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chuan), rotating it (the sphere) one complete revolution in one day and night. Besides this, there were two rings (lit. wheels) fitted round the celestial (sphere) outside, having the sun and moon threaded on them, and there were made to move in circling orbit (ling te yun hsing). Each day as the celestial (sphere) turned one revolution westwards, the sun made its way one degree eastwards, and the moon 13 and 7/19 degrees (eastwards). After 29 and a fraction rotations (of the celestial sphere) the sun and moon met. After it made 365 rotations the sun accomplished its complete circuit. And they made a wooden casing the surface of which represented the horizon, since the instrument was half sunk in it. This permitted the exact determinations of the times of dawns and dusks, full and new moons, tarrying and hurrying. Moreover there were two wooden jacks standing on the horizon surface, having one a bell and the other a drum in front of it, the bell being struck automatically to indicate the hours, and the drum being beaten automatically to indicate the quarters.
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and interlocking rods one holding another (kou chien chiao tsho hsiang chhih). Each (wheel) moves the next without reliance on any human force. The fastest wheel turns round each day through 2928 teeth (chhih), the slowest one moves by 1 tooth in every 5 days. Such a great difference is there between the speed of the wheels, yet all of them depend on one single driving mechanism. In precision, the engine can be compared with Nature itself (lit. the maker of all things; tsao wu che). As for the rest, it is much the same as the apparatus made (long ago) by I-Hsing. But that old design employed mainly bronze and iron, which corroded and rusted so that the machine ceased to be able to move automatically. The modern plan substitutes hard wood for these parts, as beautiful as jade...
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246:), which ultimately exerted force on a lug to rotate toothed-gears on a polar-axis shaft. With this, the slow computational movement rotated the armillary sphere according to the recorded movements of the planets and stars. Yi Xing also owed much to the scholarly followers of Ma Jun, who had employed horizontal jack-wheels and other mechanical toys worked by waterwheels. The Daoist Li Lan was an expert at working with water clocks, creating steelyard balances for weighing water that was used in the tank of the clepsydra, providing more inspiration for Yi Xing. Like the earlier water-power employed by Zhang Heng and the later escapement mechanism in the
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180:, one for the shadow lengths of summer, and one for the shadow lengths of winter. The latitudes were determined from this data, while the Tang calculation for the length of one degree of meridian was fairly accurate compared to modern calculations. Yi Xing understood the variations in the length of a degree of meridian, and criticized earlier scholars who permanently fixed an estimate for shadow lengths for the duration of the entire year.
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agreement with the Tao of Heaven, everyone at that time praised its ingenuity. When it was all completed (in +725) it was called the 'Water-Driven
Spherical Bird's-Eye-View Map of the Heavens (Shui Yun Hun Thien Fu Shih Thu) or 'Celestial Sphere Model Water-Engine' and was set up in front of the Wu Chheng Hall (of the Palace) to be seen by the multitude of officials. Candidates in the
308:(in +730) were asked to write an essay on the new armillary (clock). But not very long afterwards the mechanism of bronze and iron began to corrode and rust, so that the instrument could no longer rotate automatically. It was therefore relegated to the (museum of the) College of All Sages (Chi Hsien Yuan) and went out of use.
154:-although Yi Xing, who did not know the Earth was spherical, did not conceptualize his measurements in these terms. This would resolve the confusion created by the earlier practice of using the difference between shadow lengths of the sun observed at the same time at two places to determine the ground distance between them.
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A jade balancing mechanism (yu heng)(ie. the escapement) is erected behind (lit. outside) a curtain, holding and resisting (chhih o) the main scoops (shu tou). Water pours down rotating the wheel (chu shui chi lun). Lower, there is a cog-wheel (chi lun) with 43 (teeth). There are also hooks, pins,
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One (of these) was made in the image of the round heavens (yuan thien chih hsiang) and on it were shown the lunar mansions (hsiu) in their order, the equator and the degrees of the heavenly circumference. Water, flowing (into scoops), turned a wheel automatically (chu shui chi lun, ling chhi tzu
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All these motions were brought about (by machinery) within the casing, each depending on wheels and shafts (lun chu), hooks, pins and interlocking rods (kou chien chiao tsho), coupling devices and locks checking mutually (kuan so hsiang chhih)(ie. the escapement). Since (the clock) showed good
200:. However, Yi Xing's mechanical achievements were built upon the knowledge and efforts of previous Chinese mechanical engineers, such as the statesman and master of gear systems
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When the first escapement came, in +725 (AD), I-Hsing and Liang Ling-tsan arranged for two jacks to strike the hours, standing on the horizon surface of their sphere or globe.
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board game (though without a symbol for zero as he had difficulties expressing the number). He, along with his associate, the mechanical engineer and politician
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Earlier Tang era historical texts of the 9th century have this to say of Yi Xing's work in astronomical instruments in the 8th century (Wade–Giles spelling):
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In regards to mercury instead of water (as noted in the quote above), the first to apply liquid mercury for motive power of an armillary sphere was
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mentions Yi Xing and the reason why his armillary sphere did not survive the ages after the Tang (Wade–Giles spelling):
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Science and
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It was the earlier
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Hsu, Mei-Ling (1993). "The Qin maps: A clue to later
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2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1938:(fl 714–724)
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1916:Xinxiu bencao
1913:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1885:Liang Lingzan
1883:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1871:Jigu Suanjing
1868:
1867:
1865:
1864:Wang Xiaotong
1862:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1806:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1739:Yunmen Wenyan
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1553:Viśa Īrasangä
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1384:Liu Changqing
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1342:Zhang Jiuling
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1028:Protectorates
1026:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
991:
989:
987:
983:
976:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
956:
954:
952:
948:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
916:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
896:
893:
892:
891:
888:
886:
883:
882:
881:
878:
876:
873:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
855:
854:
851:
850:
848:
844:
839:
829:
826:
822:
819:
817:
814:
813:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
751:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
706:
704:
701:
696:
691:
684:
679:
677:
672:
670:
665:
664:
661:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
641:
632:
628:
625:
621:
618:
614:
611:
610:
605:
601:
598:
594:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
558:
557:
544:
535:
526:
517:
508:
499:
490:
483:
477:
468:
459:
457:
455:
445:
436:
434:
432:
430:
420:
418:
416:
414:
412:
407:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
374:
368:
366:
362:
358:
357:Mount Tiantai
354:
350:
341:
332:
330:
326:
322:
321:
309:
307:
299:
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
269:
265:
263:
258:
256:
252:
249:
245:
241:
238:
234:
230:
226:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
194:Liang Lingzan
191:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
164:
160:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
136:astrogeodetic
126:
116:
114:
110:
106:
98:
94:
90:
88:
82:
78:
72:
64:
60:
53:
49:
45:
40:
34:
30:
26:
22:
1941:
1929:
1914:
1902:
1889:
1869:
1781:Confucianism
1766:(fl 631–655)
1645:(fl 602–664)
1468:Niu Yingzhen
1444:Liu Zongyuan
1289:
1284:Yang Yunsong
1278:Du Guangting
1268:
1253:
1248:Bai Xingjian
1232:
1211:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1129:
1125:Playing card
1115:
754:Oasis states
690:Tang dynasty
630:
623:
616:
607:
596:
589:
565:
561:
543:
534:
525:
516:
507:
498:
489:
481:
476:
467:
444:
346:
335:In his honor
318:
316:
302:
296:
292:
287:
281:
278:Song dynasty
271:
267:
259:
248:astronomical
222:
187:
156:
152:meridian arc
133:
92:
86:
84:
74:
58:
57:
43:
1998:Flying cash
1897:Li Chunfeng
1879:Xu Jingzong
1830:Xi'an Stele
1808:Kong Yingda
1679:Amoghavajra
1510:Du Qiuniang
1498:Mo Xuanqing
1492:Li Shangyin
1486:Wen Tingyun
1348:Meng Haoran
1336:He Zhizhang
1330:Chen Zi'ang
1312:Luo Binwang
969:Chancellery
964:Secretariat
929:Shence Army
885:Jimi system
868:Family tree
562:Imago Mundi
274:Zhang Sixun
251:clock tower
244:water clock
233:water clock
206:Han dynasty
172:— latitude
170:Lake Baikal
107:featured a
2024:727 deaths
2019:683 births
2013:Categories
1957:Toothbrush
1924:Sun Simiao
1899:(602–670)
1866:(580–640)
1770:Lü Dongbin
1685:Mazu Daoyi
1667:Vajrabodhi
1565:Zhang Xuan
1414:Wei Yingwu
1318:Du Shenyan
1265:(733–804)
1250:(776–826)
1208:(596–667)
1168:Autumn Dew
875:Chancellor
846:Government
554:References
351:-Buddhist
237:equatorial
229:waterwheel
202:Zhang Heng
81:Wade–Giles
1953:(730–805)
1932:(683–727)
1881:(592-672)
1810:(574–648)
1802:(772–841)
1796:(768–824)
1741:(862–949)
1735:(807–869)
1723:(778–897)
1717:(770–860)
1711:(746–805)
1705:(745–827)
1699:(730–790)
1693:(720–814)
1687:(709–788)
1681:(705–774)
1675:(688–763)
1669:(671–741)
1663:(638–689)
1657:(635–713)
1651:(632–682)
1639:(613–681)
1633:(562–645)
1627:(549–623)
1591:(855–915)
1585:(832–912)
1579:(730–780)
1577:Zhou Fang
1573:(723–787)
1571:Han Huang
1567:(713–755)
1561:(706–783)
1549:(699–759)
1543:(680–760)
1537:(600–673)
1535:Yan Liben
1506:(840–868)
1504:Yu Xuanji
1494:(813–858)
1488:(812–866)
1482:(803–852)
1464:(790–817)
1452:(779–831)
1450:Yuan Zhen
1446:(773–819)
1440:(772–846)
1434:(772–842)
1428:(768–824)
1422:(739–799)
1416:(737–792)
1410:(722–789)
1404:(715–770)
1398:(712–779)
1392:(712–770)
1386:(709–785)
1380:(704–765)
1374:(701–762)
1368:(699–759)
1362:(698–756)
1356:(690–751)
1350:(689–740)
1344:(673–740)
1338:(659–744)
1332:(656–702)
1326:(650–676)
1320:(645–708)
1314:(619–684)
1286:(9th c.)
1280:(850–933)
1244:(751–762)
1229:(7th c.)
1223:(601–636)
934:Shumiyuan
759:Karakhoja
698:History (
602:Ju, Zan,
582:0308-5694
225:hydraulic
93:Zhang Sui
1926:(d. 682)
1911:Su Jing
1747:(9th c.)
1729:(8th c.)
1727:Zhisheng
1673:Jianzhen
1643:Xuanzang
1617:Buddhism
1609:Religion
1597:(9th c.)
1589:Jing Hao
1555:(7th c.)
1547:Wang Wei
1541:Wu Daozi
1527:Painters
1518:(9th c.)
1512:(9th c.)
1476:(8th c.)
1474:Zhang Xu
1470:(8th c.)
1458:(d. 784)
1438:Bai Juyi
1432:Liu Yuxi
1402:Cen Shen
1396:Zhang Ji
1366:Wang Wei
919:Jiedushi
914:Military
821:Songping
774:Conquest
764:Karasahr
700:Timeline
604:"Yixing"
439:Hsu, 99.
423:Hsu, 98.
371:See also
361:Zhejiang
282:Song Shi
220:period.
163:latitude
159:Jiaozhou
1983:Liu Yan
1978:Diwu Qi
1971:Economy
1951:Jia Dan
1930:Yi Xing
1772:(796-?)
1637:Shandao
1631:Daochuo
1595:Sun Wei
1583:Guanxiu
1559:Han Gan
1500:(834-?)
1378:Gao Shi
1324:Wang Bo
1242:Du Huan
1206:Daoxuan
1199:Writers
1094:Culture
890:Fanzhen
853:Emperor
349:Tiantai
347:At the
255:Su Song
178:polaris
97:Chinese
87:I-Hsing
76:Yī Xíng
63:Chinese
59:Yi Xing
48:Shingon
25:Jiangsu
1794:Han Yu
1756:Taoism
1709:Huiguo
1697:Wukong
1655:Yijing
1625:Jizang
1426:Han Yu
1420:Lu Lun
1372:Li Bai
1227:Bianji
1111:Poetry
1106:Sancai
692:topics
580:
210:Ma Jun
99::
83::
73::
71:pinyin
65::
29:Yixing
27:, see
1818:Other
1800:Li Ao
1715:Puhua
1649:Kuiji
1480:Du Mu
1462:Li He
1456:Li Ye
1408:Li Bi
1390:Du Fu
1354:Li Qi
1304:Poets
1263:Lu Yu
895:Hebei
863:House
816:Annan
769:Kucha
403:Notes
325:Kūkai
1745:Gikū
1661:Faru
858:List
578:ISSN
231:and
174:50°N
166:17°N
1101:Art
570:doi
359:in
355:of
2015::
606:.
576:.
566:45
564:.
453:^
428:^
410:^
331:.
190:go
115:.
101:張遂
79:;
69:;
67:一行
977:)
973:(
702:)
682:e
675:t
668:v
584:.
572::
95:(
61:(
35:.
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