1079:
609:, and well-designed cooling. Additionally, the companies that make the products tend to have comprehensive repair/replacement plans. As the distinction between workstation and PC fades, however, workstation manufacturers have increasingly employed "off-the-shelf" PC components and graphics solutions rather than proprietary hardware or software. Some "low-cost" workstations are still expensive by PC standards but offer binary compatibility with higher-end workstations and servers made by the same vendor. This allows software development to take place on low-cost (relative to the server) desktop machines.
976:
398:
724:
379:
675:
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897:(10 Mbit/s or better): 10 Mbit/s network interfaces were commonly available for PCs by the early 1990s, although by that time workstations were pursuing even higher networking speeds, moving to 100 Mbit/s, 1 Gbit/s, and 10 Gbit/s. However, economies of scale and the demand for high-speed networking in even non-technical areas have dramatically decreased the time it takes for newer networking technologies to reach commodity price points.
3104:
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129:
32:
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hardware vendors write compliant hardware drivers that are stable and reliable. Also, minor variations in hardware quality such as timing or build quality can affect the reliability of the overall machine. Workstation vendors are able to ensure both the quality of the hardware, and the stability of the operating system drivers by validating these things in-house, and this leads to a generally much more reliable and stable machine.
367:
2313:
702:
2380:
687:
425:, a small scientific computer designed to be used interactively by a single person sitting at the console. It was introduced in 1959. One peculiar feature of the machine is that it lacks any arithmetic circuitry. To perform addition, it requires a memory-resident table of decimal addition rules. This reduced the cost of logic circuitry, enabling IBM to make it inexpensive. The machine is
754:" compute performance (at least one million floating-point operations per second). RFC 782 defines the workstation environment more generally as "hardware and software dedicated to serve a single user", and that it provisions additional shared resources. This is at least one order of magnitude beyond the capacity of the personal computer of the time. The original 1981
912:
which provide straightforward access to nearly their entire 4 GB memory address range. 64-bit workstations and servers supporting an address range far beyond 4 GB have been available since the early 1990s, a technology just beginning to appear in the PC desktop and server market in the
965:
Tight integration between the OS and the hardware: Workstation vendors both design the hardware and maintain the Unix operating system variant that runs on it. This allows for much more rigorous testing than is possible with an operating system such as
Windows. Windows requires that third-party
880:
High-performance/high-capacity data storage: early workstations tend to use proprietary disk interfaces until the SCSI standard of the mid-1980s. Although SCSI interfaces soon became available for IBM PCs, they were comparatively expensive and tend to be limited by the speed of the PC's
297:
The increasing capabilities of mainstream PCs since the late 1990s have reduced distinction between the PCs and workstations. Typical 1980s workstations have expensive proprietary hardware and operating systems to categorically distinguish from standardized PCs. From the 1990s and 2000s,
885:
peripheral bus. SCSI is an advanced controller interface good for multitasking and daisy chaining. This makes it suited for use in servers, and its benefits to desktop PCs which mostly run single-user operating systems are less clear, but it is standard on the 1980s-1990s
Macintosh.
1257:
A high-end desktop market segment includes workstations, with PC operating systems and components. Component product lines may be segmented, with premium components that are functionally similar to the consumer models but with higher robustness or performance.
2006:
Andries van Dam; David H. Laidlaw; Rosemary
Michelle Simpson (2002-08-04). "Experiments in Immersive Virtual Reality for Scientific Visualization". Computers & Graphics. 26 (4): 535–555. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.4.9249.
466:
in the early 1970s pioneered some workstation principles, as high-performance, networked, single-user systems intended for heavily interactive use. Lisp
Machines were commercialized beginning 1980 by companies like
996:
Since the late 1990s, the workstation and consumer markets have further merged. Many low-end workstation components are now the same as the consumer market, and the price differential narrowed. For example, most
749:
A high-end workstation of the early 1980s with the three Ms, or a "3M computer" (coined by Raj Reddy and his colleagues at CMU), has one megabyte of RAM, a megapixel display (roughly 1000×1000 pixels), and one
900:
Large displays (17- to 21-inch) with high resolutions and high refresh rates for graphics and CAD work, which were rare among PCs in the late 1980s and early 1990s but became common among PCs by the late
1532:
2093:
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processor; early workstations have megabytes of memory. IBM clones require special programming techniques to address more than 640 KB until the 80386, as opposed to other 32-bit processors such as
1667:
769:
with the optional 8087 math coprocessor. Other features beyond the typical personal computer include networking, graphics acceleration, and high-speed internal and peripheral data buses.
440:
and other languages. They are built into roughly desk-sized cabinets, with console typewriters. They have optional add-on disk drives, printers, and both paper-tape and punched-card I/O.
1021:. "In an era when many professionals preferred Silicon Graphics workstations, the Quadra 700 was an intriguing option at a fraction of the cost" as resource-intensive software such as
877:
processor. Even then, x86 floating-point performance lags other processors due to limitations in its architecture. Today even low-price PCs now have performance in the gigaFLOPS range.
660:
product line. However, traditional workstations and PCs continued to drop in price and complexity as remote management tools for IT staff became available, undercutting this market.
1363:
1047:
Workstations have typically driven advancements in CPU technology. All computers benefit from multi-processor and multicore designs (essentially, multiple processors on a
2056:
290:
for manipulating objects and navigating scenes. Workstations were the first segment of the computer market to present advanced accessories, and collaboration tools like
2138:
815:(CGI) animation is increasingly popular in the PC market around the mid-to-late 1990s mostly driven by computer gaming, yielding the first official GPU in
796:
The more widespread adoption of these technologies into mainstream PCs was a direct factor in the decline of the workstation as a separate market segment:
2193:
1671:
2017:
1902:
330:
corporate and consumer PCs have Intel x86 CPUs. However, by the early 2000s, this difference largely disappeared, since workstations use highly
491:
workstations). The first computer designed for a single user, with high-resolution graphics (and so a workstation in the modern sense), is the
625:. Dependent upon a network and server, this reduces the machine to having no hard drive, and only the CPU, keyboard, mouse, and screen. Some
2243:
1553:
780: (equivalent to $ 28,000 in 2023), which was achieved in the late 1980s. Throughout the early to mid-1990s, many workstations cost from
1044:
workstation card, which has the same GPU but different driver support and certifications for CAD applications and a much higher price.
904:
Large memory configurations: PCs (such as IBM clones) are originally limited to 640 KB of RAM until the 1982 introduction of the
2412:
862:
have performance parity with RISC in some areas, such as integer performance (at the cost of greater chip complexity) and hardware
579:. Target markets were differentiated, with Sun and Apollo considered to be network workstations and SGI as graphics workstations.
935:, making them unsuitable to run OSes of this sophistication, but this, too, began to change in the late 1980s as PCs with the
2323:
2142:
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463:
96:
1846:
68:
2218:
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2177:
1937:
1878:
1692:
831:
580:
115:
191:, but the most common form refers to the class of hardware offered by several current and defunct companies such as
2421:
835:
75:
1240:
Deskside systems containing server-class CPUs and chipsets on large server-class motherboards with high-end RAM (
1188:
2357:
1533:"Global Personal Computers Market Report (2021 to 2030) - COVID-19 Impact and Recovery - ResearchAndMarkets.com"
3134:
1428:
882:
242:
and manipulation of different types of complex data such as 3D mechanical design, engineering simulations like
53:
2163:
3139:
3108:
2384:
1128:
576:
532:
452:
204:
82:
20:
2107:
2037:
3129:
2405:
1603:
243:
49:
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1818:
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greatly increased power efficiency and size efficiency over x86-64 with its ARM-based RISC architecture.
640:
This approach was first attempted as a replacement for PCs in office productivity applications, with the
64:
2852:
1413:
Proceedings of the 7th annual conference on
Computer graphics and interactive techniques - SIGGRAPH '80
1216:
1112:
990:
812:
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409:
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operations: optional on the original IBM PC; remained on a separate chip for Intel systems until the
315:
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still run a traditional operating system and perform computations locally, with storage on a remote
1343:
1227:
1078:
1048:
239:
235:
617:
Workstations diversified to the lowest possible price point as opposed to performance, called the
3089:
2900:
2512:
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1561:
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brought "studio-quality 3D rendering and animations to the home desktop". The Quadra 700 can run
827:
634:
602:
390:
231:
42:
2725:
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2562:
1338:
1116:
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Some workstations are designed or certified for use with only one specific application such as
943:
164:
applications. Intended primarily to be used by a single user, they are commonly connected to a
1199:
Most of the current workstation market uses x86-64 microprocessors. Operating systems include
3072:
3045:
2905:
2867:
2810:
2634:
2339:
2270:
The
History of Visual Magic in Computers: How Beautiful Images are Made in CAD, 3D, VR and AR
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8:
2895:
2602:
1983:
1582:
89:
1919:
1364:"Original NeXT computer used by Sir Tim Berners-Lee to design the World Wide Web - NeXT"
834:
of the early 1980s offer roughly one order of magnitude in performance improvement over
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2467:
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1929:
1514:
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279:
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196:
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1959:
397:
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2877:
2857:
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2569:
2542:
2268:
2057:"Working from home at 25MHz: You could do worse than a Quadra 700 (even in 2020)"
1751:
1323:
1245:
1083:
1063:
727:
723:
553:
528:
339:
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283:
259:
208:
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141:
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2639:
2612:
2487:
2457:
1495:
Ka-Band ARM Zenith Radar
Corrections (KAZRCOR, KAZRCFRCOR) Value-Added Products
1452:
1014:
1010:
1002:
1001:
computers were originally intended for scientific or design work, all with the
951:
932:
870:
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549:
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378:
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137:
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2552:
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2433:
2390:
2194:"Introducing M1 Pro and M1 Max: the most powerful chips Apple has ever built"
2033:
1736:
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has 16 KB memory, a text-only display, and floating-point performance around
674:
626:
591:
472:
323:
255:
251:
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436:
scientific computer became the successor to 1620. Both of these systems run
3055:
2988:
2957:
2830:
2825:
2678:
2673:
2517:
1408:
1055:; it and Intel Xeon have multiple CPUs, more on-die cache, and ECC memory.
712:
569:
500:
459:
444:
1696:
1420:
1219:. Some vendors also market commodity mono-socket systems as workstations.
2815:
2747:
2579:
2502:
2482:
1303:
1300:
1120:
1037:
820:
679:
669:
653:
633:. These are intended to reduce the initial system purchase cost, and the
618:
488:
480:
149:
1629:
2962:
2945:
2928:
2887:
2847:
2840:
2164:"Raptor Launching Talos II Lite POWER9 Computer System At A Lower Cost"
1645:
1494:
1291:
1108:
1018:
890:
is more modern, with throughput comparable to SCSI but at a lower cost.
887:
649:
508:
496:
492:
327:
169:
1510:
741:
3084:
2950:
2935:
2757:
2732:
1871:
Funding a revolution : government support for computing research
1234:
1173:
1166:
924:
690:
536:
468:
128:
2108:"Hardware Withdrawal Announcement: IntelliStation POWER 185 and 285"
1502:
31:
2872:
2805:
2683:
2666:
2607:
2497:
2179:
Raptor
Announces "Blackbird" Micro-ATX, Low-Cost POWER9 Motherboard
1960:"Diskless Nodes HOW-TO document for Linux: What is this all about?"
1162:
1022:
850:
that this implied. By the mid-1990s, some CISC processors like the
751:
705:
641:
433:
426:
422:
366:
133:
1180:
In early 2018, RISC workstations were reintroduced in a series of
931:. The PC CPUs of the time have limitations in memory capacity and
2782:
2752:
2656:
1204:
1148:
1059:
986:
928:
874:
657:
583:
CPUs increased in the mid-1980s, typical of workstation vendors.
437:
401:
382:
343:
303:
226:
Workstations formerly offered higher performance than mainstream
1493:
Johnson, Karen; Fairless, Tami; Giangrande, Scott (2020-08-01).
1261:
A workstation-class PC may have some of the following features:
19:
This article is about the type of computer. For other uses, see
2712:
2379:
1226:
Workstation blade systems (IBM HC10 or
Hewlett-Packard xw460c.
1184:
1151:
PA-RISC-based desktop products from the market in
January 2008.
1087:
1052:
1034:
936:
816:
761:
716:
701:
599:
542:
347:
238:, memory, and multitasking. Workstations are optimized for the
2358:"The Best PCI Express NVMe Solid State Drives (SSDs) for 2024"
2315:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Physical and Biological Principles
637:, by reducing the amount of administration required per user.
421:
The first computer that might qualify as a workstation is the
1212:
959:
939:
909:
905:
839:
731:
694:
565:
484:
448:
447:, a multiuser system reserved for one user. For example, the
405:
386:
371:
355:
1719:
The computing universe : a journey through a revolution
1409:"High-performance raster graphics for microcomputer systems"
866:
calculations, relegating RISC to even more high-end markets.
686:
1266:
1241:
1140:
1030:
1026:
947:
920:
855:
645:
587:
561:
524:
335:
311:
212:
145:
1070:. The certification process increases workstation prices.
1492:
1296:
1181:
983:
955:
843:
319:
299:
216:
1756:. Internet Archive. Indianapolis, Ind. : Sams Pub.
1143:-based workstation product lines had been discontinued:
846:
CISC family always had the edge in market share and the
745:
Six workstations: four HP Z620, one HP Z820, one HP Z420
572:
created several spinoff graphics products, such as the
2125:"End of General Availability for MIPS® IRIX® Products"
1415:. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press. pp. 43–47.
1918:
Conrad, Eric; Misenar, Seth; Feldman, Joshua (2012).
652:
filled a similar role for technical computing. Sun's
429:
CADET and was initially rented for $ 1000 per month.
2312:
Bushong, Stewart C.; Clarke, Geoffrey (2013-08-07).
1917:
1778:"» Pascal and the P-Machine The Digital Antiquarian"
1287:
Run reliable operating system with advanced features
1172:
Sun Microsystems announced end-of-life for its last
455:, is regarded as the first commercial minicomputer.
179:
has been used loosely to refer to everything from a
1798:"The Death Of The Workstation? - INFOtainment News"
1406:
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1873:. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. 1999.
1847:"Apollo Domain DN100 workstation - CHM Revolution"
2340:"The Best M.2 SSDs (Solid State Drives) for 2024"
2219:"Which workstation OS would you like to support?"
1984:"CNN - Here comes the Sun Ray - November 2, 1999"
1161:SGI ended general availability of its MIPS-based
282:at a minimum, but also offers multiple displays,
274:, which consists of a high-resolution display, a
3121:
1187:-based systems by Raptor Computing Systems. The
788: (equivalent to $ 200,000 in 2023) or more.
697:at 25 MHz, 1280×1024 pixel and 256-color display
334:hardware dominated by large PC vendors, such as
160:is a special computer designed for technical or
2216:
2076:"Best workstation GPUs in 2024 - The top picks"
1407:Bechtolsheim, Andreas; Baskett, Forest (1980).
1134:
1051:). The multicore design was pioneered by IBM's
927:variant, or an unrelated equivalent OS such as
772:Another goal was to bring the price below one "
2420:
2244:"IBM Using Blades To Attack Desktop PC Market"
552:, several new competitors appeared, including
499:in 1973. Other early workstations include the
2406:
2311:
2044:. Vol. 8, no. 12. pp. 140–147.
443:Early workstations were generally dedicated
2260:
2139:"A remarketed EOL Sun Ultra 45 workstation"
1721:. Gyuri Pápay. Cambridge University Press.
1604:"IBM Archives: 1620 Data Processing System"
514:
2413:
2399:
2094:"Discontinuance Notice: c8000 Workstation"
2038:"Macintosh Quadras - Power But No Pizzazz"
1265:Larger number of memory sockets which use
1040:consumer graphics card, which spawned the
416:
2054:
1284:Multiple processor sockets, powerful CPUs
1090:-based workstation has two RTX 5000 GPUs.
266:, and mathematical plots. Typically, the
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
2073:
2026:
1749:
1630:"An analysis of floating-point addition"
1077:
974:
740:
722:
711:
700:
685:
673:
396:
377:
365:
136:workstation, the same type on which the
127:
2032:
1627:
1222:These are three types of workstations:
560:, with workstations based on 68000 and
541:In the early 1980s, with the advent of
3122:
2266:
1385:"workstation | Definition & Facts"
946:became widely affordable and enabling
2394:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2241:
2074:Unsworth, Andrew (February 9, 2023).
2055:Wilkinson, Chris (11 December 2020).
1329:List of computer system manufacturers
1488:
1486:
1379:
1377:
1033:workstation. Another example is the
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
1716:
1176:SPARC workstations in October 2008.
1094:
13:
2294:
2127:. Silicon Graphics. December 2006.
1930:10.1016/b978-1-59749-961-3.00003-0
1819:"The SUN workstation architecture"
1147:Hewlett-Packard withdrew its last
1099:Modern workstations are typically
970:
14:
3156:
2372:
2007:doi:10.1016/S0097-8493(02)00113-9
1483:
1453:"US and India sign neutrino pact"
1374:
954:, and Unix-like systems based on
3103:
3102:
2378:
1073:
30:
2350:
2332:
2242:Kovar, Joseph F. (2007-05-01).
2235:
2210:
2186:
2170:
2156:
2141:. Solar systems. Archived from
2131:
2117:
2100:
2086:
2067:
2048:
2010:
2000:
1976:
1952:
1911:
1895:
1863:
1839:
1811:
1790:
1770:
1743:
1710:
1685:
1660:
1621:
1189:Mac transition to Apple silicon
838:processors of comparable cost.
612:
594:disk storage systems, high-end
41:needs additional citations for
2217:edengelkingiia+ (2000-09-15).
1596:
1575:
1546:
1525:
1445:
1400:
1356:
1169:workstations in December 2006.
1017:models can be upgraded to the
1005:CPU, backward compatible with
682:graphics workstation from 1990
663:
385:model 425 workstation running
223:revolution of the late 1990s.
1:
2267:Peddie, Jon (June 13, 2013).
1924:. Elsevier. pp. 63–141.
1349:
1271:registered (buffered) modules
1252:
1115:on software programs such as
919:: early workstations ran the
819:'s NV10 and the breakthrough
533:Digital Equipment Corporation
453:Digital Equipment Corporation
16:High-end single-user computer
2318:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
1695:. 2019-07-05. Archived from
1670:. 2017-12-22. Archived from
1233:Ultra high-end workstation (
1135:Decline of RISC workstations
244:computational fluid dynamics
7:
1717:Hey, Anthony J. G. (2015).
1535:. Business Wire. 2021-06-23
1312:
1230:is akin to these solutions)
586:Workstations often feature
10:
3161:
2853:Personal digital assistant
2198:Apple Newsroom (Australia)
1278:Reliable high-performance
1113:high-performance computing
1009:Macintoshes. The consumer
813:computer-generated imagery
791:
730:C8000 workstation running
667:
518:
410:Common Desktop Environment
361:
18:
3098:
3033:
3002:
2979:
2914:
2886:
2791:
2768:
2711:
2702:
2595:
2535:
2528:
2448:
2441:
2432:
1469:10.1088/2058-7058/31/5/23
1368:Google Arts & Culture
1194:
962:on commodity PC hardware.
923:operating system (OS), a
1851:www.computer history.org
1693:"IBM 1130 Press Release"
1344:Remote Graphics Software
1242:HP Z-series workstations
1228:Sun Visualization System
933:memory access protection
515:1980s rise in popularity
3090:Wireless sensor network
1628:Sweeney, D. W. (1965).
635:total cost of ownership
417:Origins and development
391:Visual User Environment
2863:Portable data terminal
1554:"Workstation Computer"
1339:Personal supercomputer
1091:
993:
942:with integrated paged
809:computer-aided design
776:", that is, less than
746:
738:
720:
709:
698:
683:
507:(1979), and the later
413:
394:
375:
153:
3135:Computer workstations
3046:Information appliance
2868:Portable media player
2811:Handheld game console
1750:Newquist, HP (1994).
1421:10.1145/800250.807466
1139:By January 2009, all
1125:computer-aided design
1081:
1066:Xpress Studio HD, or
978:
869:Hardware support for
756:IBM Personal Computer
744:
726:
715:
704:
689:
677:
598:, single or multiple
400:
381:
369:
264:computational science
131:
3140:Classes of computers
2821:Mobile data terminal
2801:Electronic organizer
2473:Intelligent terminal
2387:at Wikimedia Commons
2022:. The Daily Gazette.
1907:. New Straits Times.
1156:IntelliStation POWER
719:graphics workstation
708:graphics workstation
521:Silicon Graphics Inc
221:3D computer graphics
50:improve this article
3130:American inventions
2273:. Springer London.
1826:Stanford University
1634:IBM Systems Journal
1463:(5): 13. May 2018.
1209:Linux distributions
1158:on January 2, 2009.
800:Reliable components
605:, large amounts of
262:, image rendering,
3145:Business computing
3078:Computer-on-module
2936:Digital wristwatch
2738:Mobile workstation
2508:Video game console
2468:Internet appliance
1646:10.1147/sj.41.0031
1583:"IBM workstations"
1319:Mobile workstation
1092:
994:
848:economies of scale
747:
739:
721:
710:
699:
684:
414:
404:model 735 running
395:
376:
228:personal computers
219:which powered the
181:mainframe computer
166:local area network
154:
3117:
3116:
3066:Rugged smartphone
2975:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2652:Small form factor
2478:Interactive kiosk
2383:Media related to
2325:978-0-323-27765-5
2036:(December 1991).
2019:The Daily Gazette
1921:CISSP Study Guide
1904:New Straits Times
1763:978-0-672-30412-5
1728:978-1-316-12976-0
1334:Music workstation
1275:Multiple displays
1101:desktop computers
1029:3.0, making it a
826:High-performance
803:High-performance
505:Three Rivers PERQ
477:Texas Instruments
292:videoconferencing
173:operating systems
126:
125:
118:
100:
3152:
3106:
3105:
2941:Calculator watch
2924:Activity tracker
2709:
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2121:
2115:
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2098:
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2096:. HP. July 2007.
2090:
2084:
2083:
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2014:
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1753:The Brain Makers
1747:
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1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1560:. Archived from
1550:
1544:
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1541:
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1529:
1523:
1522:
1490:
1481:
1480:
1449:
1443:
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1404:
1398:
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1396:
1395:
1381:
1372:
1371:
1360:
1154:IBM retired the
1095:GPU workstations
999:Macintosh Quadra
917:Operating system
787:
783:
779:
768:
764:
693:workstation: 2×
648:. In the 1990s,
623:network computer
574:Silicon Graphics
558:Sun Microsystems
350:systems running
284:graphics tablets
272:desktop computer
230:, especially in
197:Silicon Graphics
193:Sun Microsystems
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
3160:
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3120:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3094:
3051:Microcontroller
3041:Embedded system
3029:
2998:
2967:
2910:
2882:
2878:Ultra-mobile PC
2787:
2764:
2690:
2591:
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2092:
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2016:
2015:
2011:
2005:
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1992:
1990:
1982:
1981:
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1968:
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1531:
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1526:
1503:10.2172/1647336
1491:
1484:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1431:
1405:
1401:
1393:
1391:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1324:Gaming computer
1315:
1255:
1246:Fujitsu CELSIUS
1197:
1137:
1097:
1084:Hewlett-Packard
1076:
973:
971:Market position
794:
785:
781:
777:
766:
759:
672:
666:
615:
596:3D accelerators
554:Apollo Computer
546:microprocessors
539:
529:Apollo Computer
517:
419:
364:
340:Hewlett-Packard
260:medical imaging
201:Apollo Computer
187:connected to a
142:Tim Berners-Lee
140:was created by
122:
111:
105:
102:
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3017:
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2597:
2593:
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2572:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2563:Personal super
2555:
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2545:
2539:
2537:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2458:Arcade cabinet
2454:
2452:
2443:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2422:Computer sizes
2418:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2395:
2389:
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2374:
2373:External links
2371:
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2367:
2349:
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2324:
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2279:
2259:
2234:
2209:
2185:
2169:
2155:
2130:
2116:
2099:
2085:
2066:
2047:
2034:Webster, Bruce
2025:
2009:
1999:
1975:
1951:
1938:
1910:
1894:
1879:
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1838:
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1789:
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1249:
1238:
1231:
1196:
1193:
1178:
1177:
1170:
1159:
1152:
1136:
1133:
1096:
1093:
1075:
1072:
1015:Macintosh IIci
1011:Macintosh IIcx
1003:Motorola 68040
989:processor and
972:
969:
968:
967:
963:
952:Windows NT 3.1
914:
902:
898:
891:
878:
871:floating-point
867:
864:floating-point
852:Motorola 68040
824:
801:
793:
790:
767:30 kFLOPS
668:Main article:
665:
662:
627:diskless nodes
614:
611:
550:Motorola 68000
516:
513:
418:
415:
363:
360:
308:IntelliStation
183:terminal to a
138:World Wide Web
124:
123:
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3157:
3146:
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3141:
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3097:
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2527:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2493:Smart speaker
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2463:Diskless node
2461:
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2451:
2447:
2444:
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2437:
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2431:
2427:
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2300:
2298:
2282:
2280:9781447149323
2276:
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2199:
2195:
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2173:
2165:
2159:
2145:on 2012-01-02
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2020:
2013:
2003:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1941:
1939:9781597499613
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1914:
1906:
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1898:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1880:0-585-14273-4
1876:
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1866:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1827:
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1814:
1799:
1793:
1779:
1773:
1765:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1699:on 2019-07-05
1698:
1694:
1688:
1674:on 2017-12-22
1673:
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1564:on 2021-12-05
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1457:Physics World
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1390:
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1302:
1298:
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1280:graphics card
1277:
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1248:workstations)
1247:
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1146:
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1126:
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1118:
1117:video editing
1114:
1110:
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1102:
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1085:
1080:
1074:Modern market
1071:
1069:
1068:3D Studio Max
1065:
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807:hardware for
806:
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592:Fibre Channel
589:
584:
582:
578:
575:
571:
567:
564:. Meanwhile,
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
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538:
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530:
526:
522:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
495:developed at
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
473:Lisp Machines
470:
465:
462:developed at
461:
460:Lisp machines
456:
454:
450:
446:
445:minicomputers
441:
439:
435:
432:In 1965, the
430:
428:
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411:
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388:
384:
380:
373:
368:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
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333:
329:
325:
324:IBM PC Series
321:
318:CPUs running
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
270:is that of a
269:
265:
261:
257:
256:image editing
253:
252:video editing
249:
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241:
240:visualization
237:
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98:
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88:
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81:
77:
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70:
67: –
66:
65:"Workstation"
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
3073:Single-board
2958:Smartglasses
2901:Programmable
2826:Mobile phone
2679:Blade server
2586:
2518:Microconsole
2513:Home console
2385:Workstations
2361:
2352:
2343:
2334:
2314:
2284:. Retrieved
2269:
2262:
2251:. Retrieved
2247:
2237:
2226:. Retrieved
2223:TechRepublic
2222:
2212:
2201:. Retrieved
2197:
2188:
2178:
2172:
2158:
2147:. Retrieved
2143:the original
2133:
2119:
2102:
2088:
2079:
2069:
2061:Ars Technica
2060:
2050:
2041:
2028:
2018:
2012:
2002:
1991:. Retrieved
1987:
1978:
1967:. Retrieved
1964:www.ossh.com
1963:
1954:
1943:. Retrieved
1920:
1913:
1903:
1897:
1870:
1865:
1854:. Retrieved
1850:
1841:
1829:. Retrieved
1825:
1813:
1802:. Retrieved
1800:. 2013-02-11
1792:
1781:. Retrieved
1772:
1752:
1745:
1718:
1712:
1701:. Retrieved
1697:the original
1687:
1676:. Retrieved
1672:the original
1662:
1640:(1): 31–42.
1637:
1633:
1623:
1612:. Retrieved
1610:. 2003-01-23
1607:
1598:
1589:
1577:
1566:. Retrieved
1562:the original
1557:
1548:
1537:. Retrieved
1527:
1460:
1456:
1447:
1412:
1402:
1392:, retrieved
1388:
1367:
1358:
1290:Support for
1260:
1256:
1221:
1198:
1179:
1138:
1098:
1057:
1046:
995:
980:Sun Ultra 20
854:and Intel's
830:: the first
795:
771:
748:
656:include the
654:thin clients
639:
616:
613:Thin clients
585:
570:VLSI Project
548:such as the
540:
501:Terak 8510/a
457:
442:
431:
420:
332:commoditized
296:
225:
176:
157:
155:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
21:Work station
2816:Handheld PC
2748:Subnotebook
2726:Convertible
2587:Workstation
2580:Home server
2503:Thin client
2483:Rich client
2166:. Phoronix.
1988:www.CNN.com
1608:www.ibm.com
1121:3D modeling
1109:NVIDIA GPUs
1038:GeForce 256
893:High-speed
821:GeForce 256
805:3D graphics
680:NeXTstation
670:3M computer
664:3M computer
650:X terminals
619:thin client
489:Interlisp-D
481:TI Explorer
374:workstation
268:form factor
177:workstation
175:. The term
158:workstation
150:Switzerland
3124:Categories
2963:Smart ring
2951:Sportwatch
2946:Smartwatch
2929:Smart band
2906:Scientific
2888:Calculator
2848:Palmtop PC
2841:Smartphone
2778:Detachable
2603:All-in-one
2553:Industrial
2450:Appliances
2253:2022-04-08
2228:2022-04-03
2203:2023-11-16
2182:, Phoronix
2149:2012-04-11
1993:2022-03-18
1969:2022-03-18
1945:2022-03-18
1856:2022-03-10
1804:2022-03-19
1783:2022-03-08
1703:2022-03-06
1678:2022-03-08
1668:"IBM 1620"
1614:2022-03-06
1568:2021-12-05
1558:OIDair WEB
1539:2022-09-07
1497:(Report).
1430:0897910214
1394:2021-12-05
1389:Britannica
1350:References
1292:ECC memory
1253:Definition
1019:Quadra 700
991:Solaris 10
913:mid-2000s.
895:networking
888:Serial ATA
811:(CAD) and
603:processors
519:See also:
509:Xerox Star
497:Xerox PARC
346:, selling
322:, and its
170:multi-user
162:scientific
76:newspapers
3085:Smartdust
3020:Minisuper
3015:Mainframe
2994:Supermini
2758:Smartbook
2733:Cloudbook
2635:Pizza box
2529:Computers
2488:Simulator
2286:April 28,
1737:899007268
1654:0018-8670
1519:242933956
1477:0953-8585
1269:slots or
1235:SGI Virtu
1174:Sun Ultra
1167:SGI Tezro
1129:rendering
925:Unix-like
786:$ 100,000
774:megapenny
752:MegaFLOPS
734:11i with
691:Sony NEWS
537:IBM RT PC
469:Symbolics
427:codenamed
248:animation
106:July 2010
3109:Category
2981:Midrange
2916:Wearable
2896:Graphing
2873:Siftable
2806:E-reader
2793:Handheld
2743:Notebook
2684:Blade PC
2667:Stick PC
2647:Portable
2630:Deskside
2613:Tabletop
2558:Personal
2498:Smart TV
2080:PC Guide
2042:MacWorld
1889:44965252
1831:15 March
1439:12045240
1313:See also
1163:SGI Fuel
1023:Infini-D
782:$ 15,000
778:$ 10,000
706:SGI Indy
642:3Station
511:(1981).
503:(1977),
434:IBM 1130
423:IBM 1620
408:and the
278:, and a
276:keyboard
236:graphics
168:and run
134:NeXTcube
2836:Feature
2783:Phablet
2753:Netbook
2657:Mini PC
2625:Desktop
2618:Surface
2596:By size
2426:classes
1511:1647336
1217:Solaris
1205:FreeBSD
1201:Windows
1149:HP 9000
1086:Z6, an
1060:AutoCAD
987:Opteron
875:80486DX
860:Pentium
792:Decline
760:1
658:Sun Ray
483:), and
438:Fortran
402:HP 9000
383:HP 9000
362:History
352:Windows
344:Fujitsu
314:-based
304:RS/6000
288:3D mice
189:network
90:scholar
3107:
3061:Rugged
3034:Others
2858:Pocket
2831:Camera
2770:Tablet
2721:2-in-1
2713:Laptop
2704:Mobile
2575:Server
2570:Public
2543:Gaming
2536:By use
2442:Static
2322:
2277:
2113:. IBM.
1936:
1887:
1877:
1760:
1735:
1725:
1652:
1517:
1509:
1475:
1437:
1427:
1237:VS3xx)
1215:, and
1195:x86-64
1185:POWER9
1127:, and
1111:to do
1088:x86-64
1053:POWER4
1042:Quadro
1035:Nvidia
937:32-bit
901:1990s.
817:Nvidia
762:kFLOPS
717:SGI O2
631:server
600:64-bit
543:32-bit
535:, and
389:9 and
370:Early
348:x86-64
342:, and
328:Aptiva
286:, and
215:, and
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
3025:Super
3003:Large
2640:Tower
2608:Panel
2434:Micro
2362:PCMAG
2344:PCMAG
2111:(PDF)
1822:(PDF)
1586:(PDF)
1515:S2CID
1435:S2CID
1301:PCI-E
1213:macOS
1103:with
1082:This
1007:68000
982:with
960:Linux
940:80386
910:SPARC
906:80286
856:80486
840:Intel
732:HP-UX
695:68030
566:DARPA
487:(the
485:Xerox
479:(the
451:from
449:PDP-8
412:(CDE)
406:HP-UX
393:(VUE)
387:HP-UX
372:Xerox
356:Linux
316:POWER
310:have
280:mouse
97:JSTOR
83:books
3056:Nano
3010:Grid
2989:Mini
2674:Rack
2662:Plug
2548:Home
2424:and
2320:ISBN
2288:2024
2275:ISBN
1934:ISBN
1885:OCLC
1875:ISBN
1833:2022
1758:ISBN
1733:OCLC
1723:ISBN
1650:ISSN
1507:OSTI
1473:ISSN
1425:ISBN
1304:NVMe
1267:DIMM
1244:and
1165:and
1141:RISC
1064:Avid
1031:Unix
1027:A/UX
1013:and
958:and
948:OS/2
944:MMUs
921:Unix
858:and
836:CISC
832:RISC
828:CPUs
646:3Com
588:SCSI
581:RISC
577:3130
562:Unix
556:and
525:NeXT
493:Alto
458:The
336:Dell
326:and
312:RISC
306:and
213:NeXT
146:CERN
69:news
2248:CRN
1926:doi
1642:doi
1590:IBM
1499:doi
1465:doi
1417:doi
1307:SSD
1299:or
1297:M.2
1182:IBM
1107:or
1105:AMD
1049:die
984:AMD
956:BSD
929:VMS
883:ISA
844:x86
842:'s
784:to
736:CDE
644:by
621:or
607:RAM
590:or
568:'s
464:MIT
354:or
320:AIX
302:'s
300:IBM
232:CPU
217:IBM
205:DEC
148:in
144:at
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250:,
246:,
234:,
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209:HP
207:,
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185:PC
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