800:
869:
597:, and on 17 August, three policemen were injured by a stone-throwing mob of Nkomo supporters. By 14 August, both Sithole and Nkomo were calling for an end the violence in the African press, to little effect. Nkomo blamed the violence on ZANU supporters, arguing that his followers were using "self-defence against a group of power-hungry people who have failed to gain public support." Sithole likewise claimed that his supporters were not the instigators, stating that he had "a group of well-disciplined officials who can control the youngsters."
494:
823:, the MDC candidate, received the most votes, but did not gain an absolute majority; thus a runoff was necessary. Initial results led to MDC-T claiming the required majority. However, ballots were recounted at a National Command Centre over a period of over a month without the presence of independent observers. The election process that followed was marred by more violence against and intimidation of voters and party workers. Morgan Tsvangirai initially stated he intended to contest the
4431:
4467:
1062:
4503:
4443:
4455:
4417:
4351:
4491:
3874:
4479:
274:
927:
Grace Mugabe or
Emmerson Mnangagwa would succeed him as leader of the party. Following the 2017 Zimbabwe coup, ZANU–PF voted to depose Robert Mugabe as party leader and install the banished Emmerson Mnangagwa as leader instead. Before the Zimbabwean parliament could vote to impeach Mugabe, he resigned from the presidency on 21 November 2017. Mnangagwa was sworn in as the new President of the Republic of Zimbabwe on 24 November 2017.
1372:
1340:
1303:
1271:
1239:
1207:
1175:
2046:
2007:
1963:
1920:
1889:
1881:
1802:
1763:
1727:
1719:
1684:
1676:
1637:
1598:
1559:
1520:
1481:
1450:
1442:
2054:
2015:
1971:
1928:
1810:
1771:
1645:
1606:
1567:
1528:
1489:
4518:
624:. Compared to ZAPU, ZANU branded itself as taking a more confrontational approach to white-minority rule, while portraying Nkomo as weak, indecisive, and insufficiently revolutionary. ZANU messaging downplayed ethnicity as a factor in the divisions within the nationalist movement, instead highlighting strategic and ideological differences. By contrast, Nkomo pointed to
980:"government is committed to work on a compensation plan for former land owners." The compulsory acquisition of commercial farmland without compensation was discontinued in early 2018. In 2018, Mnangagwa stated that "all foreign investments will be safe in Zimbabwe" and called for "increased production and capacity and new investment in the country."
453:, which shared the same aims and tactics of its predecessor organisations. In September 1962, amid growing unrest in Southern Rhodesia's major towns, ZAPU was banned and many of its leaders detained. The colony's Unlawful Organisations Act was also amended in an attempt to prevent ZAPU from being reconstituted with a different name.
899:. An elective congress was scheduled for December 2014, in which ZANU–PF would elect members to fill vacancies in the central committee, politburo, and presidium, and most likely endorse the party's next candidate for president. This congress, which takes place every five years, is the most important elective organ for the party.
478:. According to Nkomo, he had received permission to form a government in exile, but by the time the rest of ZAPU's leadership arrived in Dar es Salaam, he had changed his mind and was opposed the idea. Other accounts describe a split between Nkomo, who preferred an externally-based movement, and others—including
988:
The ZANU–PF constitution establishes a hierarchical party structure consisting of: (1) the
National People's Congress, (2) the National People's Conference, (3) the Central Committee, (4) the National Consultative Assembly, (5) the National Assembly of the Women's League, (6) the National Assembly of
576:
Almost immediately following the split, violent clashes broke out between supporters of the rival parties in urban areas across the country. At one ZANU meeting in August 1963 in
Highfield, 200 supporters required the protection of Rhodesian police to hold their event, while a "milling pro-Nkomo mob
788:
were held on 31 March 2005. The party won 59.6% of the popular vote and 78 out of 120 elected seats. Later that year, 26 November, it won 43 of 50 elected senators. The parliamentary election was disputed as being unfair. The leader of the opposition MDC party said, "We are deeply disturbed by the
717:
of
December 1979, when the United Kingdom granted independence to Zimbabwe following a brief period of direct British control. During the 1980 general election campaign, the PF parties competed separately as ZANU–Patriotic Front (ZANU–PF) and Patriotic Front–ZAPU (PF–ZAPU). The election was won by
552:
outside
Salisbury, where he formed a new organisation, the People's Caretaker Council (PCP), to replace ZAPU, which was still banned. To preempt ZANU's growth, Nkomo took steps to solidify his hold on the masses, replacing ZAPU's existing centralised structure with a larger number of new, smaller
926:
was demoted from
Minister of Justice following a cabinet reshuffle, soon after he publicly claimed that he was poisoned, in early-October 2017. On 15 November 2017, a military coup in Zimbabwe resulted in President Robert Mugabe being placed under house arrest and led to speculation over whether
979:
policy on the issue of land redistribution in 2000s, encouraging seizure of commercial farms—usually owned by
Zimbabwe's white minority—"for the benefit of landless black majority". The inauguration speech of President Mnangagwa threw this program's support into question since he said that the
654:
from 21–23 May 1964. There, Ndabaningi
Sithole was elected as the party's first president, Leopold Takawira as vice-president, Robert Mugabe as secretary-general, Herbert Chitepo as national chairman, and Enos Nkala as treasurer. In his presidential address, Sithole told the congress that ZANU
572:
would be entrenched in the constitution guaranteeing the rights and freedom of every citizen." Sithole told the reporters that ZANU was "nonracial" and would accommodate "people who share a common destiny and democratic rule by the majority, regardless of race, colour, creed, or tribe." ZANU's
910:
was supported by a smaller group composed mainly of senior members of the security establishment, part of ZANU–PF's parliamentary caucus, younger party members, and a few influential parts of the
Zimbabwean business community. He had been with Mugabe since Zimbabwe gained independence and was
796:, the ZANU–PF lost its majority in parliament for the first time since independence, and held 94 seats out of the expanded 210 seats, with Sokwanele stating that this figure would have been lower had it not been for gerrymandering, electoral fraud, and widespread intimidation.
824:
2101:
63% of Common Roll votes. In the 1980 elections, two rolls of voters existed: the Common Role, which contained nonwhites and formed the vast majority of voters, and the White Roll, which contained white voters and formed a small minority of
504:
Nkomo returned to
Salisbury on 2 July 1963, after which a majority of the party executive that had remained in Dar es Salaam voted to remove him as president of ZAPU. In response, Nkomo suspended the various "rebels", including Sithole and
461:
African nationalist politics in Rhodesia in the 1960s were characterised by internal rivalries and disputes over strategy. Divisions within ZAPU came to a head in April 1963 when Nkomo called a meeting of the party's executive in
616:, and in and around the capital, Salisbury. Though neither party's leaders belonged exclusively to one ethnic group, the division arguably had an ethnic component, with ZAPU finding disproportionate support among the
444:
as its president. The SRANC, which demanded African majority rule, gained substantial support across the country, but was banned by the Southern Rhodesian government in February 1959. In turn, on 1 January 1960, the
573:
platform was quickly taken up by the press, and stood in contrast to ZAPU, which had not made public a comprehensive platform. ZAPU responded by attacking ZANU leaders' character and ideological bona fides.
4390:
989:
the Youth League, (7) the provincial coordinating committees, (8) the provincial executive councils, (9) the district committees, (10) the branch committees, and (11) the cell/village committees.
827:
but pulled out of the runoff saying a free and fair election was impossible in the current climate. The elections were held on 27 June with a single candidate, Robert Mugabe, who was re-elected.
906:
was seen by many as the most likely candidate. She had support from both the politburo and the population at large (demonstrated by the election of her loyalists to the youth league). Minister
789:
fraudulent activities we have unearthed", and various human rights groups reported that hundreds of thousands of "ghost voters" had appeared on the electoral roll of 5.8 million people.
490:
told the assembled ZAPU leaders that neither he nor other African heads of state supported the idea of a government in exile and that "victory" could only be achieved within Rhodesia.
3799:
3483:
545:
4554:
1089:(SI), having sent representatives with guest status to the SI congresses in 1980, 1992, and 1996, and was present at the Socialist International Africa Committee meeting in
1016:
769:
was the retired head of the armed forces, was elevated to the post of vice president of the party (the first woman to hold that office) at the expense of contender
4549:
914:
Mujuru lost the succession battle with Mnangagwa after being expelled from the party in 2015 a new power struggle began between Mnangagwa's faction (known as Team
3963:
3826:
4397:
3458:
470:(a position he later reversed), his extensive foreign travel in pursuit of international support for the movement, and his handling of the formation of a
4574:
522:
3341:
2512:
568:. It would also repeal the Land Husbandry Act and replace both by a new land redistribution law." In addition to land reform, Sithole pledged that "A
466:, where he had gone after ZAPU was banned in late 1962. The main criticisms of Nkomo were directed against his initial support of Southern Rhodesia's
467:
3150:
526:
449:(NDP) was formed. The NDP advocated a similarly militant platform, and was similarly banned in December 1961. In the same month, Nkomo formed the
3904:
1935:
1691:
1098:
853:
361:
4579:
4406:
4015:
3647:
2221:"Representation of Political Conflict in the Zimbabwean Press: The Case of The Herald, The Sunday Mail, Daily News and The Standard, 1999-2016"
1074:
857:
193:
509:, from the party. Unable to outmaneuver Nkomo within ZAPU, his opponents decided to create their own organisation. On 8 August 1963, Sithole,
4119:
3762:
849:
666:
The Patriotic Front (PF) was formed as a political and military alliance between ZAPU and ZANU during the war against white minority rule in
446:
561:—stayed with ZAPU, while many nationalist leaders who had come to prominence in 1960 or later—like Sithole and Mugabe—joined the new party.
3951:
3432:
3714:
4359:
4166:
2077:
433:
1101:, joined the SI in 2008. The Socialist International has condemned the actions of Zimbabwe's ZANU–PF-dominated government and military.
4027:
3819:
3249:
1097:, as recently as 1999. ZANU–PF has not attended any SI congresses or meetings since, and Zimbabwe's then-leading opposition party, the
360:, the ZANU–PF lost sole control of parliament for the first time in party history and brokered a difficult power-sharing deal with the
553:
branches. In the ZAPU–ZANU split, most of Nkomo's longtime allies who had been with him since the SRANC's formation in 1957—including
4324:
1066:
744:
695:
564:
On 22 August 1963, Sithole held ZANU's first press conference, telling reporters, "When the party came to power it would repeal the
4569:
4544:
4068:
1417:
600:
Despite facing initial backlash, ZANU did gain a following, and found particularly strong support in the eastern districts around
4330:
4038:
4021:
1019:. A third wing, the War Veterans' League, was established in 2022 and held its inaugural conference on 9 September of that year.
793:
691:
647:
357:
3672:
4584:
4564:
4114:
1617:
1578:
1539:
1461:
845:
816:
785:
930:
On 6 September 2019, Robert Mugabe died of cancer (according to Mnangagwa) at the age of 95. He was succeeded as President by
3934:
3916:
3835:
3812:
2870:
2838:
2778:
2726:
2677:
2650:
2618:
2326:
2072:
1217:
1185:
309:
3263:
4383:
4336:
2452:
3940:
3922:
3198:
4130:
3957:
3569:
2146:
450:
350:
996:. The other three members of the party's presidium, appointed by Mnangagwa on 29 October 2022, are Second Secretaries
799:
428:. On 12 September 1957, the CYL merged with the long-established but largely dormant Southern Rhodesia chapter of the
4172:
4160:
4003:
3888:
3020:
2374:
2248:
365:
3128:
992:
The current first secretary of ZANU–PF, reelected at the party's elective congress on 28 October 2022, is President
376:
4125:
3928:
3693:
3620:
2026:
1982:
1943:
1900:
1782:
1738:
1699:
1656:
1500:
1350:
1313:
1281:
1249:
1148:
946:
831:
808:
369:
740:, the opposition ZAPU, led by Nkomo, was absorbed through the Unity Accord with ZANU to form an official ZANU–PF.
4178:
4056:
4050:
2918:
1856:
577:
of thousand threatening death to the 'sellouts'" waited outside and stoned the cars of ZANU leaders Sithole and
538:
379:, ZANU–PF sacked Robert Mugabe as party leader, who resigned two days later, and appointed former Vice President
346:
3466:
565:
4190:
3862:
3517:
2889:
1012:
942:
683:
239:
130:
3894:
938:
733:
government bombed party headquarters, nearly killing many senior ZANU–PF leaders, including Robert Mugabe.
152:
4044:
915:
2554:
690:. Both movements contributed to their respective military forces. ZAPU's military wing was known as the
4559:
4033:
3969:
699:
475:
3735:
2794:
698:. The objective of the PF was to overthrow the predominantly white minority government, headed by the
4447:
4435:
3315:
838:
714:
429:
3419:
3392:
868:
3910:
3543:
2573:
2263:
2205:
958:
3054:
911:
regarded by many as a successor who could maintain stability after Mugabe eventually left office.
4375:
4154:
4092:
4062:
2316:
1086:
970:
617:
589:. The day after the meeting, Sithole "acknowledged miscalculation of Nkomo's mass strength." In
210:
2770:
The Urban Roots of Democracy and Political Violence in Zimbabwe: Harare and Highfield, 1940–1964
2164:
Cultures of Change in Contemporary Zimbabwe: Socio-Political Transition from Mugabe to Mnangagwa
4136:
3847:
2697:
889:
1077:, an association of six socialist political parties that were involved in the nationalist and
4196:
4148:
3981:
2238:
2123:
748:
314:
3106:
4539:
4364:
4184:
4087:
3975:
2082:
997:
304:
106:
54:
3594:
2424:
718:
Mugabe and ZANU–PF, with Nkomo and his PF–ZAPU retaining a stronghold in the provinces of
8:
4459:
3899:
471:
397:
170:
486:—who favoured an internal struggle and pressured Nkomo to return to Rhodesia. President
4295:
4225:
2973:
2965:
2491:
2297:
1987:
1743:
1318:
993:
976:
931:
923:
907:
885:
834:, which by the start of December 2008 had already killed between 500 and 3,000 people.
770:
637:
578:
497:
483:
380:
253:
178:
78:
44:
3075:
2513:"Rhodesia Enjoins Africans' Party; National Democratic Heads Arrested—Violence Flares"
4350:
4301:
4248:
4104:
4098:
3016:
2977:
2866:
2834:
2774:
2722:
2673:
2646:
2614:
2495:
2370:
2322:
2244:
2142:
820:
774:
530:
479:
437:
405:
401:
368:, gaining a two-thirds majority. The party narrowly held their super-majority in the
830:
Many blame ZANU–PF for neglecting to deal with Zimbabwe's problem with the mounting
4271:
3224:
2957:
2483:
2289:
1078:
1005:
643:
594:
514:
162:
68:
544:
In response to ZANU's formation, Nkomo called a mass meeting on 10 August 1963 at
353:(ZAPU) and retaining the name ZANU–PF, until 2017, when he was removed as leader.
4354:
4142:
3288:
3179:
3010:
2860:
2828:
2768:
2716:
2667:
2640:
2608:
2364:
2206:"ROBERT GABRIEL MUGABE | African Nationalist Leaders – Rhodesia to Zimbabwe"
1082:
1065:
Delegates from Zimbabwe and the ZANU–PF Youth League dance at the closing of the
558:
510:
421:
417:
413:
125:
3804:
3092:
2220:
743:
From 1999 to 2017, Mugabe faced a major political challenge from the opposition
4289:
4265:
4109:
3946:
3648:"Decoding China's Africa Strategy beyond 2021: A Discussion with Paul Nantulya"
3484:"Constitution of the Zimbabwe African National Union Patriotic Front (ZANU PF)"
2487:
766:
656:
569:
493:
487:
166:
2946:"Violence Variously Remembered: The Killing of Pieter Oberholzer in July 1964"
2293:
4533:
4277:
4242:
4219:
4213:
3736:"Meeting of the Socialist International Africa Committee, Maputo, Mozambique"
2471:
1861:
1422:
1153:
919:
896:
804:
778:
660:
582:
506:
463:
425:
342:
581:
as they left. Nkomo's support was even stronger in the African townships of
4430:
4283:
2180:
1001:
903:
892:
881:
873:
762:
755:
726:
719:
675:
671:
621:
613:
518:
441:
334:
58:
3342:"Zimbabwe's president declared election winner, opposition rejects result"
3250:
Cde ED Mnangagwa Sworn in as the new President of the Republic of Zimbabwe
2642:
Race and Diplomacy in Zimbabwe: The Cold War and Decolonization, 1960–1984
686:-backed ZANU led by Robert Mugabe, which operated mainly from neighboring
655:"stands for democracy, socialism, nationalism, one man/one vote, freedom,
4009:
3036:
841:
737:
549:
2773:. Rochester, New York: University of Rochester Press. pp. 134–137.
4466:
3763:"Zimbabwean socialist responds to 'palace coup' facing Mugabe's regime"
3196:
2969:
2301:
1094:
1061:
736:
In December 1987, after five years of the low-level civil war known as
687:
554:
534:
115:
3012:
The Struggle over State Power in Zimbabwe: Law and Politics since 1950
2277:
4307:
3316:"Zimbabwe: By-elections to provide 'hint of what is to come' in 2023"
2363:
Goldstone, Jack A.; Gurr, Ted Robert; Moshiri, Farrokh, eds. (1991).
730:
702:
625:
2961:
2830:
Coloniality of Power in Postcolonial Africa: Myths of Decolonization
4502:
4454:
4442:
3873:
3839:
3228:
3079:
667:
609:
601:
590:
586:
338:
183:
158:
4405:
2945:
957:
Officially, ZANU–PF has a leftist ideology. The party maintains a
273:
4490:
4471:
349:(ZANU) and then as president from 1987 after the merger with the
341:
since independence in 1980. The party was led for many years by
4478:
1090:
759:
679:
628:
as the main cause of the ZAPU–ZANU split in his autobiography.
605:
409:
3433:"Mugabe's land reform costs Zimbabwe $ 17 billion: economists"
436:(SRANC). The new organisation adopted the CYL's principle of "
4495:
2862:
Joshua Mqabuko Nkomo of Zimbabwe: Politics, Power, and Memory
651:
3792:
2610:
From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe: Behind and Beyond Lancaster House
287:
4483:
3366:
3264:"Ex-Zimbabwe leader Robert Mugabe dies at 95 in Singapore"
2139:
The State and Agrarian Change in Zimbabwe's Communal Areas
3621:"President in SA for former liberation movements meeting"
3289:"Zimbabwe uproar as roads named after Emmerson Mnangagwa"
2645:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 25–28.
631:
3180:"Zimbabwe ruling party expels Mugabe rival Joyce Mujuru"
3197:
Jeffrey Muvundusi and Tendai Kamhungira (23 May 2017).
3009:
Karekwaivanane, George Hamandishe (30 November 2017).
2321:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 145.
713:
Their common goal was achieved in 1980, following the
3694:"XIX Congress of the Socialist International, Berlin"
3570:"Zimbabwe's President Appeals for Ruling Party Unity"
2989:
2987:
2919:"President Mnangangwa's early days, political career"
2795:"Political Violence Breaks Calm in Southern Rhodesia"
902:
Although President Mugabe had not named a successor,
803:
ZANU–PF party regalia bearing the image of President
4555:
Former member parties of the Socialist International
3459:"Politburo Meeting Held on the 10th of January 2018"
2993:
2362:
2141:. Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan. pp. 93–96.
3340:Chingono, Nyasha; Banya, Nelson (27 August 2023).
2984:
2718:Zimbabwe: Struggles Within the Struggle, 1957–1980
2702:African Nationalist Leaders in Rhodesia: Who's Who
2559:African Nationalist Leaders in Rhodesia: Who's Who
2457:African Nationalist Leaders in Rhodesia: Who's Who
2429:African Nationalist Leaders in Rhodesia: Who's Who
3857:Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front
3834:
941:, ZANU–PF had a poor performance compared to the
705:, through political pressure and military force.
333:) is a political organisation which has been the
327:Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front
26:Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front
4531:
3518:"President reappoints Cdes Chiwenga, Mohadi VPs"
922: or G40) which had become violent by 2017.
694:(ZIPRA) and ZANU's guerrillas were known as the
4550:African and Black nationalist parties in Africa
3964:Zimbabwe African People's Union – Federal Party
2858:
2826:
2278:"Nationalism and Labour in Salisbury 1953–1965"
4407:Former Liberation Movements of Southern Africa
3415:
3413:
3008:
1383:
1075:Former Liberation Movements of Southern Africa
1052:7th National People's Congress (December 2022)
1046:6th National People's Congress (December 2014)
1043:5th National People's Congress (December 2009)
1037:4th National People's Congress (December 2004)
1034:3rd National People's Congress (December 1999)
1031:2nd National People's Congress (December 1994)
1028:1st National People's Congress (December 1989)
194:Former Liberation Movements of Southern Africa
4391:
3820:
3760:
3339:
3129:"We must all resign in December, says Mugabe"
1085:. ZANU–PF was previously affiliated with the
983:
608:. Meanwhile, ZAPU maintained an advantage in
3541:
2696:Cary, Robert; Mitchell, Diana, eds. (1977).
2695:
2606:
2553:Cary, Robert; Mitchell, Diana, eds. (1977).
2552:
2469:
2423:Cary, Robert; Mitchell, Diana, eds. (1977).
2422:
2236:
1049:Extraordinary Congress (12–17 December 2017)
4167:Southern Rhodesia African National Congress
3905:Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai
3420:President E.D Mnangagwa Inauguration Speech
3410:
3015:. Cambridge University Press. p. 192.
2766:
2669:In Pursuit of Freedom and Justice: A Memoir
2638:
2613:. London: Frank Cass & Co. p. 98.
2472:"Zimbabwe Nationalism in Southern Rhodesia"
2455:. In Cary, Robert; Mitchell, Diana (eds.).
2275:
2078:List of ruling political parties by country
1099:Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai
854:Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai
754:At the December 2004 five-year conference,
670:(now called Zimbabwe). The PF included the
620:and ZANU drawing its base largely from the
434:Southern Rhodesia African National Congress
391:
362:Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai
4575:Pan-Africanist political parties in Africa
4398:
4384:
3827:
3813:
3261:
3199:"Mugabe's Zanu PF brawls: Wheels come off"
2865:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 18.
2136:
2095:
1056:
858:Movement for Democratic Change – Mutambara
3761:Tengely-Evans, Tomáš (15 November 2017).
3542:Machivenyika, Farai (10 September 2022).
2721:. Harare: Rujeko Publishers. p. 17.
2476:A Current Bibliography on African Affairs
2450:
2366:Revolutions of the Late Twentieth Century
2130:
1109:
895:, began over the succession to President
880:In 2014, a battle between Vice President
863:
696:Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army
3952:Zimbabwe African National Union – Ndonga
3673:"Socialist International Congress, 1980"
3544:"War vets give Zanu PF renewed strength"
3515:
3390:
2859:Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J., ed. (2017).
2418:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2264:Breaking News -President Mugabe resigns!
2218:
2175:
2173:
1060:
867:
798:
492:
4022:Movement for Democratic Change Alliance
3645:
3107:"Zimbabwe cholera death toll nears 500"
2714:
2691:
2689:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2237:Chan, Stephen; Primorac, Ranka (2013).
918:) and Grace Mugabe's faction (known as
408:(CYL), formed in the colony's capital,
4532:
4028:Movement for Democratic Change – Ncube
3511:
3509:
3507:
2943:
2913:
2911:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2358:
2314:
2161:
1040:Extraordinary Congress (December 2007)
964:
846:Southern African Development Community
632:Bush War/Second Chimurenga (1964–1980)
4580:Political parties established in 1987
4379:
4069:Zimbabwe United People's Organisation
3935:United Movement for Democratic Change
3917:National Alliance for Good Governance
3808:
3568:Mhofu, Sebastian (15 December 2017).
3567:
3516:Ruzvidzo, Wallace (30 October 2022).
3478:
3476:
3225:"Ruling party sacks Mugabe as leader"
3057:. The Standard (Zimbabwe). 5 May 2013
2884:
2882:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2665:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2507:
2505:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2369:. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2170:
2073:List of political parties in Zimbabwe
786:2005 Zimbabwe parliamentary elections
773:and his supporters; Justice Minister
500:, ZANU's founding president, in 1955.
3425:
2994:Martin, D & Johnson, P. (1981).
2686:
2672:. Harare: Weaver Press. p. 34.
2383:
1104:
1067:World Festival of Youth and Students
765:like Mugabe, and whose late-husband
708:
692:Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army
3639:
3613:
3504:
3313:
2908:
2827:Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J. (2013).
2639:Scarnecchia, Timothy Lewis (2021).
2571:
2531:
2282:Journal of Southern African Studies
2240:Zimbabwe since the Unity Government
1822:
844:facilitated, under the auspices of
456:
345:, first as prime minister with the
13:
4516:
4415:
4131:Responsible Government Association
3473:
3037:"Zimbabwe - political party flags"
2879:
2847:
2813:
2735:
2627:
2591:
2502:
2435:
2335:
207:
140:
16:Ruling political party of Zimbabwe
14:
4596:
4173:Southern Rhodesia Communist Party
4004:Conservative Alliance of Zimbabwe
3784:
3646:Matanda, Dennis (19 March 2021).
3465:. 10 January 2018. Archived from
3151:"Zimbabwe waiting for the future"
3131:. NewsdzeZimbabwe. 18 August 2014
3093:"Mugabe's Zanu-PF loses majority"
2998:. Faber & Faber. p. 400.
2607:Morris-Jones, W. H., ed. (1980).
2572:Uys, Stanley (14 December 2000).
2470:Kornegay Jr., Francis A. (1969).
2453:"African Nationalism in Rhodesia"
2276:Raftopoulos, Brian (March 1995).
2219:Mungwari, Teddy (November 2017).
4501:
4489:
4477:
4465:
4453:
4441:
4429:
4349:
3987:Zimbabwe Youth in Alliance (ZYA)
3929:Patriotic Union of Mandebeleland
3872:
3076:Mugabe's party sweeps to victory
2833:. Dakar: CODESRIA. p. 207.
2052:
2045:
2044:
2013:
2006:
2005:
1969:
1962:
1961:
1926:
1919:
1918:
1888:
1887:
1880:
1879:
1808:
1801:
1800:
1769:
1762:
1761:
1726:
1725:
1718:
1717:
1683:
1682:
1675:
1674:
1643:
1636:
1635:
1604:
1597:
1596:
1565:
1558:
1557:
1526:
1519:
1518:
1487:
1480:
1479:
1449:
1448:
1441:
1440:
1370:
1338:
1301:
1269:
1237:
1205:
1173:
947:2023 Zimbabwean general election
832:2008 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak
272:
4570:Nationalist parties in Zimbabwe
4545:1987 establishments in Zimbabwe
4179:Southern Rhodesia Liberal Party
4057:Zimbabwe African National Union
4051:United African National Council
3958:Zimbabwe African People's Union
3754:
3728:
3707:
3686:
3665:
3595:"Zanu PF Congress starts today"
3587:
3561:
3535:
3451:
3384:
3359:
3333:
3307:
3281:
3262:hermesauto (6 September 2019).
3255:
3243:
3217:
3190:
3172:
3143:
3121:
3099:
3085:
3069:
3047:
3029:
3002:
2937:
2787:
2708:
2659:
2565:
2463:
2308:
674:-backed ZAPU, which was led by
539:Zimbabwe African National Union
451:Zimbabwe African People's Union
375:On 19 November 2017, following
351:Zimbabwe African People's Union
347:Zimbabwe African National Union
4161:Rhodesian White People's Party
4016:Movement for Democratic Change
3391:Robinson, Simon (1 May 2000).
2704:. Bulawayo: Books of Rhodesia.
2561:. Bulawayo: Books of Rhodesia.
2459:. Bulawayo: Books of Rhodesia.
2431:. Bulawayo: Books of Rhodesia.
2269:
2257:
2230:
2212:
2198:
2155:
2116:
2053:
2014:
1970:
1927:
1809:
1770:
1644:
1605:
1566:
1527:
1488:
751:elections of 9–11 March 2002.
745:Movement for Democratic Change
593:, two houses were bombed with
1:
4585:Political parties in Zimbabwe
4565:Nationalist parties in Africa
4191:United National Federal Party
3863:Citizens Coalition for Change
2767:Scarnecchia, Timothy (2008).
2555:"The Rev. Ndabaningi Sithole"
2519:. 10 December 1961. p. 2
2226:. University of South Africa.
2109:
1022:
943:Citizens Coalition for Change
2574:"The Rev Ndabaningi Sithole"
2137:Drinkwater, Michael (1991).
2124:"The Herald - Breaking news"
2088:
850:Government of National Unity
725:In December 1981, agents of
364:(MDC). ZANU-PF then won the
7:
2801:. 19 August 1963. p. 2
2066:
1384:National Assembly elections
1073:ZANU–PF is a member of the
1004:, and National Chairperson
952:
876:at a ZANU–PF rally in 2013.
794:2008 parliamentary election
358:2008 parliamentary election
10:
4601:
3970:Zimbabwe Development Party
2715:Sithole, Masipula (1999).
2488:10.1177/001132556900200202
984:Organisation and structure
968:
817:2008 presidential election
635:
386:
4514:
4424:
4413:
4345:
4317:
4258:
4235:
4206:
4120:National Democratic Party
4078:
4039:People's Democratic Party
3994:
3881:
3870:
3846:
3095:. BBC News. 3 April 2008.
3055:"Mutasa blasts Mnangagwa"
2996:The Struggle for Zimbabwe
2666:Msipa, Cephas G. (2015).
2451:Musarurwa, W. D. (1977).
2315:Mlambo, Alois S. (2014).
2294:10.1080/03057079508708434
2243:. Routledge. p. 17.
1986:
1860:
1742:
1733:Supermajority government
1573:Supermajority government
1534:Supermajority government
1421:
1317:
1152:
1142:
1139:
1134:
1119:
1116:
961:and a Central Committee.
839:President of South Africa
777:and Information Minister
715:Lancaster House Agreement
678:and operated mainly from
447:National Democratic Party
430:African National Congress
300:
285:
280:
271:
266:
252:
238:
234:Green, yellow, red, black
217:
200:International affiliation
199:
189:
177:
151:
136:
124:
114:
102:
84:
74:
64:
50:
40:
32:
23:
3923:National Patriotic Front
3911:Mthwakazi Republic Party
3439:. Cape Town. 12 May 2018
3422:, Accessed Jan 14, 2018.
3252:, accessed Jan 14, 2018.
2944:Ranger, Terence (1997).
2890:"Rhodesia ZANU Congress"
2266:, accessed Jan 14, 2018.
747:. Mugabe won 56% at the
642:ZANU held its inaugural
392:Predecessors (1955–1963)
4155:Rhodesia National Party
4063:Zimbabwe Unity Movement
4010:Forum Party of Zimbabwe
3740:Socialist International
3367:"Zanu-PF official site"
2162:Nyambi, Oliver (2021).
1087:Socialist International
1057:International relations
971:Land reform in Zimbabwe
939:March 2022 by-elections
211:Socialist International
179:Political position
4521:
4420:
4137:Rhodesian Action Party
3889:Coalition of Democrats
3109:. CNN. 2 December 2008
1110:Presidential elections
1070:
1069:in Johannesburg, 2010.
1011:The party maintains a
975:Mugabe pursued a more
877:
864:Post-Mugabe transition
812:
566:Land Apportionment Act
501:
131:ZANU–PF Women's League
90:; 61 years ago
4520:
4419:
4197:United Rhodesia Party
4149:Rhodesia Labour Party
3982:Zimbabwe Labour Party
3941:United People's Party
2318:A History of Zimbabwe
1694:coalition government
1064:
884:and Justice Minister
871:
852:between ZANU–PF, the
848:(SADC), a Zimbabwean
809:2008 general election
802:
496:
4365:Politics of Zimbabwe
4185:United Federal Party
4088:Central Africa Party
3976:Zimbabwe First Party
3800:ZANU–PF constitution
2083:Politics of Zimbabwe
1938:governing coalition
1816:Majority government
1777:Majority government
1651:Majority government
1612:Majority government
1495:Majority government
1456:Majority government
998:Constantino Chiwenga
412:, in August 1955 by
305:Politics of Zimbabwe
190:Regional affiliation
120:ZANU–PF Youth League
65:National Chairperson
55:Constantino Chiwenga
4298:(ZANU, ZANU–Ndonga)
3900:Mavambo/Kusile/Dawn
3160:. 29 September 2014
3158:www.crisisgroup.org
2698:"Enos Mzombi Nkala"
2060:Governing minority
2021:Governing minority
1977:Governing minority
1895:Governing majority
965:Land redistribution
472:government in exile
398:African nationalist
396:The first militant
171:African nationalism
4522:
4421:
4360:Parties by country
4296:Ndabaningi Sithole
4226:Emmerson Mnangagwa
3995:Defunct Zimbabwean
3652:The Habari Network
3393:"Power to the Mob"
3295:. 22 November 2019
3231:. 19 November 2017
3203:Zimbabwe Situation
2980:– via JSTOR.
2925:. 26 November 2017
2799:The New York Times
2517:The New York Times
2304:– via JSTOR.
1988:Emmerson Mnangagwa
1744:Emmerson Mnangagwa
1319:Emmerson Mnangagwa
1071:
994:Emmerson Mnangagwa
977:left-wing populist
945:. ZANU–PF won the
932:Emmerson Mnangagwa
924:Emmerson Mnangagwa
908:Emmerson Mnangagwa
886:Emmerson Mnangagwa
878:
813:
771:Emmerson Mnangagwa
659:, non-racism, and
638:Rhodesian Bush War
579:Nathan Shamuyarira
502:
498:Ndabaningi Sithole
484:Ndabaningi Sithole
381:Emmerson Mnangagwa
88:8 August 1963
79:Ndabaningi Sithole
51:Second Secretaries
45:Emmerson Mnangagwa
4560:Left-wing parties
4527:
4526:
4373:
4372:
4302:Morgan Tsvangirai
4249:Morgan Tsvangirai
4105:Confederate Party
4099:City Youth League
4079:Defunct Rhodesian
3895:Liberal Democrats
3836:Political parties
3722:Socialist Affairs
3715:"The XX Congress"
3701:Socialist Affairs
3680:Socialist Affairs
3601:. 26 October 2022
3320:www.aljazeera.com
3268:The Straits Times
2950:History in Africa
2872:978-3-319-60555-5
2840:978-2-86978-578-6
2780:978-1-58046-281-5
2728:978-0-7974-1935-3
2679:978-1-77922-381-4
2652:978-1-316-51179-4
2620:978-1-317-76100-6
2498:– via SAGE.
2328:978-1-107-02170-9
2181:"What is ZANU-PF"
2064:
2063:
1820:
1819:
1381:
1380:
1105:Electoral history
821:Morgan Tsvangirai
775:Patrick Chinamasa
709:Post-independence
595:Molotov cocktails
546:Cold Comfort Farm
523:Henry Hamadziripi
480:Enoch Dumbutshena
468:1961 constitution
438:one man, one vote
406:City Youth League
402:Southern Rhodesia
323:
322:
310:Political parties
240:National Assembly
4592:
4519:
4506:
4505:
4494:
4493:
4482:
4481:
4470:
4469:
4458:
4457:
4446:
4445:
4434:
4433:
4418:
4400:
4393:
4386:
4377:
4376:
4353:
4272:Arthur Mutambara
4045:Republican Front
3876:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3806:
3805:
3796:
3795:
3793:Official website
3778:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3767:Socialist Worker
3758:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3742:. September 1999
3732:
3726:
3725:
3719:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3698:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3677:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3513:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3488:
3480:
3471:
3470:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3314:Muronzi, Chris.
3311:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3259:
3253:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3205:. DailyNews Live
3194:
3188:
3187:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3155:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3089:
3083:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2991:
2982:
2981:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2915:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2886:
2877:
2876:
2856:
2845:
2844:
2824:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2764:
2733:
2732:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2693:
2684:
2683:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2636:
2625:
2624:
2604:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2550:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2509:
2500:
2499:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2448:
2433:
2432:
2420:
2381:
2380:
2360:
2333:
2332:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2177:
2168:
2167:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2120:
2103:
2099:
2056:
2055:
2048:
2047:
2040:
2017:
2016:
2009:
2008:
2001:
1973:
1972:
1965:
1964:
1957:
1930:
1929:
1922:
1921:
1914:
1891:
1890:
1883:
1882:
1875:
1827:
1826:
1823:Senate elections
1812:
1811:
1804:
1803:
1796:
1773:
1772:
1765:
1764:
1757:
1729:
1728:
1721:
1720:
1713:
1686:
1685:
1678:
1677:
1670:
1647:
1646:
1639:
1638:
1631:
1608:
1607:
1600:
1599:
1592:
1569:
1568:
1561:
1560:
1553:
1530:
1529:
1522:
1521:
1514:
1491:
1490:
1483:
1482:
1475:
1452:
1451:
1444:
1443:
1436:
1388:
1387:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1120:Party candidate
1114:
1113:
1079:anti-colonialist
1006:Oppah Muchinguri
548:, a multiracial
529:gathered at the
515:Leopold Takawira
457:Formation (1963)
400:organisation in
296:
293:
291:
289:
276:
261:
247:
232:
229:
226:
223:
209:
173:
163:Anti-imperialism
144:
142:
110:Harare, Zimbabwe
107:ZANU–PF Building
98:
96:
91:
69:Oppah Muchinguri
21:
20:
4600:
4599:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4590:
4589:
4530:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4517:
4512:
4500:
4488:
4476:
4464:
4452:
4440:
4428:
4422:
4416:
4409:
4404:
4374:
4369:
4341:
4327:(ZANU, ZANU–PF)
4313:
4286:(ZAPU, ZANU–PF)
4254:
4236:Prime Ministers
4231:
4202:
4143:Rhodesian Front
4080:
4074:
4034:Patriotic Front
3996:
3990:
3877:
3868:
3842:
3833:
3791:
3790:
3787:
3782:
3781:
3771:
3769:
3759:
3755:
3745:
3743:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3717:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3696:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3656:
3654:
3644:
3640:
3630:
3628:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3604:
3602:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3578:
3576:
3566:
3562:
3552:
3550:
3540:
3536:
3526:
3524:
3522:The Sunday Mail
3514:
3505:
3495:
3493:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3474:
3469:on 30 May 2018.
3457:
3456:
3452:
3442:
3440:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3418:
3411:
3401:
3399:
3389:
3385:
3375:
3373:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3350:
3348:
3338:
3334:
3324:
3322:
3312:
3308:
3298:
3296:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3272:
3270:
3260:
3256:
3248:
3244:
3234:
3232:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3208:
3206:
3195:
3191:
3186:. 3 April 2015.
3178:
3177:
3173:
3163:
3161:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3134:
3132:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3112:
3110:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3074:
3070:
3060:
3058:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3023:
3007:
3003:
2992:
2985:
2962:10.2307/3172030
2942:
2938:
2928:
2926:
2923:The Sunday News
2917:
2916:
2909:
2899:
2897:
2888:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2857:
2848:
2841:
2825:
2814:
2804:
2802:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2781:
2765:
2736:
2729:
2713:
2709:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2664:
2660:
2653:
2637:
2628:
2621:
2605:
2592:
2582:
2580:
2570:
2566:
2551:
2532:
2522:
2520:
2511:
2510:
2503:
2468:
2464:
2449:
2436:
2421:
2384:
2377:
2361:
2336:
2329:
2313:
2309:
2274:
2270:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2235:
2231:
2223:
2217:
2213:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2189:
2187:
2179:
2178:
2171:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2135:
2131:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2106:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2069:
2041:
2038:
2002:
1999:
1958:
1955:
1915:
1912:
1876:
1873:
1825:
1797:
1794:
1758:
1755:
1714:
1711:
1671:
1668:
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1593:
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1476:
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1386:
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1371:
1343:
1339:
1306:
1302:
1274:
1270:
1242:
1238:
1210:
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511:Herbert Chitepo
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418:Dunduzu Chisiza
414:James Chikerema
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3785:External links
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3627:. 7 March 2013
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767:Solomon Mujuru
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700:Prime Minister
657:pan-Africanism
644:party congress
636:Main article:
633:
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618:Ndebele people
570:bill of rights
527:Mukudzei Midzi
488:Julius Nyerere
458:
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4243:Robert Mugabe
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343:Robert Mugabe
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22:
19:
4507:
4304:(MDC, MDC–T)
4284:Joshua Nkomo
4268:(MDC–T, CCC)
4126:Reform Party
4093:Centre Party
3856:
3770:. Retrieved
3766:
3756:
3744:. Retrieved
3739:
3730:
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3490:
3467:the original
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2578:The Guardian
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2288:(1): 79–93.
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2184:
2166:. Routledge.
2163:
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2132:
2118:
2097:
1367:
1335:
1298:
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1234:
1202:
1170:
1140:First Round
1072:
1017:Youth League
1010:
1002:Kembo Mohadi
991:
987:
974:
956:
936:
929:
913:
904:Joice Mujuru
901:
893:Grace Mugabe
882:Joice Mujuru
879:
874:Grace Mugabe
836:
829:
825:second round
814:
791:
783:
756:Joice Mujuru
753:
749:presidential
742:
735:
727:South Africa
724:
720:Matabeleland
712:
676:Joshua Nkomo
672:Soviet Union
665:
641:
622:Shona people
614:Matabeleland
599:
575:
563:
543:
537:to form the
519:Edgar Tekere
503:
460:
442:Joshua Nkomo
432:to form the
395:
374:
355:
335:ruling party
330:
326:
324:
203:
126:Women's wing
103:Headquarters
59:Kembo Mohadi
33:Abbreviation
18:
3724:: 64. 1996.
3703:: 49. 1992.
3682:: 27. 1981.
3376:27 November
3351:3 September
3299:3 September
3235:19 November
2956:: 273–286.
2482:(2): 5–11.
872:Robert and
842:Thabo Mbeki
738:Gukurahundi
550:cooperative
137:Membership
4534:Categories
4259:Key people
4207:Presidents
3978:(ZimFirst)
3772:14 October
3746:14 October
3625:The Herald
3599:The Herald
3548:The Herald
3527:15 January
3273:8 November
3113:2 December
2110:References
1948:2,120,634
1905:1,101,931
1787:2,515,607
1748:2,477,708
1704:2,116,116
1661:1,110,649
1622:1,569,867
1583:1,211,284
1544:1,143,349
1505:1,690,071
1466:2,233,320
1427:1,668,992
1355:2,350,711
1323:2,460,463
1286:2,110,434
1260:2,150,269
1254:1,079,730
1222:1,685,212
1190:1,404,501
1158:2,026,976
1095:Mozambique
1023:Congresses
890:First Lady
688:Mozambique
682:, and the
650:suburb of
555:Jason Moyo
535:Enos Nkala
476:Tanganyika
267:Party flag
116:Youth wing
95:1963-08-08
4308:Ian Smith
4245:(ZANU–PF)
4228:(ZANU–PF)
4222:(ZANU–PF)
3966:(ZAPU–FP)
3859:(ZANU–PF)
3657:7 January
3631:7 January
3605:9 January
3579:9 January
3553:9 January
3496:9 January
3325:31 August
3164:9 October
3135:9 October
2978:159673826
2900:8 January
2805:8 January
2583:8 January
2523:7 January
2496:155605343
2089:Footnotes
1848:Position
1830:Election
1795:177 / 280
1756:179 / 270
1712:196 / 270
1552:118 / 120
1513:117 / 120
1409:Position
1391:Election
1117:Election
959:Politburo
731:apartheid
703:Ian Smith
626:tribalism
541:(ZANU).
531:Highfield
410:Salisbury
315:Elections
246:190 / 280
147:3,900,000
4355:Politics
3840:Zimbabwe
3293:BBC News
3229:BBC News
3080:BBC News
2067:See also
1934:ZANU PF–
1866:449,860
1690:ZANU PF–
1669:99 / 210
1630:78 / 120
1591:62 / 120
1474:64 / 100
1435:57 / 100
953:Ideology
856:and the
668:Rhodesia
610:Bulawayo
591:Bulawayo
587:Mufakose
533:home of
404:was the
339:Zimbabwe
184:Big tent
159:Populism
153:Ideology
4540:ZANU–PF
4508:ZANU–PF
4472:FRELIMO
4337:FROLIZI
4292:(MDC–N)
4274:(MDC–M)
4251:(MDC–T)
4169:(SRANC)
4081:parties
4030:(MDC–N)
3997:parties
3907:(MDC–T)
3850:parties
3491:Veritas
3463:ZANU–PF
3443:14 June
3437:News 24
3402:2 March
3346:Reuters
3184:Bbc.com
2970:3172030
2302:2637332
2185:ZANU-PF
2102:voters.
2039:33 / 80
2000:34 / 80
1956:37 / 80
1951:64.27%
1913:57 / 93
1908:45.79%
1874:43 / 66
1869:73.71%
1851:Result
1790:56.18%
1751:52.35%
1707:63.16%
1664:45.84%
1625:59.59%
1586:48.47%
1547:81.38%
1508:80.55%
1469:77.19%
1430:62.99%
1412:Result
1368:Elected
1358:52.60%
1336:Elected
1326:51.44%
1299:Elected
1289:61.88%
1267:Elected
1263:90.22%
1257:43.24%
1235:Elected
1225:56.20%
1203:Elected
1193:92.76%
1171:Elected
1161:83.05%
1135:Result
937:In the
916:Lacoste
837:Former
815:At the
807:in the
792:At the
684:Chinese
646:in the
387:History
356:At the
331:ZANU–PF
290:.zanupf
281:Website
260:33 / 80
218:Colours
93: (
85:Founded
75:Founder
36:ZANU–PF
4333:(ZAPU)
4280:(UANC)
4216:(ZANU)
4193:(UNFP)
4181:(SRLP)
4175:(SRCP)
4163:(RWPP)
4071:(ZUPO)
4059:(ZANU)
4053:(UANC)
3960:(ZAPU)
3937:(UMDC)
3931:(PUMA)
3919:(NAGG)
3891:(CODE)
3209:24 May
3061:23 May
3019:
2976:
2968:
2929:9 July
2869:
2837:
2777:
2725:
2676:
2649:
2617:
2494:
2373:
2325:
2300:
2247:
2190:9 June
2145:
1842:Seats
1836:Votes
1403:Seats
1397:Votes
1129:Votes
1123:Votes
1091:Maputo
760:Zezuru
680:Zambia
606:Umtali
583:Harare
525:, and
424:, and
254:Senate
231:
228:
225:
222:
139:(2022
4496:SWAPO
4331:ZIPRA
4325:ZANLA
4199:(URP)
4187:(UFP)
4157:(RNP)
4151:(RLP)
4139:(RAP)
4133:(RGA)
4122:(NDP)
4101:(CYL)
4065:(ZUM)
4041:(PDP)
4018:(MDC)
4012:(FPZ)
4006:(CAZ)
3984:(ZLP)
3972:(ZDP)
3943:(UPP)
3925:(NPF)
3913:(MRP)
3865:(CCC)
3718:(PDF)
3697:(PDF)
3676:(PDF)
3487:(PDF)
3154:(PDF)
2974:S2CID
2966:JSTOR
2492:S2CID
2298:JSTOR
2224:(PDF)
763:Shona
652:Gwelo
648:Mkoba
208:prev.
4484:MPLA
4310:(RF)
4145:(RF)
4095:(CP)
4047:(RF)
3774:2018
3748:2018
3659:2023
3633:2021
3607:2023
3581:2023
3555:2023
3529:2023
3498:2023
3445:2018
3404:2023
3397:Time
3378:2017
3353:2023
3327:2023
3301:2023
3275:2019
3237:2017
3211:2017
3166:2014
3137:2014
3115:2008
3063:2013
3017:ISBN
2931:2018
2902:2023
2867:ISBN
2835:ISBN
2807:2023
2775:ISBN
2723:ISBN
2674:ISBN
2647:ISBN
2615:ISBN
2585:2023
2525:2023
2371:ISBN
2323:ISBN
2245:ISBN
2192:2018
2143:ISBN
2057:1st
2027:2023
2018:1st
1983:2018
1974:1st
1944:2013
1931:1st
1901:2008
1892:1st
1857:2005
1845:+/–
1813:1st
1783:2023
1774:1st
1739:2018
1730:1st
1700:2013
1687:2nd
1657:2008
1648:1st
1618:2005
1609:1st
1579:2000
1570:1st
1540:1995
1531:1st
1501:1990
1492:1st
1462:1985
1453:1st
1418:1980
1406:+/–
1351:2023
1314:2018
1282:2013
1250:2008
1218:2002
1186:1996
1149:1990
1015:and
1000:and
784:The
758:, a
612:and
604:and
585:and
557:and
482:and
325:The
292:.org
204:None
141:est.
4460:CCM
4448:BDP
4436:ANC
3838:in
3574:VOA
2958:doi
2484:doi
2290:doi
1966:20
1936:MDC
1884:43
1766:17
1722:97
1692:MDC
1679:19
1640:16
1601:56
1523:53
1445:57
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474:in
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