053:1590
3033:1579
2873:A∴A∴
2774:and
2160:Huld
2092:Wand
1860:Jinn
1818:Jinx
1697:Form
1602:Asia
1557:and
1502:ISSN
1467:OCLC
1457:ISBN
1433:ISBN
1377:ISBN
1313:ISSN
1267:ISSN
1226:ISBN
1170:OCLC
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1127:ISBN
1057:OCLC
1047:ISBN
1024:OCLC
1014:ISBN
987:OCLC
977:ISBN
923:ISSN
864:OCLC
854:ISBN
777:ISBN
722:ISSN
638:ISBN
587:2024
523:OCLC
513:ISBN
442:and
42:The
35:and
1494:doi
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1259:doi
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332:in
197:of
165:of
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