1352:
1180:
estimated that there were less than 30 speakers at the time. Matthias
Brenzinger reported in 2012 that one possible speaker remained, but that she refused to speak the language. The discrepancies could be because the language has multiple dialects and goes by several names, with scholars not always
1175:
Reports as to the number of
Khoemana speakers are contradictory, but it is clear that it is nearly extinct. It was thought to be extinct until the discovery of four elderly speakers around Bloemfontein and Kimberley. A 2009 report by Don Killian of the
1235:
from 1948 to 1994, the language has all but vanished. Currently, speakers of
Khoemana are not only scarce but scattered, due to forced migrations during the apartheid era. This has rendered the language particularly vulnerable.
333:
when taken together), but they do not correspond to any actual dialect distinctions, and speakers may use "Korana" and "Griqua" interchangeably. Both names are also used more broadly, for example for the
1231:
and the resulting armed conflicts. At the time, Khoemana was widely spoken throughout the coastal regions of South Africa. After years of attrition during the colonial era to the 1930s, and under
350:, and the sound systems are broadly similar. The strongly aspirated Khoekhoe affricates are simply aspirated plosives in Khoemana. However, Khoemana has an ejective velar affricate,
1679:
1468:
1516:
Transformation and reconstitution of Khoe-San identities: AAS le Fleur I, Griqua identities and post-apartheid Khoe-San revivalism (1894–2004)
1653:
Die Khoe-Sprachen: Ein
Beitrag zur Erforschung der Sprachgeschichte Afrikas. (Quellen zur Khoisan-Forschung/Research in Khoisan Studies, 12.)
329:
or Cape
Hottentot, though the latter has become considered derogatory. The various names are often treated as different languages (called
1210:
1485:
pp 51–60. ed. Anthony Traill. Communications from the
African Studies Institute, no 2. University of the Witwatersrand. Johannesburg.
1227:
The people and their language first began to attract scholarly attention in the 1660s, coinciding with Dutch colonial efforts in the
1405:(2011) "Collection of sound files for inclusion in a dictionary of Korana and eventual integration with a corpus of heritage texts"
931:
2042:
807:
Voicing can be very weak in
Khoemana in casual speech, so voiced plosives can be hard to distinguish from voiceless plosives.
1669:
370:
in languages with clicks, and it might be expected that this is true for
Khoemana as well. In addition, about half of all
188:
2032:
1376:
1717:
1452:
284:
924:
363:
1427:
1311:
938:
472:
178:
917:
1290:
An ejective velar "scrape" followed by a glottal stop, a bit different from a typical velar ejective affricate
2037:
1001:
861:
17:
1622:
Waldman, Linda (2006). "Klaar Gesnap As
Kleurling: The Attempted Making and Remaking of the Griqua People".
896:
792:
The aspirated phoneme is realized as an affricate sound /ts/ when followed by a close front vowel , , or .
737:
488:
164:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1077:
1072:
1067:
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367:
359:
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751:
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435:
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The
Griquas of Griqualand: A Historical Narrative of the Griqua People, Their Rise, Progress and Decline
614:
607:
509:
1659:
Maingard, L.F. 1962. Korana Folktales. Grammar and Texts. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press
1209:, which contains five short stories; some additional work was done in Ponelis (1975). As of 2009, the
1259:
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769:
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1497:
Dreams and Visions in Koranna and Griqua Revival in Colonial and Post-Apartheid South Africa
795:
The aspirated sound can sometimes be realized as . Some Griqua speakers may pronounce as .
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is stated to be alveolar-postalveolar when not followed by a close front vowel , , or .
700:
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1974:
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338:. There exist (or existed) several dialects of Khoemana, but the details are unknown.
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referring to the same population. Khoemana is listed as "critically endangered" in
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255:
1969:
1949:
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would have a significant impact on the heritage and culture of Khoemana speakers.
1852:
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759:
569:
557:
82:
1761:
169:
2001:
1954:
1814:
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1743:
1561:
Jenkins, Trefor (1975). "The Griqua of Campbell, Cape Province, South Africa".
230:
95:
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2016:
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297:(also Gri , Xri, Xiri, Xirikwa). The name 'Korana' reflects the endonym
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in Khoemana began with a click, compared to a quarter in Khoekhoe.
317:
305:
196:
1481:
Ponelis, F. A. (1975). "ǃOra Clicks: Problems and Speculations."
596:
192:
1590:
Robertshaw, PT (1978). "The origin of pastoralism in the Cape".
1319:
1182:
804:
The trilled can also be realized as a flapped in some speech.
1680:ǃKorana basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
1160:
270:
362:. Beach (1938) reported that the Khoekhoe of the time had a
1256:
is also a grammatical suffix. The letter "g" for the sound
276:
261:
195:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
285:
273:
258:
1445:
Language Endangerment in Southern and Eastern Africa
786:
An intervocalic and are sometimes realized as /β/.
267:
1610:
264:
1205:) is principally recorded in an 1879 notebook by
2014:
1163:), mid (no accent), and falling (notated with a
783:The phoneme can be realized as /c/ before or .
1655:. Köln: Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe. pp. 92–94.
1432:UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
1316:UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger
1711:
1522:(Thesis). Faculty of Arts, Leiden University.
1213:project is searching for remaining speakers.
531:In Korana, and can be pronounced as and .
249:'language') is more commonly known as either
1718:
1704:
1589:
1467:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1442:
1563:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1483:Bushman and Hottentot Linguistic Studies,
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
366:, , a common realisation or allophone of
293:(also ǃOrakobab, ǃOra, Kora, Koraqua) or
354:, which is not found in Khoekhoe, and a
1621:
1560:
1543:
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1391:The Phonetics of the Hottentot Language
189:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
2015:
1512:
1420:
1358:
316:
304:
1725:
1699:
1650:
1447:. Berlin, Germany. pp. 179–204.
801:and can occur syllabically as and .
1201:Robust Khoemana (before more recent
1155:in Khoemana: high (notated with an
24:
1691:Rosetta Project: Xiri Swadesh List
1569:(1). Wiley Online Library: 71–78.
1506:
325:. Sometimes ǃOra is also known as
25:
2054:
1663:
1598:. Taylor & Francis: 117–133.
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364:velar lateral ejective affricate
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346:Khoemana is closely related to
2043:Endangered languages of Africa
1527:Halford, Samuel James (1949).
1408:
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1246:
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798:The sound only seldom occurs.
535:Khoemana non-click consonants
356:corresponding series of clicks
13:
1:
1513:Besten, Michael Paul (2006).
1443:Brenzinger, Matthias (2007).
1297:
1170:
27:Khoe language of South Africa
1611:The Rosetta Project (2010).
341:
7:
1686:Dictionary of Korana ('Ora)
1417:at Endangered Languages.com
73:Korana (kqz): 6 (2008)
10:
2059:
1670:ǃKorana grammar at Cornell
1220:
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1159:), rising (notated with a
40:Griqua, Korana, ǃOra, Kora
2033:Languages of South Africa
1987:
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1868:Juǀʼhoan / Southern ǃKung
1843:
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1636:10.1080/00020180601035633
1630:(2). Routledge: 175–200.
1604:10.1080/02582477808671538
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1575:10.1002/ajpa.1330430111
1546:Khoemana and the Griqua
1378:Khoemana and the Griqua
1281:is a grammatical suffix
1651:Voßen, Rainer (1997).
1178:University of Helsinki
177:This article contains
1544:Killian, Don (2008).
53:South Africa, Namibia
2038:Languages of Namibia
1676: (archive index)
1191:endangered language
1189:. The loss of this
813:
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379:
321:, referring to the
136: – Korana
1203:language attrition
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360:/ǀ͡xʼǁ͡xʼǃ͡xʼǂ͡xʼ/
2010:
2009:
1983:
1982:
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1727:Khoisan languages
1403:Du Plessis, Menan
1348:(25th ed., 2022)
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241:"Khoemana" (from
233:of South Africa.
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185:rendering support
181:phonetic symbols.
143: – Xiri
16:(Redirected from
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1674:Wayback Machine
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1124:velar fricative
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1919:Taa (ǃXoon)
1554:10138/33876
1268:orthography
1197:Attestation
912:glottalized
323:ǃOra people
245:'person' +
191:instead of
2017:Categories
1935:Boshof ǃUi
1872:ǂKxʼaoǁʼae
1735:Khoe–Kwadi
1548:(Thesis).
1345:Ethnologue
1312:"Khoemana"
1298:References
1223:ǃKora Wars
1221:See also:
1207:Lucy Lloyd
1171:Population
1165:circumflex
91:Khoe–Kwadi
1644:144687031
1463:cite book
1266:Afrikaans
1264:reflects
1233:apartheid
1211:EuroBABEL
1089:affricate
1058:affricate
1017:aspirated
947:aspirated
842:voiceless
728:Fricative
698:Affricate
639:aspirated
602:voiceless
342:Phonology
327:Cape Khoe
206:ǃOrakobab
150:Glottolog
124:ISO 639-3
58:Ethnicity
45:ǃOrakobab
1989:Isolates
1774:Khoekhoe
1531:. Juta.
1340:Khoemana
1325:17 March
825:alveolar
701:ejective
553:Alveolar
348:Khoekhoe
228:moribund
211:Khoemana
197:Help:IPA
157:sout3214
104:Khoemana
100:Khoekhoe
35:Khoemana
1997:Sandawe
1965:ǂUngkue
1882:ǂʼAmkoe
1820:Zorotua
1672:at the
1583:1155593
1537:4379924
1426:UNESCO
1217:History
835:palatal
830:lateral
597:Plosive
563:Glottal
391:Central
226:, is a
193:Unicode
129:Either:
1975:ǁXegwi
1940:ǃGãǃne
1642:
1581:
1535:
1451:
1415:Korana
1320:UNESCO
1183:UNESCO
982:voiced
820:dental
666:voiced
548:Dental
543:Labial
352:/kxʼʔ/
295:Griqua
251:Korana
224:Griqua
216:Korana
170:Korana
2002:Hadza
1960:ǁŨǁʼe
1955:Seroa
1857:Ekoka
1845:ǃKung
1815:Kwadi
1808:Kwadi
1799:Tshwa
1769:ǂHaba
1757:Gǁana
1640:S2CID
1520:(PDF)
1262:]
1258:[
1240:Notes
1161:caron
1153:tones
1055:velar
877:nasal
760:Trill
570:Nasal
558:Velar
430:Close
423:nasal
408:nasal
386:Front
368:/kxʼ/
311:ǃGora
286:korr-
237:Names
222:, or
1970:ǀXam
1928:ǃKwi
1836:Kxʼa
1794:Shua
1789:Naro
1779:Khwe
1762:Gǀwi
1752:Eini
1744:Khoe
1579:PMID
1533:OCLC
1469:link
1449:ISBN
1428:Xiri
1327:2018
1277:The
1254:-kwa
1252:The
1116:ǂkxʼ
1109:ǁkxʼ
1102:ǃkxʼ
1095:ǀkxʼ
504:Open
418:oral
413:oral
403:oral
396:Back
314:IPA:
302:IPA:
299:ǃOra
247:mana
243:khoe
220:ǃOra
96:Khoe
1945:ǁKā
1907:Taa
1899:Tuu
1632:doi
1600:doi
1571:doi
1550:hdl
1430:at
1342:at
1279:-na
1185:'s
1167:).
1078:ǂkx
1073:ǁkx
1068:ǃkx
1063:ǀkx
1047:ǂᵏʰ
1040:ǁᵏʰ
1033:ǃᵏʰ
1026:ǀᵏʰ
718:kxʼ
709:tsʼ
467:Mid
309:or
290:-nə
208:or
179:IPA
165:ELP
140:xii
133:kqz
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974:ǂʰ
967:ǁʰ
960:ǃʰ
953:ǀʰ
939:ǂˀ
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925:ǃˀ
918:ǀˀ
904:ᵑǂ
897:ᵑǁ
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883:ᵑǀ
869:ᵏǂ
862:ᵏǁ
855:ᵏǃ
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656:kʰ
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288:AH
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274:n
268:r
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