Young Ireland - Knowledge

1962: 2170:. In these Lalor argued independence could be pursued only in a popular struggle for the land. This alone could bring about a union of North and South, without which separation from England was impossible to contemplate. But recognising that "any and all means" that employed in this struggle could be made "illegal by Act of Parliament", the Young Irelanders would have, at the very least, to ready themselves for a "moral insurrection". He proposed that they should begin with a campaign to withhold rent, but more might be implied. Parts of the country were already in a state of semi-insurrection. Tenants conspirators, in tradition of the Whiteboys and Ribbonmen, were attacking process servers, intimidating land agents, and resisting evictions. Lalor advised only against a 2228: 2107: 2373:, he said that what the men of '98 should have borrowed from the French was "their sagacious idea of bundling the landlords out of doors and putting tenants in their shoes". But Duffy's objection to "Lalor's theory" was that "his angry peasants, chafing like chained tigers, were creatures of the imagination--not the living people through whom we had to act". At the same time Duffy was trying to hold together a broader coalition, and had for that reason advanced O'Brien to the leadership, a Protestant and a landowner. On the Confederation's Council he was supported by 2263: 5925: 2129:

paid national dividends. The last concession wrung from the Melbourne administration, the 1840 municipal reform, had elected O'Connell to the Lord Mayoralty of Dublin. But with the Grand Jury system of county government untouched, it left the great majority of people to continue under the local tyranny of the landlords. In return for allowing a "corrupt gang of politicians who fawned on O'Connell" an extensive system of political patronage, the Irish people being "purchased back into factious vassalage".

2040: 1852: 2120:, the union of "Catholic, Protestant and Dissenter". His one Repeal foray to the Presbyterian north (to Belfast), organised by Duffy in 1841, was cut short by hostile demonstrations. For the key to an Irish parliament, O'Connell looked to liberal England, not Protestant Ulster. Once a parliament restored to Dublin had retired their distinctive privileges, he was content to suggest that Protestants would, "with little delay, melt into the overwhelming majority of the Irish nation". 2471: 5707: 1610: 5718: 5017: 46: 1812:, to the conviction that the union with Great Britain was both the occasion for their relative prosperity and a guarantee of their liberty. Protestants were now, as a body, opposed to a restoration of the parliament in Dublin whose prerogatives they had once championed. In these circumstances, the Catholic gentry and much of the middle class were content to explore the avenues for advancement opened by Emancipation and earlier 2273:

were to promote the rights of tenants and labourers, diffuse knowledge of agriculture and—in token of the continuing commitment to non-violence—discourage secret societies. All were to promote harmony between Irishmen of all creeds, making it a point to invite the participation of Protestants. But in "Black '47", the worst year of the potato-blight famine, the search was for policies that could address the immediate crisis.

5728: 1598: 2570:, however, was to argue that the response to arrest the Young Ireland leaders suggests that in the towns, people would have taken to arms if only the signal been given. He writes that when Duffy was arrested on July 9, Dublin workers surrounded the military escort, pressed up to Duffy and offered to begin an insurrection then and there. “Do you wish to be rescued?” “Certainly not,” said Duffy. In 2398: 1878:

be read in Repeal Reading Rooms and to be passed from hand to hand long after their current news value had faded. It may have been a "reinforcement for which O’Connell had scarcely dared to hope", but the journal's role in the revived fortunes of the Repeal Association has to be weighed against other contributions. Legislative independence was powerfully endorsed by

1871:. The prospectus, written by Davis, dedicated the paper "to direct the popular mind and the sympathies of educated men of all parties to the great end of nationality" that will "not only raise our people from their poverty, by securing to them the blessings of a domestic legislature, but inflame and purify them with a lofty and heroic love of country". 2326:'s declaration: "Our independence must be had at all hazards. If the men of property will not support us, they must fall; we can support ourselves by the aid of that numerous and respectable class of the community, the men of no property". The paper boldly advocated Lalor's policy. In May, as its publisher, Mitchel was convicted of a new crime of 2622:

may not have been prepared to fight for a republic, but with the formation of tenant protection societies they were beginning to see value in an open and legal combination for furtherance of their interests. Seeking to link the new tenant agitation to his vision of an independent parliamentary party,

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As first directed by Duffy, in towns Confederate clubs were to encourage the use of Irish resources and manufactures, work for the extension of popular franchise, and instruct youth in the history of their country which was being kept from them in the government's National Schools. The village clubs

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was an immediate publishing success. Its sales soared above all other Irish papers, weekly or daily. Circulation at its height was reckoned to be close to a quarter of a million. With its focus upon editorials, historical articles and verse, all intended to shape public opinion, copies continued to

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The terrible Famine of 1847 forced the hand of the Young Irelanders and they rushed into a policy of Insurrection without the slightest military preparation... Their writings and speeches had converted a large number of the young men to the gospel of force and their pride impelled them to an effort

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The Government made clear that its chosen response to the crisis in Ireland was coercion, not concession. Mitchel had been convicted under new martial law measures approved by Parliament (including by a number of "Old Ireland" MPs). On 9 July 1848 Duffy, with the Creed as evidence, was arrested for

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By the spring of 1848, the scale of the catastrophe facing the country had persuaded all parties on the Council that independence was an existential issue; that the immediate need was for an Irish national government able to take control of national resources. In May 1848 Duffy published "The Creed

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In July 1846, the Repeal Association tabled resolutions declaring that under no circumstances was a nation justified in asserting its liberties by force of arms. Meagher argued that while the Young Irelanders were not advocating physical force, if Repeal could not be carried by moral persuasion and

2148:: "She is in your hands—in your power. If you do not save her, she cannot save herself. One-fourth of her population will perish unless Parliament comes to their relief". A broken man, on the advice of his doctors O'Connell took himself to the continent where, on route to Rome, he died in May 1847. 2081:

O'Connell "treasured his few Protestant Repealers", but he acknowledged the central role of the Catholic clergy in his movement and guarded the bond it represented. In 1812/13 he had refused emancipation conditioned on Rome having to seek royal assent in the appointment of Irish bishops. Throughout

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COMMENCED ON BOARD THE SHEARWATER STEAMER, IN DUBLIN BAY, CONTINUED AT SPIKE ISLAND—ON BOARD THE SCOURGE WAR STEAMER—ON BOARD THE "DROMEDARY" HULK, BERMUDA-ON BQARD THE NEPTUNE CONVICT SHIP—AT PERNAMBUCO—AT THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE (DURING THE ANTI-CONVICT REBELLION)—AT VAN DIEMAN'S LAND—AT SYDNEY—AT

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over a seemingly extraneous issue. In Duffy's view, Mitchel had abused a temporary editorship to take unsanctioned and, in themselves, scandalous positions on matters that had been sacrosanct to O'Connell. O'Connell had repeatedly assailed what he described as "the vile union" in the United States

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The Young Irelanders withdrew from the Repeal Association, but not without considerable support. In October 1846, the Association chairman in Dublin was presented with a remonstrance protesting Young Irelanders exclusion signed by fifteen hundred of the city's leading citizens. When John O’Connell

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Thomas Davis's sudden death in 1845 helped close the matter. But his friends suspected that behind the vehemence with which O'Connell opposed Davis on the colleges question there also the intent, again, to frustrate Peel and to advantage the Whigs. This was not a strategy, Meagher argued, that had

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in print, at a time when, while still the speech of the vast majority of the Irish people, it had been all but abandoned by the educated classes. Such cultural nationalism did not appear to interest to O'Connell. There is no evidence that he saw the preservation or revival of his mother tongue, or

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The Confederation urged cultivators to hold the harvest until the needs of their own families were supplied. As Duffy was later to acknowledge, the poorest had lost the art and means of preparing for themselves anything other than the potato. Even were it not at the cost of eviction, holding back

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had to be Catholic. When Davis (moved to tears in the controversy) pleaded that "reasons for separate education are reasons for separate life", O'Connell accused him of suggesting it a "crime to be a Catholic". "I am", he declared, "for Old Ireland, and I have some slight notion that Old Ireland

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of Irish birth, would content the country... Such a parliament would inevitably establish Tenant Right, abolish the Established Church..., and endeavour to settle the claims of labour upon some solid and satisfactory basis. But one step further in the direction of Revolution... it would not

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Broken in health and spirit, Duffy published in 1855 a farewell address to his constituency, declaring that he had resolved to retire from parliament, as it was no longer possible to accomplish the task for which he had solicited their votes. He emigrated to Australia. From 1870 a

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grain and other foodstuffs grown to pay rent might avail them little. As "temporary relief for destitute persons", in the spring of 1847 the government opened soup kitchens. In August they were shut. The starving were directed to abandon the land and apply to the workhouses.

2615:, once again in view of their small number the insurgents disbanded. Lalor died three months later of bronchitis. This was just as a new movement was lending new credence to his belief that the independence of cultivator would bring "national independence in its train". 4488: 2019:

Duffy pressed O'Connell to affirm Repeal as his object. While insisting he would "never ask for or work" for anything less than an independent legislature, O'Connell had suggested he might accept a "subordinate parliament" (an Irish legislature with powers

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Planning for an insurrection had already advanced. Mitchel, although the first to call for action, had scoffed at the necessity for systematic preparation. O'Brien, to Duffy's surprise, attempted the task. In March he had returned from a visit to

1703:, of any other course, in 1848 Young Irelanders attempted an insurrection. Following the arrest and the exile of most of their leading figures, the movement split between those who carried the commitment to "physical force" forward into the 2253:

recalls "no declarations or calls for rebellion, and no pledges of peace". The objectives were "independence of the Irish nation" with "no means to attain that end abjured, save such as were inconsistent with honour, morality and reason".

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of the bishops, denounced a "mixed" non-denominational scheme for tertiary education. The Anglicans could retain Trinity in Dublin; the Presbyterians might have the Queens College proposed for Belfast; but the Queens colleges intended for

2209:(Lord Cloncurry) to chair a committee to adjust the dispute between Old and Young Ireland had been rejected by John O'Connell in reportedly "very saucy and unbecoming language". An offer of mediation from the abolitionist and pacifist 3993: 2189:

observed that the new Irish railways could be used to transport troops to quickly curb agrarian unrest, Mitchel responded that the tracks could be turned into pikes and trains ambushed. O’Connell publicly distanced himself from

2662:) and 47 other MPs pledged to tenant-rights. What Duffy hailed as the "League of North and South", however, was less than it appeared. Many of the MPs had been sitting Repealers who had broken with the Whig government over the 2639:. In addition to tenant representatives, among those gathered for the inaugural meeting were magistrates and landlords, Catholic priests and Presbyterian ministers, and journalists with the Presbyterian James McKnight of the 2066:: nationality was not a matter of ancestry or blood but of acclimatising influences. Cultural traditions, and above all language, "the organ of thought", could engender in persons of diverse origin common national feeling. 2082:

much of the country the bishops and their priests were the only figures of standing independent of the government around which a national movement could organise. It was a reality on which the Repeal Association, like the

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By a vote of fifteen to six, the Council adopted Duffy's alternative proposition: a Parliamentary Party that, accepting no favours, would press Ireland's claims by threatening to put a stop to the entire business of the

3314:"Davis to R.R. Madden, March 1843 (Gaven Duffy Papers) quoted in Terence LaRocca (1974) "The Irish Career of Charles Gavan Duffy 1840-1855", Doctoral Dissertation, Loyola University Chicago, pp. 17-18. Loyola eCommons" 3014: 2385:. Such a party would either have its demands conceded, or be forcibly ejected from Westminster, in which case the people united behind its single purpose would know how to enforce their will. Opposition was led by 2523:

he was greeted by curious crowds, but found himself in command of only a few hundred ill-clad largely unarmed men. They scattered after their first skirmish with the constabulary, derisively referred to by

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was unacceptable. Pressing what they imagined was their advantage, the government had O'Connell, his son John and Duffy convicted of sedition. When after three months (the charges quashed on appeal to the

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Although in Duffy's view, the decision deprived the Repeal movement of "half its dignity and all of its terror", the Young Irelanders acknowledged that the risk of a massacre on many times the scale of

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neighbour who had been a United Irishman and had laughed at the idea that the issue was kings and governments. What mattered was the land from which the people got their bread. Instead of singing the

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in the 1820s did not similarly respond to his lead on the more abstract proposition of Repeal. Patriotic and republican sentiment among the Presbyterians of the north-east had surrendered, since the

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Active in the 1840s, Young Ireland was formed by radical intellectuals, and was influenced by the pan European nationalist movements of the period. The group launched an unsuccessful rising in 1848.

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he subscribed to a broader vision. In the journal's prospectus, Davis wrote of a "nationality" as ready to embrace "the stranger who is within our gates" as "the Irishman of a hundred generations".

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With Old Ireland and rural priesthood against them, the Confederates had no organised support in the countryside. Active membership was confined to the garrisoned towns. As O'Brien proceeded into

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With critical and continuing support from the Irish post-Famine diaspora in the United States, the IRB survived to play a critical role in raising the Young Irelander tricolour over Dublin in the

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Other peoples in Europe had been protected from starvation because their rulers were "of their own blood and race". That this was not the case for Ireland, was the source of its present tragedy.

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Duffy proposed a new national weekly to Davis and Dillon, owned by himself but directed by all three. The paper first appeared in October in 1842 bearing the title chosen for it by Davis,

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approved the MPs breaking their pledge of independent opposition and accepting positions in a new Whig administration. In the North McKnight and Crawford had their meetings broken up by

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ordered this to be flung into the gutter, a large protest meeting was held, suggesting the possibility for a rival organisation. In January 1847, the seceders formed themselves as the

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In April 1841 O’Connell placed both Davis and Dillon on the Association's General Committee with responsibilities for organisation and recruitment. Membership uptake had been slow.

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of the Nation." If Irish independence was to come by force, it would be in the form of a Republic. The avoidance of deadly animosities between Irishmen was of course preferable.

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Beyond Davis and Dillon's Historical Society companions, the paper drew on a widening circle of contributors. Among the more politically committed these included: the Repeal MP

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In working with O'Connell, Thomas and Dillon contended with a patriarch "impatient of opposition or criticism, and apt to prefer followers to colleagues". They found an ally in

1747:, of debating patriotic motions. Not for the first time, the club had been expelled from college for breaching the condition that it not discuss questions of "modern politics". 927: 1953:). When O'Connell picked up on the moniker and began referring to those he had considered his junior lieutenants as "Young Irelanders" it was a signal for an impending break. 1750:

Those present for meeting in the chambers of Francis Kearney were, in Irish terms, a "mixed" group. They included Catholics (first admitted to Trinity in 1793), among them

2516:. This was a tricolour he had brought back from France, its colours (green for Catholics, orange for Protestants) intended to symbolise the United Irish republican ideal. 1991:. The government had deployed troops and artillery to enforce a ban on what O'Connell had announced as the last "monster meeting" in the Year of Repeal. (In August at the 3960: 2194:

appearing to some to set Duffy, as the editor, up for prosecution. When the courts failed to convict, O'Connell pressed the issue, seemingly intent on effecting a break.

2582:. They begged him to give the word, for they had the town already in their hands, but Meagher persisted in going with the soldiers, and ordered the barricade removed. 6811: 5386: 2280:

Mitchel urged the Confederation to pronounce for Lalor's policy and make control of land the issue. However, Duffy had cut Michel's access to the leader columns of

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It was an English journalist who first applied to this growing circle the label "Young Ireland". Although there was no direct connection, the reference was to

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A further, and more serious, rift opened with Davis. Davis had himself been negotiating the possibility of a devolved parliament with the Northern reformer

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O'Brien and his colleagues were quickly arrested and convicted of treason. Following a public outpouring, the government commuted their death sentences to

3805: 2725:) established by Meagher and fellow exiles in the United States. In 1867, in a loosely co-ordinated action, the Fenians, mobilising Irish veterans of the 6806: 3895:

Terence LaRocca (1974) "The Irish Career of Charles Gavan Duffy 1840-1855", Doctoral Dissertation, Loyola University Chicago, pp. 52-55. Loyola eCommons

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Charles Gavan Duffy: Conversations With Carlyle (1892), with Introduction, Stray Thoughts on Young Ireland, by Brendan Clifford, Athol Books, Belfast,

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who argued that with propertied classes, as well as the priesthood opposed, the Confederation could not hope to call out a single parish in Ireland.

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Convinced that "the Famine had 'dissolved society' and exposed landlordism both morally and economically", in September 1849 Lalor attempted with

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Having with Meagher and Dillon gathered a small group of both landowners and tenants, on 23 July O'Brien raised the standard of revolt in

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at close to a million). O'Connell submitted at once. He cancelled the rally and sent out messengers to turn back the approaching crowds.

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but the issue that would have carried his declaration, that there was no remedy now but the sword, was seized and the paper suppressed.

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In the south and west, the great numbers of tenant farmers, small-town traders and journeymen O'Connell had rallied to the cause of

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movement in the 1840s committed to an all-Ireland struggle for independence and democratic reform. Grouped around the Dublin weekly

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had been loud in his declaration of French support for the Irish cause). There was also talk of an Irish-American brigade and of a

1544: 1064: 2235:(1846) of the split: "Young Ireland in Business for Himself", Smith O'Brien in Repeal cap sells weapons to a stereotyped Irishman. 6857: 6842: 5630: 5437: 5360: 2835: 2770: 1759: 1183: 1151: 1144: 882: 733: 5376: 6721: 5686: 3949: 1451: 1069: 341: 2574:, Tipperary, people stormed the jail and rescued Michael Doheny, only for him to give himself up again and apply for bail. In 6577: 6557: 5750: 4914: 4482: 3702: 3283: 3054: 2659: 2136:, returned to office. Immediately they set about dismantling Peel's limited, but practical, efforts to relieve the gathering 1529: 1494: 1139: 5069: 4590: 4530: 4303: 4084: 3913: 3251: 3222: 6620: 1795: 1534: 1519: 1509: 1504: 1346: 1079: 1019: 877: 802: 480: 6646: 6374: 6016: 4024: 2705:

realised the combination he had sought: coordinated agrarian agitation and obstructionist representation at Westminster.

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forced the decision: the resolution was carried on the threat of the O'Connells themselves quitting the Association.

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Gleeson, David (2016) Failing to 'unite with the abolitionists': the Irish Nationalist Press and U.S. emancipation.

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peaceful means they believed a resort to arms would be a no less honourable course. In his O'Connell's absence, his

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diversion in England (Allied with the Chartists, the Confederation had a relatively strong organised presence in

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doctrines of "political economy", the government left O'Connell to plead for his country from the floor of the

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to make good their preaching. But... an appeal to arms made to a disarmed people was little short of insanity.

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and by Mitchel. Class coalitions attempted in past had failed, and they continued to insist on Lalor's plan.

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An independent Irish parliament, elected by widest possible suffrage, a responsible minister for Ireland a

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When he first followed O'Connell, Duffy concedes that he had "burned with the desire to set up again the

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uprising: the people, he believed, could not hold their own against the country's English garrison.

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any other aspect of "native culture", as essential to his political demands. His own paper, the

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Many of those later identified as Young Ireland first gathered in 1839 at a reconvening of the

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and to other European national-republican movements (Young Germany, Young Poland... ) that

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Depiction of Young Ireland (Smith O'Brien) and Old Ireland (O'Connell) fighting like two

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Connolly, S.J. (2012). "Chapter 5: Improving Town, 1750–1820". In Connolly, S.J. (ed.).

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digital.library.villanova.eduUnited Irishman (Dublin, Ireland : 1848) v. 1 no. 16

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TAHITI—AT SAN FRANCISCO—AT GREYTOWN—AND CONCLUDED AT NO. 8 PIER, NORTH RIVER, NEW YORK

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Michael Doheny’s The Felon’s Track, M.H. Gill & Son, LTD, 1951 Edition pg 111–112

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Some of the "Men of 1848" carried the commitment to physical force forward into the

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reduced to moral and constitutional standards", the League helped return Duffy (for

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was loyal to O'Connell when, in October 1843, he stood down the Repeal movement at

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Meagher of The Sword, Edited By Arthur Griffith, M. H. Gill & Son, Ltd., 1916.

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O'Connell Davis and the Colleges Bill, Dennis Gwynn, Cork University Press, 1948.

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In the months before O'Connell's death, Duffy circulated letters received from

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with hopes of French assistance. (Among the leading republicans in France,

2290: 2266: 2178: 2048: 1992: 1879: 1767: 1744: 1740: 962: 826: 723: 625: 590: 510: 5892: 5391: 2470: 1758:. Chief among the other future Young Irelanders present were law graduate 1754:, elected the Society's president, and (later to follow him in that role) 6786: 6079: 5575: 5550: 5403: 2698: 2347: 2316:

In February 1848 Mitchel established a paper of his own. Under its title

2305:

in the United States. His views were similar to many other Young Ireland

2099: 1940: 1821: 1707:, and those who sought to build a "League of North and South" linking an 1688: 1171: 1059: 1014: 974: 767: 655: 520: 368: 126: 4944:. Washington DC: The Catholic University of America Press. p. 145. 4350: 4326: 3621:. Washington DC: The Catholic University of America Press. p. 180. 3392: 3010: 2998: 1732:

had a history, stretching back through the student participation of the

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Smith O’Brien And The "Secession", Dennis Gwynn, Cork University Press

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Recollections of an Irish rebel.... A personal narrative by John Devoy

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Universal League for the Material Elevation of the Industrious Classes

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The first sign of a breach came when Duffy through an open letter in

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John Mitchel, P. S. O'Hegarty, Maunsel & Company, Ltd 1917.

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International Entente of Radical and Similar Democratic Parties

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O'Connell rarely joined the Young Irelanders in invoking the

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Journal of the Galway Archaeological and Historical Society

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of London as "Battle of Widow McCormack's Cabbage Patch".

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O'Connell to Cullen, 9 May 1842. Maurice O'Connell (ed.)

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After a modest land bill was defeated in the Lords, the "

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and other Young Irelanders to revive the insurrection in

5055:

The Last Invasion of Canada: The Fenian Raids, 1866-1870

4327:"John Mitchel, Ulster and Irish Nationality (1842-1848)" 2360: 2177:

The letters made a profound impression, particularly on

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Association of Radicals for the United States of Europe

6460: 4474:

Protest and the politics of space and place, 1789–1848

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crowds had been estimated in the hostile reporting of

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In a judgement shared by many of their sympathisers,

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and sentenced to transportation for 14 years to the

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Catholic 2591:The League of North and South 2051:and the catholic church". In 1844: 1467:Union, Progress and Democracy 1075:Party of Independence and '48 1070:Party of Democratic Socialism 842:European Republicans Movement 6501:Irish Republican Brotherhood 6389:The Irish People (newspaper) 5776:Irish Republican Brotherhood 5525:Irish Republican Brotherhood 5392:Young Irelanders in Tasmania 5204:, M.H. Gill & Son, 1922. 4938:McCaffrey, Lawrence (1976). 4925:UK public library membership 3948:Jenkins, Lee (Autumn 1999). 3798:"Irish Confederation formed" 3481:Luby, Thomas Clarke (1870). 3353:. University of Pittsburgh. 3190:Beckett, J>C> (1966). 2997:Moody, T. W. 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The club at 1568:Conservative liberalism 1447:Socialist Radical Party 1442:Social Democratic Party 1313:Radical People's Party 1293:Radical Party of Chile 1184:Radical Democracy Party 1084:People's Radical Party 1055:Opportunist Republicans 1005:Manhood Suffrage League 970:Labour Democratic Party 746:Colombian Liberal Party 704:Alsatian Progress Party 699:Alfarista Radical Front 163:Green, White and Orange 5849:Irish Race Conventions 5611:Thomas Francis Meagher 4907:10.1093/ref:odnb/32921 4704:Beckett, J.C. (1966). 4679:Foster, R. F. (1988). 4654:Foster, R. F. (1988). 4325:Buckley, Mary (1976). 4188:Mitchel, John (1854). 4021:Dublin Review of Books 3845:www.libraryireland.com 3615:Mulvey, Helen (2003). 3590:Macken, Ultan (2008). 3516:The Historical Journal 3406:Beckett, J.C. (1966). 3351:Slovak Studies Program 3278:. London. p. 58. 3114:Young Ireland and 1848 3088:Foster, R. F. 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(1988). 2826:William Smith O'Brien 2560: 2475:William Smith O'Brien 2473: 2437: 2400: 2265: 2230: 2159: 2152:The Peace Resolutions 2109: 2042: 1964: 1887:William Smith O'Brien 1854: 1615:Liberalism portal 1040:National Reform Union 1010:Mexican Liberal Party 1000:Liberal Swedish Party 938:Italian Radical Party 858:German People's Party 240:History of liberalism 5626:Kevin Izod O'Doherty 5515:Penal transportation 5379:8 March 2010 at the 5187:7 April 2007 at the 5028:Duffy, Charles Gavan 4612:Devoy, John (1929). 4017:"The Great Advocate" 3518:. xviii (1): 37–53. 3458:The Veto Controversy 3344:"Herder on Language" 2831:Kevin Izod O'Doherty 2539:, where they joined 2533:penal transportation 2332:Royal Naval Dockyard 2140:. Barricaded behind 2084:Catholic Association 2035:Protestant inclusion 1670:[ˈeːɾʲəˈoːɡ] 1583:Liberalism in Europe 1573:History of socialism 1368:Radicals of the Left 953:Jacksonian Democrats 923:Independent Radicals 741:Civic Workers' Party 288:Classical radicalism 278:Classical liberalism 213:Atlantic Revolutions 208:Age of Enlightenment 133:National affiliation 6308:Thomas Miller Beach 6038:John O'Connor Power 5807:Irish republicanism 5661:Patrick James Smyth 5651:Thomas Devin Reilly 5596:Thomas D'Arcy McGee 5571:Charles Gavan Duffy 5499:A Nation Once Again 5493:Revolutions of 1848 5483:Irish Confederation 5478:Irish republicanism 5397:6 July 2011 at the 5155:Irish Studies South 4337:(257): (30–44) 37. 4212:www.irelandseye.com 3802:newryjournal.co.uk/ 2846:Thomas Devin Reilly 2786:Charles Gavan Duffy 2766:Thomas D'Arcy McGee 2637:Tenant Right League 2618:Tenant farmers and 2483:revolutionary Paris 2387:Thomas Devin Reilly 2375:Patrick James Smyth 2346:(imprisoned in the 2319:The United Irishman 2311:Thomas D'Arcy McGee 2303:Jewish emancipation 2297:, Mitchel espoused 2247:Irish Confederation 2223:Irish Confederation 2103:will stand by me". 2089:In 1845 O'Connell, 1980:Retreat from Repeal 1930:Thomas D'Arcy McGee 1922:Thomas Devin Reilly 1856:Charles Gavan Duffy 1829:Charles Gavan Duffy 1737:Theobald Wolfe Tone 1578:Irish republicanism 1339:Radical Republicans 1167:Radical Civic Union 913:Historical Far Left 903:Giustizia e Libertà 778:Czech Realist Party 335:Left-libertarianism 303:Freedom of movement 283:Cultural radicalism 218:American Revolution 173:A Nation Once Again 142:Irish Confederation 136:Repeal Association 89:Tenant Right League 6647:Dissident Campaign 6534:Irish Citizen Army 6506:Fenian Brotherhood 6479: 6354:Fenian Brotherhood 6226:William R. Roberts 6198:Thomas Clarke Luby 5900:Anglo-Irish Treaty 5828:Manchester Martyrs 5712:Ireland portal 5631:Patrick O'Donoghue 5586:James Fintan Lalor 5461:Repeal Association 5285:T. F. O'Sullivan, 4977:Bew, Paul (2007). 4850:Bew, Paul (2007). 4461:La Rocca, p. 78-80 4121:"Slaves to a Myth" 3990:historyireland.com 2836:Patrick O'Donoghue 2796:James Fintan Lalor 2791:Father John Kenyon 2727:American Civil War 2719:Fenian Brotherhood 2683:Primate of Ireland 2478: 2427: 2299:proslavery thought 2270: 2237: 2213:was also spurned. 2183:Father John Kenyon 2168:James Fintan Lalor 2164: 2161:James Fintan Lalor 2114: 2045: 1977: 1895:James Fintan Lalor 1859: 1788:1800 Acts of Union 1784:Repeal Association 1697:Repeal Association 1603:History portal 1244:Radical Left Party 1131:Progressive Party 576:Mill (John Stuart) 357:Left-wing populism 230:Belgian Revolution 79:Repeal Association 6825: 6824: 6807:Young Switzerland 6697: 6696: 6692: 6691: 6428: 6427: 6295: 6294: 6265:Seán Mac Diarmada 5740: 5739: 5561:John Blake Dillon 5520:Van Diemen's Land 5473:Irish nationalism 5341:), M. W. Savage, 5257:R. V. Comerford, 5200:Arthur Griffith, 4923:(Subscription or 4916:978-0-19-861412-8 4484:978-1-78499-627-7 4054:. Irish America. 3804:. Newry Journal. 3704:978-0-14-014515-1 3342:Votruba, Martin. 3285:978-1-900621-81-6 3056:978-1-84631-635-7 2841:John Edward Pigot 2776:John Blake Dillon 2537:Van Diemen's Land 2425:to snuff him out. 2355:Van Diemen's Land 2340:Imperial fortress 2207:Valentine Lawless 2134:Lord John Russell 1913:; poet and early 1814:"Catholic relief" 1810:Rebellion of 1798 1756:John Blake Dillon 1651: 1650: 1382:Republican Action 1179:Radical Democracy 995:Liberal Reformers 918:Independence Club 888:Free-minded Union 433:Utopian socialism 411:Social liberalism 318:Liberal socialism 268:Civic nationalism 223:French Revolution 179: 178: 146: 139: 115:Irish nationalism 85:Succeeded by 16:(Redirected from 6880: 6724: 6717: 6710: 6701: 6700: 6679:Arm na Poblachta 6539:Irish Volunteers 6476: 6475: 6455: 6448: 6441: 6432: 6431: 6421: 6398: 6391: 6384: 6377: 6370: 6363: 6356: 6349: 6342: 6335: 6317: 6310: 6288: 6281: 6274: 6267: 6260: 6253: 6246: 6228: 6221: 6214: 6207: 6200: 6193: 6186: 6179: 6172: 6165: 6158: 6151: 6144: 6131: 6130: 6117: 6110: 6103: 6096: 6089: 6082: 6075: 6073:Denis McCullough 6068: 6061: 6054: 6047: 6040: 6033: 6026: 6024:J. F. X. O'Brien 6019: 6012: 5994: 5987: 5980: 5973: 5966: 5959: 5952: 5927: 5916: 5914:Irish Free State 5909: 5902: 5895: 5888: 5881: 5874: 5867: 5858: 5851: 5844: 5837: 5830: 5823: 5816: 5809: 5802: 5795: 5779: 5777: 5767: 5760: 5753: 5744: 5743: 5730: 5729: 5720: 5719: 5710: 5709: 5708: 5636:Richard O'Gorman 5601:Terence MacManus 5440: 5433: 5426: 5417: 5416: 5306:, Poolbeg, 1994. 5300:Thomas Gallagher 5264:Seamus MacCall, 5244:Louis J. Walsh, 5237:James Connolly, 5197:, Camlane Press. 5143: 5107: 5106: 5088: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5049: 5043: 5042: 5039:(2nd supplement) 5019: 5018: 5013: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5002: 4974: 4968: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4920: 4894: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4832: 4826: 4825: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4788: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4766:From-Ireland.net 4757: 4751: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4735:From-Ireland.net 4726: 4720: 4719: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4520: 4514: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4468: 4462: 4459: 4453: 4446: 4440: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4408: 4402: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4379: 4373: 4372:LaRocca pp.61-65 4370: 4364: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4293: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4272: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4234: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4146: 4140: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4116: 4110: 4103: 4097: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4052:irishamerica.com 4043: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4012: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3965: 3957:The Irish Review 3954: 3945: 3939: 3932: 3926: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3903: 3897: 3892: 3886: 3883: 3874: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3837: 3831: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3793: 3787: 3784: 3775: 3772: 3766: 3763: 3757: 3754: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3690: 3684: 3677: 3671: 3664: 3658: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3507: 3501: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3453: 3447: 3446: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3359: 3348: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3318: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3297: 3289: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3241: 3235: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3162: 3156: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3123: 3117: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3085: 3079: 3078: 3070: 3061: 3060: 3042: 3036: 3033: 3027: 3026: 3024: 3022: 2994: 2977: 2976: 2958: 2949: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2900: 2801:Terence MacManus 2693:"bludgeon men". 2641:Banner of Ulster 2287:Pope Gregory XVI 2146:House of Commons 2124:Whig concessions 1945:Giuseppe Mazzini 1907:William Carleton 1780:Daniel O'Connell 1693:Daniel O'Connell 1672: 1667: 1643: 1636: 1629: 1613: 1612: 1601: 1600: 1599: 1437:Social Democracy 1427:Rose Street Club 1422:Rose in the Fist 1417:Resolution Party 1412:Republican Union 1391:Republican Left 1254:Radical Movement 1120:Democratic Party 1110:Popular Councils 943:Italian Radicals 863:FDP.The Liberals 815:Democratic Union 421:Women's suffrage 323:Social democracy 293:Direct democracy 263:Anti-clericalism 181: 180: 162: 159: 156: 144: 137: 75:Preceded by 48: 32: 31: 21: 18:Young Irelanders 6888: 6887: 6883: 6882: 6881: 6879: 6878: 6877: 6873:Radical parties 6828: 6827: 6826: 6821: 6797:Young Romanians 6733: 6728: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6640: 6606:Provisional IRA 6582: 6570:Irish Civil War 6515: 6469: 6459: 6429: 6424: 6412: 6401: 6394: 6387: 6380: 6373: 6366: 6359: 6352: 6345: 6338: 6331: 6320: 6313: 6306: 6291: 6286:Joseph Plunkett 6284: 6277: 6270: 6263: 6256: 6249: 6242: 6231: 6224: 6217: 6210: 6203: 6196: 6189: 6182: 6175: 6168: 6161: 6154: 6147: 6140: 6126: 6120: 6115:Richard Mulcahy 6113: 6108:Michael Collins 6106: 6101:Patrick Moylett 6099: 6092: 6085: 6078: 6071: 6064: 6059:John Mulholland 6057: 6050: 6043: 6036: 6031:Charles Kickham 6029: 6022: 6017:Thomas J. Kelly 6015: 6008: 5997: 5990: 5983: 5976: 5969: 5962: 5955: 5939: 5928: 5919: 5912: 5907:Irish Civil War 5905: 5898: 5891: 5884: 5877: 5870: 5861: 5854: 5847: 5840: 5833: 5826: 5819: 5812: 5805: 5798: 5791: 5780: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5741: 5736: 5706: 5704: 5696: 5675: 5529: 5505:Irish tricolour 5449: 5444: 5411:Wayback Machine 5399:Wayback Machine 5381:Wayback Machine 5365:Wayback Machine 5354: 5349: 5273:Ireland Her Own 5271:T. A. Jackson, 5193:Aidan Hegarty, 5189:Wayback Machine 5178:Malcolm Brown, 5174:(Dublin, 1987). 5166:Wayback Machine 5140: 5116: 5111: 5110: 5103: 5089: 5085: 5075: 5073: 5066: 5050: 5046: 5016: 5014: 5010: 5000: 4998: 4991: 4975: 4971: 4961: 4959: 4952: 4936: 4932: 4922: 4917: 4887: 4883: 4873: 4871: 4864: 4848: 4844: 4833: 4829: 4818: 4814: 4804: 4802: 4789: 4785: 4775: 4773: 4758: 4754: 4744: 4742: 4727: 4723: 4716: 4702: 4698: 4691: 4677: 4673: 4666: 4652: 4648: 4635: 4631: 4621: 4619: 4610: 4606: 4596: 4594: 4581: 4577: 4567: 4565: 4558:The Irish Times 4550: 4546: 4536: 4534: 4521: 4517: 4508: 4504: 4494: 4492: 4485: 4469: 4465: 4460: 4456: 4447: 4443: 4439:La Rocca, p. 87 4438: 4434: 4424: 4422: 4409: 4405: 4395: 4393: 4380: 4376: 4371: 4367: 4362: 4358: 4323: 4319: 4309: 4307: 4294: 4290: 4280: 4278: 4270: 4266: 4265: 4261: 4251: 4249: 4236: 4235: 4231: 4221: 4219: 4206: 4205: 4201: 4186: 4182: 4172: 4170: 4163: 4147: 4143: 4133: 4131: 4117: 4113: 4104: 4100: 4090: 4088: 4075: 4071: 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Callan 2751:Thomas Antisell 2746: 2711: 2633:Frederick Lucas 2593: 2588: 2468: 2462: 2432: 2411:pickled cabbage 2395: 2371:La Marseillaise 2363: 2260: 2242: 2225: 2219: 2154: 2126: 2037: 1982: 1959: 1849: 1776: 1752:Thomas MacNevin 1734:United Irishmen 1730:Trinity College 1722: 1717: 1665: 1647: 1607: 1597: 1595: 1588: 1587: 1563: 1555: 1554: 1490: 1482: 1481: 679: 671: 670: 451: 443: 442: 374:Reform movement 273:Civil liberties 258: 250: 249: 245:Progressive Era 203: 160: 157: 154: 140: 125: 121: 117: 54: 51:Irish tricolour 39: 38: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6886: 6876: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6802:Young Slovenes 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6782:Young Ottomans 6779: 6777:Young Latvians 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6738: 6735: 6734: 6727: 6726: 6719: 6712: 6704: 6695: 6694: 6690: 6689: 6687: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6643: 6641: 6639: 6638: 6633: 6631:Continuity IRA 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6585: 6583: 6581: 6580: 6566: 6565: 6562:Irish Republic 6547: 6546: 6544:Cumann na mBan 6541: 6536: 6531: 6529:Fianna Éireann 6518: 6516: 6514: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6482: 6480: 6474: 6471: 6470: 6458: 6457: 6450: 6443: 6435: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6422: 6409: 6407: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6399: 6392: 6385: 6378: 6371: 6364: 6361:Fianna Éireann 6357: 6350: 6343: 6340:Cumann na mBan 6336: 6328: 6326: 6322: 6321: 6319: 6318: 6311: 6303: 6301: 6297: 6296: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6289: 6282: 6279:Patrick Pearse 6275: 6272:Diarmuid Lynch 6268: 6261: 6254: 6247: 6239: 6237: 6233: 6232: 6230: 6229: 6222: 6215: 6208: 6201: 6194: 6191:Michael Doheny 6187: 6180: 6173: 6170:Michael Davitt 6166: 6159: 6152: 6145: 6137: 6135: 6128: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6118: 6111: 6104: 6097: 6090: 6083: 6076: 6069: 6062: 6055: 6048: 6041: 6034: 6027: 6020: 6013: 6010:James Stephens 6005: 6003: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5995: 5988: 5981: 5974: 5967: 5960: 5957:Catalpa rescue 5953: 5936: 5934: 5930: 5929: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5917: 5910: 5903: 5896: 5889: 5886:Irish Republic 5882: 5875: 5868: 5859: 5856:Obstructionism 5852: 5845: 5838: 5831: 5824: 5817: 5810: 5803: 5796: 5788: 5786: 5782: 5781: 5770: 5769: 5762: 5755: 5747: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5734: 5724: 5714: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5694: 5689: 5683: 5681: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5673: 5668: 5666:James Stephens 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5566:Michael Doheny 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5537: 5535: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5463: 5457: 5455: 5451: 5450: 5443: 5442: 5435: 5428: 5420: 5414: 5413: 5401: 5389: 5384: 5371: 5353: 5352:External links 5350: 5348: 5347: 5335: 5330:Robert Sloan, 5328: 5321: 5310: 5307: 5297: 5292:Terry Golway, 5290: 5283: 5276: 5269: 5262: 5255: 5252: 5249: 5242: 5235: 5232: 5226: 5220: 5217: 5214: 5211: 5208: 5205: 5198: 5191: 5175: 5170:Richard Davis 5168: 5151: 5144: 5138: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5101: 5083: 5064: 5044: 5008: 4989: 4969: 4950: 4930: 4915: 4881: 4862: 4842: 4827: 4812: 4783: 4752: 4721: 4714: 4696: 4689: 4671: 4664: 4646: 4643:. p. 168. 4629: 4604: 4575: 4544: 4515: 4502: 4483: 4463: 4454: 4441: 4432: 4403: 4374: 4365: 4363:LaRocca, p. 63 4356: 4317: 4288: 4259: 4229: 4199: 4180: 4161: 4141: 4111: 4098: 4069: 4038: 4007: 3977: 3940: 3927: 3898: 3887: 3875: 3862: 3832: 3819: 3788: 3776: 3767: 3758: 3749: 3730: 3710: 3703: 3685: 3672: 3659: 3646: 3627: 3607: 3600: 3582: 3575: 3557: 3502: 3473: 3466: 3448: 3441: 3423: 3416: 3398: 3371: 3334: 3305: 3284: 3265: 3236: 3207: 3200: 3182: 3175: 3157: 3151:Dennis Gwynn, 3144: 3118: 3112:Dennis Gwynn, 3105: 3098: 3080: 3062: 3055: 3037: 3028: 3005:(103): 11–12. 2978: 2971: 2950: 2944:Dennis Gwynn, 2937: 2925: 2915: 2894: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2887: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2781:Michael Doheny 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O'Rilla 2394: 2391: 2362: 2359: 2336:Ireland Island 2328:treason felony 2259: 2256: 2251:Michael Doheny 2241: 2238: 2221:Main article: 2218: 2215: 2211:James Haughton 2153: 2150: 2125: 2122: 2118:memory of 1798 2071:Irish language 2036: 2033: 2010:House of Lords 1981: 1978: 1958: 1955: 1950:Giovine Europa 1899:Michael Doheny 1848: 1843: 1838:The Vindicator 1796:Lord Melbourne 1775: 1772: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1649: 1648: 1646: 1645: 1638: 1631: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1618: 1617: 1605: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1484: 1483: 1480: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1462:Ultra-radicals 1459: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1408: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1355: 1354: 1349: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1330: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1311: 1306: 1305: 1304: 1299: 1291: 1290: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1263:Radical Party 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1234: 1226: 1224:Radical League 1221: 1216: 1215: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1175: 1174: 1164: 1162:Radical Change 1159: 1154: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1129: 1124: 1123: 1122: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1082: 1080:People's Party 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1045:National Union 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 997: 992: 987: 982: 977: 972: 967: 966: 965: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 847:Fabian Society 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 823: 822: 812: 811: 810: 800: 795: 790: 788:Democrat Party 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 764: 763: 758: 748: 743: 738: 737: 736: 731: 721: 716: 711: 706: 701: 696: 695: 694: 689: 680: 677: 676: 673: 672: 669: 668: 666:Wollstonecraft 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 452: 449: 448: 445: 444: 441: 440: 435: 430: 428:Utilitarianism 425: 424: 423: 413: 408: 406:Social justice 403: 398: 397: 396: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 360: 359: 349: 344: 339: 338: 337: 330:Libertarianism 327: 326: 325: 315: 313:Labor movement 310: 305: 300: 298:Egalitarianism 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 259: 256: 255: 252: 251: 248: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 226: 225: 220: 210: 204: 201: 200: 197: 196: 190: 189: 177: 176: 169: 165: 164: 152: 148: 147: 134: 130: 129: 112: 106: 105: 100: 96: 95: 86: 82: 81: 76: 72: 71: 68: 64: 63: 60: 56: 55: 49: 41: 40: 36: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6885: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6838:Young Ireland 6836: 6835: 6833: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6812:Young Ukraine 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6767:Young Ireland 6765: 6763: 6762:Young Germany 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6739: 6736: 6732: 6725: 6720: 6718: 6713: 6711: 6706: 6705: 6702: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6651: 6650: 6649: 6648: 6642: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6593: 6592: 6591: 6590: 6584: 6579: 6575: 6574: 6573: 6572: 6571: 6563: 6560:(Army of the 6559: 6556: 6555: 6554: 6553: 6552: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6526: 6525: 6524: 6523: 6522:Easter Rising 6517: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6496:Young Ireland 6494: 6492: 6489: 6488: 6487: 6486: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6456: 6451: 6449: 6444: 6442: 6437: 6436: 6433: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6410: 6408: 6404: 6397: 6393: 6390: 6386: 6383: 6379: 6376: 6372: 6369: 6365: 6362: 6358: 6355: 6351: 6348: 6344: 6341: 6337: 6334: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6323: 6316: 6312: 6309: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6298: 6287: 6283: 6280: 6276: 6273: 6269: 6266: 6262: 6259: 6258:Bulmer Hobson 6255: 6252: 6248: 6245: 6244:Éamonn Ceannt 6241: 6240: 6238: 6234: 6227: 6223: 6220: 6216: 6213: 6209: 6206: 6205:John O'Mahony 6202: 6199: 6195: 6192: 6188: 6185: 6181: 6178: 6177:Timothy Deasy 6174: 6171: 6167: 6164: 6160: 6157: 6153: 6150: 6146: 6143: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6132: 6129: 6123: 6116: 6112: 6109: 6105: 6102: 6098: 6095: 6091: 6088: 6084: 6081: 6077: 6074: 6070: 6067: 6066:Seamus Deakin 6063: 6060: 6056: 6053: 6049: 6046: 6042: 6039: 6035: 6032: 6028: 6025: 6021: 6018: 6014: 6011: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6000: 5993: 5989: 5986: 5982: 5979: 5978:Easter Rising 5975: 5972: 5968: 5965: 5961: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5941:Fenian Rising 5938: 5937: 5935: 5931: 5926: 5915: 5911: 5908: 5904: 5901: 5897: 5894: 5890: 5887: 5883: 5880: 5876: 5873: 5869: 5866: 5865: 5860: 5857: 5853: 5850: 5846: 5843: 5842:New Departure 5839: 5836: 5832: 5829: 5825: 5822: 5818: 5815: 5811: 5808: 5804: 5801: 5797: 5794: 5793:Young Ireland 5790: 5789: 5787: 5783: 5778: 5768: 5763: 5761: 5756: 5754: 5749: 5748: 5745: 5733: 5725: 5723: 5715: 5713: 5703: 5702: 5699: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5678: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5646:John O'Mahony 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5591:Maurice Leyne 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5546:Joseph Brenan 5544: 5542: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5534:Personalities 5532: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5500: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5468: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5447:Young Ireland 5441: 5436: 5434: 5429: 5427: 5422: 5421: 5418: 5412: 5408: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5396: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5382: 5378: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5359: 5358:Young Ireland 5356: 5355: 5345: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5333: 5329: 5326: 5322: 5319: 5318:0-85034-114-0 5315: 5311: 5308: 5305: 5301: 5298: 5295: 5291: 5288: 5287:Young Ireland 5284: 5281: 5277: 5274: 5270: 5267: 5266:Irish Mitchel 5263: 5260: 5256: 5253: 5250: 5247: 5243: 5240: 5236: 5233: 5230: 5227: 5224: 5221: 5218: 5215: 5212: 5209: 5206: 5203: 5199: 5196: 5192: 5190: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5176: 5173: 5169: 5167: 5163: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5149: 5146:James Quinn. 5145: 5141: 5139:9780198205555 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5118: 5104: 5102:9780717146499 5098: 5094: 5087: 5071: 5067: 5065:9781550020854 5061: 5057: 5056: 5048: 5040: 5038: 5033: 5029: 5023: 5022:public domain 5012: 4996: 4992: 4990:9780198205555 4986: 4982: 4981: 4973: 4957: 4953: 4951:9780813208961 4947: 4943: 4942: 4934: 4926: 4918: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4899: 4893: 4885: 4869: 4865: 4863:9780198205555 4859: 4855: 4854: 4846: 4838: 4831: 4823: 4816: 4800: 4796: 4795: 4787: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4756: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4725: 4717: 4711: 4707: 4700: 4692: 4686: 4682: 4675: 4667: 4661: 4657: 4650: 4642: 4641: 4633: 4617: 4616: 4608: 4592: 4588: 4587: 4579: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4548: 4532: 4528: 4527: 4519: 4512: 4506: 4490: 4486: 4480: 4476: 4475: 4467: 4458: 4451: 4445: 4436: 4420: 4416: 4415: 4407: 4391: 4387: 4386: 4378: 4369: 4360: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4321: 4305: 4301: 4300: 4292: 4276: 4269: 4263: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4233: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4203: 4196: 4191: 4184: 4168: 4164: 4162:9781108081948 4158: 4154: 4153: 4145: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4115: 4108: 4102: 4086: 4082: 4081: 4073: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4042: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4011: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3981: 3962: 3958: 3951: 3944: 3937: 3931: 3915: 3911: 3910: 3902: 3896: 3891: 3882: 3880: 3872: 3866: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3836: 3829: 3828:Young Ireland 3823: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3792: 3783: 3781: 3771: 3762: 3756:LaRocca p. 58 3753: 3737: 3733: 3731:9780717151578 3727: 3723: 3722: 3714: 3706: 3700: 3696: 3689: 3682: 3681:Young Ireland 3676: 3669: 3663: 3656: 3650: 3634: 3630: 3624: 3620: 3619: 3611: 3603: 3601:9781856355964 3597: 3593: 3586: 3578: 3572: 3568: 3561: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3506: 3490: 3486: 3485: 3477: 3469: 3467:9780850340303 3463: 3459: 3452: 3444: 3438: 3434: 3427: 3419: 3413: 3409: 3402: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3375: 3356: 3352: 3345: 3338: 3322: 3315: 3309: 3301: 3295: 3287: 3281: 3277: 3269: 3253: 3249: 3248: 3240: 3224: 3220: 3219: 3211: 3203: 3197: 3193: 3186: 3178: 3176:9780717146499 3172: 3168: 3161: 3154: 3148: 3132: 3128: 3122: 3115: 3109: 3101: 3095: 3091: 3084: 3076: 3069: 3067: 3058: 3052: 3048: 3041: 3032: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2974: 2968: 2964: 2957: 2955: 2947: 2941: 2934: 2933:Young Ireland 2929: 2922: 2918: 2916:9781841500683 2912: 2909:. Intellect. 2908: 2907: 2899: 2895: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2871: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2756:Joseph Brenan 2754: 2752: 2749: 2748: 2741: 2739: 2738:Easter Rising 2734: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2694: 2692: 2688: 2685:, Archbishop 2684: 2680: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2644: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2601:Joseph Brenan 2598: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2529: 2527: 2522: 2517: 2515: 2510: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2460:1848 Uprising 2457: 2455: 2449: 2445: 2442: 2436: 2430:Duffy's Creed 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2351:HMS Dromedary 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2320: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2274: 2268: 2264: 2255: 2252: 2248: 2234: 2231:Depiction in 2229: 2224: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2201: 2195: 2193: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2162: 2158: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2142:laissez-faire 2139: 2135: 2130: 2121: 2119: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2085: 2079: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2041: 2032: 2030: 2025: 2023: 2018: 2013: 2011: 2006: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1974: 1973: 1968: 1967:Kilkenny cats 1963: 1954: 1952: 1951: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1881: 1876: 1872: 1870: 1869: 1864: 1857: 1853: 1847: 1842: 1840: 1839: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1818:Conservatives 1815: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1685: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1654:Young Ireland 1644: 1639: 1637: 1632: 1630: 1625: 1624: 1622: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1604: 1594: 1593: 1592: 1591: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1559: 1558: 1551: 1550:United States 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1486: 1485: 1478: 1477:Young Ireland 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1377:Reform League 1375: 1373: 1372:Radicals (UK) 1370: 1367: 1365: 1364:Radical Whigs 1362: 1360: 1357: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1314: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1157:Radical Cause 1155: 1153: 1150: 1146: 1145:United States 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 991: 990:Liberal Party 988: 986: 983: 981: 980:Left Liberals 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 964: 961: 960: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 821: 818: 817: 816: 813: 809: 806: 805: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 762: 759: 757: 754: 753: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 735: 732: 730: 727: 726: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 693: 690: 688: 685: 684: 683:Action Party 682: 681: 675: 674: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 596:Papanastasiou 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 566:Mendès France 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 453: 447: 446: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 422: 419: 418: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 401:Social change 399: 395: 392: 391: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 379:Republicanism 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 364:Progressivism 362: 358: 355: 354: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 336: 333: 332: 331: 328: 324: 321: 320: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 260: 254: 253: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 224: 221: 219: 216: 215: 214: 211: 209: 206: 205: 199: 198: 195: 192: 191: 187: 183: 182: 175: 174: 170: 166: 153: 149: 143: 135: 131: 128: 124: 120: 116: 113: 111: 107: 104: 101: 97: 94: 90: 87: 83: 80: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 52: 47: 42: 37:Young Ireland 33: 30: 19: 6792:Young Poland 6766: 6752:Young France 6747:Young Czechs 6742:Young Bosnia 6731:Young Europe 6645: 6644: 6611:Official IRA 6589:The Troubles 6587: 6586: 6576:Anti-treaty 6568: 6567: 6549: 6548: 6520: 6519: 6511:Clan na Gael 6495: 6484: 6483: 6333:Clan na Gael 6236:20th century 6134:19th century 6094:Harry Boland 6087:Seán McGarry 6052:Neal O'Boyle 6045:John O'Leary 5949:Fenian raids 5862: 5792: 5680:British laws 5641:John O'Leary 5616:John Mitchel 5556:Thomas Davis 5541:Joseph Blake 5497: 5488:Great Hunger 5465: 5446: 5374:An Gorta Mor 5368: 5342: 5339:An Gorta Mor 5338: 5331: 5324: 5303: 5293: 5286: 5279: 5278:T. C. Luby, 5272: 5265: 5258: 5245: 5238: 5228: 5222: 5201: 5194: 5179: 5171: 5154: 5147: 5125: 5114:Bibliography 5092: 5086: 5074:. Retrieved 5054: 5047: 5035: 5011: 4999:. Retrieved 4979: 4972: 4960:. Retrieved 4940: 4933: 4896: 4884: 4872:. Retrieved 4852: 4845: 4836: 4830: 4821: 4815: 4805:21 September 4803:. Retrieved 4793: 4786: 4774:. Retrieved 4765: 4755: 4743:. Retrieved 4734: 4724: 4705: 4699: 4680: 4674: 4655: 4649: 4639: 4632: 4620:. Retrieved 4614: 4607: 4595:. Retrieved 4585: 4578: 4566:. Retrieved 4557: 4547: 4535:. Retrieved 4525: 4518: 4510: 4505: 4493:. Retrieved 4473: 4466: 4457: 4449: 4444: 4435: 4423:. Retrieved 4413: 4406: 4394:. Retrieved 4384: 4377: 4368: 4359: 4334: 4330: 4320: 4308:. Retrieved 4298: 4291: 4279:. Retrieved 4262: 4250:. Retrieved 4241: 4232: 4220:. Retrieved 4211: 4202: 4193: 4189: 4183: 4171:. Retrieved 4151: 4144: 4132:. Retrieved 4128: 4124: 4114: 4106: 4101: 4089:. Retrieved 4079: 4072: 4060:. Retrieved 4051: 4041: 4029:. 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