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1341:. This tree overhangs the house of the title and is said to have a "...girth that a dozen men could not have spanned..." Forster describes the tree as "...a comrade, bending over the house, strength and adventure in its roots." The wych elm of the novel had pigs' teeth embedded in the trunk by country people long ago and it was said that chewing some of the bark could cure toothache. In keeping with the novel's epigraph, "Only connect...", the wych elm may be seen by some as a symbol of the connection of humans to the earth. Margaret Schlegel, the novel's protagonist, fears that any "....westerly gale might blow the wych elm down and bring the end of all things..." The tree is changed to a chestnut in the 1991 film adaptation of
1436:
2133:
779:
1037:
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1408:
676:
656:
1420:
830:
1393:
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1354:
842:
44:
755:
93:
1123:
68:
997:
1199:
806:
1231:
267:
1135:
818:
794:
2503:
722:(DBH). Normally, root suckers are not seen; natural reproduction is by seed alone. The tree is notable for its very tough, supple young shoots, which are always without the corky ridges or 'wings' characteristic of many elms. The alternate leaves are deciduous, 6–17 cm long by 3–12 cm broad, usually
969:
The wych elm is moderately shade-tolerant, but requires deep, rich soils as typically found along river valleys. The species is intolerant of acid soils and flooding, as it is of prolonged drought. Although rarely used as a street tree owing to its shape, it can be surprisingly tolerant of urban air
1115:
Wych elm wood is prized by craftsmen for its colouring, its striking grain, its 'partridge-breast' or 'catspaw' markings, and when worked, its occasional iridescent greenish sheen or 'bloom'. The bosses on old trees produce the characteristic fissures and markings of 'burr elm' wood. Bosses fringed
973:
As wych elm does not sucker from the roots, and any seedlings are often consumed by uncontrolled deer populations, regeneration is very restricted, limited to sprouts from the stumps of young trees. The resultant decline has been extreme, and the wych elm is now uncommon over much of its former
892:, which radically reduces the amount of bark available for the beetle to breed on. In European trials, clones of apparently resistant trees were inoculated with the pathogen, causing 85 – 100% wilting, resulting in 68% mortality by the following year. DNA analysis by
1296:, Italy (bole-girth 6.2 m, 2.0 m DBH, height 26 m., 2008). Other ancient specimens grow at Styria, in Austria, and at Grenzhammer, Germany (see Gallery). In 1998, over 700 healthy, mature trees were discovered on the upper slopes of Mount Šimonka in
3576:
1939:, the Siberian elm, have not been observed in the field and only achieved in the laboratory, though the ranges of the two species, the latter introduced by man, overlap in parts of Southern Europe, notably Spain. A crossing in Russia of
977:
Wych elm was widely planted in
Edinburgh in the 19th century as a park and avenue tree, and despite losses, it remains abundant there, regenerating through seedlings. It was introduced to New England in the 18th century, to Canada (as
1972:, and were to prove vulnerable to the much more virulent strain of the disease that arrived in the late 1960s. However, further research eventually produced several trees effectively immune to disease, which were released after 1989.
1218:; "it was taken as a powder, as an extract, as an elixir, even in baths. It was good for the nerves, the chest, the stomach — what can I say? — it was a true panacea." It was this so-called "pyramidal elm bark" about which
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1170:
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in the north of the species' range (northern
Britain, Scandinavia): leaves narrower, with a long tapering base and without acute lobes; trees commonly with a long single trunk and a tall, narrow crown.
1024:
1968:, and a number of hybrid cultivars have been commercially released since 1960. The earlier trees were raised in response to the initial Dutch elm disease pandemic that afflicted Europe after the
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Much overlap is seen between populations with these characters, and the distinction may owe to environmental influence, rather than genetic variation; the subspecies are not accepted by
4786:
3529:'Propagating healthy mature elms that have survived in areas severely impacted by Dutch elm disease: a scoping study for a wych elm project in Scotland.' Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.
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4791:
520:
and is now acknowledged as the only indisputably
British native elm species. Owing to its former abundance in Scotland, the tree is occasionally known as the Scotch or Scots elm;
2132:
1182:
1300:, but they are believed to have survived courtesy of their isolation from disease-carrying beetles rather than any innate resistance; 50 clones of these trees were presented to
1146:
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1953:; a similar crossing was cloned ('FL025') by the Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante (IPP), Florence, as part of the Italian elm breeding programme circa 2000.
2114:
740:
appear before the leaves in early spring, produced in clusters of 10–20; they are 4 mm across on 10 mm long stems, and being wind-pollinated, are
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range. It is best propagated from seed or by layering stooled stock plants, although softwood cuttings taken in early June will root fairly reliably under mist.
1158:
4186:
2723:
1269:(died 2021); it had a girth of 703 cm (2.23 m DBH) and a height of 24 m. Possibly the oldest specimen in England was found in 2018 in a field north of
1072:
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2977:
1459:
About 40 cultivars have been raised, although at least 30 are now probably lost to cultivation as a consequence of Dutch elm disease and/or other factors:
778:
485:
species, growing at elevations up to 1,500 m (4,900 ft), preferring sites with moist soils and high humidity. The tree can form pure forests in
5285:
3280:
1353:
628:
in the south of the species' range: broad leaves with short tapering base and acute lobes; trees often with a short, forked trunk and a low, broad crown;
2920:
2325:
1435:
655:
3351:
1419:
6099:
1912:
900:) in France has determined the genetic diversity within the species is very limited, making the chances of a resistant tree evolving rather remote.
5315:
5295:
6143:
5959:
1767:
1254:, Scotland; the tree succumbed to DED in 2022 and collapsed the following year. The priory was founded circa 1230, the tree already in existence.
6667:
5270:
1373:
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1827:
1407:
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1504:
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The type sometimes reaches heights of 40 m (130 ft), typically with a broad crown where open-grown, supported by a short
6059:
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1852:
1807:
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5087:
5037:
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4521:
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1509:
865:, it is less favoured as a host by the elm bark beetles, which act as vectors. Research in Spain has indicated the presence of a
6133:
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5994:
5934:
5914:
5904:
1902:
1842:
1802:
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5017:
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4771:
4756:
2160:– graffiti that appeared in 1944 following the discovery of the remains of a woman inside a wych elm in Worcestershire, England
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5929:
5924:
1887:
1867:
1737:
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4806:
4716:
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730:; the upper surface is rough. Leaves on juvenile or shade-grown shoots sometimes have three or more lobes near the apex. The
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6009:
5964:
5919:
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2019:
1907:
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5574:
5559:
5222:
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4346:
4086:
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1579:
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6158:
6109:
6104:
6084:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5894:
4231:
3554:
2876:
Went, Johanna C. (1954). "The Dutch elm disease - Summary of fifteen years hybridisation and selection work (1937–1952)".
1922:
1917:
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1702:
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1857:
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1692:
6388:
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5469:
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4411:
4301:
4296:
3795:
2334:
2312:
2271:
1549:
1474:
1094:
596:
attests that the Wych Elm was sometimes referred to as the "Wych Hazel", a name now applied to the unrelated species
6079:
1892:
6981:
6773:
6313:
6198:
5634:
5584:
5494:
5474:
5441:
5132:
5102:
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4516:
4356:
4351:
4326:
4097:
3918:
1639:
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1499:
1479:
748:
20 mm long and 15 mm broad, with a single, round, 6 mm seed in the centre, maturing in late spring.
3532:
6654:
6253:
5393:
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4972:
4826:
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4666:
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4406:
4336:
4321:
4113:
3830:
3686:
2157:
2012:
1222:
famously quipped "Take it, Madame... and hurry up while it cures." It still appeared in a pharmacopeia of 1893.
6796:
6338:
5761:
5644:
5629:
5614:
5579:
5554:
5549:
5529:
5464:
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5162:
5157:
5122:
5077:
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4696:
4661:
4646:
4471:
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4416:
4391:
4366:
3872:
3729:
3617:
3257:
CEC information; tree may be seen on Google
Streetview, beside Cavalry Park Drive, E. of Holy Rood High School.
2628:
2602:
2576:
2545:
1649:
1634:
1619:
1584:
1559:
1554:
1534:
1469:
1122:
6894:
3372:
Coleman, Max, 'Last Ent set to repopulate Glen Affric'; Botanics
Stories, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 2024
1960:
in their ancestry have featured strongly in recent artificial hybridization experiments in Europe, notably at
996:
92:
6755:
6418:
5771:
5589:
5524:
5388:
5353:
5348:
5333:
5262:
5202:
5112:
5072:
5022:
5002:
4997:
4914:
4894:
4836:
4751:
4446:
4386:
4306:
3983:
3740:
2935:
1594:
1529:
1281:, now Duddingston Golf Course. Other notable specimens in Edinburgh are to be found in Learmonth Gardens and
6607:
6443:
6238:
5841:
5766:
5639:
5539:
5484:
5398:
5252:
5187:
5177:
5137:
5127:
5047:
4992:
4909:
4546:
4531:
4128:
3907:
3861:
3506:
2350:
2039:
1644:
1544:
1489:
766:
6555:
3483:). A study of the species, with particular reference to the wych elm in Scotland and its use by craftsmen.
1134:
6902:
6680:
6545:
6540:
6323:
6318:
5756:
5726:
5609:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5247:
5182:
5147:
5107:
5027:
4904:
4899:
3087:
2420:
1609:
6889:
6633:
6438:
6398:
6233:
6208:
5604:
5594:
5519:
5514:
5383:
5338:
5152:
5142:
5117:
5032:
4977:
4957:
4937:
3850:
3675:
3089:
Catalogue of the trees and shrubs in the arboretum and botanic gardens at the central experimental farm
1614:
1599:
1524:
1519:
3223:
Coleman, Max, 'Wake-up call to climate change'; Botanics
Stories, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 2022
2202:
817:
6986:
6783:
6729:
6428:
6373:
6263:
6258:
6178:
5781:
5671:
5599:
3070:
2077:
1604:
1273:
in
Shropshire. Coppiced long ago, its bole girth measured 6.3 m in 2018. The oldest specimen in
719:
257:
3200:
2743:
Martín-Benito, Dario; García-Vallejo, Maria
Concepción; Pajares, Juan Alberto; López, David (2005).
6991:
6378:
6368:
6353:
6333:
6328:
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6183:
5831:
5711:
3964:
3953:
2031:
2000:
1657:
1309:
805:
566:
from the
Caucasus, considered a species by some authorities, is often listed as a regional form of
17:
6747:
2842:
6363:
6348:
6343:
6213:
5736:
5731:
5696:
5686:
5676:
3241:
2004:
1984:
1219:
528:
interpreted by some as 'Lake of the Elms', 'leaman' being the plural form of leam or lem, 'elm'.
6881:
4208:
933:
In trials conducted in Italy, the tree was found to have a slight to moderate susceptibility to
6672:
6602:
6521:
6483:
6433:
6393:
6383:
6303:
6218:
5721:
5716:
5701:
5659:
4274:
4152:
3387:
2951:
1992:
1988:
1003:
939:
754:
6711:
4197:
3540:
3189:
3146:
793:
6423:
6308:
6288:
6283:
6273:
6193:
5866:
5846:
5811:
5801:
5791:
5786:
5776:
5706:
5691:
4003:
3433:
3102:
2117:
1996:
1980:
241:
6822:
6119:
5876:
4246:
4219:
3170:
1683:
477:, where the species reaches its southern limit in Europe; it is also found in Iran. A large
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6448:
6413:
6278:
6228:
6203:
5861:
5851:
5826:
5821:
5806:
5796:
5751:
5746:
3584:
2996:
2885:
2808:
2470:
2023:
1426:
926:
forms of the tree, but these proved no more resistant to Dutch elm disease than the normal
6845:
4257:
4175:
3547:
1949:
8:
6840:
6464:
6403:
6243:
6188:
5856:
5816:
5741:
3659:
2035:
2027:
2008:
1301:
589:
510:
494:
490:
57:
6868:
3502:
Jobling & Mitchell, 'Field
Recognition of British Elms', Forestry Commission Booklet
3000:
2889:
2812:
2474:
2406:
2179:
883:(200 μg/g). Moreover, once the tree is dying, its bark is quickly colonized by the
6938:
6408:
5681:
3629:
3403:
3012:
2901:
2824:
2767:
2486:
1976:
1442:
1343:
1282:
1266:
983:
279:
87:
3344:"Ilmenaus bekannteste und vermutlich Europas älteste Ulme fiel dem Unwetter zum Opfer"
726:
with an asymmetric base, the lobe often completely covering the short (<5 mm)
6817:
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4561:
4067:
4035:
3891:
3807:
3776:
3713:
3476:
3441:
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1278:
1258:
862:
554:
532:
375:
214:
198:
3016:
2905:
2771:
2490:
6943:
6568:
4579:
3995:
3975:
3937:
3899:
3407:
3399:
3383:
3004:
2893:
2828:
2816:
2759:
2478:
2241:
2237:
2197:
2085:
2060:
1305:
727:
2775:
498:
461:, has the widest range of the European elm species, from Ireland eastwards to the
43:
6907:
6804:
6721:
4283:
4140:
4121:
4051:
3883:
3822:
3760:
3721:
3609:
2615:
2225:
2069:
1969:
1251:
877:, though at 87 μg/g dried bark, its concentration is not as effective as in
734:
562:
313:
130:
6930:
6760:
3514:
3132:
Coleman, Max, ed., Wych Elm (Royal Botanic Garden publications, Edinburgh, 2009)
1327:
cites a particular wych elm, one that grew at his childhood home of Rooks Nest,
6971:
6863:
4043:
4027:
3929:
3815:
3752:
3698:
1288:
In Europe, a large tree planted in 1620 grows at Bergemolo, 5 km south of
911:
has allegedly been scientifically proven to be resistant to Dutch elm disease.
784:
745:
731:
662:
539:
462:
117:
72:
2482:
6960:
6706:
6506:
4059:
3706:
3667:
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3322:
3269:
3267:
3222:
2249:
2188:
1332:
1324:
1270:
1262:
1247:
715:
517:
466:
77:
3008:
6920:
6685:
5325:
4881:
4011:
3842:
2139:
1935:
879:
6832:
2799:
Webber, Joan (1981). "A natural biological control of Dutch elm disease".
2329:. Vol. VII. 1848–1929. Republished 2014 Cambridge University Press,
1085:
6742:
6641:
6515:
5433:
4929:
4019:
3945:
3601:
2620:
2594:
2568:
2537:
2226:"First finding of " Ulmus glabra " Huds. on the Madonie, Northern Sicily"
1965:
1446:
1337:
1198:
934:
874:
521:
502:
486:
470:
6809:
6532:
6620:
3586:
Elm species, varieties, hybrids, hybrid cultivars and species cultivars
2897:
2742:
1961:
1277:
is believed to be the tree (girth 5.2 m) in the former grounds of
1230:
923:
866:
723:
614:
506:
505:
in northern Norway (70°N). It has also been successfully introduced to
6646:
2266:(:Elm, a tree with character of the Low Countries). KNNV, Uitgeverij.
6589:
3411:
2820:
2633:
1328:
1313:
1274:
848:
741:
597:
516:
The tree was by far the most common elm in the north and west of the
478:
266:
6477:
2763:
6915:
6500:
2066:
Bartlett Tree Experts, US. Acc. nos. 1505, 5103, origin undisclosed
1677:
1297:
1293:
956:
919:
893:
666:
176:
143:
6659:
6594:
1188:
Crown galls (burls on outer branches) on wych elm, North Ayrshire
1176:
Burls on trunk and branches of wych elm, Dalry Cemetery, Edinburgh
970:
pollution, constricted growing conditions, and severe pollarding.
578:
The word "wych" (also spelled "witch") comes from the Old English
3519:- information, genetic conservation units and related resources.
2843:"Screening European Elms for Resistance to Ophiostoma novo-ulmi".
2459:
in the northern suture zone: Effects of distinct glacial refugia"
1383:
1364:
1289:
1215:
927:
908:
873:, rendering the tree bark less attractive to the beetle than the
870:
682:
482:
166:
579:
6581:
2952:'Borders Wych (Elm) Hunt', Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 2024
2088:, US. Acc. nos. 591–54, 255–81, and by its synonym
1239:
987:
897:
884:
737:
585:
497:
in Norway. It has been successfully introduced as far north as
474:
156:
888:
104:
2848:, 134–141. 51 (2) 2005. Society of American Foresters.
1116:
with shoots are burrs, whereas unfringed bosses are burls.
613:
Some botanists, notably Lindquist (1931), have proposed two
3201:'Europe's oldest' wych elm tree falls down in Beauly Priory
2171:
1066:
Fastigiate form of wych, Learmonth Gardens, Edinburgh, 2016
584:, meaning pliant or supple, which also gives definition to
546:
2976:
Thomas, Peter A.; Stone, Duncan; La Porta, Nicola (2018).
2859:"In Ilmenau steht die einzige resistente Bergulme Europas"
3585:
959:
Abbey, a survivor (2024) in area of high DED infectivity.
186:
3167:
Formulaire pratique de thérapeutique et de pharmacologie
3143:
Cours élémentaire d'histoire naturelle pharmaceutique...
2080:
2063:, US. Acc. no. 391–2001, wild collected in Georgia
2177:
2448:
2446:
2928:
Investigacion Agraria: Sistemas y Recursos Forestales
2455:"Variation in leaf morphology and chloroplast DNA in
1687:
group, from which have arisen a number of cultivars:
27:
Species of flowering plant in the elm family Ulmaceae
3436:. In Sticklen, Mariam B.; Sherald, James L. (eds.).
2918:
2375:
Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaved Trees & Shrubs
1152:
Burr on wych bole, Royal Terrace Gardens, Edinburgh
409:
Mill., C. K. Schneid., Ley, Ascherson & Graebner
3273:
3086:Saunders, William; Macoun, William Tyrrell (1899).
2975:
2443:
2421:"Two varieties of North West European Ulmus glabra"
2399:
2262:Heybroek, H. M., Goudzwaard, L, Kaljee, H. (2009).
1202:
Medical properties of Ulmus campestris, Dijon, 1783
937:, and a high susceptibility to the elm leaf beetle
3440:. New York, USA: Springer-Verlag. pp. 16–25.
2345:Elwes, Henry John, & Henry, Augustine, (1913)
1664:, but its identity is now a matter of contention.
2203:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T61966807A61966819.en
1660:, has traditionally been classified as a form of
1018:Burr-wych, Royal Terrace Gardens, Edinburgh, 2016
6958:
2412:
2082:, US. Acc. nos. 1969–6164, 1986–0160
914:The Swedish Forest Tree Breeding Association at
3075:. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 481.
1667:
1246:Possibly the oldest wych elm in Europe grew at
3115:Horticultural Flora of South-Eastern Australia
3085:
2730:, 1996. Forestry Commission. HMSO, London, UK.
2452:
3570:
2912:
1413:The Duddingston elm (girth 5.2 m), Edinburgh
3521:European Forest Genetic Resources Programme
3279:Association of Nature Patriarchs in Italy:
2945:
2264:Iep of olm, karakterboom van de Lage Landen
861:While the species is highly susceptible to
4114:Disputed species, varieties and subspecies
3577:
3563:
3425:
3079:
2120:, New Zealand. 8 trees, details not known.
1206:In 18th century France, the inner bark of
1054:Wych, Middle Meadows Walk, Edinburgh, 2016
265:
66:
42:
3510:, Flora of North America, www.efloras.org
3388:"Registration of cultivar names in Ulmus"
3336:
3216:
2738:
2736:
2724:New horizons in Dutch elm disease control
2299:
2297:
2256:
2201:
1164:Burl on wych bole, Regent Road, Edinburgh
524:is said to be a corruption of the Gaelic
3431:
3180:
3178:
2978:"Biological Flora of the British Isles:
2701:
2512:(Stokes) Lindq., Thirsk, Yorkshire, 1937
2347:The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland
2326:The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland
2224:Raimondo, Francesco Maria (1977-01-01).
2223:
2074:, US. 6 trees, no acc. details available
1229:
1197:
1042:Wych, Learmonth Gardens, Edinburgh, 2016
4039:(Szechuan (Sichuan) or red-fruited elm)
3036:
2716:
2683:Trees and shrubs hardy in Great Britain
2654:
2463:Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research
2362:Trees and shrubs hardy in Great Britain
1030:Burl-wych, Stockbridge, Edinburgh, 2016
14:
6959:
3161:
3159:
3068:
2969:
2798:
2792:
2733:
2418:
2294:
2092:, acc. nos. 949–73, 181–76
1259:the Tree Register of the British Isles
990:) and Australia in the 19th century.
787:, showing seed on stalk side of centre
509:, near the southern tip of Greenland (
6482:
6481:
3558:
3527:Clarkson, R. & Coleman, M. (2022)
3382:
3376:
3175:
3092:(2 ed.). Ottawa. pp. 74–75.
2956:
2919:Mittempergher, L; Santini, A (2004).
2835:
2688:
2516:
2323:Elwes, H. J. & Henry, A. (1913).
856:
6967:IUCN Red List data deficient species
6784:a7d1a61e-faa7-4e44-8db7-d1af755ae95a
3663:(Chestnut-leafed or multinerved elm)
3033:. CAB International, Wallingford, UK
2875:
2869:
2696:Trees of Britain and Northern Europe
2675:
2453:Myking, Tor; Yakovlev, Igor (2006).
2317:
2284:"Utbredelse - Naturhistorisk museum"
2144:Edinburgh Castle from Princes Street
1401:, Hopton Castle, Shropshire, England
3156:
3023:
2878:European Journal of Plant Pathology
2752:Canadian Journal of Forest Research
2189:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
24:
6997:Trees of humid continental climate
3826:(Manchurian cut-leaf or lobed elm)
3496:distribution map: linnaeus.nrm.se
3465:
3153:...it had an ephemeral reputation"
3046:. Jarrold & Sons, Norwich, UK.
2664:. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.
2178:Barstow, M.; Rivers, M.C. (2017).
903:A 300-year-old example growing in
549:, were once sometimes included in
25:
7013:
3594:Species, varieties and subspecies
3487:
3186:Souvenirs et portraits, 1780-1789
2694:White, J. & More, D. (2003).
2504:bioportal.naturalis.nl L.1587168
1140:Waxed wood grain of burr wych elm
603:
600:, commonly called "wych hazels".
531:Closely related species, such as
6895:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:302887-2
6172:Unconfirmed derivation cultivars
4136:(Grey, grey-leafed or hoary elm)
3702:(Chenmou or Langya Mountain elm)
3434:"The Dutch Elm Breeding Program"
3283:, access-date: November 23, 2016
3044:Planting Native Trees and Shrubs
2621:"Herbarium specimen - E00824764"
2595:"Herbarium specimen - E00824730"
2569:"Herbarium specimen - E00824732"
2538:"Herbarium specimen - E00824735"
2131:
1434:
1418:
1406:
1391:
1382:, planted 1620, Bergemolo, near
1372:
1352:
1319:
1225:
1181:
1169:
1157:
1145:
1133:
1128:Untreated wood grain of wych elm
1121:
1093:
1071:
1059:
1047:
1035:
1023:
1011:
995:
948:
840:
828:
816:
804:
792:
777:
765:
753:
690:
674:
654:
553:; another close relative is the
374:Stokes, Smith, Loudon, Mathieu,
91:
3803:(hairy-fruited glaucescent elm)
3365:
3311:
3286:
3266:Edinburgh Wych-elm photographs
3260:
3251:
3227:
3212:The Brahan Elm, forestry.gov.uk
3205:
3194:
3135:
3126:
3107:
3096:
3062:
3049:
2861:. 15 March 2014. Archived from
2851:
2530:
2497:
2393:
2380:
7002:Trees of mild maritime climate
4872:Ulmus parvifolia f. lanceolata
2745:"Triterpenes in elms in Spain"
2685:, 7th edition. Murray, London.
2629:Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
2603:Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
2577:Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
2546:Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
2367:
2354:
2339:
2307:. Cambridge University Press.
2276:
2242:10.1080/00837792.1977.10670074
2217:
2158:Who put Bella in the Wych Elm?
1363:(after lopping), Grenzhammer,
1214:, had a brief reputation as a
964:
709:
469:south to the mountains of the
13:
1:
3042:Beckett, K. & G. (1979).
2921:"The history of elm breeding"
2364:, 8th edition, Murray, London
2164:
2049:
823:Bark, estimated age 100 years
718:up to 2 m (6.6 ft)
608:
3281:Piemonte - Olmo di Bergemolo
2934:(1): 161–177. Archived from
2710:Dutch elm disease in Britain
2400:Jacob George Strutt (1822).
1668:Hybrids and hybrid cultivars
1454:
573:
7:
3725:(David or Father David elm)
3165:Georges Dujardin-Beaumetz,
3069:Browne, Daniel Jay (1851).
2151:
1193:
489:and occurs as far north as
10:
7018:
6294:Hertfordensis Angustifolia
4071:(Himalayan or kashmir elm)
3717:(Cedar or Texas cedar elm)
3438:Dutch Elm Disease Research
3149:"the elm, pompously named
2660:Coleman, M (ed.). (2009).
2419:Bertil, Lindguist (1931).
1947:produced the hybrid named
1675:hybridises naturally with
1257:The UK Champion listed in
481:tree, it is essentially a
6977:Elm species and varieties
6490:
6457:
6171:
6118:
5875:
5667:
5657:
5565:Latifolia Aureo-Variegata
5450:
5432:
5324:
5261:
5068:Hunnybunii pseudo-Stricta
4928:
4880:
4578:
4560:
4282:
4272:
4151:
4112:
4063:(Cherry-bark or marn elm)
3979:(Chinese or lacebark elm)
3592:
3117:, Vol. 2 (Sydney, 1995),
3029:CAB International (2005)
2728:Report on Forest Research
2483:10.1080/02827580500539265
2409:of expanded 1830 edition.
2124:
2078:Missouri Botanical Garden
1570:Latifolia Aureo-Variegata
1110:
1100:Tromsø, Norway, June 2022
720:diameter at breast height
555:Himalayan or Kashmir elm
285:
278:
273:
264:
247:
240:
88:Scientific classification
86:
64:
55:
50:
41:
34:
2726:. Pages 20–28 in:
2425:Botanical Society Report
2196:: e.T61966807A61966819.
1681:, producing elms of the
1658:'Exoniensis', Exeter Elm
1335:, 16 times in his novel
744:. The fruit is a winged
6982:Garden plants of Europe
6299:Hertfordensis Latifolia
6269:Folia Variegata Pendula
6224:Betulaefolia Nigrescens
3549:Grow wych elm from seed
3432:Heybroek, H.M. (1993).
3009:10.1111/1365-2745.12994
2722:Brasier, C. M. (1996).
2390:(Cambridge 1983), p.279
2303:Richens, R. H. (1983).
2113:Eastwoodhill Arboretum
1425:Old wych regenerating,
1220:Michel-Philippe Bouvart
1105:
811:Leaves with extra lobes
580:
5500:Fastigiata Macrophylla
5238:Viminalis Pulverulenta
5213:Viminalis Betulaefolia
5193:Umbraculifera Gracilis
3534:The Forest Plantations
3350:. 2015. Archived from
2964:British woodland trees
2349:, Vol.7, pp.1863-1864
1505:Fastigiata Macrophylla
1243:
1203:
1088:, Czech Republic, 2017
940:Xanthogaleruca luteola
799:Typical unlobed leaves
545:, native to northeast
4377:Folia Aurea Variegata
3319:"CST Slovakia - News"
3113:Spencer, Roger, ed.,
3103:canadiantreetours.org
2962:Edlin, H. L. (1949).
2841:Solla et al. (2005).
2708:Forestry Commission.
2636:and seedling leaves,
2592:RBGE specimen, 1900;
1233:
1201:
681:Wych, Scandale Beck,
5510:Fastigiata Variegata
5490:Corylifolia Purpurea
5093:Microphylla Purpurea
4597:A. Ross Central Park
3846:(European white elm)
3764:(Anhui or hairy elm)
3235:"The Woodland Trust"
3072:The Trees of America
2941:on 11 February 2017.
2681:Bean, W. J. (1981).
1929:However, hybrids of
1515:Fastigiata Variegata
1495:Corylifolia Purpurea
1427:Boston Public Garden
1304:for planting at his
835:Bole of old specimen
704:, Edinburgh, October
6389:Pyramidalis Bertini
6359:Myrtifolia Purpurea
6100:Wentworthii Pendula
5837:Sapporo Autumn Gold
5620:Pendula Macrophylla
5570:Latifolia Nigricans
5228:Viminalis Marginata
5088:Microphylla Pendula
5038:Folia Alba-Punctata
5008:Cucullata Variegata
4007:(Harbin spring elm)
3999:(Cherry-leafed elm)
3903:(Large-fruited elm)
3772:(Wych or scots elm)
3471:Coleman, Max, ed.:
3247:on 9 November 2005.
3055:Coleman, Max, ed.,
3031:Forestry Compendium
3001:2018JEcol.106.1724T
2966:. Batsford, London.
2890:1954EJPP...60..109W
2813:1981Natur.292..449W
2698:. Cassell's, London
2625:Herbarium Catalogue
2607:Sheet described as
2599:Herbarium Catalogue
2573:Herbarium Catalogue
2542:Herbarium Catalogue
2475:2006SJFR...21...99M
2360:Bean, W. J. (1988)
1913:Wentworthii Pendula
1625:Pendula Macrophylla
1575:Latifolia Nigricans
1302:the Prince of Wales
955:200-year-old wych,
590:Jacob George Strutt
495:Beiarn Municipality
58:Conservation status
6314:Jacqueline Hillier
6199:Argenteo-Marginata
6144:Improved Coolshade
5960:Eleganto-Variegata
5505:Fastigiata Stricta
5419:Pyramidalis Fiorei
5218:Viminalis Gracilis
5018:Dehesa de la Villa
4963:Atinia Pyramidalis
4953:Argenteo-Variegata
4882:European white elm
4047:(Rock or cork elm)
4005:U. pseudopropinqua
3475:(Edinburgh, 2009;
3404:Harvard University
3121:, p. 103-118
2989:Journal of Ecology
2898:10.1007/BF02151105
2618:, Scotland, 1899;
1768:Eleganto-Variegata
1684:Ulmus × hollandica
1510:Fastigiata Stricta
1443:Last Ent of Affric
1267:Scottish Highlands
1244:
1204:
984:Dominion Arboretum
857:Pests and diseases
847:Seedling, showing
639:(Stokes) Lindqvist
6954:
6953:
6818:Open Tree of Life
6484:Taxon identifiers
6475:
6474:
6254:Fastigiata Glabra
6167:
6166:
6020:Macrophylla Aurea
5653:
5652:
5625:Pendula Variegata
5291:Mitsui Centennial
5243:Viminalis Stricta
5233:Viminalis Pendula
5098:Microphylla Rubra
5013:Dehesa de Amaniel
4983:Christine Buisman
4687:Garden City Clone
4437:Lewis & Clark
3756:(Long raceme elm)
3481:978-1-906129-21-7
3447:978-1-4615-6874-2
3384:Green, Peter Shaw
3354:on 29 August 2017
3184:Gaston de Lévis,
3059:(Edinburgh, 2009)
2807:(5822): 449–451.
2670:978-1-906129-21-7
2651:
2642:
2613:
2591:
2565:
2556:
1950:Ulmus × arbuscula
1828:Macrophylla Aurea
1630:Pendula Variegata
1279:Duddingston House
1083:
1006:, Edinburgh, 1989
863:Dutch elm disease
640:
452:
443:
442:
434:
426:
418:
410:
402:
394:
386:
378:
367:
359:
355:Ulmus macrophylla
351:
343:
335:
327:
319:
309:
301:
300:L. Mill., Wilkomm
274:Distribution map
81:
16:(Redirected from
7009:
6987:Ornamental trees
6947:
6946:
6934:
6933:
6924:
6923:
6911:
6910:
6898:
6897:
6885:
6884:
6872:
6871:
6859:
6858:
6849:
6848:
6836:
6835:
6826:
6825:
6813:
6812:
6800:
6799:
6787:
6786:
6777:
6776:
6764:
6763:
6761:NHMSYS0000464701
6751:
6750:
6738:
6737:
6725:
6724:
6715:
6714:
6702:
6701:
6689:
6688:
6676:
6675:
6663:
6662:
6650:
6649:
6637:
6636:
6624:
6623:
6611:
6610:
6598:
6597:
6585:
6584:
6572:
6571:
6559:
6558:
6549:
6548:
6536:
6535:
6526:
6525:
6524:
6511:
6510:
6509:
6479:
6478:
6466:U. okanaganensis
6339:Louis van Houtte
5980:Folia Rhomboidea
5762:Morton Plainsman
5665:
5664:
5223:Viminalis Incisa
4968:Atinia Variegata
4462:Minneapolis Park
4372:Flick's Spreader
4292:American Liberty
4280:
4279:
3661:U. castaneifolia
3633:(Bergmann's elm)
3579:
3572:
3565:
3556:
3555:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3412:10.5962/p.249479
3400:Arnold Arboretum
3380:
3374:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3321:. Archived from
3315:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3290:
3284:
3277:
3271:
3264:
3258:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3240:. Archived from
3239:
3231:
3225:
3220:
3214:
3209:
3203:
3198:
3192:
3182:
3173:
3163:
3154:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3124:
3111:
3105:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3066:
3060:
3053:
3047:
3040:
3034:
3027:
3021:
3020:
2995:(4): 1724–1766.
2986:
2973:
2967:
2960:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2925:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2855:
2849:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2821:10.1038/292449a0
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2780:
2774:. Archived from
2749:
2740:
2731:
2720:
2714:
2705:
2699:
2692:
2686:
2679:
2673:
2658:
2652:
2647:
2640:
2632:
2611:
2606:
2589:
2580:
2561:
2554:
2549:
2534:
2528:
2523:Flora Europaea:
2520:
2514:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2450:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2416:
2410:
2405:
2402:Sylva Britannica
2397:
2391:
2386:Richens, R. H.,
2384:
2378:
2373:Krüssman, Gerd,
2371:
2365:
2358:
2352:
2343:
2337:
2321:
2315:
2301:
2292:
2291:
2286:. Archived from
2280:
2274:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2205:
2175:
2135:
2086:Morton Arboretum
2061:Arnold Arboretum
2043:
2016:
1788:Folia Rhomboidea
1438:
1422:
1410:
1395:
1376:
1356:
1306:Highgrove Estate
1185:
1173:
1161:
1149:
1137:
1125:
1097:
1081:
1075:
1063:
1051:
1039:
1027:
1015:
999:
952:
844:
832:
820:
808:
796:
781:
769:
757:
694:
678:
658:
638:
594:Sylva Britannica
583:
450:
432:
430:Ulmus sukaczevii
424:
416:
408:
400:
392:
384:
373:
365:
357:
349:
347:Ulmus leucocarpa
341:
333:
325:
317:
307:
299:
297:Ulmus campestris
269:
253:
219:
203:
96:
95:
75:
70:
69:
46:
32:
31:
21:
7017:
7016:
7012:
7011:
7010:
7008:
7007:
7006:
6992:Trees of Europe
6957:
6956:
6955:
6950:
6942:
6937:
6929:
6927:
6919:
6914:
6906:
6901:
6893:
6888:
6880:
6875:
6867:
6862:
6854:
6852:
6844:
6839:
6831:
6829:
6821:
6816:
6808:
6805:Observation.org
6803:
6795:
6790:
6782:
6780:
6772:
6767:
6759:
6754:
6746:
6741:
6733:
6728:
6720:
6719:MichiganFlora:
6718:
6710:
6705:
6697:
6692:
6684:
6679:
6671:
6666:
6658:
6653:
6645:
6640:
6632:
6627:
6619:
6614:
6606:
6601:
6593:
6588:
6580:
6575:
6567:
6562:
6554:
6552:
6544:
6539:
6531:
6529:
6520:
6519:
6514:
6505:
6504:
6499:
6486:
6476:
6471:
6453:
6419:Scampstoniensis
6163:
6114:
5871:
5772:Morton Stalwart
5649:
5575:Luteo Variegata
5560:Latifolia Aurea
5446:
5428:
5320:
5257:
5208:Viminalis Aurea
5053:Hoersholmiensis
4924:
4876:
4677:Emerald Prairie
4574:
4556:
4522:Skinner Upright
4317:Beebe's Weeping
4268:
4147:
4108:
4031:(September elm)
3650:U. bergmanniana
3639:U. bergmanniana
3631:U. bergmanniana
3588:
3583:
3490:
3468:
3466:Further reading
3463:
3462:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3430:
3426:
3416:
3414:
3381:
3377:
3370:
3366:
3357:
3355:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3328:
3326:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3302:
3300:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3278:
3274:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3252:
3244:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3217:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3195:
3183:
3176:
3164:
3157:
3141:Simon Morelot,
3140:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3112:
3108:
3101:
3097:
3084:
3080:
3067:
3063:
3054:
3050:
3041:
3037:
3028:
3024:
2984:
2974:
2970:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2946:
2938:
2923:
2917:
2913:
2874:
2870:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2840:
2836:
2797:
2793:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2764:10.1139/x04-158
2747:
2741:
2734:
2721:
2717:
2706:
2702:
2693:
2689:
2680:
2676:
2659:
2655:
2619:
2616:Bridge of Allan
2593:
2581:Sheet labelled
2567:
2550:Sheet labelled
2536:
2535:
2531:
2521:
2517:
2502:
2498:
2451:
2444:
2434:
2432:
2417:
2413:
2398:
2394:
2385:
2381:
2372:
2368:
2359:
2355:
2344:
2340:
2322:
2318:
2302:
2295:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2261:
2257:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2206:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2154:
2147:
2136:
2127:
2070:Dawes Arboretum
2052:
2041:
2014:
1970:First World War
1927:
1670:
1654:
1580:Luteo Variegata
1565:Latifolia Aurea
1457:
1450:
1439:
1430:
1423:
1414:
1411:
1402:
1396:
1387:
1377:
1368:
1357:
1322:
1252:Inverness-shire
1228:
1212:orme pyramidale
1196:
1189:
1186:
1177:
1174:
1165:
1162:
1153:
1150:
1141:
1138:
1129:
1126:
1113:
1108:
1101:
1098:
1089:
1076:
1067:
1064:
1055:
1052:
1043:
1040:
1031:
1028:
1019:
1016:
1007:
1000:
967:
960:
953:
859:
852:
845:
836:
833:
824:
821:
812:
809:
800:
797:
788:
782:
773:
770:
761:
758:
712:
705:
695:
686:
679:
670:
659:
611:
606:
576:
563:Ulmus elliptica
540:Manchurian elm
535:U. bergmanniana
533:Bergmann's elm
465:, and from the
439:
314:Ulmus elliptica
305:Ulmus corylacea
291:
290:
260:
255:
249:
236:
217:
201:
90:
82:
71:
67:
60:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7015:
7005:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6952:
6951:
6949:
6948:
6944:wfo-0000416717
6935:
6925:
6912:
6899:
6886:
6873:
6860:
6850:
6837:
6827:
6814:
6801:
6788:
6778:
6765:
6752:
6739:
6726:
6716:
6703:
6690:
6677:
6664:
6651:
6638:
6625:
6612:
6599:
6586:
6573:
6560:
6550:
6537:
6527:
6512:
6496:
6494:
6488:
6487:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6469:
6461:
6459:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6451:
6446:
6444:Variegata Nova
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6239:Crispa Pendula
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6175:
6173:
6169:
6168:
6165:
6164:
6162:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6130:
6128:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5910:Canadian Giant
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5881:
5879:
5873:
5872:
5870:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5842:Sapporo Gold 2
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5767:Morton Red Tip
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5668:
5662:
5655:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5460:Albo-Variegata
5456:
5454:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5444:
5438:
5436:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5426:
5424:Zhonghua Jinye
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5404:Pinnato-ramosa
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5330:
5328:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5267:
5265:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4934:
4932:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4890:Aureovariegata
4886:
4884:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4777:Prince Richard
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4617:Burnley Select
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4588:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4566:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4288:
4286:
4277:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4255:
4244:
4229:
4217:
4206:
4195:
4184:
4173:
4157:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4138:
4126:
4118:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4099:U. wallichiana
4095:
4088:U. wallichiana
4084:
4077:U. wallichiana
4073:
4069:U. wallichiana
4065:
4057:
4049:
4041:
4037:U. szechuanica
4033:
4025:
4023:(Slippery elm)
4017:
4015:(Siberian elm)
4009:
4001:
3993:
3981:
3973:
3962:
3951:
3943:
3935:
3927:
3916:
3905:
3897:
3893:U. lanceifolia
3889:
3881:
3870:
3859:
3848:
3840:
3828:
3820:
3813:
3809:U. harbinensis
3805:
3797:U. glaucescens
3793:
3786:U. glaucescens
3782:
3778:U. glaucescens
3774:
3766:
3758:
3750:
3748:(Japanese elm)
3738:
3727:
3719:
3715:U. crassifolia
3711:
3704:
3696:
3684:
3673:
3671:(Hangzhou elm)
3665:
3657:
3646:
3635:
3627:
3615:
3613:(American elm)
3607:
3598:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3582:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3530:
3524:
3512:
3504:
3499:
3489:
3488:External links
3486:
3485:
3484:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3446:
3424:
3375:
3364:
3335:
3310:
3285:
3272:
3259:
3250:
3226:
3215:
3204:
3193:
3174:
3155:
3134:
3125:
3106:
3095:
3078:
3061:
3048:
3035:
3022:
2968:
2955:
2944:
2911:
2884:(2): 109–127.
2868:
2865:on 2022-07-01.
2850:
2846:Forest Science
2834:
2791:
2732:
2715:
2700:
2687:
2674:
2653:
2529:
2515:
2496:
2442:
2411:
2392:
2379:
2366:
2353:
2338:
2316:
2293:
2290:on 2020-09-26.
2275:
2255:
2236:(2): 261–277.
2216:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2137:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2083:
2075:
2067:
2064:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2046:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1718:Canadian Giant
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1689:
1669:
1666:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1465:Albo-Variegata
1461:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1440:
1433:
1431:
1424:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1405:
1403:
1397:
1390:
1388:
1378:
1371:
1369:
1358:
1351:
1321:
1318:
1227:
1224:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1120:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1092:
1090:
1077:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1010:
1008:
1001:
994:
966:
963:
962:
961:
954:
947:
858:
855:
854:
853:
846:
839:
837:
834:
827:
825:
822:
815:
813:
810:
803:
801:
798:
791:
789:
783:
776:
774:
771:
764:
762:
759:
752:
711:
708:
707:
706:
696:
689:
687:
680:
673:
671:
663:Castle Douglas
660:
653:
647:Flora Europaea
643:
642:
629:
610:
607:
605:
604:Classification
602:
592:'s 1822 book,
575:
572:
560:. Conversely,
557:U. wallichiana
463:Ural Mountains
441:
440:
438:
437:
436:
435:
427:
422:Ulmus suberosa
419:
411:
403:
395:
393:(Wilcz.) Klok.
390:Ulmus podolica
387:
379:
368:
360:
352:
344:
336:
328:
320:
310:
302:
288:
287:
286:
283:
282:
276:
275:
271:
270:
262:
261:
256:
245:
244:
238:
237:
233:U. glabra
230:
228:
224:
223:
212:
208:
207:
196:
192:
191:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
154:
147:
146:
141:
134:
133:
128:
121:
120:
115:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
84:
83:
73:Data Deficient
65:
62:
61:
56:
53:
52:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7014:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6964:
6962:
6945:
6940:
6936:
6932:
6926:
6922:
6917:
6913:
6909:
6904:
6900:
6896:
6891:
6887:
6883:
6878:
6874:
6870:
6865:
6861:
6857:
6851:
6847:
6842:
6838:
6834:
6828:
6824:
6819:
6815:
6811:
6806:
6802:
6798:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6779:
6775:
6770:
6766:
6762:
6757:
6753:
6749:
6744:
6740:
6736:
6731:
6727:
6723:
6717:
6713:
6708:
6704:
6700:
6695:
6691:
6687:
6682:
6678:
6674:
6669:
6665:
6661:
6656:
6652:
6648:
6643:
6639:
6635:
6630:
6626:
6622:
6617:
6613:
6609:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6591:
6587:
6583:
6578:
6574:
6570:
6565:
6561:
6557:
6551:
6547:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6528:
6523:
6517:
6513:
6508:
6502:
6498:
6497:
6495:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6480:
6468:
6467:
6463:
6462:
6460:
6456:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6324:Klemmer Blanc
6322:
6320:
6319:Kansas Hybrid
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6176:
6174:
6170:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6131:
6129:
6127:
6126:
6122:
6117:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5955:Elegantissima
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5878:
5874:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5757:Morton Glossy
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5727:Fuente Umbria
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5669:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5656:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5535:Grandidentata
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5480:Concavaefolia
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5453:
5449:
5443:
5440:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5431:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5327:
5323:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5286:JFS-Bieberich
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5264:
5260:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5198:Umbraculifera
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4988:Concavaefolia
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4931:
4927:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4822:Stone's Dwarf
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4772:Prairie Shade
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4757:Orange Ribbon
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4722:King's Choice
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4577:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4559:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4332:JFS Prince II
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4056:
4055:(Alishan elm)
4054:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4008:
4006:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3997:U. prunifolia
3994:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3985:U. parvifolia
3982:
3980:
3978:
3977:U. parvifolia
3974:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3942:
3941:(Tibetan elm)
3940:
3939:U. microcarpa
3936:
3934:
3933:(Mexican elm)
3932:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3921:
3920:U. macrocarpa
3917:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3909:U. macrocarpa
3906:
3904:
3902:
3901:U. macrocarpa
3898:
3896:
3895:(Vietnam elm)
3894:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3695:
3694:(Kunming elm)
3693:
3689:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3626:
3625:(Florida elm)
3624:
3620:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3580:
3575:
3573:
3568:
3566:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3542:Synonymy list
3539:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3449:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3428:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3379:
3373:
3368:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3325:on 2005-09-16
3324:
3320:
3314:
3299:
3295:
3294:"Google Maps"
3289:
3282:
3276:
3270:
3268:
3263:
3254:
3243:
3236:
3230:
3224:
3219:
3213:
3208:
3202:
3197:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3179:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3160:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3104:
3099:
3091:
3090:
3082:
3074:
3073:
3065:
3058:
3052:
3045:
3039:
3032:
3026:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2981:
2972:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2948:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2847:
2844:
2838:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2781:on 2007-06-28
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2737:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2691:
2684:
2678:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2650:
2646:
2645:Ulmus montana
2639:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2610:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2588:
2584:
2583:Ulmus montana
2578:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2560:
2559:Ulmus montana
2553:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2508:Huds. subsp.
2507:
2500:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2469:(2): 99–107.
2468:
2464:
2460:
2458:
2449:
2447:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2404:. p. 66.
2403:
2396:
2389:
2383:
2377:(1984 vol. 3)
2376:
2370:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2335:9781108069380
2332:
2328:
2327:
2320:
2314:
2313:9780521294621
2310:
2306:
2300:
2298:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2272:9789050112819
2269:
2265:
2259:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2183:
2174:
2170:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2090:U. sukaczevii
2087:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2055:North America
2054:
2053:
2044:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1956:Hybrids with
1954:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1763:Elegantissima
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1540:Grandidentata
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1485:Concavaefolia
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1416:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1359:300-year-old
1355:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1333:Hertfordshire
1330:
1326:
1325:E. M. Forster
1320:In literature
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1271:Hopton Castle
1268:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1248:Beauly Priory
1241:
1237:
1232:
1226:Notable trees
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1200:
1184:
1179:
1172:
1167:
1160:
1155:
1148:
1143:
1136:
1131:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1074:
1069:
1062:
1057:
1050:
1045:
1038:
1033:
1026:
1021:
1014:
1009:
1005:
998:
993:
992:
991:
989:
985:
981:
975:
971:
958:
951:
946:
945:
944:
942:
941:
936:
931:
929:
925:
921:
917:
912:
910:
906:
901:
899:
895:
891:
890:
886:
882:
881:
876:
872:
868:
864:
850:
843:
838:
831:
826:
819:
814:
807:
802:
795:
790:
786:
780:
775:
772:Nascent seeds
768:
763:
756:
751:
750:
749:
747:
743:
739:
736:
735:hermaphrodite
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
703:
699:
693:
688:
684:
677:
672:
668:
664:
657:
652:
651:
650:
648:
637:
633:
630:
627:
623:
620:
619:
618:
616:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
582:
571:
569:
565:
564:
559:
558:
552:
548:
544:
543:
537:
536:
529:
527:
523:
519:
518:British Isles
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
491:latitude 67°N
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
467:Arctic Circle
464:
460:
456:
449:
448:
431:
428:
423:
420:
415:
414:Ulmus scotica
412:
407:
404:
399:
398:Ulmus popovii
396:
391:
388:
383:
380:
377:
372:
371:Ulmus montana
369:
364:
361:
356:
353:
348:
345:
340:
339:Ulmus expansa
337:
332:
331:Ulmus excelsa
329:
324:
321:
316:
315:
311:
306:
303:
298:
295:
294:
293:
292:
284:
281:
277:
272:
268:
263:
259:
254:
252:
246:
243:
242:Binomial name
239:
235:
234:
229:
226:
225:
222:
221:
213:
210:
209:
206:
205:
197:
194:
193:
190:
189:
185:
182:
181:
178:
175:
172:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
136:
135:
132:
129:
126:
123:
122:
119:
118:Tracheophytes
116:
113:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
94:
89:
85:
79:
74:
63:
59:
54:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
6846:Ulmus glabra
6833:Ulmus_glabra
6522:Ulmus glabra
6492:Ulmus glabra
6491:
6465:
6439:Turkestanica
6399:Rotundifolia
6234:Crispa Aurea
6209:Atropurpurea
6124:
6120:
6040:Muscaviensis
6005:Haarlemensis
5890:Angustifolia
5545:Horizontalis
5470:Camperdownii
5451:
5442:Lace Parasol
5409:Poort Bulten
5359:Dwarf Weeper
5326:Siberian elm
5263:Japanese elm
5133:Purpurascens
5103:Monumentalis
4943:Albo-Dentata
4807:Sempervirens
4717:Jade Empress
4537:Valley Forge
4427:L'Assomption
4397:Independence
4382:Great Plains
4347:Creole Queen
4284:American elm
4262:
4258:
4251:
4247:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4224:
4220:
4214:diversifolia
4213:
4209:
4202:
4198:
4191:
4187:
4180:
4176:
4169:
4165:
4162:U. davidiana
4161:
4142:U. elliptica
4141:
4133:
4129:
4123:U. boissieri
4122:
4102:
4098:
4091:
4087:
4080:
4076:
4068:
4060:
4053:U. uyematsui
4052:
4044:
4036:
4028:
4020:
4012:
4004:
3996:
3991:(Korean elm)
3988:
3984:
3976:
3969:
3965:
3958:
3954:
3946:
3938:
3930:
3923:
3919:
3912:
3908:
3900:
3892:
3885:U. lamellosa
3884:
3878:simplicidens
3877:
3873:
3866:
3862:
3855:
3851:
3843:
3835:
3832:U. laciniata
3831:
3824:U. laciniata
3823:
3816:
3811:(Harbin elm)
3808:
3800:
3796:
3789:
3785:
3777:
3769:
3768:
3762:U. gaussenii
3761:
3753:
3745:
3742:U. davidiana
3741:
3734:
3731:U. davidiana
3730:
3723:U. davidiana
3722:
3714:
3707:
3699:
3692:kunmingensis
3691:
3687:
3680:
3676:
3668:
3660:
3653:
3649:
3643:bergmanniana
3642:
3638:
3630:
3622:
3619:U. americana
3618:
3611:U. americana
3610:
3605:(Winged elm)
3602:
3548:
3541:
3533:
3516:Ulmus glabra
3515:
3507:
3494:Ulmus glabra
3493:
3472:
3451:. Retrieved
3437:
3427:
3415:. Retrieved
3395:
3391:
3378:
3367:
3356:. Retrieved
3352:the original
3347:
3338:
3327:. Retrieved
3323:the original
3313:
3301:. Retrieved
3298:Google.co.uk
3297:
3288:
3275:
3262:
3253:
3242:the original
3229:
3218:
3207:
3196:
3185:
3166:
3150:
3142:
3137:
3128:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3098:
3088:
3081:
3071:
3064:
3056:
3051:
3043:
3038:
3030:
3025:
2992:
2988:
2980:Ulmus glabra
2979:
2971:
2963:
2958:
2947:
2936:the original
2931:
2927:
2914:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2863:the original
2853:
2845:
2837:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2783:. Retrieved
2776:the original
2755:
2751:
2727:
2718:
2709:
2703:
2695:
2690:
2682:
2677:
2661:
2656:
2644:
2638:Ulmus scabra
2637:
2624:
2609:Ulmus glabra
2608:
2598:
2587:Ulmus glabra
2586:
2582:
2572:
2558:
2552:Ulmus scabra
2551:
2541:
2532:
2525:Ulmus glabra
2524:
2518:
2509:
2506:Ulmus glabra
2505:
2499:
2466:
2462:
2457:Ulmus glabra
2456:
2433:. Retrieved
2428:
2424:
2414:
2401:
2395:
2387:
2382:
2374:
2369:
2361:
2356:
2346:
2341:
2324:
2319:
2304:
2288:the original
2278:
2263:
2258:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2207:. Retrieved
2193:
2187:
2182:Ulmus glabra
2181:
2173:
2143:
2140:Samuel Bough
2089:
1957:
1955:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1930:
1928:
1848:Muscaviensis
1813:Haarlemensis
1698:Angustifolia
1682:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1661:
1655:
1550:Horizontalis
1475:Camperdownii
1458:
1398:
1379:
1360:
1342:
1336:
1323:
1287:
1256:
1245:
1235:
1211:
1208:Ulmus glabra
1207:
1205:
1114:
1079:Ulmus glabra
1078:
979:
976:
972:
968:
938:
932:
913:
902:
887:
880:Ulmus laevis
878:
860:
713:
701:
697:
669:, late April
646:
644:
635:
631:
625:
621:
612:
593:
577:
568:Ulmus glabra
567:
561:
556:
550:
542:U. laciniata
541:
534:
530:
525:
515:
458:
454:
447:Ulmus glabra
446:
445:
444:
429:
421:
413:
406:Ulmus scabra
405:
397:
389:
381:
370:
362:
354:
346:
338:
330:
323:Ulmus effusa
322:
312:
304:
296:
251:Ulmus glabra
250:
248:
232:
231:
215:
199:
187:
150:
137:
124:
111:
36:Ulmus glabra
35:
29:
6869:kew-2448690
6743:NatureServe
6642:iNaturalist
6516:Wikispecies
6458:Fossil elms
6429:Tiliaefolia
6374:Planeroides
6264:Folia Rubra
6259:Folia Aurea
6179:aff. Plotii
6030:Microphylla
5782:New Horizon
5672:Androssowii
5635:Spectabilis
5585:Macrophylla
5495:Corylifolia
5475:Cebennensis
5173:Silvery Gem
5083:Majadahonda
4973:Bea Schwarz
4920:Urticifolia
4832:The Thinker
4747:Nire-keyaki
4580:Chinese elm
4497:Penn Treaty
4477:New Harmony
4457:Miller Park
4312:Beaverlodge
4227:(Dutch elm)
4203:brandisiana
4092:xanthoderma
4081:wallichiana
4045:U. thomasii
4029:U. serotina
3949:(Field elm)
3931:U. mexicana
3887:(Hebei elm)
3838:(Nikko elm)
3817:U. ismaelis
3790:glaucescens
3780:(Gansu elm)
3754:U. elongata
3700:U. chenmoui
3654:lasiophylla
3536:(Greenland)
3417:16 February
2758:: 199–205.
2209:19 November
2138:Wych elms,
2108:Australasia
1966:Netherlands
1838:Microphylla
1640:Spectabilis
1590:Macrophylla
1500:Corylifolia
1480:Cebennensis
1447:Glen Affric
1344:Howards End
1338:Howards End
1283:The Meadows
1004:The Meadows
965:Cultivation
935:elm yellows
905:Grenzhammer
710:Description
522:Loch Lomond
487:Scandinavia
471:Peloponnese
363:Ulmus major
131:Angiosperms
6961:Categories
6864:Plant List
6553:Calflora:
6379:Planifolia
6369:Nigrescens
6354:Myrtifolia
6334:Lombartsii
6329:Koopmannii
6249:Exoniensis
6184:Acutifolia
6125:intermedia
6060:Serpentina
6000:Groeneveld
5975:Fjerrestad
5970:Fastigiata
5832:San Zanobi
5712:Escaillard
5434:Winged elm
5394:Park Royal
5364:Green King
5316:Validation
5296:Prospector
5168:Schuurhoek
5163:Sarniensis
5158:Rueppellii
5123:Propendens
5078:Lanuginosa
5063:Hunnybunii
5058:Holmstruph
5043:Glandulosa
4948:Amplifolia
4857:Yarralumla
4842:True Green
4817:State Fair
4812:Small Frye
4802:Select 380
4762:Pathfinder
4727:Littleleaf
4707:Hallelujah
4702:Golden Rey
4642:D. B. Cole
4632:Churchyard
4570:Brazos Rim
4552:Washington
4512:Queen City
4507:Pyramidata
4442:Littleford
4402:Iowa State
4362:Exhibition
4342:Columnaris
4252:intermedia
4237:hollandica
4225:hollandica
4061:U. villosa
3924:macrocarpa
3867:parvifolia
3836:nikkoensis
3801:lasiocarpa
3708:U. chumlia
3688:U. changii
3677:U. changii
3669:U. changii
3523:(EUFORGEN)
3453:26 October
3358:2017-08-29
3348:ilmenau.de
3329:2006-08-04
3303:7 February
2785:2007-06-18
2165:References
2050:Accessions
2032:San Zanobi
2013:Nanguen =
2001:Groeneveld
1962:Wageningen
1873:Serpentina
1853:Nottingham
1808:Groeneveld
1783:Fjerrestad
1778:Fastigiata
980:U. montana
924:tetraploid
867:triterpene
849:cotyledons
661:Wych near
615:subspecies
609:Subspecies
588:and weak.
526:Lac Leaman
507:Narsarsuaq
382:Ulmus nuda
195:Subgenus:
6608:233501327
6364:Nemoralis
6349:Monstrosa
6344:Marmorata
6214:Australis
6134:Coolshade
6090:Viminalis
6035:Modiolina
5995:Gaujardii
5935:Dauvessei
5915:Cicestria
5905:Blandford
5877:Dutch elm
5737:Karagatch
5732:Homestead
5697:Columella
5687:Cathedral
5677:Amsterdam
5660:cultivars
5645:Tomentosa
5630:Pyrenaica
5615:Oblongata
5580:Lutescens
5555:Latifolia
5550:Insularis
5530:Gittisham
5465:Australis
5344:Aurescens
5271:Discovery
5203:Viminalis
5113:Picturata
5073:Laciniata
5023:Dicksonii
5003:Cucullata
4998:Cretensis
4930:Field elm
4862:Yatsubusa
4732:Lois Hole
4637:Cork Bark
4562:Cedar elm
4542:Variegata
4527:St. Croix
4502:Princeton
4482:Nigricans
4432:Lake City
4412:Jefferson
4302:Augustine
4297:Ascendens
4275:cultivars
4263:mesocarpa
4241:insularum
4192:arkansana
4181:arbuscula
4134:canescens
4103:tomentosa
4013:U. pumila
3874:U. laevis
3863:U. laevis
3852:U. laevis
3844:U. laevis
3770:U. glabra
3735:davidiana
3623:floridana
3508:U. glabra
3406:: 41–80.
3151:pyramidal
2634:Cotyledon
2435:29 August
2407:Full text
2250:0083-7792
2040:Wanoux =
2005:Homestead
1985:Columella
1958:U. glabra
1945:U. pumila
1941:U. glabra
1936:U. pumila
1931:U. glabra
1903:Viminalis
1843:Modiolina
1803:Gaujardii
1743:Dauvessei
1723:Cicestria
1713:Blandford
1673:U. glabra
1662:U. glabra
1650:Tomentosa
1635:Pyrenaica
1620:Oblongata
1585:Lutescens
1560:Latifolia
1555:Insularis
1535:Gittisham
1470:Australis
1455:Cultivars
1399:U. glabra
1380:U. glabra
1367:, Germany
1361:U. glabra
1329:Stevenage
1314:Yorkshire
1308:, and at
1275:Edinburgh
1242:, Austria
1236:U. glabra
1086:Pelhřimov
918:produced
916:Källstorp
875:field elm
742:apetalous
698:U. glabra
632:U. glabra
622:U. glabra
598:Hamamelis
574:Etymology
551:U. glabra
479:deciduous
459:Scots elm
227:Species:
211:Section:
101:Kingdom:
51:Wych elm
6928:VASCAN:
6921:33300069
6916:Tropicos
6830:PalDat:
6748:2.128339
6712:61966807
6673:10194543
6660:856863-1
6530:BioLib:
6501:Wikidata
6434:Tortuosa
6394:Ramulosa
6384:Purpurea
6304:Hillieri
6219:Berardii
6154:Rosehill
6075:Tricolor
6055:Pitteurs
5930:Dampieri
5925:Commelin
5722:Frontier
5717:Fiorente
5702:Den Haag
5590:Maculata
5525:Gigantea
5452:Wych elm
5389:Mr. Buzz
5354:Dropmore
5349:Chinkota
5334:Ansaloni
5253:Webbiana
5188:Suberosa
5178:Sowerbyi
5138:Purpurea
5128:Punctata
5048:Goodyeri
4993:Coritana
4915:Punctata
4895:Colorans
4787:Sabamiki
4782:Red Fall
4742:Milliken
4712:Hokkaido
4627:Chessins
4612:Burgundy
4602:Blizzard
4517:Sheyenne
4357:Delaware
4352:Deadfree
4327:Burgoyne
4273:Species
4170:U. minor
4166:japonica
4130:U. minor
4021:U. rubra
3966:U. minor
3955:U. minor
3947:U. minor
3856:celtidea
3746:japonica
3603:U. alata
3473:Wych Elm
3392:Arnoldia
3386:(1964).
3188:, 1813,
3169:, 1893,
3145:, 1800,
3057:Wych Elm
3017:89800637
2906:38868071
2772:85380172
2662:Wych Elm
2491:84736722
2152:See also
2146:, c.1878
2118:Gisborne
1993:Den Haag
1989:Commelin
1888:Tricolor
1868:Pitteurs
1738:Dampieri
1733:Commelin
1678:U. minor
1595:Maculata
1530:Gigantea
1298:Slovakia
1294:Piedmont
1234:Ancient
1194:Medicine
957:Jedburgh
920:triploid
894:Cemagref
667:Galloway
455:wych elm
433:Andronov
280:Synonyms
177:Ulmaceae
173:Family:
144:Eudicots
78:IUCN 3.1
18:Wych elm
6730:MoBotPF
6621:5361866
6507:Q147498
6424:Sericea
6309:Jalaica
6289:Hamburg
6284:Globosa
6274:Gallica
6194:Alksuth
6149:Lincoln
6139:Fremont
6095:Viscosa
6070:Superba
6065:Smithii
6050:Pioneer
6010:Klemmer
5965:Etrusca
5920:Cinerea
5900:Belgica
5867:Wingham
5847:Stavast
5812:Recerta
5802:Rebella
5792:Plantyn
5787:Patriot
5777:Nanguen
5707:Dodoens
5692:Clusius
5658:Hybrid
5640:Superba
5540:Holgeri
5485:Cornuta
5399:Pendula
5311:Thomson
5301:Reperta
5276:Freedom
5248:Virgata
5183:Stricta
5148:Reverti
5108:Pendula
5028:Dijkwel
4910:Pendula
4867:Zettler
4767:Pendens
4737:Matthew
4672:Emer II
4657:Ed Wood
4652:Dynasty
4492:Pendula
4487:Patmore
4452:Markham
4422:Klehmii
4407:Jackson
4337:College
4322:Brandon
4153:Hybrids
4132:subsp.
4090:subsp.
4079:subsp.
3989:coreana
3970:italica
3957:subsp.
3681:changii
3398:(6–8).
2997:Bibcode
2886:Bibcode
2829:4328001
2809:Bibcode
2510:montana
2471:Bibcode
2020:Pioneer
1997:Dodoens
1981:Clusius
1964:in the
1908:Viscosa
1883:Superba
1878:Smithii
1863:Pioneer
1818:Klemmer
1773:Etrusca
1728:Cinerea
1708:Belgica
1645:Superba
1545:Holgeri
1490:Cornuta
1386:, Italy
1384:Demonte
1365:Ilmenau
1310:Clapham
1290:Demonte
1265:in the
1261:was at
1216:panacea
982:at the
928:diploid
909:Ilmenau
871:alnulin
785:Samarae
760:Flowers
738:flowers
732:perfect
728:petiole
724:obovate
702:montana
700:subsp.
683:Cumbria
636:montana
634:subsp.
624:subsp.
483:montane
425:Michx.
183:Genus:
167:Rosales
163:Order:
105:Plantae
76: (
6877:PLANTS
6823:218596
6781:NZOR:
6774:172265
6735:287399
6647:170056
6582:594916
6546:254672
6449:Virens
6414:Rugosa
6279:Glabra
6229:Crispa
6204:Aspera
6159:Willis
6110:Ypreau
6105:Wredei
6085:Vegeta
5950:Dumont
5945:Dovaei
5940:Daveyi
5895:Balder
5862:Wanoux
5852:Toledo
5827:Revera
5822:Repura
5807:Rebona
5797:Plinio
5752:Morton
5747:Morfeo
5610:Nitida
5414:Puszta
5379:Manchu
5374:Harbin
5369:Hansen
5306:Reseda
5153:Rugosa
5143:Retiro
5118:Plotii
5033:Erecta
4978:Biltii
4958:Atinia
4938:Ademuz
4905:Ornata
4900:Helena
4852:Ware's
4827:Taiwan
4692:Geisha
4682:Frosty
4667:Emer I
4622:Catlin
4607:BSNUPF
4472:Morden
4467:Moline
4417:Kimley
4392:Incisa
4367:Fiorei
3913:glabra
3479:
3444:
3190:p. 240
3171:p. 260
3147:p. 349
3015:
2904:
2827:
2801:Nature
2770:
2668:
2489:
2333:
2311:
2270:
2248:
2230:Webbia
2125:In art
2097:Europe
2024:Plinio
2015:Lutèce
1923:Ypreau
1918:Wredei
1898:Vegeta
1758:Dumont
1753:Dovaei
1748:Daveyi
1703:Balder
1610:Nitida
1449:(2022)
1429:(2022)
1263:Brahan
1240:Styria
1111:Lumber
1002:Wych,
988:Ottawa
930:form.
898:Irstea
885:fungus
746:samara
626:glabra
586:wicker
499:Tromsø
475:Sicily
453:, the
451:Hudson
350:Schur.
334:Borkh.
326:Sibth.
308:Dumrt.
157:Rosids
6972:Ulmus
6908:18586
6853:PFI:
6792:NZPCN
6699:19053
6686:55627
6668:IRMNG
6634:40834
6595:ULMGL
6569:7DFJZ
6404:Rubra
6244:Densa
6189:Alata
6025:Major
5990:Fulva
5985:Freja
5857:Urban
5817:Regal
5742:Lobel
5605:Nigra
5595:Minor
5520:Flava
5515:Firma
5384:Mauro
5339:Aurea
5281:Jacan
4847:UPMTF
4797:Seiju
4792:Sagei
4697:Glory
4662:Elsmo
4647:Drake
4447:Maine
4387:Hines
4307:Aurea
4239:var.
4164:var.
4101:var.
3987:var.
3968:var.
3959:minor
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3245:(PDF)
3238:(PDF)
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6769:NCBI
6722:2749
6707:IUCN
6694:ITIS
6655:IPNI
6629:GRIN
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6756:NBN
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