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Women in Indonesia

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2067: 164: 370: 2145: 26: 1910: 449: 1978:) ceremony are organized by local Islamic foundations around Prophet Muhammad's birthday. Some FGM are Type IV done with a pen knife, others are Type I done with scissors. Two Indonesian nationwide studies in 2003 and 2010 found over 80% of the cases sampled involved cutting, typically of newborns through the age of 9. Across the sites, among all the children aged 15–18, 86–100% of the girls were reported already circumcised. More than 90% of families visited in the studies claimed they wanted the practice to continue. 2127: 2203: 426:. The title Mangkubumi was formerly reserved for senior male princes groomed for the throne, including the reigning Sultan. The decree thus admits female royals into the line of succession for the first time since the inception of the Sultanate. According to the current Sultan, this was in line with his prerogatives; his action was nonetheless criticized by more conservative male family members such as his siblings, who were thus displaced in the line of succession. 1987: 4850: 179: 4860: 2230: 2141:, a small scale family-owned store, is often run equally by men and women. In most parts of the country, Indonesian women traditionally enjoy a degree of socio-economic freedom. To support their family's economy, Indonesian women are involved in economic activities outside of their households, although mostly informal small-scale business. It is common to find women-run businesses in traditional Indonesian marketplaces. 1973:
is commonly practiced in Indonesia. Female genital mutilation Type I and IV is prevalent in Indonesia; 49% of girls are mutilated by age 14, and 97.5% of the surveyed females from Muslim families (Muslim females are at least 85% of females in Indonesia) are mutilated by age 18 (55 million females as
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is one example of the rising numbers of female leaders throughout Indonesia. More and more women are becoming scholars. The ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary schools is also even as of 2013. More scholarships awarded by the Indonesian government (and some other institutions other than
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Nonetheless, the economy now seems to be improving (high GDP growth in 2012 as high as 6.2%) and some programs had been done by the government to help promote the health and welfare of women and children. A ministry that specifically concerns in the field had been established for a long time since
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society, women traditionally play important roles, especially concerning family and economic life. Despite traditional values that hold Balinese women responsible for fostering balance and harmony within families and producing high-quality offspring, in a fast changing society, their economic role
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In Indonesian culture, it is a social norm for husbands to financially provide for his wife and the whole family. Which means part of the husband's earnings is expected to be given to the wife and would in turn be managed by her for family spendings and savings. However, it is normal for women to
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culture. The price paid is based on the education, career, beauty, social and economic strata, or noble background of the bride. In Minangkabau matrilineal culture, the payment of the "groom price", is given to the groom's parents, as the husband is entering his newly wed wife's household, and is
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Indonesian women could be making considerable shifts to national employment - women currently hold 33% of non-agricultural employment as they also work in the prestigious and traditionally male-dominated field such as architecture, medicine, and engineering. Indonesian women have pursued various
1962:. In 2021 Jarangga spoke out about how there had been no reduction in the gender inequality that Papuan women face since 2008. She has also spoken out about how extractive industries increase violence against women, including denying women access to traditional economic resources. 2054:. A local saying that more children equated to more fortune and it was widely believed that the use of contraceptives contravened religious and moral values. This contributed to a very high fertility rate, recognising that it was a major factor in creating widespread poverty. 1938:". This kind of carriage was previously only able to be found on air-conditioned EMUs (which only provides women-only carriages on each end of the train), but a number of recently repaired non-air conditioned EMUs have also been equipped with the women-only carriage stickers. 2226:
the government) were given to women, and resulted in higher achievement in their later life. In most major cities like Jakarta and Surabaya, educated female workforce tend to postpone marriage, and girls who finish secondary school are six times less likely to marry early.
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women choose to reside in cities instead of staying in townships to perform agricultural work because of personal, professional, and family-related necessities, and economic requirements. These women are moving away from the traditional dictates of
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which refer to a gift provided by the groom to be given to the bride. It may contain a sum of money or gold, sometimes because of the adoption of Islamic culture, also include or replaced by symbolic religious items such as praying equipment
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Muslim 207176162 (87.18%), Christian 16528513 (6.96), Catholic 6907873 (2.91), Hindu 4012116 (1.69), Buddhist 1703254 (0.72), Khong Hu Chu 117091 (0.05), Other 299617 (0.13), Not Stated 139582 (0.06), Not Asked 757118 (0.32), Total
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In 2012, the company launched women-only trains. However, this practice ended the following year after reports found that mixed-use cars were overcrowded during rush hour while women's only cars were underutilised.
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culture, where property and family names are inherited from mother to daughter, and husbands are considered as "guests" in their wives' household. Its culture also recognises a prominent historic female figure,
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in response to reports of sexual harassment in public places, including commuter trains and buses. The women-only carriages on commuter trains are usually denoted by large pink or purple stickers, which read
278:, there are records of some prominent women that held and exercised considerable power and influence within their society, although usually reserved exclusively for an elite ruling class. They include 1864: 147:, wherein women act simply and solely as wives and mothers. At present, the women of Indonesia are also venturing actively into the realm of national development, and working as active members of 3001: 5070: 2106:, help Indonesian women to escape the common practice of private hospitals in Indonesia that entails detaining newborn infants until medical bills are fully remunerated by the mothers. 2214: 561: 245:
has grown. It is common for Balinese women to pursue economic activities outside of their household; thus, Balinese traditional marketplaces are filled with women running businesses.
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law in full, where all Muslim women must wear the traditional head covering known as hijab, and fraternising with the opposite sex outside marriage is banned.
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is a problem. Indonesian and foreign women and girls have been forced into prostitution in brothels and homes and been physically and psychologically abused.
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in manufacturing businesses. In the 1990s, some women in Indonesia, including adolescents and the homeless, resorted to engage in employment as
418:(previously known as Princess Pembayun) received the new name Mangkubumi Hamemayu Hayuning Bawana Langgeng ing Mataram. This denotes her as the 138:
today are being affected by many factors, including increased modernization, globalization, improved education and advances in technology. Many
265:, the matriarch of Minangkabau society. Today, Bundo Kanduang refers to the traditional institution consisting of female elders revered in the 3809: 1317: 3680: 4924: 4815: 3137: 2304: 1352: 2650: 2058:
is also common. It is among the triggering factors of diseases in women such as cervical cancer, and is sustained by traditional norms.
3611: 718: 556: 3882: 2807: 4066: 3307: 2983: 403:, women have held equal legal rights with men in politics, although politics is still a male-dominated field in practice. In 2001, 385:, when a handful of upperclass native women advocated for women's rights and education for women. These women's right pioneers are 5111: 890: 4896: 4764: 3762: 3740: 2579: 709: 3567: 3443: 2844: 2771: 2090:
sanctuaries" that provide "free prenatal care, birthing services and medical aid", such as the Healthy Mother Earth Foundation (
217:, are often held by women. Despite their roles seeming to being reduced, if not rather confined, after the adoption of somewhat 3968: 1843: 1777: 813: 566: 2866: 3814: 3690: 3665: 3176: 970: 529: 2221:
served as president of Indonesia from 2001 to 2004. In 2012, 18% of national parliament representatives were held by women.
5035: 4825: 4489: 1002: 400: 4432: 4041: 3767: 3624: 3190: 2367: 1069: 3650: 4145: 2826: 2086:, because of disproportionate salaries and medical expenses. Thus, these women require the support and assistance of " 4739: 4386: 4369: 3958: 3784: 2562: 1836: 1772: 4239: 4150: 4016: 3936: 3779: 3236:"THE INFLUENCE OF SEXUAL VALUES ON PERCEIVED RISK OF INTERFAITH MARRIAGE AMONG UNMARRIED URBAN STUDENTS IN JAKARTA" 519: 469: 148: 3334:"9-10 June: Child Marriage, Sexual Moralities and the Politics of Decentralization in Indonesia - News - Research" 2159:
began investing in Indonesia during the 1970s, many Indonesian women became the "prime workforce" and a source of
4784: 3977: 3804: 2914: 1322: 1242: 1064: 859: 4194: 4102: 3909: 3841: 3685: 3640: 3604: 3356: 2512: 2196: 779: 615: 407:—then serving as Vice President—became the first female president of Indonesia after the removal of President 4939: 4347: 4334: 4179: 4080: 4036: 3735: 3710: 3695: 3092:
Religion can be divided into Muslim, Protestant, Catholic, Hindu, Buddhist, Hu Khong Chu, and Other Religion.
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that continue to practice this custom. The more commonly prevailing national culture is the marriage gold (
1898: 1757: 992: 910: 885: 818: 3559: 2552: 2236:, a prominent businesswoman and the Maritime and Fisheries Minister in Joko Widodo's first administration. 5106: 4889: 4051: 3836: 3750: 3700: 2753: 2078:
Many pregnant women in Indonesia do not have the financial capability to pay for hospital deliveries and
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Indonesian women often run small business to support their family, such as traders in marketplace or as
4574: 4456: 4379: 4282: 4229: 4026: 3963: 3799: 3774: 3555:. Sociolegal Status of Women in Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand. Asian Development Bank. 3280: 2602: 1782: 1372: 347: 3235: 5030: 5002: 4820: 4406: 4299: 4269: 4135: 4112: 3914: 3899: 3867: 3757: 3597: 2347: 2172: 2156: 1970: 1160: 490: 234: 3214: 2964: 4779: 4684: 4506: 4482: 4324: 4259: 4046: 4011: 1922: 1612: 1306: 635: 600: 355: 110: 2530: 2473: 4396: 4292: 4214: 4209: 3924: 3075: 2027: 448: 87: 3584: 3488:"Share of women employed in the nonagricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment)" 197:
In Indonesian society, women performed vital roles both within and outside the family. In rural
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Women in Indonesia: Gender, Equity and Development, Volume 8 dari Indonesia assessment series
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are increasingly in place in schools and government offices. Aceh province has implemented
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is a major problem. Traditionally, Indonesian society has viewed children as a source of
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Arnez, Monika. Gender, Islam and Sexuality in Contemporary Indonesia. Germany, Springer.
3257:"Behind the Notion of Siala: Marriage, Adat and Islam among the Bugis in South Sulawesi" 2241:
lines of work and some have excelled in their careers. These include economists such as
2026:, although historically a widespread practice in Minangkabau land, today only people of 4919: 4830: 4709: 4704: 4441: 4249: 4219: 4189: 4184: 4169: 4140: 4097: 3824: 3819: 2655: 2309: 2246: 1991: 1807: 1702: 1662: 1532: 1392: 1202: 1192: 1117: 1059: 1044: 895: 875: 852: 704: 684: 463: 249: 230: 3564:. Indonesia Assessment Series. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (2002). 284 pages. 2863:"Pacific.scoop.co.nz » Indonesia: West Papua — Violence against indigenous women" 4934: 4859: 4774: 4724: 4679: 4659: 4649: 4549: 4451: 4374: 3984: 3675: 2558: 2493: 2449: 2083: 1909: 1727: 1697: 1622: 1602: 1587: 1542: 1507: 1472: 1407: 1347: 1282: 1262: 1257: 1127: 1112: 1039: 1029: 1017: 927: 920: 900: 784: 699: 655: 585: 495: 408: 382: 378: 323: 198: 4984: 4905: 4749: 4664: 4644: 4529: 4519: 4446: 3919: 2485: 2315: 2282: 2233: 1951: 1926: 1812: 1797: 1787: 1767: 1737: 1672: 1647: 1572: 1552: 1547: 1492: 1412: 1377: 1362: 1327: 1312: 1292: 1237: 1222: 1212: 1197: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1122: 1099: 942: 937: 723: 694: 671: 534: 419: 351: 287: 283: 25: 2731: 2392: 5055: 4979: 4794: 4729: 4694: 4629: 4609: 4599: 4559: 4544: 4539: 3005: 2418: 2254: 2222: 2126: 1762: 1752: 1742: 1717: 1707: 1637: 1617: 1597: 1537: 1477: 1457: 1442: 1397: 1387: 1367: 1302: 1252: 1247: 1232: 1187: 1132: 947: 620: 363: 343: 335: 291: 241: 3381: 2489: 2098:, an American midwife, in 2003. Such 24-hour nativity havens, mostly located in 4974: 4954: 4835: 4754: 4714: 4689: 4669: 4604: 4579: 4569: 4554: 4342: 4164: 2626:"The Implementation of CEDAW Related to Women's Quota in Indonesian Parliament" 2444: 2342: 2286: 2258: 2055: 2047: 1995: 1875:
In many parts of Indonesia, regulations compelling women and girls to wear the
1817: 1732: 1712: 1692: 1667: 1632: 1592: 1567: 1557: 1497: 1467: 1452: 1422: 1417: 1402: 1382: 1332: 1277: 1272: 1227: 1149: 982: 932: 842: 791: 735: 359: 339: 299: 45: 31: 3528:"Indonesia, world's biggest Muslim country, puts more women into senior roles" 3177:"Social and Demographic Issues in Indonesia – Future Directions International" 2940: 5100: 5050: 5007: 4929: 4853: 4674: 4639: 4594: 4589: 4498: 3105: 3021: 2651:""I wanted to run away", Abusive dress code for women and Girls in Indonesia" 2278: 2202: 1955: 1822: 1607: 1582: 1517: 1487: 1437: 1432: 1357: 1297: 1267: 1142: 977: 847: 808: 796: 774: 756: 571: 303: 279: 2478:
The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry
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due to financial hardship. Some of the women who were forced into such work
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also based on the education and career of the groom. The custom is called
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Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
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of 2018). In certain communities of Indonesia, mass female circumcision (
1930: 1054: 1024: 801: 262: 257: 1986: 4156: 2889:"APSN | Papuan women still denied access to economy, education, health" 2827:"ジャボデタベク電気鉄道センター: Operasi Perdana Rangkaian Khusus Wanita - 女性専用編成最初運転" 2164: 2087: 2079: 1137: 1079: 1074: 423: 315: 253: 218: 2419:"Career Women in Indonesia: Obstacles Faced, and Prospects for Change" 178: 3620: 3589: 3120:""Uang Panai", Tanda Penghargaan untuk Meminang Gadis Bugis-Makassar" 2209:, an influential Indonesian economist, currently Minister of Finance. 2184: 2160: 2095: 319: 311: 214: 186: 139: 237:, women still hold important positions, especially within families. 4874: 3016: 3014: 2625: 2229: 2192: 2180: 539: 152: 2550: 2135:
pursue economic activities beyond the household. For example, the
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cases in Indonesia go unreported, with victims fear being blamed.
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that ruled the region. Indonesia has recognised several historic
206: 190: 4467: 3011: 3466:"Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary education (%)" 2999:
Male and Female Genital Cutting among Yagyakartans and Madurans
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A women-only car at the front of a KRL Jabotabek commuter train
1880: 610: 331: 3138:"Uang Japuik, Tradisi Unik 'Beli' Laki-laki dari Ranah Minang" 2732:"Over 90 percent rape cases go unreported in Indonesia - poll" 2706:"Ban on outdoor music concerts in West Aceh due to Sharia law" 414:
On 5 May 2015, following a Royal Decree issued by the Sultan,
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with leaders of the Indonesian Women's Congress in June 1950.
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are known as one of the few traditional societies that apply
3487: 3465: 1886: 2421:. Australian Consortium for 'In-Country' Indonesian Studies 2168: 2103: 2099: 1892: 267: 3400:"Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak" 3360: 2808:"Indonesia Railway Company Launches Women-Only Carriages" 2772:"Human Trafficking In Indonesia: The Difficult Road Home" 3082:. Jakarta, Indonesia: Badan Pusat Statistik. 15 May 2010 2009:
is practiced by certain ethnic groups. For example, the
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was explored in a report published in 2011 by activists
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that fought against Dutch colonialism; among others are
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Population Council and USAID, September 2003; pp. 24–27
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In a traditional market, women commonly run businesses.
2269:, Indonesia had 26% female representation among state 507:
Gender representation on corporate boards of directors
2845:"What Real Women Think Of Women-Only Train Carriages" 393:
of Bandung, who both established a school for girls.
3171: 3169: 3031:. United States Agency for International Development 2984:
The day I saw 248 girls suffering genital mutilation
2546: 2544: 3551:Poverty Reduction and Social Development Division. 2915:"Masyarakat Adat Papua di Tengah Agenda Neoliberal" 381:movement was started in late 19th century colonial 3568:2 men, 2 women caned in Indonesia for sex offenses 3561:Women in Indonesia: Gender, Equity and Development 3166: 2541: 2471: 5098: 3510:"5 Tokoh Perempuan Indonesia Yang Menginspirasi" 3076:"Penduduk Menurut Wilayah dan Agama yang Dianut" 2730:Beh Lih Yi (25 July 2016). Whiting, Alex (ed.). 730:Science, technology, engineering and mathematics 3444:"Women are integral part of Indonesian success" 3308:"Child marriage a serious problem in Indonesia" 2510: 2005:is rarely practiced in Indonesian culture, yet 1994:are one of the few ethnic groups that practice 3273: 2790:"Facebook used to kidnap girls for sex slaves" 2577: 2504: 2046:As with many other developing countries, high 4890: 4483: 3605: 3078:[Population by Region and Religion]. 2600: 2580:"Sultan names eldest daughter Crown Princess" 2551:Kathryn May Robinson; Sharon Bessell (2002). 1945: 1844: 3117: 1965: 1917:Since 2010, the Indonesian Railway Company ( 338:of Jepara was also a notable female leader. 3558:Robinson, Kathryn May and Bessell, Sharon. 3437: 3435: 2445:"Redefining the role of women in Indonesia" 2215:countries which have had a female president 1981: 4897: 4883: 4490: 4476: 3612: 3598: 3553:Poverty and Social Development Paper No. 1 2912: 2729: 1851: 1837: 334:. Following the arrival of Islam in Java, 24: 2703: 2265:. During the administration of President 1950:Forty years of violence against women in 1887:Sexual crime, harassment, and trafficking 3441: 3432: 3420:. Coalition Against Trafficking in Women 2824: 2754:"Indonesia's child prostitution problem" 2557:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 2305:Indonesia women's national football team 2301:, Indonesian women's football Tournament 2228: 2201: 2143: 2125: 2065: 1985: 1908: 368: 177: 162: 3354: 3302: 3300: 2978: 2976: 2913:Pergerakan, Suluh (29 September 2020). 2677: 2443:Ahmad, Abdul Razak (29 December 1998). 1904: 1870: 399:was never an issue in Indonesia. Since 5099: 3619: 3585:Indonesia Women's Studies Bibliography 3442:Bachelet, Michelle (4 December 2012). 3156:"Mahar dengan Seperangkat Alat Sholat" 3068: 2474:"Balinese Women in a Changing Society" 2438: 2436: 2416: 4878: 4471: 3593: 3281:"POVERTY AND INEQUALITY IN INDONESIA" 2982:Haworth, Abigail (November 17, 2012) 2678:Iaccino, Ludovica (31 October 2016). 2623: 2513:"World's largest matrilineal society" 2511:Rathina Sankari (22 September 2016). 2442: 2061: 373:Kartini school in early 20th century. 4904: 3297: 2973: 2825:Yulianto, Charles (1 October 2012). 2368:"Human Development Report 2021/2022" 1003:Gender representation in video games 271:(tradition) of Minangkabau society. 201:society, certain positions, such as 3043: 3008:, Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia 2433: 13: 3671:French and British era (1806–1816) 3542: 3022:"Female Circumcision in Indonesia" 2941:"Female Circumcision in Indonesia" 2865:. 16 December 2021. Archived from 2289:'s deputy governor, Rosmaya Hadi. 2281:, Maritime and Fisheries Minister 318:(c. 13th century), also queens of 14: 5123: 4497: 3578: 3355:Ruffins, Ebonne (10 March 2011). 3144:(in Indonesian). 19 January 2022. 2963:Corbett, Sara (January 20, 2008) 2704:Topsfield, Jewel (7 April 2016). 2624:Zahra, Tri Inaya (28 June 2013). 2110:the regime of the late President 1867:in 1980 and ratified it in 1984. 429: 4858: 4849: 4848: 3106:Female Circumcision in Indonesia 2249:, Olympic gold medalist such as 2094:) health clinics established by 520:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 447: 3691:Liberal democracy era (1950–59) 3520: 3502: 3480: 3458: 3410: 3402:(in Indonesian). Archived from 3392: 3374: 3348: 3326: 3249: 3228: 3207: 3183: 3148: 3130: 3111: 3099: 2997:Darwin, Muhadjir et al. (2004) 2991: 2957: 2933: 2906: 2893:www.asia-pacific-solidarity.net 2881: 2855: 2837: 2818: 2800: 2782: 2764: 2746: 2723: 2697: 2671: 2643: 2617: 2594: 2393:"Global Gender Gap Report 2022" 4925:Federated States of Micronesia 4816:British Indian Ocean Territory 3959:People's Consultative Assembly 3191:"Post-2015 Development Agenda" 3162:(in Indonesian). 26 July 2011. 3118:Hendra Cipto (13 March 2017). 2601:John Monfries (12 June 2015). 2571: 2523: 2465: 2410: 2385: 2360: 1: 3701:Transitional period (1965–66) 3686:National Revolution (1945–49) 3681:Japanese occupation (1942–45) 3676:Dutch East Indies (1800–1942) 2578:Slamet Susanto (6 May 2015). 2353: 2197:sexually transmitted diseases 2121: 2734:. Thomson Reuters Foundation 2684:International Business Times 2151:, 5th President of Indonesia 1899:Sex trafficking in Indonesia 971:Portrayal in American comics 562:Heads of state or government 7: 5112:Women's rights in Indonesia 4067:Water supply and sanitation 3051:"Female genital mutilation" 2490:10.1521/jaap.32.1.213.28335 2373:. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORTS 2312:, a weekly women's magazine 2292: 2273:, the highest among the 10 328:Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi 10: 5128: 3696:Guided Democracy (1959–65) 3661:Portuguese era (1512–1605) 2472:Luh Ketut Suryani (2004). 1946:Violence in Papua province 401:its first election in 1955 158: 5016: 4993: 4912: 4844: 4803: 4763: 4505: 4419: 4333: 4268: 4126: 4088: 4079: 4007: 3998: 3863: 3854: 3810:Provincial highest points 3731: 3722: 3631: 2710:The Sydney Morning Herald 2348:Human rights in Indonesia 2155:After a surge of foreign 1990:Minangkabau wedding, the 1971:Female genital mutilation 1966:Female genital mutilation 1931:Jakarta metropolitan area 124: 116: 109: 101: 93: 86: 78: 67: 57: 44: 39: 23: 5071:Northern Mariana Islands 4565:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 3868:Administrative divisions 1982:Marriage and family life 356:Martha Christina Tiahahu 322:(c. 13th-15th century); 172:Kongres Wanita Indonesia 5036:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 4826:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 2831:charleskkb.blogspot.com 2531:"Perempuan Minangkabau" 2275:most populous countries 2257:, to activists such as 2213:Indonesia is among the 2157:multinational investors 2041:seperangkat alat sholat 1919:PT Kereta Api Indonesia 557:Conservatives in the US 530:Explorers and travelers 111:Global Gender Gap Index 88:Gender Inequality Index 4042:Science and technology 3883:Regencies & Cities 2417:Ingham, Xylia (2005). 2398:. World Economic Forum 2237: 2210: 2152: 2131: 2075: 1999: 1914: 860:In Shakespeare's works 374: 342:also recorded several 194: 175: 151:that focus and act on 5019:and other territories 3651:Hinduism-Buddhism era 3336:. Universiteit Leiden 2453:. Third World Network 2338:Feminism in Indonesia 2243:Sri Mulyani Indrawati 2232: 2219:Megawati Sukarnoputri 2207:Sri Mulyani Indrawati 2205: 2175:to countries such as 2149:Megawati Sukarnoputri 2147: 2129: 2069: 1989: 1912: 1863:Indonesia signed the 616:Nobel Prize laureates 405:Megawati Sukarnoputri 372: 183:Tribhuwanottunggadewi 181: 166: 79:Women in labour force 4740:United Arab Emirates 3785:Environmental issues 3406:on 2 September 2013. 3080:Sensus Penduduk 2010 2582:. theJakartapost.com 1936:Kereta Khusus Wanita 1923:women-only carriages 1905:Women-only transport 1871:Obstacles and sharia 1773:United Arab Emirates 710:in the United States 525:Economic development 515:Diversity (politics) 501:Female entrepreneurs 379:women's emancipation 4767:limited recognition 3706:New Order (1966–98) 3666:VOC era (1603–1800) 2965:A Cutting Tradition 2869:on 16 December 2021 2812:thejakartaglobe.com 2603:"The Sultan's Coup" 1758:Trinidad and Tobago 993:Speculative fiction 886:Theological figures 831:Feminist philosophy 631:Reproductive rights 437:Part of a series on 420:heiress presumptive 416:Princess Mangkubumi 310:(c. 10th century), 302:(c. 10th century), 296:Isyana Tunggawijaya 168:Maria Ulfah Santoso 70:secondary education 68:Women over 25 with 59:Women in parliament 49: (per 100,000) 20: 5107:Women in Indonesia 4052:Telecommunications 3763:Biosphere reserves 3004:2014-08-12 at the 2796:. 29 October 2012. 2760:. 9 February 2020. 2656:Human Rights Watch 2537:. 23 January 2016. 2247:Mari Elka Pangestu 2238: 2211: 2173:opted to go abroad 2153: 2132: 2092:Yayasan Bumi Sehat 2076: 2062:Health and welfare 2000: 1915: 1323:Dominican Republic 1090:Mixed martial arts 1060:Fastpitch softball 641:Violence and abuse 626:Positions of power 375: 294:(c. 9th century), 286:(c. 7th century), 276:Indonesian history 250:Minangkabau people 211:traditional healer 195: 176: 145:Indonesian culture 136:women in Indonesia 46:Maternal mortality 40:General Statistics 19:Women in Indonesia 18: 5094: 5093: 5086:Wallis and Futuna 4994:Associated states 4906:Women in Oceania 4872: 4871: 4809:other territories 4465: 4464: 4415: 4414: 4103:Human trafficking 4075: 4074: 3994: 3993: 3985:Wawasan Nusantara 3969:Political parties 3910:Foreign relations 3850: 3849: 3532:The Straits Times 3179:. 27 August 2015. 2851:. 24 August 2017. 2849:marieclaire.co.uk 2794:Standard-Examiner 2450:New Straits Times 2084:Caesarean section 1891:More than 90% of 1861: 1860: 1065:Football / soccer 988:Fictional pirates 780:Art history field 656:Exchange of women 422:to the throne of 409:Abdurrahman Wahid 383:Dutch East Indies 348:national heroines 340:Sultanate of Aceh 324:Gayatri Rajapatni 213:, ritualist, and 132: 131: 5119: 5076:Pitcairn Islands 5046:French Polynesia 5031:Christmas Island 4960:Papua New Guinea 4940:Marshall Islands 4913:Sovereign states 4899: 4892: 4885: 4876: 4875: 4862: 4852: 4851: 4821:Christmas Island 4507:Sovereign states 4492: 4485: 4478: 4469: 4468: 4435: 4428: 4086: 4085: 4005: 4004: 3947:National capital 3861: 3860: 3729: 3728: 3614: 3607: 3600: 3591: 3590: 3572:The Jakarta Post 3536: 3535: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3490:. The World Bank 3484: 3478: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3468:. The World Bank 3462: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3439: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3378: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3312:The Jakarta Post 3304: 3295: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3285: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3261: 3253: 3247: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3219: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3195: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3173: 3164: 3163: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3126:(in Indonesian). 3115: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3094: 3089: 3087: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3047: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3026: 3018: 3009: 2995: 2989: 2980: 2971: 2961: 2955: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2945: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2919:Suluh Pergerakan 2910: 2904: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2859: 2853: 2852: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2786: 2780: 2779: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2750: 2744: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2621: 2615: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2598: 2592: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2548: 2539: 2538: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2440: 2431: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2414: 2408: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2397: 2389: 2383: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2372: 2364: 2316:Wanita Indonesia 2283:Susi Pudjiastuti 2234:Susi Pudjiastuti 1853: 1846: 1839: 1523:Marshall Islands 1100:Paralympic Games 731: 508: 473: 451: 442:Women in society 434: 433: 397:Women's suffrage 352:Nyi Ageng Serang 288:Pramodhawardhani 284:Kalingga Kingdom 105:110th out of 191 50: 28: 21: 17: 5127: 5126: 5122: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5117: 5116: 5097: 5096: 5095: 5090: 5018: 5012: 4995: 4989: 4970:Solomon Islands 4908: 4903: 4873: 4868: 4840: 4808: 4799: 4780:Northern Cyprus 4766: 4759: 4501: 4496: 4466: 4461: 4438: 4431: 4424: 4411: 4402:Personification 4329: 4264: 4245:Public holidays 4230:National heroes 4122: 4071: 3990: 3846: 3815:Natural history 3718: 3656:Spread of Islam 3627: 3618: 3581: 3545: 3543:Further reading 3540: 3539: 3534:. 25 July 2017. 3526: 3525: 3521: 3516:. 3 March 2022. 3514:Woman Indonesia 3508: 3507: 3503: 3493: 3491: 3486: 3485: 3481: 3471: 3469: 3464: 3463: 3459: 3449: 3447: 3440: 3433: 3423: 3421: 3416: 3415: 3411: 3398: 3397: 3393: 3380: 3379: 3375: 3365: 3363: 3353: 3349: 3339: 3337: 3332: 3331: 3327: 3317: 3315: 3306: 3305: 3298: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3279: 3278: 3274: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3255: 3254: 3250: 3240: 3238: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3217: 3213: 3212: 3208: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3175: 3174: 3167: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3116: 3112: 3104: 3100: 3085: 3083: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3059: 3057: 3049: 3048: 3044: 3034: 3032: 3024: 3020: 3019: 3012: 3006:Wayback Machine 2996: 2992: 2981: 2974: 2962: 2958: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2939: 2938: 2934: 2924: 2922: 2921:(in Indonesian) 2911: 2907: 2897: 2895: 2887: 2886: 2882: 2872: 2870: 2861: 2860: 2856: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2823: 2819: 2806: 2805: 2801: 2788: 2787: 2783: 2778:. 16 June 2017. 2776:Nexus Institute 2770: 2769: 2765: 2752: 2751: 2747: 2737: 2735: 2728: 2724: 2714: 2712: 2702: 2698: 2688: 2686: 2676: 2672: 2662: 2660: 2659:. 18 March 2021 2649: 2648: 2644: 2634: 2632: 2622: 2618: 2608: 2606: 2599: 2595: 2585: 2583: 2576: 2572: 2565: 2549: 2542: 2529: 2528: 2524: 2509: 2505: 2470: 2466: 2456: 2454: 2441: 2434: 2424: 2422: 2415: 2411: 2401: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2390: 2386: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2295: 2255:Liliyana Natsir 2223:Tri Rismaharini 2161:cheap labourers 2124: 2064: 2013:bride price in 1984: 1976:khitanan massal 1968: 1948: 1927:commuter trains 1907: 1889: 1873: 1857: 1828: 1827: 1163: 1153: 1152: 1145: 1133:Track and field 1020: 1010: 1009: 961: 960:Popular culture 953: 952: 881: 880: 865: 864: 819:Science fiction 765: 764: 746: 745: 729: 680: 679: 661: 660: 636:Venture capital 601:Law enforcement 506: 491:Animal advocacy 487: 467: 464:Women's history 459: 432: 364:Cut Nyak Meutia 336:Ratu Kalinyamat 292:Mataram Kingdom 189:, portrayed as 161: 128:92nd out of 146 48: 35: 12: 11: 5: 5125: 5115: 5114: 5109: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5066:Norfolk Island 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5026:American Samoa 5022: 5020: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5010: 5005: 4999: 4997: 4996:of New Zealand 4991: 4990: 4988: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4916: 4914: 4910: 4909: 4902: 4901: 4894: 4887: 4879: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4866: 4856: 4845: 4842: 4841: 4839: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4812: 4810: 4801: 4800: 4798: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4771: 4769: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4511: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4499:Women in Asia 4495: 4494: 4487: 4480: 4472: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4437: 4436: 4429: 4421: 4420: 4417: 4416: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4387:Floral emblems 4384: 4383: 4382: 4372: 4370:Faunal emblems 4367: 4366: 4365: 4360: 4350: 4345: 4339: 4337: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4296: 4295: 4285: 4280: 4274: 4272: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4161: 4160: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4132: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4089: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4047:Stock Exchange 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4008: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3992: 3991: 3989: 3988: 3981: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3949: 3944: 3934: 3933: 3932: 3927: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3891: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3828: 3827: 3822: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3771: 3770: 3768:National parks 3765: 3755: 3754: 3753: 3751:Climate change 3743: 3738: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3716: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3637: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3617: 3616: 3609: 3602: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3580: 3579:External links 3577: 3576: 3575: 3565: 3556: 3549: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3537: 3519: 3501: 3479: 3457: 3431: 3409: 3391: 3373: 3347: 3325: 3314:. 20 July 2016 3296: 3272: 3248: 3227: 3206: 3182: 3165: 3147: 3129: 3110: 3098: 3067: 3042: 3010: 2990: 2972: 2969:New York Times 2956: 2932: 2905: 2880: 2854: 2836: 2817: 2799: 2781: 2763: 2758:The ASEAN Post 2745: 2722: 2696: 2670: 2642: 2616: 2593: 2570: 2563: 2540: 2522: 2503: 2484:(1): 213–230. 2464: 2432: 2409: 2384: 2358: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2351: 2350: 2345: 2343:Women in Islam 2340: 2329: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2307: 2302: 2294: 2291: 2287:Bank Indonesia 2259:Butet Manurung 2123: 2120: 2063: 2060: 2056:Child marriage 2048:fertility rate 1996:matrilineality 1983: 1980: 1967: 1964: 1952:Papua province 1947: 1944: 1906: 1903: 1888: 1885: 1872: 1869: 1859: 1858: 1856: 1855: 1848: 1841: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1778:United Kingdom 1775: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1164: 1159: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1150:List of sports 1147: 1146: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1021: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1006: 1005: 995: 990: 985: 980: 975: 974: 973: 962: 959: 958: 955: 954: 951: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 924: 923: 918: 913: 903: 898: 893: 888: 882: 879: 878: 872: 871: 870: 867: 866: 863: 862: 857: 856: 855: 850: 840: 835: 834: 833: 823: 822: 821: 811: 806: 805: 804: 802:"Chick flicks" 794: 789: 788: 787: 785:Women's cinema 777: 772: 766: 763: 762: 759: 753: 752: 751: 748: 747: 744: 743: 738: 733: 726: 721: 716: 715: 714: 713: 712: 697: 692: 687: 681: 678: 677: 674: 668: 667: 666: 663: 662: 659: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 582: 581: 580: 579: 569: 564: 559: 549: 548: 547: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 511: 510: 503: 493: 486: 485: 479: 478: 475: 474: 460: 457: 456: 453: 452: 444: 443: 439: 438: 431: 430:Women's rights 428: 389:of Jepara and 360:Cut Nyak Dhien 300:Isyana dynasty 263:Bundo Kanduang 160: 157: 155:and concerns. 153:women's issues 130: 129: 126: 122: 121: 118: 114: 113: 107: 106: 103: 99: 98: 95: 91: 90: 84: 83: 80: 76: 75: 72: 65: 64: 61: 55: 54: 51: 42: 41: 37: 36: 32:street vendors 29: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5124: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5061:New Caledonia 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5041:Easter Island 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5015: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4992: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4900: 4895: 4893: 4888: 4886: 4881: 4880: 4877: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4855: 4847: 4846: 4843: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4806: 4802: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4790:South Ossetia 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4762: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4493: 4488: 4486: 4481: 4479: 4474: 4473: 4470: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4439: 4434: 4430: 4427: 4423: 4422: 4418: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4355: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4332: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4294: 4291: 4290: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4283:Ethnic groups 4281: 4279: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4267: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4159: 4158: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4138: 4137: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4125: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4090: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4078: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4009: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3997: 3987: 3986: 3982: 3979: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3954: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3938: 3935: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3922: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3870: 3869: 3866: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3853: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3817: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3775:Deforestation 3773: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3760: 3759: 3756: 3752: 3749: 3748: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3721: 3715: 3713: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3615: 3610: 3608: 3603: 3601: 3596: 3595: 3592: 3586: 3583: 3582: 3574:. 5 May 2011. 3573: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3562: 3557: 3554: 3550: 3547: 3546: 3533: 3529: 3523: 3515: 3511: 3505: 3489: 3483: 3467: 3461: 3445: 3438: 3436: 3419: 3413: 3405: 3401: 3395: 3387: 3386:worldbank.org 3383: 3377: 3362: 3358: 3351: 3335: 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Index


street vendors
Maternal mortality
Women in parliament
secondary education
Gender Inequality Index
Global Gender Gap Index
Indonesian
Indonesian culture
organisations
women's issues

Maria Ulfah Santoso
Kongres Wanita Indonesia

Tribhuwanottunggadewi
Majapahit
Parvati
native
midwife
traditional healer
shaman
patriarchal
Hinduism
Buddhism
Islam
Christianity
Balinese
Minangkabau people
matriarchal

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