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if not a direct business relationship with the wreck master and/or the owners of the wrecking vessels, the process was often abused, with awards as high as 90% of the salvaged value. In 1829, a United States
District Court was established in Key West with admiralty jurisdiction, after which most salvage cases were decided in court. Court awards for a wrecking operation averaged about 25% of the salvage value. Private agreements and arbitration remained an option, however, particularly when the judge was not available. A visitor to Key West in the 1880s reported that the United States District Court was in session almost every week, and had heard more than 700
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night. As a result, a ship that ran on the reef during the night might attract a dozen wreckers by the afternoon of the next day. The first wrecking captain to reach a stranded ship became the wreck master, determining how many wreckers he needed to help salvage the ship, and directing the operation. Wreckers had an obligation to save passengers and crew of the wrecked ship (for which they received no compensation), and to salvage as much of the cargo as possible, and the ship, as well. If the judge in
Federal court decided that a wrecking crew had not done everything possible to salvage cargo and ship, he would reduce the award.
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vessels, divided among the boats on a tonnage basis. The other half went to the wrecker crews, proportional to the number of crewmen on each vessel. Ordinary crewmen received one share, "boys" a half-share, cooks, one-and-a-quarter shares, and captains one to three shares, depending on the size of the vessel. Divers, who dived into the flooded holds of ships to retrieve cargo, received extra shares. By the time a salvage award was divided this way, individual shares were often quite small. Contemporary observers estimated that wrecking crews on average made no more than an ordinary seaman.
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imports to the
Bahamas. More than two-thirds of exports from the Bahamas were salvaged goods. The government normally took 15% customs duty on salvaged goods. If the salvaged cargo was not claimed, the Vice Admiralty Court took 30%, and the Governor took another 10%. Shore workers (warehouse workers, agents and laborers) usually received around 14% of the value. The wreckers themselves usually received 40% to 60% of the value of the salvaged goods. Even so, the average annual income of an ordinary seaman on a wrecker was about £20.
362:. The combination of heavy shipping and a powerful current flowing close to dangerous reefs made the Florida Keys the site of a great many wrecks, especially during the 19th century. Ships were wrecking on the Florida Reef at the rate of almost once a week in the middle of the 19th century (the collector of customs in Key West reported a rate of 48 wrecks a year in 1848). For a period of almost 100 years, wrecking captains and wrecking vessels in the Keys had to hold a license issued by the
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674:. Some wrecks may have been deliberate, as well. On a few occasions wreckers trying to refloat flooded ships discovered that holes had been bored through the hull below the water line. The captain of a ship that had wrecked stated that the wreck was not to be greatly regretted, as there were too many ships in the freight business. Judge Marvin of the Federal court in Key West told a navy officer in 1860 there was "a great deal of wrecking by design."
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172:. The Spanish began using these divers to recover treasure from shipwrecks. The Spanish kept salvage ships with crews of African divers on-call in major ports around the Caribbean, ready to sail as soon as word of a wreck was received. In the course of the 16th through the 18th centuries the Spanish recovered more than 100,000,000
580:-powered pumps, and later a steam-powered pump, were kept in Key West. If the wreckers were not able to pump out a ship fast enough to float it using the ship's own pumps, they could rent one of the large pumps from Key West. As the wrecking vessels could not always directly approach wrecked ships, they had to carry sturdy boats.
827:, which passes by the south west of England. This would help to speed these ships on their way to France and Spain and put them out of position. Wreckers would attempt to frighten off the curious, suspicious or unwanted visitors, by spreading wild rumours concerning supernatural activity, ghosts and cannibals (as told about in
690:. Salvage work was abandoned when divers refused to continue, as contaminated water in the hold was causing them to become blind for 24 hours after a dive. The salvage award was US$ 17,690. The last local wrecker was bought out by a New York company in 1920. The Federal court closed the book of wrecking licenses the next year.
313:£108,000, and peaked at £154,000 in 1870. Wrecking then entered a decline, and was nearly gone by the end of the 19th century. More lighthouses (eventually numbering 37 in the Bahamas), better charts, more ships powered by steam, better qualified ship's officers, and more seaworthy ships all contributed to fewer wrecks.
208:. As a result, some Spanish ships wrecked on Bermuda. After the English settled on Bermuda in the early 17th century, they quickly took up "wracking" on Bermuda, and then extended their search for wrecks to all of the Caribbean. Later in the 17th century the center for English "wracking" in the Caribbean shifted to
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In the first few years after
Florida was acquired by the United States, salvage awards were determined either by prior agreement between the wreck master and the captain of the wrecked ship, or by arbitration. As the persons available to serve as arbitrators usually had ties to the wrecking industry,
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began visiting the
Florida Keys in the winter to fish for the Havana market. These fishermen engaged in wrecking when the opportunity arose. With the acquisition of Florida by the United States in 1821 and the settlement of Key West in 1822, the New England fishermen-wreckers began moving their homes
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The
Bahamian government eventually exerted control over the wreckers. The wreckers were required to carry salvaged goods to Nassau, where they were auctioned. However, goods useful on a ship or in a wrecker's home were often diverted with a blind eye turned by government officials. Increased shipping
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As soon as the
Spanish began sending home the treasures they found in the New World, some of the treasure was lost in shipwrecks. By the 1540s Indians along the coast of Florida, where many of the Spanish treasure ships wrecked, were diving on the wrecks and recovering significant amounts of gold and
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There are legends that some ships were deliberately lured into danger by a display of false lights. John Viele, retired U.S. Navy officer and author of a history of wrecking in the
Florida Keys, states that such tricks simply would not work. He points out that mariners interpret a light as indicating
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in 1865. The Key West and Sand Key lighthouses were destroyed by a hurricane in 1846. A lightship was placed at Sand Key until the lighthouses could be rebuilt. Beginning in 1852 lighthouses were built directly on the
Florida Reef, but it was 1880 before mariners could rely on having a lighthouse in
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ran onto the
Florida Reef during a running gun battle. Wreckers went to the aid of both ships. After most of the Africans and the Spanish crewmen had been transferred to wrecker vessels, the Spanish crewmen commandeered two of the ships and sailed to Cuba with most of the Africans. The remaining 120
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on the Keys, and salvaging wrecks as the opportunity arose. When the Spanish were salvaging the wrecks of the 1733 treasure fleet, the Spanish commander of the operation expressed concern that the Bahamians would try to salvage some of the treasure on their own. By 1775, George Gauld, who produced a
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sharply cut the volume of shipping around the Bahamas, and the wreckers suffered with far fewer wrecks to salvage. The end of the Civil War brought back increased shipping and wrecks. In 1865, the last year of the Civil War, £28,000 worth of salvaged goods were taken to Nassau. In 1866, that rose to
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The wreckers were unhappy about the lights, expecting them to reduce the number of wrecks and their livelihood. Initially, however, the lights did not greatly reduce the number of wrecks. Some ships wrecked when their captains became confused about which lights they were seeing, mistaking lights on
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Shipping through the Straits of Florida, and therefore the number of wrecks on the Florida Reef, declined sharply during the Civil War. Following the Civil War, the number of wrecks did not increase as fast as the ship traffic through the Straits. More lighthouses were in place, better charts were
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passed a law requiring all goods salvaged in U.S. waters to be taken to an American port of entry. This measure created a great inconvenience for the Bahamian wreckers, as they had to take salvaged goods and ships to Key West before they could return home to the Bahamas. Some of them soon moved to
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and salt. There were vessels dedicated to wrecking from this time, but wrecking was a secondary occupation for most men. These seamen, who called themselves "wrackers" or "wreckers", pursued wrecking aggressively, regarding all salvage as their property. They were rumored to have killed people who
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Wrecking has been practised a long way back in Denmark. The long shorelines, the heavy international marine traffic in combination with some difficult and often harsh waters, has produced many wrecks here. It was only recently, that the light signalling was fully developed and deep sea-bed canals
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The salvaged cargo and the ship, if it could be saved, were taken to Key West where they were appraised or auctioned. The wrecking vessels and crews that participated in the operations would then be awarded a share of the salvage value. Half of the salvage award went to the owners of the wrecking
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Wrecking in the Florida Keys was conducted from sailing vessels. Numerous vessels would patrol along the Florida Reef looking for wrecks. The wreckers would normally anchor at night in protected anchorages along the Keys, and then sail out in the morning to see if any ships had wrecked during the
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Wrecking was a mainstay of the Bahamian economy through most of the 19th century. In 1856, there were 302 ships and 2,679 men (out of a total population of 27,000) licensed as wreckers in the Bahamas. In that year salvaged wreck cargo brought to Nassau was valued at £96,304, more than half of all
657:. Mariners complained that the lights were not visible enough. There were also long interruptions. The Cape Florida lighthouse was burned by Seminoles in 1836 and remained dark for ten years. It was also dark while the tower was made higher in 1855. It was put out of commission again in 1860 by
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on the North Atlantic coast for example. The last wreck master here left in 1992. A few wreck masters are still appointed in Denmark, but nowadays the job also includes observations and reporting on oil spills, pollutions, vandalism, etc., and they work in close cooperation with the police.
137:(colloquially called "nags" at the time) and walk the animals very slowly up and down the beach. The alleged intent was to fool mariners into believing that the slow-moving lights were ships drifting at rest or at anchor, prompting the ships to change course and subsequently run aground.
871:, successfully replicated the conditions of false light wrecking in an experiment which suggested that a single-candle lantern onshore would be insufficient to lure a boat into dangerous water on a dark night. The boat crew did not see the light until they got within 150m of it.
325:. During the 19th century, wrecking in the Keys became a highly organized and regulated industry, with dozens of vessels and hundreds of men active in the trade at any given time. The Florida Keys form a long arc of islands extending from the southern end of the east coast of
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was constructed in 1627, along with several other rudimentary lighting signals in the following years, after complaints. Sea floor canals came centuries later. It was and still is common practice to hire skilled Danish pilots to help navigate in and out of the
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is that of wreckers deliberately decoying ships on to coasts using tricks, especially false lights, so that they run ashore for easy plundering. While this has been depicted in many stories and legends, there is no clear evidence that this has ever happened.
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to southwest of Key West, with dangerous shoals stretching west from Key West to the Dry Tortugas. This chain of reefs and shoals is approximately 200 miles (320 km) long, separated from the Keys by the narrow and relatively shallow Hawk Channel. The
889:. Some of its cargo was washed ashore and many wreckers plundered the cargo in spite of attempts to prevent this. People came long distances to retrieve such things as BMW motorcycles. Goods from wrecks are supposed by law to be reported to the "
400:, which was finally found and excavated in the 20th century. In 1733, 19 ships of the Spanish treasure fleet wrecked during a hurricane in the middle and upper keys, and salvage operations lasted four years. The Spanish used dragged chains,
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A Bahamian wrecker, when asked if he and his crewmates made beacons on shore or showed their lights to warn ships away from the land at night, is reported to have said, "No, no ; we always put them out for a better chance by night".
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So-called wreck masters used to be employed in the Danish coastal communities, in order to oversee, report on and collect valuables from new wrecks. A former wreck masters home can be experienced at the Wreck Master's Farm near
513:. The city quickly developed into Florida's most important port. By the 1830s, Key West accounted for 60% to 90% of imports and exports for the Territory. Most of this traffic was due to the activities of the wreckers.
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land, and so avoid them if they cannot identify them. Moreover, oil lanterns cannot be seen very far over water at night, unless they are large, fitted with mirrors or lenses, and mounted at a great height (i.e., in a
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chart of the Keys that was still being used 75 years later, advised mariners to stay with their ships if they wrecked, so that the Bahamian wreckers could assist them. Although the Keys were at various times part of
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ships stopped and boarded Bahamian wreckers to check papers, and arrested two Bahamian captains on suspicion of smuggling slaves. American wreckers became increasingly hostile to Bahamian wreckers, and in 1825 the
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would be held in common for the defense of the colony, and all other salvaged goods would be delivered to designated agents, "made fit for sale" and then sold, with one-third of the proceeds going to the wreckers.
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which has foundered or run aground close to shore. Often an unregulated activity of opportunity in coastal communities, wrecking has been subjected to increasing regulation and evolved into what is now known as
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available, and more ships were powered by steam and thus less vulnerable to being pushed onto reefs by unfavorable winds. Steam-powered vessels began to enter the wrecking trade. Eventually ocean-going
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functioned as a secondary center for the wrecking industry in the Keys. Closer to most of the reefs off the keys than Key West, Indian Key enjoyed a brief prosperity before being destroyed in a
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Wrecking is no longer economically significant. However, as recently as the 19th century in some parts of the world, it was the mainstay of otherwise economically marginal coastal communities.
576:. Wreckers also had to be prepared to make emergency repairs to ships to refloat them or keep them afloat while they were sailed or towed back to Key West. By the middle of the 19th century,
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Wreckers were required by the Federal law to carry equipment that might be needed to save cargo and ships. Such equipment included heavy anchors for kedging (hauling) ships off reefs, heavy
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operations. By the end of the 19th century, wrecks were infrequent. The last major wrecking operation was in 1905, when 77 small vessels and 500 men salvaged cargo from the steamer
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In an effort to reduce the number of wrecks along the Florida Reef, the United States government funded the construction of lighthouses. Lighthouses were built in the 1820s at
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revolves around the inhabitants of a small Scottish island recovering as-yet-untaxed whisky from a shipwreck and their subsequent efforts at evading government officials.
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were known for wrecking. Reports of violent wreckers on Sable helped spur efforts by the colony of Nova Scotia to establish a rescue station in Sable Island in 1801.
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in the lower Keys. Spanish operations to recover the gold and silver from the lost ships continued intermittently for 21 years, but the Spanish lost track of the
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for four years, they recovered less than half of the treasure recorded as sent on the fleet. On the other hand, the Spanish recovered more treasure from the
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worth of treasure by such means. Spanish salvage efforts had varying success. Although the Spanish carried out salvage operations on the wrecks of the
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Wrecking was a major industry in the 19th century, and as far back as the 16th century, especially of ships returning from the New World using the
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to catch the Gulf Stream, which meant they passed close to the Florida Reef, with some wrecking. The first wreckers in the Keys were Indians; when
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Africans were taken to Key West, and then to St. Augustine. After Congress passed a special law the next year, 96 surviving Africans were sent to
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In 1735 a law was passed to make it an offence to make false lights, but no one was prosecuted as a result. In 1769 William Pearse was hanged at
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in Cornwall for stealing from a wreck. It was not until after a case in the Court of Appeal in 1870 that rewards were made for rescuing people.
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Wrecking (or "wracking") was an important activity in the Bahamas from its first settlement in 1648. A company of religious dissidents from
854:, who took supplies to ships at anchor off the coast, would plunder any wrecked vessel. Another area where wrecking was prevalent was the
386:'s ship was wrecked in 1549, he was taken prisoner by Indians who were experienced in plundering wrecked ships. In 1622, six ships of the
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would sing of wrecking in the song The Wreck of the Athens Queen, whose subjects "eat a lot of chicken and sit on a couch of green".
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salvors away from Spanish wrecks, and even took goods that the Spanish had already salvaged. Spain regarded the Bahamian wreckers as
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Cargoes saved by wreckers varied tremendously. Cotton was perhaps the most valuable bulk cargo. A bale of cotton might be worth
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Key West had become a port of entry in 1822. In the same year, the U.S. Navy chose Key West as its base for suppressing
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titled "The Wreckers", the lyrics of which were inspired by historical tales of wreckers luring ships to their demise.
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for repairing damaged ships that had been removed from the reefs and for building vessels to be used in wrecking, and
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is part of the Agent Pendergast series by Douglas Preston and Lincoln Child. The main story involves a ship, the
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Neglectful or Worse: A Lurid Tale of Lighthouse Keeper and Wrecking in the Isles of Scilly by Dr. Cathryn Pearce
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were particularly prized for the task) and then Africans to dive for pearls around the islands near present-day
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where the rocky coastline, and strong prevailing onshore winds helped wreck many merchant ships and warships.
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in 1815, increased shipping through the Straits of Florida resulted in an increase in wrecks on the Keys, and
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went there to recruit the divers he used to salvage treasure from a Spanish wreck on the north shore of
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in 1815 led to more wrecks. Vessels specifically designed for wrecking were built in the Bahamas. A
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Residents of the isolated communities along the outer banks of North Carolina and the Islands of
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law of 1825 required that all goods salvaged from wrecks in U.S. waters be taken to an American
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While the Eleutheran Adventurers were primarily farmers, seamen from Bermuda began settling on
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In the 16th and 17th centuries, Spanish ships returning to Spain from the Caribbean rode the
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Wreckers have been featured in a number of works of fiction, including a references in
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legend states that in the 18th century, wreckers would hang lanterns from the necks of
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Ships began wrecking along the Florida Reef almost as soon as Europeans reached the
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off the south east of England where over 2000 wrecks have occurred. The boatmen of
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were dug in the often very shallow waters here, making seafaring relatively safe.
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The Unlucky Wrecker: William Pearse of St Gennys, Cornwall by Dr. Cathryn Pearce
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The Wreckers: A Story of Killing Seas, False Lights, and Plundered Shipwrecks
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For several centuries, wrecking was an important economic activity in the
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is a 2016 board game whose plot centers around rival crews of wreckers.
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depicted life in the wrecking business in the Nineteenth Century around
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1407:. Nashville, Tennessee: Southern Methodist Publishing House. pp.
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takes its name from wreckers or "bankers" deploying false lights. The
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to Key West. Conflicts quickly developed with the Bahamian wreckers.
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began frequenting the Florida Keys. The Bahamians were opportunists,
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corroborated the story of the "bankers" who gave Nags Head its name.
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silver. By that time the Spanish had been using first Indians (the
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TV series aired a two-episode live action adventure film entitled
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366:. In 1858, there were 47 boats and ships licensed as wreckers.
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for refitting ships all contributed to the city's prosperity.
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Audio from a talk about Cornish Wreckers by Dr. David Cullum
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about the investigation and exposure of a gang of wreckers.
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books, writes often about the treasures of the wreckers.
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and in Newfoundland and the islands and coastline of the
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sight at all times while sailing along the Florida Reef.
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1066:, by Iain Lawrence, is a book for younger readers about
1534:(in Danish). Maritime Museum of Denmark. Archived from
1508:(in Danish). Maritime Museum of Denmark. Archived from
1645:"The Wreck of the Athens Queen | Fogarty's Cove Music"
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Cornish Wrecking, 1700–1860; Reality and Popular Myth
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Wrecking was a major activity of the inhabitants of
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sympathizers and remained dark until the end of the
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had inconveniently survived a shipwreck. They drove
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653:in the Dry Tortugas. A lightship was stationed at
412:to find and recover goods from the wrecked ships.
114:). In hundreds of admiralty court cases heard in
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1604:Official website for wreck masters in Denmark
972:, and also in the opening chapter of Verne's
459:for adjudication, rather than to the Florida
346:passes close to the Florida Reef through the
63:The examples and perspective in this section
1562:Rubjerg Knude's cultural and natural history
1716:. Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press, Inc.
1478:http://www.wirralhistory.net/smugglers.html
893:" and finders will then be given a reward.
773:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
714:and engaged in wrecking for many years. In
184:than had been officially registered on it.
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22:is the practice of taking valuables from a
1115:series of books, features wreckers on the
81:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
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793:Learn how and when to remove this message
415:Starting in the 18th century, ships from
337:, runs parallel to the Keys from east of
97:Learn how and when to remove this message
1685:. Waterloo, Ontario: San Salvador Press
1400:
502:Key West and acquired U.S. citizenship.
46:Luring ships to wreck with false lights
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1702:Chuluota, Florida: The Mickler House.
1481:Wirral Smugglers, Wreckers and Pirates
1039:Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color
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333:. A line of shallow coral reefs, the
1467:Death sentences – Cornwall 1735–1799
1081:included a song on their 2012 album
771:adding citations to reliable sources
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670:the Florida Reef for lights on the
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959:The Light at the Edge of the World
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125:Legend maintains that the town of
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561:cases during the preceding year.
297:(which, for the Bahamians, meant
1404:Petals Plucked from Sunny Climes
1288:Albury. Pp. 48, 51–52, 131, 132.
846:. It was also well known on the
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694:British North America and Canada
483:Under United States jurisdiction
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244:. Their governing document, the
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16:Community salvage of shipwrecks
1714:The Florida Keys: The Wreckers
1564:. Vendsyssel Historical Museum
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1202:Smugglers of the Isle of Wight
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1700:Shipwrecks in Florida Waters.
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1319:Craton. Pp. 226–227, 246–247.
1200:Hutchings, Richard J (1972).
1131:-winning children's novel by
831:) near their wrecking sites.
143:Harper’s New Monthly Magazine
1495:Series 1 episode 2, BBC 2005
517:for storing salvaged goods,
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1590:(in Danish). Archived from
1237:"Graveyard of the Atlantic"
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874:In 2007 the container ship
260:in the 1660s, attracted by
77:, discuss the issue on the
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1373:Viele. Pp. 95–97, 133–137.
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589:Charleston, South Carolina
240:, established a colony on
1558:"The Wreck Master's Farm"
1401:Sunshine, Sylvia (1886).
1297:Albury. Pp. 134–135, 143.
1124:The Wreck of the Zanzibar
965:Le Phare du bout du monde
127:Nags Head, North Carolina
1751:. Boydell & Brewer.
1683:A History of the Bahamas
1681:Craton, Michael. (1986)
1669:The Story of the Bahamas
1448:Viele. Pp. 140, 154–159.
1430:Viele. Pp. 122–131, 146.
1364:Viele. Pp. 33–37, 64–67.
1186:
865:A 2005 BBC documentary,
805:Wrecks were frequent in
641:, Key West (both on the
528:In the 1820s and 1830s,
397:Nuestra Señora de Atocha
150:Wrecking in the Americas
37:A traditional legendary
1747:Pearce, Cathryn. (2010)
1733:Bathurst, Bella. (2005)
975:The Archipelago on Fire
467:. After the end of the
1671:. Macmillan Caribbean
1346:Viele. Pp. 14–25, 162.
1328:Viele. Pp. 54–55, 166.
1052:, specifically in the
712:Gulf of Saint Lawrence
603:by Albert Koch, and a
599:skeleton collected in
388:Spanish treasure fleet
238:Eleutheran Adventurers
140:In 1860, a writer for
1667:Albury, Paul. (1975)
1421:Viele. Pp. 46, 61–63.
1382:Viele. Pp. 73, 76–77.
1317:Albury. Pp. 143, 157.
1306:Albury. Pp. 135, 137.
1150:Canadian folk singer
645:itself and on nearby
285:after the end of the
1737:. Houghton Mifflin.
1712:Viele, John. (2001)
1532:"Ove Alexis Winsløv"
1113:Swallows and Amazons
767:improve this section
75:improve this section
65:may not represent a
1457:Viele. Pp. 169–189.
1439:Viele. Pp. 154–157.
1279:Albury. Pp 131–132.
962:based on the novel
544:Wrecking operations
246:Articles and Orders
200:and then aimed for
188:Bermuda and Jamaica
182:1733 treasure fleet
178:1715 Treasure Fleet
1594:on 7 February 2015
1538:on 7 February 2015
1512:on 7 February 2015
1506:"Skagens vippefyr"
1014:Reap The Wild Wind
924:Fictional accounts
730:Wrecking in Europe
663:American Civil War
408:and even an early
348:Straits of Florida
310:American Civil War
1757:978-1-84383-555-4
1743:978-0-618-41677-6
1483:by Gavin Chappell
1391:Viele. Pp. 43–48.
1355:Viele. Pp. 25–28.
1214:Viele. Pp. 94–95.
1025:. It garnered an
1023:Key West, Florida
983:Compton Mackenzie
946:Daphne du Maurier
931:The Shipping News
904:Skagen's Vippefyr
891:Receiver of Wreck
881:went aground off
842:off the north of
803:
802:
795:
574:blocks and tackle
453:Florida Territory
390:wrecked during a
354:and ports in the
299:Key West, Florida
116:Key West, Florida
107:
106:
99:
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1337:Viele. Pp. 3–14.
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1261:Marx. Pp. 55–57.
1259:
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1250:
1248:
1235:Walbert, David.
1232:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1197:
1133:Michael Morpurgo
1084:Clockwork Angels
1075:progressive rock
1068:The Isle of Skye
1019:Cecil B. DeMille
856:Wirral Peninsula
798:
791:
787:
784:
778:
747:
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358:and the western
317:The Florida Keys
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1799:Water transport
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1783:
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1730:
1728:Further reading
1696:Marx, Robert F.
1664:
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1588:Standfogeden.dk
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1308:Craton. P. 226.
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1225:Craton. P. 167.
1224:
1223:Albury. P. 139.
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1209:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1160:
1137:Isles of Scilly
1129:Whitbread Award
1107:, the fifth of
1097:Pembroke Castle
1044:The Mooncussers
1031:Special Effects
1029:for underwater
954:Akira Yoshimura
936:E. Annie Proulx
926:
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782:
779:
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732:
722:and especially
696:
635:
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469:Napoleonic Wars
438:Spanish Florida
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287:Napoleonic Wars
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155:Spanish America
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1819:Marine salvage
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1763:External links
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684:marine salvage
655:Carysfort Reef
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587:50 or $ 60 in
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523:ship chandlers
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258:New Providence
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1584:"Strandfoged"
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1036:In 1962, the
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1027:Academy Award
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1007:In 1942, the
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752:This section
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499:U.S. Congress
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465:St. Augustine
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461:port of entry
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370:Early history
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364:Federal court
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360:Caribbean Sea
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1648:. Retrieved
1639:
1627:. Retrieved
1618:
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1598:28 September
1596:. Retrieved
1592:the original
1587:
1578:
1568:28 September
1566:. Retrieved
1561:
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1542:28 September
1540:. Retrieved
1536:the original
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1514:. Retrieved
1510:the original
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783:January 2008
780:
765:Please help
753:
724:Sable Island
697:
687:
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672:Bahama Banks
668:
639:Cape Florida
636:
620:
609:
597:"Hydrarchos"
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527:
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486:
446:East Florida
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373:
339:Cape Florida
335:Florida Reef
331:Dry Tortugas
323:Florida Keys
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1794:Lighthouses
1152:Stan Rogers
1055:Famous Five
1050:Enid Blyton
1009:Technicolor
996:Ethel Smyth
970:Jules Verne
956:, the film
941:Jamaica Inn
825:Gulf Stream
720:Seal Island
716:Nova Scotia
659:Confederate
607:. In 1827,
568:and chain,
511:West Indies
489:New England
473:War of 1812
417:The Bahamas
410:diving bell
406:free divers
344:Gulf Stream
228:The Bahamas
194:Gulf Stream
166:the Bahamas
1814:Shipwrecks
1788:Categories
1662:References
1650:2022-08-10
998:'s opera,
950:Shipwrecks
909:Baltic Sea
883:Branscombe
818:Launceston
708:Portsmouth
651:Garden Key
649:), and on
615:Royal Navy
605:locomotive
530:Indian Key
515:Warehouses
444:colony of
242:Eleutheria
222:Hispaniola
210:Port Royal
112:lighthouse
87:March 2020
1247:29 August
1164:Shipwreck
1104:Coot Club
1073:Canadian
985:'s novel
885:beach in
860:Liverpool
754:does not
540:in 1840.
538:Seminoles
519:shipyards
494:U.S. Navy
477:the Crown
433:hardwoods
431:tropical
392:hurricane
376:New World
262:ambergris
170:Venezuela
131:toponymic
79:talk page
24:shipwreck
1613:IMDb.com
1241:Learn NC
1158:See also
844:Scotland
829:Clovelly
811:Cornwall
704:Ocracoke
700:Hatteras
680:tugboats
647:Sand Key
617:warship
610:Guerrero
578:windmill
471:and the
448:and the
425:turtling
402:grapnels
250:ordnance
162:Lucayans
73:You may
20:Wrecking
1804:Looting
1698:(1985)
1629:6 April
897:Denmark
858:, near
838:in the
775:removed
760:sources
735:Britain
633:Decline
627:Liberia
601:Alabama
570:fenders
566:hawsers
509:in the
442:British
429:logging
421:fishing
329:to the
327:Florida
275:pirates
271:Spanish
234:Bermuda
214:Jamaica
202:Bermuda
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1675:
1011:Movie
878:Napoli
706:, and
688:Alicia
643:island
621:Nimble
507:piracy
457:Nassau
440:, the
380:Havana
266:wrecks
236:, the
206:Azores
1493:Coast
1187:Notes
1127:is a
1077:band
994:Dame
887:Devon
868:Coast
807:Devon
174:pesos
164:from
135:mules
39:trope
1753:ISBN
1739:ISBN
1718:ISBN
1704:ISBN
1687:ISBN
1673:ISBN
1631:2017
1600:2014
1570:2014
1544:2014
1518:2014
1249:2015
1079:Rush
952:by
876:MSC
852:Deal
809:and
758:any
756:cite
619:HMS
585:US$
572:and
534:raid
450:U.S.
308:The
1409:319
1111:'s
1017:by
968:by
944:by
934:by
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593:ton
536:by
291:U.S
212:in
196:to
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