Women in the Communist Party of Spain

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executed because a Nationalist soldier coveted her. Children were removed from their mothers, left in the care of family or to live on the streets. Some women with sons who fought for the Republic were forced to watch them be tortured or executed. Prior to going to prison, some women found themselves raped by male police officers. Some women were removed from prison at night by Falangists who would then rape them. During these nights away from prison by Falangist forces, some women were also branded with a yoke and arrows. Borrowing from a practice being used by Mussolini's forces in Italy, women in prison were often forced to drink castor oil with the intention of giving them diarrhea. The purpose was to humiliate these women when they soiled themselves. Women in prison often had a toilet ratio of one toilet for every 200 women. By the end of the Civil War, the Las Ventas Model Prison had swelled from 500 female prisoners to over 11,000. Seven girls under the age of twenty-one were executed as part of a larger group of fifty-six prisoners in Madrid on 5 August 1939. The group became known as the

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1581:, she campaigned before groups of Socialists, Communists, Anti-fascists and Republicans. She used her experiences to improve her oratory skills that would serve her later during the Civil War by observing other speakers who managed to successfully engage audiences. Ibárruri won, and entered the Cortes as a member of the Popular Front, in the Communist minority. Unlike some of their peers on the left, she and other Communists advocated citizens taking up arms in preparation for what they saw as the coming conflict. During important debates about women in the Second Republic, Dolores Ibárruri was often silent. She was not involved in the debate about women's suffrage and she condemned abortion. The women's rights issues she spoke about included the right to work outside the home, pay parity, and the need for childcare. 1570:) (PSUC), waged a campaign to try to bring all the leftist parties under their own umbrella. This angered PSOE, trade unions, anarchists and other socialists. Consequently, the idea was abandoned and PCE instead worked on creating joint committees for collective action with these other organizations. Dolores Ibárruri rose to prominence as the leader of PCE in a large part because she was the only member of PCE who had the charisma and public visibility to appeal to the broader mass of Spanish leftists. One of the methods that PCE used to try to gain more power in 1935 was to align with Republican parties ahead of the 1936 elections. This was viewed as a method of being able to further control inside the Republic, and co-opt the leftist movements. Prior to this, they had rejected such alliances as too bourgeois. 2052: 1999:. Her death would be widely shared by both Republican and Falangist propagandists. With Nationalist forces threatening her with the potential of being raped by Moorish soldiers if she does not surrender, Republicans were able to cast her as an innocent who chose death rather than to be debased and lose her honor. Falangist propaganda said there was never there and there was never a threat of rape. This made Odena's death meaningless. Beyond that, Falangist propaganda implied Odena had been guilty of murdering a Catholic priest a few weeks prior, with her suicide was a way of escaping punishment. 37: 1136:, Spanish and international communist women served on the front lines and on the home front, rising to leadership positions within militia forces. However, male communist leaders tended want them away from the front lines and tried to make clear internationally that female combatants should not come to Spain. Behind Nationalist lines, Communist affiliated women were executed or sent to prison. They were also raped, forced to drink castor oil, had their heads shaved and forced to march through towns as punishment. 1841: 1776:. Originally planned as a nationwide strike, the workers collective action only really took place in Asturias. Some women were involved in propaganda and others in assisting the miners. After the government quelled the insurrection by bringing in Moroccan legionaries, some 30,000 people found themselves in prison and another 1,000 were put into graves. A large number of those put into prison were women. Women also played an advocacy role in trying to see their husbands and male relatives released. 2243:

emancipation was sought. These views were expressed in her writings while in Soviet exile. Her views in this period were often out of alignment with how others on the left tried to portray her, namely as a consoling mother figure and as a maternal figure who did not contradict Spanish patriarchy. She continued to get support from Soviet Communist leadership in a great part because she did not contradict the feminine aspects attributed to her that did not undermine male leadership.

1153: 1043: 1532:. Her feminist beliefs worried and threatened her male colleagues in the Cortes. Despite this, she was reelected in 1933, and found herself subject to constant attacks in the media as she proved a constant irritant to male party members who sometimes resorted to racist attacks in the Cortes to shut her down. Still, she persevered, winning election 1931, 1933 and 1936. Disillusionment with PSOE led her to change membership to the Communist Party in 1937. 1615:

PCE male leadership strove to find roles for women that better comported with what they saw as more acceptable for their gender and better fit into the new, more conservative legal framework being created by the Second Republic. This included changing the name of the Committee for Women against War and Fascism to Pro-Working Class Children Committee. PCE's goal and the actual result was to discourage women's active participation in labor protests.

2027:. In the last days of Republican control of Madrid, she implored both men and women to take to arms against Nationalist forces in the city. The numbers of women mobilized and armed behind the front in support of cities exceeded the numbers who were on the front line. At most, probably 1,000 women fought on the front lines, while several thousand served in city defense. The latter included a women's only battalion that served in Madrid. 2154: 1054: 1746:. Many of these women were very knowledgeable about these topics, more so than many of their male peers. This cross party collaborative discussion was at times threatening to male leaders in parties like the Republican Union Party, who in 1934 put a stop to it by posting police officers at the entrances to keep non-party members out. As a consequence, many women left the Republican Union Party at this time. 2012: 2258:. This was one of the worst post-war women's prisons in Spain, where prison leaders also attempted coerced conversion to Catholicism. Rather than go through with a forced baptism in 1942, she committed suicide using a weapon. Landa did not immediately die, and lay in agony for over almost an hour before she died. During this time, prison officials baptized her. 1832:

gender conforming ways that did not challenge their roles as feminine. This was done by male leadership with the intention of counteracting the image of strong women political leaders, who unnerved many on the right. Right wing propaganda at the time featured women as vicious killers, who defied gender norms to eliminate the idea of Spanish motherhood.

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their potential for further political action. Women were also involved in building barricades, clothing repair, and street protests. For many women, this was the first time they were civically engaged without a male chaperone as in many cases, they were working on behalf of imprisoned male relatives. Women were also killed in this conflict.

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when the Republican government considered mobilizing its reserve forces military action in Morocco. Within hours of the news hitting the streets, Communist, Republican and Socialist women had organized a women's march to protest the proposed action in Madrid. Many women were arrested, taken to the police headquarters and later released.

1637:. Ibárruri's profile rose so much during the Second Republic, while being coupled with the outlawing of the Communist Party, that she was regularly hunted by the Spanish police. This made it difficult for her to travel, both internally and externally. Being too close to her would also prove deadly. Twenty-three year old 1659:, the Communist Party of Spain worked hard to convey a perception that they were one of the dominant political groups in the country by turning out party members in Madrid. They successfully organized hundred of Communist and Socialist women to participate in a march, where they chanted "Children yes, husbands no!" ( 2112:

1937. What is most likely is that various political and military leaders made their own decisions based on their own beliefs that led to different groups of female combatants gradually being withdrawn from the front. But whatever date ascribed, women were being encouraged to leave the front by September 1936.

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participating in combat. The idea was too radical for them, and they believed women should serve as heroes at home, providing support to civilian populations well behind the front lines. Women who were members of PSOE who found their way to combat did so by joining communist and socialist youth groups.

2254:. Soon after, she was arrested by the Francoist government. Put into a prison in Sales, she was given a death sentence where she worked to overturn her and other women's death sentences by engaging in a writing campaign. By 1940, her death sentence was commuted and she was moved to a women's prison in 1784:, women were on the battlefield serving in a variety of roles. At least one attended to the wounded while shelling went on around her. Others took up arms. Still more went from leftist position to leftist position with active shelling happening, providing fighters with food and motivational speeches. 1607:

goal, the first Communist women's organization, Committee of Women against War and Fascism in Spain, was created as a way of trying to attract women to Communist connected unions in 1933. Membership for women in PCE's Asturias section in 1932 was 330, but it grew By 1937, it had increased to 1,800 women.

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Women in the Pasionaria Column of the Fifth Regiment of the Popular Militias often tried to transfer out. This was in part because column leaders often tried to keep women out of combat, and instead have them work in support roles for the column that included cook, and cleaning clothes and

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On the front, the norm was for women to serve in mixed gender battalion units. They were transferred around Spain, depending on military needs for troop reinforcements. Rearguard miliciana groups were more likely to be organized into women only battalions, and were more likely to be based in the same

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The Nationalists using rape by Berber forces as a way of bringing women and children into compliance was so problematic, that the British who were scared of allowing Republican refugees in lest they spread the contagion of Communism in the country, finally allowed 3,889 Basque children and 219 female

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During the Second Republic, Partido Comunista de España was the primary Communist political organization in Spain. Communists began to recognize the importance of women during the Second Republic, and started to actively seek female members to broader their female based in 1932. To this further this

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faced difficulties. This included the general population being subjected to a propaganda war that ridiculed their involvement in the conflict. At the same time, the new government sought them out to put them in prison or torture them. Many fighters were also illiterate, and found this

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had come to a complete work stoppage, with machine guns appearing in placements along the major streets in the city. By the conclusion of major fighting on 8 May 1937, over 1,000 people would be dead and another 1,500 were wounded. POUM leadership would see this all come to a tragic head on 16 June

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One of the most important mass mobilizations of women in Spain's history was their participation on the anti-Nationalist front. Shortly after the start of the Civil War, around 1,000 Spanish women volunteered to serve on the front lines of the Republican side. One of the cities that saw the greatest

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While the national branches of Communist Party supported sending foreign fighters to Spain to fight in the Civil War in the International Brigades, they often opposed their female members from going. When they sometimes agreed to send determined women to Spain, it was often in support roles as

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More recently, academics have debated if the Asturian miners's strike represented the real start of the Spanish Civil War. Imagery from the conflict was subsequently used by both sides for propaganda to further their own agenda. Propaganda used featuring the events in October 1934 featured women in

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Women in Partido Comunista de España faced sexism on a regular basis, which prevent them from rising up the ranks in leadership. They were denied the ability to be fully indoctrinated by keeping them out of Communist ideological training classes. At the same time, men insisted women were

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Despite their own differences in ideology, communist, Republican, communist and socialist women would come together for discussions about the political issues of the day. They also worked to mobilize women en masse to protest issues they felt were important. One such mobilization occurred in 1934,

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saw many Communist women go into exile, while early in this period the PCE maintained its status as the most important leftist political organization. Women were involved behind the scenes, organizing covert armed resistance, bombing Guardia Civil positions, robbing banks and attacking offices

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During the later parts of the war and at its conclusion, some women from POUM were coerced into making false confessions in Moscow courtrooms, and then sent to Soviet prisons. Their major crime was being Trotskyites. It was only during the 1950s and 1960s that some of those women involved with POUM

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Partido Comunista de España became the dominant clandestine political organization in Spain following the end of the Civil War. It would retain this position until the death of Franco saw PSOE replace it. Women were involved with the party, helping to organize covert armed resistance by

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Dolores Ibárruri went into exile in the Soviet Union from 1935 to 1960. In exile, she continued to reject feminism, while still expressing concern for the role of women in Spanish society. For her, women did not make up a unique group, but were part of a larger working class society for whom

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The remnants of the POUM leadership were put on trial in Barcelona on October 11, 1938. Ibárruri was quoted as saying of their arraignment, "If there is an adage which says that in normal times it is preferable to acquit a hundred guilty ones than to punish a single innocent one, when the life of a

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commanded a JSU column during the Siege of Madrid. Julia Manzanal became the Political Commissar for the Batallón Municipal de Madrid when she was only 17. From there, she armed herself with a rifle and a pistol, fighting on the front lines, serving as a guard and engaging in espionage role despite

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Women on the front often were faced with a duel burden of being expected to fight and to provide auxiliary support. Male leadership decisions to require this reinforced sexism inside the Republic, by allowing women to break free of gender norms by serving in combat but at the same time forcing them

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as she traveled the country to speak in opposition to Francoist forces. She also used radio to spread her message, becoming famous for calling men and women to arms, saying, "¡No pasarán!" One of the most famous phrases she uttered in the civil war was, "It is better to die on your feet

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Anti-fascist organizations often attracted a heterogeneous membership. This at times could lead to major differences, discrepancies and priorities when it came to implementing anti-fascist programs. Different groups including socialists, communists and anarchists would sometimes work to take

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The varying political parties during this period on the left would all work with each other and, in the latter stages of the war, against each other. PCE would often be at the center of much of this, trying to attract support for their Stalinist Communism ideology from various left wing factions.

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For Soviet Communists, the Spanish Civil War was one of the most important in its history. It was one of the first times it was able to genuinely control national communist parties and influence domestic events abroad. It also prevented the international communist movement from becoming

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The military revolt was announced on the radio across the country, and people took to the streets immediately as they tried to determine the extent of the situation, and if it was a military or political conflict. Ibárruri would soon coin the phrase "¡No pasarán!" a few days later, on 18 July

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Nelken returned from exile to run for election. Nelken, also a militant communist and feminist, was much less accepted than Dolores Ibárruri precisely because she did not challenge the patriarchy of the day. Consequently, Ibárruri's leadership is remembered more fondly in Spain than Nelken's.

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faced problems in the Cortes. Her mother was French and her father was a German Jew. As a consequence, before she was allowed to sit in 1931, Nelken had to go through special bureaucratic procedures to insure she was a naturalized Spanish citizen. Her political interests were looked down

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For Spanish Communist women in exile, ideological beliefs of the period suggested mothers in this period should fade into the background, serving in roles that supported single women and men who could be more visible in the struggle against Franco. Communists emphasized a traditional view of

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Republican women in prisons often faced situations their male counterparts did not have to deal with. Unlike their male counterparts, many women given death sentences for military rebellion were given the status of common criminals. Some women in Nationalist zones found their husbands arrested and

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There are conflicting accounts by historians as to when the decision was made to remove women from the front on the Republican side. One side dates the decision to late fall of 1936 as the date when Prime Minister Francisco Largo Caballero gave the order. Others date the order to March

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During the Austrian miners action, the government of the Second Republic responded by arresting thousands of miners and closing down their workers centers. Women rose up to support striking and imprisoned miners by advocating for their release and taking jobs to support their families.

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Some women's veterans of the war never retired. They instead continued active violence against the state as part of communist and anarchist cells, using terrorism like tactics. This included bombing Guardia Civil positions, robbing banks and attacking offices of Falanage. Women involved with this

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and women in general stopped featuring in Republican propaganda. Visually, they returned to their lives before the war, where their primary role was behind the scenes at home. Communists and anarchists columns attracted the most women among all the political groups on the Republican front.

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and representing the bulk of the Republican forces in those positions, Union de Muchachas fighters were among the last to retreat. Women in rearguard battalions often met daily to practice weapons training, marching and drilling. Many also received specialized training in the use of machine

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was a communist organized rearguard women's only battalion in Madrid that fought on the front line starting on 8 November 1936. The battalion included two thousand women aged fourteen to twenty-five who had been training since July 1936, when the Civil War began. Positioned at Segovia

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Asociación de Mujeres contra la Guerra y el Fascismo underwent a second name change in 1936, shortly after the start of the Civil War. Their new name was Agrupación de Mujeres Antifascistas. From there, the group would play a prominent role in sending and supporting women on the front

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The PCE largely claimed credit, largely incorrectly, for the 1934 Asturian Miners' Strike. They used the confrontation to market themselves and build their membership into the tens of thousands. They also created their youth movement, Juventud Socialista Unificada (JSU) in partnership

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One of the biggest challenges faced by leftist women was Marxism prioritized the issue of class equality over gender issues. For anarchists, syndicalists, communist and socialist women, this often resulted in male leadership deprioritizing women's needs and locking women out of participation and

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in North Africa and Spain. They believed they would have an easy victory. They failed to predict the people's attachment to the Second Republic. With the Republic largely maintaining control over its Navy, Franco and others in the military successfully convinced Adolf Hitler to

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During the Asturian conflict, there were a few instances of women initiated violence. This fed into paranoia among those on the right that women would violently try to seize power from men. Both on the left and the right, these women were not viewed as heroic, and men wanted to limit

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Communists and anarchists columns attracted the most women among all the political groups on the Republican front. POUM attracted women fighters, but in smaller numbers. Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE) was one of the only major actors on the left to immediately reject the idea of women

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of the International Group of the Durruti Column. Some demobilized women left the front, and joined women's columns on the home front, in defense of cities like Madrid and Barcelona. When Juan Negrín became the head of the Republican armed forces in May 1937, women's time in combat ended as he

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Most of the women serving in front line roles had their positions defined by the communist, anarchist or POUM leadership. Most of these gave women equal roles when it came to combat, and providing the same military contribution. Combat experience did not significantly differ based on the

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Among the women serving in the international brigades, most worked as nurses, pharmacists or doctors. Some Jewish, Polish and American women did go to Spain, and did serve in combat. They were actively discouraged from doing so by anarchists, and outright banned from doing so by

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The birth of the Second Republic in 1931 saw a new era in Spain, where women were welcomed en masse into the public sphere, receiving voting rights, the ability to divorce and increased access to education. The first elections in 1931 saw the PCE kept out of Congress, though communist

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One of the most important things about the Second Republic for women is it allowed them to formally enter the public sphere en masse. The period also saw a number of rights available to women for the first time. This included the right to vote, divorce and access to higher education.

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While other communist organizations existed, Partido Comunista de España remained the dominant one. In the first year of the Civil War, the PCE rapidly increased their membership by nearly three-fold. Among the peasantry, women represented nearly a third of PCE's membership.

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Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy and the Soviet Union signed the Non-Intervention Treaty in August 1936, promising not to provide material support for the war to any of the parties, even as Germany and Italy were already and continued to provide support to Spain's fascists.

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to be restrict later activities. This was coupled with restrictions placed on some when in exile in France that limited their opportunities. For those who remained politically active, they had to deal with open sexism in the Communist Party and in anarchist circles.

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The Spanish monarchy ended in 1931. Following this and the end of the Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, the Second Republic was formed. The Second Republic had three elections before being replaced by the Franco dictatorship. These elections were held in 1931, 1933 and 1936.

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governance as their needs did not directly relate to the class struggle. Some leftist men, both in political and labor organizations, also resented women entering the workforce, viewing their lower wages as contributing to employers lowering wages among male workers.

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not capable of leadership because they were not educated in these principals. The sexism these leftist women faced was similar to their counterparts on the right, who were locked out of activities of the Catholic Church for exactly the same reason.

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PCE was on the margins of Spanish politics until 1931, when the Second Republic was founded. Its membership prior to that was only in the low thousands. Its small size made it of little interest to the broader Communist movement in Europe.

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in March 1937. Following the battle, many were load into cars and taken to support positions further behind the lines. A few refused to leave, and their fate is uncertain though friends suspected most died in combat. Expelled soldiers included

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was founded as a women's organization linked to PCE in 1933. They represented a middle class feminist movement. As a result of PCE male governance trying to remove women from more active roles in the Communist movement, its name was changed to

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was one of the few women active in leadership in the Communist Party of Spain. Joining during the 1920s, she found herself elected to the Central Committee by 1930. Two years later, she was the head of its Women's Commission.

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police force, and were already working to undermine anarchists. 1 May 1937 saw thousands of armed anarchists take to the streets, daring the government and police to disarm them. Open conflict started on 3 May 1937 in front of the

1292:, a football club. Because the organization was in hiding, they lacked a cohesive, shareable platform in this period and the organization was beset by internal conflicts. The most radical elements in the party congregated in 1861:

provide transport for Spanish troops from North Africa to the Iberian peninsula. These actions led to a divided Spain, and the protracted events of the Spanish Civil War. It would not officially end until 1 April 1939.

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The end of the Civil War, and the victory of fascist forces, saw the return of traditional gender roles to Spain. This included the unacceptability of women serving in combat roles in the military. After the war, many

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than live on your knees." The Communist Party did not approve of her private life though, asking her to end her relationship with a male party member who was seventeen years younger than her, which she did.

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number of armed women rise to its defense was Madrid. This quick mobilization of women was part of the reason that the Nationalists did not gain a quick victory, and the war became a more protracted affair.

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The Spanish Civil War started on 17 July 1936 with a coup d'état. The military revolt that started the civil war did not immediately succeed in part because of women who took part in spontaneous uprisings.

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communists. Argentina García was on the front in October 1937 in San Esteban de las Cruces. The communist's bravery in battle was recognized with a promotion to Captain in her Astruias Battalion.

4184: 4172: 4177: 4188: 1172:(PSOE) began to discuss what the role of communism should be in their own party, with the topic raised in PSOE's 1919 Congress. The following year, the youth wing of the party created the 1809: 1734:) (PUR) centers, where they would interact with other leftist women and discuss the political situation of the day during the early period of the Second Republic. Participants included 1681: 2204:

had largely taken control of the ports, where most of the support materials and relief aid coming in for distribution around the country were from the Soviet Union. They soon became a

2310:. These women, and women like them, served as go betweens for exiled leaders in France and those on the ground in Spain. They worked with Communist Party leaders to plan attacks. 111: 1184:) (PCE) but they not recognized as a PSOE affiliate. Partido Comunista Obrero Español were founded in 1921 by Bolshevik sympathizers within PSOE, but they too were rejected by PSOE. 1102:, who joined in its early years. The Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera pushed the group underground, where they had to meet clandestinely around their public face, the football club 1780:

Following this, Partido Comunista de España tried to intentionally repress its female membership from becoming more politically active from within the party. During fighting in

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saw women's profile grow larger. With women's parallel participation in violence, the male PCE leadership tried to discourage women from the more militant aspects of the party.

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and head to Britain. The British Government feared being made complicit in rape. Many women on the Republican side joined JSU, serving in civilian roles near the front.

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and Trotskyite purged began to re-evaluate their role in them; their change of hearts only occurred after Stalinist Communism lost its prestige among leftist circles.

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was active on the front, and died during the Asturian conflict. There were a number of women playing important roles behind the scenes in organizing. They included

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sympathizer Margarita Nelken y Mansbergen did win a seat representing the PSOE. She went on to win re-election in 1933, and PCE won a single seat in Congress.

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on 13 September 1936. With Nationalist forces overrunning her position, the unit commander chose to commit suicide rather than to surrender at a battle in

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Stories about POUM militants became more well known as they were more likely to have published their memories or had better contacts with international media.

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and taken to prison. Eventually, many foreigner supporters of POUM in the group would be rescued in part because of the actions of the journalist

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1936 in Madrid while on the radio from the Ministry of the Interior's radio station, saying, "It is better to die on your feet than live on your knees. ¡

2606: 2133: 2079: 2442: 1630: 1626: 4122: 2307: 1967: 2247: 1961: 1947: 1691: 1649: 1638: 1812:. Nelken was also involved in the strike, then accused of military rebellion and soon thereafter was forced into the exile that year, living in 2227: 2223: 2179: 355: 1772:

Women played roles behind the scenes in one of the first major conflicts of the Second Republic, when workers' militias seized control of the

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By 1935 Dolores Ibárruri, who had attended the International Lenin School in Moscow, had risen to a leading role in the party. PCE, through

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had gained access to JSU membership roles, and then left them to be found by supporters of Franco. This facilitated the arrest of the

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When they were not trying to directly collaborate, crossover in membership would see many communist women involved in other organizations.

1703: 1125:. PCE's strategy towards women in the Second Republic was largely to address their needs primarily as a tool to grow membership. The 1438: 1395: 3414: 4117: 365: 297: 3922: 1288:

The Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera forced PCE to go underground, and engage in clandestine activities with their public face being

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serving in leadership roles and assisting in linking up political leaders in exile with those active on the ground in Spain.

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and the POUM executive were arrested. The next day, foreign POUM members and supporters were arrested en masse at the

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reporters or propagandists. The party apparatus in Spain then actively worked to keep women away from the front.

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Mujeres Libres: Reclaiming their predecessors, their feminisms and the voice of women in the Spanish Civil War history

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members, Carlist traditionalist, Roman Catholic clergy and the Spanish army. They had support from fascist Italy and

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Three women would win seats in Spain's national congress, the Cortes in the 1931 elections, Spain's Cortes were

685: 4132: 4102: 1723: 1470: 982: 2474: 1541: 1515: 1506:. Nelken, who officially joined the party in 1935, ran in the 1931 elections as a PSOE affiliated candidate. 1485: 1446: 1405: 1354: 1122: 992: 101: 3789: 1645:, would was given a death sentence in 1939 for aiding Ibárruri, which was later commuted to life in prison. 1634: 1121:'s prominence grew in this period, as she increasingly became the face of the party, winning a seat in the 1014: 930: 868: 805: 219: 123: 2234:

people is in danger it is better to convict a hundred innocent ones than to acquit a single guilty one."

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location as part of defensive units. As a consequence, the roles played by each tended to be different.

1710:, part of a larger group representing Spain's communist, anarchist and socialist factions, attended the 977: 3806: 2303: 1391: 400: 330: 2692: 1214: 4137: 3964: 3409: 2576:"Féminin/masculin : les enjeux du genre dans l'Espagne de la Seconde République au franquisme" 1430: 1383: 1379: 1173: 1547: 1466: 1305: 1293: 1075: 1004: 307: 196: 3336:"Female Combatants in the Spanish Civil War: Milicianas on the Front Lines and in the Rearguard" 2649:(Masters Thesis). Budapest, Hungary: Central European University, Department of Gender Studies. 1434: 2773: 1573:

Ibárruri campaigned for a deputy in the Cortes ahead of the 1936 elections as a member of the

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The first Spanish Republican women to die on the battlefield was Almeria born JSU affiliated

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moribund at a time when there was a genuine risk that communism might only happen in Russia.

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dishes. Captains in the Column often tried to force women assigned to the Column out.

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having enlisted initially with the role of educating her comrades in Communist ideology.

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For the first time, for the 1933 elections, women could vote in the national elections.

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in 1935 in Moscow had two representatives from the PCE. They were Ibárruri and

1133: 845: 800: 620: 510: 500: 430: 253: 138: 133: 96: 66: 36: 3133:"Becoming visible and real: Images of Republican Women during the Spanish Civil War" 2078:

Communist women were able to achieve front line leadership roles. 22-year-old

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In the spring of 1935, Ibárruri sent her children into exile in the Soviet Union.

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Despite many divisions on the left, Communist and other women would often visit

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The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain

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political affiliation of the battalion that women in combat were attached to.

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Franco's initial coalition included monarchists, conservative Republicans,

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Memory and Cultural History of the Spanish Civil War: Realms of Oblivion

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line, seeking to unite all anti-fascist forces under a single umbrella.

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Jewish Volunteers, the International Brigades and the Spanish Civil War

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In the lead up to the May Days events, Communists aligned with the

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became a PCE militant during the Second Republic while in Madrid.

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were highly active, the most visible figure in the movement being

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During the Civil War, Ibárruri earned herself the nickname

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Female Exiles in Twentieth and Twenty-first Century Europe

1848:, where Nationalist forces started their campaign in 1936. 3477:

Visual Propaganda, Exhibitions, and the Spanish Civil War

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Defying male civilization: women in the Spanish Civil War

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Blood Of Spain: An Oral History of the Spanish Civil War

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The Spanish Civil War: Revolution and Counterrevolution

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The Republican Army in the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939

2047:, where POUM had a column that included women fighters. 2412:

The Spanish Civil War, the Soviet Union, and Communism

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El proceso al POUM: En Barcelona no fué como en Moscú

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The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939

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The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939

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1933 World Committee of Women against War and Fascism

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Web. 30 June 2016. 2502: 2775:Political and Historical Encyclopedia of Women 2335:Bulletin d'Histoire Contemporaine de l'Espagne 2237: 1929: 1917:advantage of this inside these organizations. 1911: 4087: 4022:Written in Red: The Communist Memoir in Spain 3965:International Volunteers in the POUM Militias 3587: 3130: 3099:Renegades: Canadians in the Spanish Civil War 2644: 1749: 1076: 3356: 3804: 3798: 3591:Spanish Women Writers and Spain's Civil War 2807: 2067:to engage in traditionally gendered tasks. 1523:Socialist feminist and communist supporter 1278:Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera (1923–1930) 4094: 4080: 2546: 2329:Hernández Sánchez, Fernando (2017-06-01). 1535: 1148:Prelude to the Second Republic (1800–1922) 1083: 1069: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3307: 2342: 2015:Location of Madrid, Spain's capital city. 1835: 4018: 3761: 3340:Journal of International Women's Studies 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 2744: 2472: 2441:González Naranjo, Rocío (1 March 2017). 2152: 2140:Following their removal from the front, 2114: 2050: 2038: 2010: 1839: 1759: 1151: 4044: 4042: 4014: 4012: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3659: 3560: 3473: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3164: 3066:British Women and the Spanish Civil War 3062: 2986: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2252:Comité Provincial del Partido Comunista 1568:Partit Socialista Unificat de Catalunya 4284: 4048: 3988: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3864: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3734: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3619: 3529: 3527: 3503: 3499: 3497: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3441: 3437: 3435: 3415:The Spanish Republic at War, 1936–1939 3408: 3381: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3198: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3094: 3090: 3088: 3086: 2982: 2980: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2925: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2674: 2672: 2658: 2656: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2250:was tasked with reorganizing Madrid's 2127:Women were told to leave the front in 1946:Following the start of the civil war, 1479: 1424: 4075: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3533: 3333: 3284: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3058: 3056: 3032: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 2771: 2693:"CLARA CAMPOAMOR: Una mujer, un voto" 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2408: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2324: 2322: 2274: 1808:. They were aided by the PCE's 1588: 1096:Women in the Communist Party of Spain 946:Mass killings under communist regimes 4039: 4009: 3982: 3892: 3825: 3680: 3263: 3187: 2885: 2808:Stanley, M.; Zinn, G. (2007-09-03). 2625: 2604: 2573: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2376: 1959:Basque teaches in 1937 to board the 1902: 1682:Pro-Working Class Children Committee 1633:attended as a representative of the 1560:Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia 1325: 112:"From each according to his ability, 3881: 3853: 3715: 3640: 3524: 3494: 3462: 3432: 3402: 3370: 3350: 3219: 3147: 3117: 3083: 2977: 2946: 2906: 2846: 2828: 2792: 2711: 2685: 2669: 2653: 2461: 2213:. On 4 May 1937, the city of 2189: 1921:Agrupación de Mujeres Antifascistas 1300:Second Spanish Republic (1931–1937) 13: 3836:Víctor Alba and Stephen Schwartz, 3608: 3581: 3252: 3230:(in Spanish). Barcelona: Laertes. 3053: 3007: 2843:Harper Collins. London. pp.341-342 2841:Doves of war. 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Congreso de los Diputados 2337:(in Spanish) (51): 85–100. 2298:resistance effort included 2262:Partido Comunista de España 2238:Francoist Spain (1938–1973) 1930:Partido Comunista de España 1912:Anti-fascists organizations 1182:Partido Comunista de España 983:Marx's theory of alienation 10: 4318: 4302:Far-left politics in Spain 3357:Ávila Espada, Mar (2017). 2965:(in Spanish). 8 March 2018 2745:Ibárruri, Dolores (1966). 2193: 1891: 1753: 1750:October Revolution of 1934 1539: 1513: 1483: 1373: 1303: 1281: 4238: 4201: 4153: 4146: 4110: 3963:David in Atlanta, 2007: " 3942:Wilebaldo Solano, 1999: " 3567:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2892:. Duke University Press. 2611:Congreso de los Diputados 2509:. Yale University Press. 2415:. Yale University Press. 2377:Cook, Bernard A. 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Simon and Schuster. 2574:Ripa, Yannick (2002). 2176:United Socialist Youth 2162: 2124: 2090:Bridge and near 2059: 2048: 2016: 1854:Unión Militar Española 1849: 1836:Start of the Civil War 1769: 1731: 1724:Republican Union Party 1665:¡Hijos sí, maridos no! 1664: 1619:VII Comintern Congress 1567: 1555: 1215:Antonio García Quejido 1181: 1168:in Russia, members of 1161: 3865:Cusick, Lois (1900). 3701:. BRILL. 2013-10-04. 2449:(in European Spanish) 2156: 2118: 2054: 2042: 2014: 1852:On 17 July 1936, the 1843: 1763: 1708:María Martinez Sierra 1155: 956:Intentional community 72:Collective leadership 3805:Dolgoff, S. (1974). 2592:10.3917/lms.198.0111 1166:Bolshevik Revolution 1059:Socialism portal 1048:Communism portal 903:Criticism of Marxism 893:Communist propaganda 313:Fourth International 303:Second International 82:Communist revolution 3264:Nash, Mary (1995). 3039:. Lexington Books. 2699:(in Spanish). Donna 2580:Le Mouvement Social 2447:Los ojos de Hipatia 2211:Telefónica building 1714:meeting in France. 1500:Victoria Kent Siano 1480:June 1931 Elections 1196: 1010:Socialist economics 926:Anti anti-communism 915:Related topics 851:Red flag (politics) 308:Third International 298:First International 119:Market abolitionism 62:Class consciousness 3950:2009-09-30 at the 3925:2017-11-08 at the 2275:Role in the family 2163: 2125: 2087:Union de Muchachas 2060: 2049: 2017: 1926:lines in the war. 1850: 1798:Isabel de Albacete 1770: 1696:Encarnación Fuyola 1589:Political activity 1294:Juventud Comunista 1194: 1162: 1030:Worker cooperative 988:National communism 961:Left-wing politics 862:The Internationale 202:Economic democracy 4279: 4278: 4234: 4233: 3818:978-0-914156-03-1 3776:978-0-8078-1906-7 3763:Bolloten, Burnett 2256:Palma de Mallorca 2096:Carabanchel front 1903:Political parties 1894:Spanish Civil War 1816:but traveling to 1774:mines in Asturias 1643:Women Against War 1477: 1476: 1275: 1274: 1134:Spanish Civil War 1093: 1092: 846:Hammer and sickle 331:Communist Parties 139:Stateless society 134:Social revolution 97:Communist society 67:Classless society 4309: 4271:Women's suffrage 4151: 4150: 4096: 4089: 4082: 4073: 4072: 4067: 4066: 4046: 4037: 4036: 4016: 4007: 4006: 3986: 3980: 3974: 3968: 3961: 3955: 3940: 3934: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3890: 3879: 3878: 3862: 3851: 3834: 3823: 3822: 3802: 3796: 3787: 3781: 3780: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3732: 3713: 3712: 3693: 3678: 3677: 3657: 3638: 3637: 3626:. 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Arden Press. 3262: 3253: 3238: 3224: 3220: 3213: 3197: 3188: 3181: 3163: 3148: 3129: 3118: 3111: 3093: 3084: 3077: 3061: 3054: 3047: 3031: 3008: 3001: 2985: 2978: 2968: 2966: 2963:El Rincon Legal 2957: 2956: 2947: 2940: 2924: 2907: 2900: 2884: 2847: 2838: 2829: 2822: 2806: 2793: 2786: 2770: 2766: 2759: 2743: 2712: 2702: 2700: 2691: 2690: 2686: 2677: 2670: 2661: 2654: 2643: 2626: 2616: 2614: 2603: 2599: 2572: 2568: 2561: 2545: 2524: 2517: 2501: 2490: 2471: 2462: 2452: 2450: 2439: 2430: 2423: 2407: 2398: 2391: 2375: 2360: 2327: 2320: 2316: 2286: 2277: 2264: 2240: 2198: 2192: 2159:Las Trece Rosas 2151: 2109: 2037: 2005: 1982: 1977: 1956: 1932: 1923: 1914: 1905: 1896: 1890: 1838: 1766:Asturias, Spain 1758: 1752: 1744:Clara Campoamor 1720: 1673: 1604: 1591: 1544: 1538: 1518: 1512: 1488: 1482: 1463: 1460: 1426:José Díaz Ramos 1422: 1419: 1399: 1371: 1368: 1317: 1308: 1302: 1286: 1280: 1206:Time in office 1150: 1141:Francoist Spain 1089: 1051: 1050: 1042: 1040: 1035: 1034: 916: 908: 907: 883: 875: 874: 841: 831: 830: 759: 751: 750: 381: 371: 370: 326: 318: 317: 288: 278: 277: 222: 212: 211: 182:Planned economy 177: 169: 168: 154:World communism 129:Labour movement 113: 87:Communist state 77:Communist party 52:Anti-capitalism 47: 12: 11: 5: 4315: 4305: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4242: 4240: 4236: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4228: 4227: 4226: 4218: 4217: 4216: 4207: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4195: 4193:Mujeres Libres 4182: 4181: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4159: 4157: 4148: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4114: 4112: 4108: 4107: 4099: 4098: 4091: 4084: 4076: 4069: 4068: 4061: 4055:. SUNY Press. 4038: 4031: 4008: 4001: 3995:. SUNY Press. 3981: 3969: 3967:." LibCom.org. 3956: 3935: 3912: 3905: 3880: 3852: 3824: 3817: 3797: 3782: 3775: 3754: 3747: 3714: 3707: 3679: 3672: 3639: 3632: 3607: 3600: 3580: 3573: 3553: 3546: 3523: 3516: 3493: 3486: 3461: 3454: 3431: 3424: 3401: 3394: 3369: 3349: 3283: 3276: 3251: 3236: 3218: 3211: 3186: 3179: 3146: 3116: 3109: 3082: 3075: 3052: 3045: 3006: 2999: 2976: 2945: 2938: 2932:. SUNY Press. 2905: 2898: 2845: 2827: 2820: 2791: 2784: 2764: 2757: 2710: 2684: 2668: 2652: 2624: 2597: 2566: 2559: 2522: 2515: 2488: 2460: 2428: 2421: 2396: 2389: 2358: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2308:Angelita Ramis 2285: 2282: 2276: 2273: 2263: 2260: 2239: 2236: 2194:Main article: 2191: 2188: 2150: 2147: 2108: 2107:Demobilization 2105: 2036: 2033: 2004: 2001: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1968:Goizeko Izarra 1955: 1952: 1931: 1928: 1922: 1919: 1913: 1910: 1904: 1901: 1892:Main article: 1889: 1886: 1837: 1834: 1754:Main article: 1751: 1748: 1719: 1716: 1672: 1669: 1641:, a member of 1603: 1602:Party politics 1600: 1590: 1587: 1540:Main article: 1537: 1534: 1514:Main article: 1511: 1510:1933 Elections 1508: 1484:Main article: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1464: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1443: 1442: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1402: 1401: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1351: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1340: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1316: 1313: 1304:Main article: 1301: 1298: 1282:Main article: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1259: 1256: 1251: 1247: 1246: 1243: 1238: 1234: 1233: 1230: 1225: 1221: 1220: 1217: 1212: 1208: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1164:Following the 1149: 1146: 1123:1936 elections 1091: 1090: 1088: 1087: 1080: 1073: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 997: 996: 995: 985: 980: 975: 974: 973: 968: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 928: 923: 917: 914: 913: 910: 909: 906: 905: 900: 895: 890: 888:Anti-communism 884: 882:Criticism 881: 880: 877: 876: 873: 872: 865: 858: 853: 848: 842: 837: 836: 833: 832: 829: 828: 823: 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 787: 786: 776: 771: 766: 760: 757: 756: 753: 752: 749: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 382: 377: 376: 373: 372: 369: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 327: 324: 323: 320: 319: 316: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 289: 284: 283: 280: 279: 276: 275: 274: 273: 263: 258: 257: 256: 246: 245: 244: 239: 229: 223: 218: 217: 214: 213: 210: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 178: 175: 174: 171: 170: 167: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 57:Class conflict 54: 48: 45: 44: 41: 40: 32: 31: 25: 24: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4314: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4225: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4215: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4200: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4183: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4165: 4164: 4163:Popular Front 4161: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4152: 4149: 4145: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4109: 4104: 4097: 4092: 4090: 4085: 4083: 4078: 4077: 4074: 4064: 4062:9780791438572 4058: 4054: 4053: 4045: 4043: 4034: 4032:9780252034695 4028: 4024: 4023: 4015: 4013: 4004: 4002:9780791438572 3998: 3994: 3993: 3985: 3978: 3973: 3966: 3960: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3939: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3921: 3916: 3908: 3906:9780230234499 3902: 3898: 3897: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3849: 3848:0-88738-198-7 3845: 3841: 3840: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3820: 3814: 3810: 3809: 3801: 3794: 3791: 3786: 3778: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3758: 3750: 3748:9781351186490 3744: 3741:. Routledge. 3740: 3739: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3710: 3708:9789004259966 3704: 3700: 3699: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3675: 3673:9780393239669 3669: 3665: 3664: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3635: 3633:9781448138180 3629: 3625: 3624: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3603: 3601:9781134777167 3597: 3593: 3592: 3584: 3576: 3574:9781472513793 3570: 3566: 3565: 3557: 3549: 3547:9781351664738 3543: 3540:. Routledge. 3539: 3538: 3530: 3528: 3519: 3517:9781780224534 3513: 3509: 3508: 3500: 3498: 3489: 3487:9781351537438 3483: 3480:. Routledge. 3479: 3478: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3457: 3455:9781107328570 3451: 3447: 3446: 3438: 3436: 3427: 3425:9780521459327 3421: 3417: 3416: 3411: 3410:Graham, Helen 3405: 3397: 3395:9781451696233 3391: 3387: 3386: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3362: 3361: 3353: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3279: 3277:9780912869155 3273: 3269: 3268: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3237:9788416783229 3233: 3229: 3222: 3214: 3212:9781780224534 3208: 3204: 3203: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3182: 3180:9780826264985 3176: 3171: 3170: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3112: 3110:9780774858281 3106: 3103:. UBC Press. 3101: 3100: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3078: 3076:9781134471065 3072: 3069:. 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Routledge. 2777: 2776: 2768: 2760: 2758:9780717804689 2754: 2750: 2749: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2698: 2694: 2688: 2681: 2675: 2673: 2665: 2659: 2657: 2648: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2612: 2608: 2601: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2582:(in French). 2581: 2577: 2570: 2562: 2560:9780719055461 2556: 2552: 2551: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2518: 2516:9780300058161 2512: 2508: 2507: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2484: 2480: 2479:Scholars Week 2476: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2448: 2444: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2424: 2422:9780300130782 2418: 2414: 2413: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2392: 2390:9781851097708 2386: 2382: 2381: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2325: 2323: 2318: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2295: 2292: 2281: 2272: 2268: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2248:Matilde Landa 2244: 2235: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2203: 2197: 2187: 2185: 2181: 2178:(JSU). 2177: 2173: 2167: 2160: 2155: 2146: 2143: 2138: 2135: 2130: 2122: 2117: 2113: 2104: 2100: 2099:guns. 2097: 2093: 2088: 2084: 2081: 2080:Aurora Arnáiz 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2057: 2053: 2046: 2041: 2032: 2028: 2026: 2021: 2013: 2009: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1991: 1986: 1972: 1970: 1969: 1964: 1963: 1951: 1949: 1948:Matilde Landa 1944: 1941: 1940:La Pasionaria 1936: 1927: 1918: 1909: 1900: 1895: 1885: 1881: 1879: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1859: 1855: 1847: 1842: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1806:Alicia García 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1790:Aida Lafuente 1785: 1783: 1777: 1775: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1740:Victoria Kent 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1692:Carmen Loyola 1689: 1685: 1683: 1678: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1651: 1650:Matilde Landa 1646: 1644: 1640: 1639:Juanita Corzo 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1599: 1595: 1586: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1575:Popular Front 1571: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1558:) (JSU) and 1557: 1553: 1549: 1543: 1533: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1517: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1472: 1468: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1427: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1376: 1375:José Bullejos 1366: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1341: 1329:Popular vote 1324: 1321: 1312: 1307: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1285: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1244: 1242: 1241:José Bullejos 1239: 1236: 1235: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1198: 1192: 1189: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1159: 1154: 1145: 1144:of Falanage. 1142: 1137: 1135: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1115:Popular Front 1111: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1086: 1081: 1079: 1074: 1072: 1067: 1066: 1064: 1063: 1060: 1055: 1049: 1039: 1038: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1025:War communism 1023: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 994: 991: 990: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 972: 969: 967: 964: 963: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 918: 912: 911: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 885: 879: 878: 870: 866: 863: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 843: 840: 835: 834: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 785: 782: 781: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 761: 755: 754: 747: 744: 742: 741:Moufawad-Paul 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 383: 380: 375: 374: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 328: 325:Organisations 322: 321: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 290: 287: 282: 281: 272: 269: 268: 267: 264: 262: 259: 255: 252: 251: 250: 247: 243: 240: 238: 235: 234: 233: 230: 228: 225: 224: 221: 216: 215: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 179: 173: 172: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 110: 108: 105: 103: 100: 98: 95: 93: 90: 88: 85: 83: 80: 78: 75: 73: 70: 68: 65: 63: 60: 58: 55: 53: 50: 49: 43: 42: 38: 34: 33: 30: 27: 26: 22: 18: 17: 4266:Prostitution 4051: 4021: 3991: 3984: 3972: 3959: 3938: 3930: 3915: 3899:. Springer. 3895: 3866: 3838: 3807: 3800: 3793:The Humanist 3785: 3766: 3757: 3737: 3697: 3662: 3622: 3590: 3583: 3563: 3556: 3536: 3506: 3476: 3444: 3413: 3404: 3384: 3359: 3352: 3343: 3339: 3266: 3227: 3221: 3201: 3168: 3140: 3136: 3098: 3065: 3035: 2989: 2967:. Retrieved 2962: 2928: 2888: 2840: 2814:. Springer. 2810: 2774: 2767: 2747: 2701:. Retrieved 2696: 2687: 2679: 2663: 2646: 2615:. Retrieved 2610: 2600: 2583: 2579: 2569: 2549: 2505: 2482: 2478: 2451:. Retrieved 2446: 2411: 2383:. ABC-CLIO. 2379: 2334: 2296: 2290: 2287: 2278: 2269: 2265: 2245: 2241: 2232: 2228:George Tioli 2224:Hotel Falcon 2202:Soviet Union 2199: 2180:Casado Junta 2168: 2164: 2141: 2139: 2126: 2119:Location of 2110: 2101: 2085: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2055: 2043:Location of 2035:On the front 2029: 2022: 2018: 2006: 2003:Mobilization 1989: 1987: 1983: 1966: 1960: 1957: 1945: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1924: 1915: 1906: 1897: 1882: 1874: 1870:Nazi Germany 1863: 1851: 1844:Location of 1830: 1826: 1822:Soviet Union 1786: 1778: 1771: 1764:Location of 1721: 1700:Irene Falcón 1686: 1674: 1654: 1647: 1627:Antonio Sesé 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1596: 1592: 1583: 1572: 1545: 1530:Manuel Azaña 1522: 1519: 1493: 1489: 1318: 1309: 1287: 1186: 1163: 1138: 1131: 1112: 1108: 1095: 1094: 978:LGBTQ rights 936:Anti-fascism 816:Soviet Union 187:Gift economy 144:Wage slavery 4210:Falangists 4203:Nationalist 4105:(1936–1939) 2969:26 February 2703:24 February 2617:24 February 2453:26 February 2184:Trece Rosas 2172:Trece Rosas 2129:Guadalajara 2121:Guadalajara 1858:coup d'état 1856:launched a 1818:Scandinavia 1132:During the 1020:Trade union 806:Philippines 249:Pre-Marxist 242:Libertarian 4286:Categories 4261:Motherhood 4256:Milicianas 4224:Margaritas 4220:Catholics 4155:Republican 4111:Chronology 3931:What Next? 3246:1011625404 2605:Congress. 2314:References 2291:milicianas 2284:Milicianas 2220:Andrés Nin 2218:1937 when 2142:milicianas 2056:Milicianas 1993:Lina Odena 1980:Background 1878:No pasarán 1704:Elisa Uriz 1473:coalition 1441:coalition 1437:–GRI–PRLD– 1400:coalition 1290:Oriente FC 1271:1942–1960 1258:1932–1942 1245:1925–1932 1232:1923–1925 1219:1921–1923 1104:Oriente FC 621:Berlinguer 511:Khrushchev 4133:Civil War 3510:. 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