Maize - Knowledge

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to explain to someone every year that when Biblical Ruth "stood in tears amid the alien corn" she was standing in a wheat field. But it was a near thing even with the Spaniards, when we read in Columbus' Journals that the grain "which the Indians called maiz... the Spanish called panizo.' The Spanish term was generic for the cereal grains they knew - wheat, millet, barley, oats - as was the Italian term polenta, from Latin pub. As was the English term "corn", which covered grains of all kinds, including grains of salt, as in "corned beef".

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output and reducing the need for cropland, pesticides, water and fertilizer. There is conflicting evidence to support the hypothesis that maize yield potential has increased over the past few decades. This suggests that changes in yield potential are associated with leaf angle, lodging resistance, tolerance of high plant density, disease/pest tolerance, and other agronomic traits rather than increase of yield potential per individual plant.

2156: 10494: 10470: 1861: 2200: 981: 2767: 2112: 931: 2266: 1604: 2178: 943: 10422: 10446: 997: 1220:. Genetically modified maize has been grown since 1997 in the United States and Canada; by 2016, 92% of the US maize crop was genetically modified. As of 2011, herbicide-tolerant maize and insect-resistant maize varieties were each grown in over 20 countries. In September 2000, up to $ 50 million worth of food products were recalled due to the presence of 3779: 4765:

the middle of the Eighteenth Century maize was simply called corn and grains in general were called breadstuffs. Thomas Hutchinson, discoursing to George III in 1774, used corn in this restricted sense speaking of "rye and corn mixed." "What corn?" asked George. "Indian corn," explained Hutchinson, "or as it is called in authors, maize."

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dispersed into lower Central America by 7600 BP and had moved into the inter-Andean valleys of Colombia between 7000 and 6000 BP. Given the number of Cauca Valley, Colombia, sites that demonstrate early maize, it is likely that the inter-Andean valleys were a major dispersal route for the crop after it entered South America

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adoption of maize agriculture and consumption in eastern North America took place about A.D. 900. Native Americans cleared large forest and grassland areas for the new crop. The rise in maize cultivation 500 to 1,000 years ago in what is now the southeastern United States corresponded with a decline of freshwater

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The use of the word "corn" for what is termed "maize" by most other countries is peculiar to the United States. Europeans who were accustomed to the names "wheat corn", "barley corn", and "rye corn" for other small-seeded cereal grains referred to the unique American grain maize as "Indian corn." The

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French linguistic imperialism, by way of a Parisian botanist in 1536, provided the term Turcicum frumentum, which the British quickly translated into "Turkey wheat", "Turkey corn", and "Indian corn". By Turkey or Indian, they meant not a place but a condition, a savage rather than a civilized grain,

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is harvested while the plant is green and the fruit immature. Sweet corn is harvested in the "milk stage", after pollination but before starch has formed, between late summer and early to mid-autumn. Field maize is left in the field until very late in the autumn to thoroughly dry the grain, and may,

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Corn, in orthodox English, means grain for human consumption, especially wheat, e.g., the Corn Laws. The earliest settlers, following this usage, gave the name of Indian corn to what the Spaniards, following the Indians themselves, had called maiz. . . . But gradually the adjective fell off, and by

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To say the word "corn" is to plunge into the tragi-farcical mistranslations of language and history. If only the British had followed Columbus in phoneticizing the Taino word mahiz, which the Arawaks named their staple grain, we wouldn't be in the same linguistic pickle we're in today, where I have

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Recent studies in the Central Balsas River Valley of Mexico, maize's postulated cradle of origin, document the presence of maize phytoliths and starch grains at 8700 BP, the earliest date recorded for the crop (Piperno et al. 2009; Ranere et al. 2009). A large corpus of data indicates that it was

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Since the 1940s, the best strains of maize have been first-generation hybrids made from inbred strains that have been optimized for specific traits, such as yield, nutrition, drought, pest and disease tolerance. Both conventional cross-breeding and genetic engineering have succeeded in increasing

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maize do not. All maize arose from a single domestication in southern Mexico about 9,000 years ago. The oldest surviving maize types are those of the Mexican highlands. Maize spread from this region to the lowlands and over the Americas along two major paths. The centre of domestication was most

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Maize spread to the rest of the world because of its ability to grow in diverse climates. It was cultivated in Spain just a few decades after Columbus's voyages and then spread to Italy, West Africa and elsewhere. By the 17th century, it was a common peasant food in Southern Europe. By the 18th

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Around 4,500 years ago, maize began to spread to the north. In the United States, maize was first cultivated at several sites in New Mexico and Arizona about 4,100 years ago. During the first millennium AD, maize cultivation spread more widely in the areas north. In particular, the large-scale

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The word "maize" is preferred in international usage because in many countries the term "corn", the name by which the plant is known in the United States, is synonymous with the leading cereal grain; thus, in England "corn" refers to wheat, and in Scotland and Ireland it refers to

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which ripen earlier and later, or by planting different areas at fortnightly intervals. Maize harvested as a grain crop can be kept in the field a relatively long time, even months, after the crop is ready to harvest; it can be harvested and stored in the husk leaves if kept dry.

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National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).

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in 1932. The two plants have dissimilar appearance, maize having a single tall stalk with multiple leaves and teosinte being a short, bushy plant. The difference between the two is largely controlled by differences in just two genes, called grassy tillers-1

1125:(a row of plants is grown from seeds of one parent), and the choosing of plants after pollination (which means that only the female parents are known). Later breeding efforts included ear to row selection (C. G. Hopkins c. 1896), hybrids made from selected 1695:

genetically most similar to modern maize. The middle part of the short Balsas River valley is the likely location of early domestication. Stone milling tools with maize residue have been found in an 8,700 year old layer of deposits in a cave not far from

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began with individuals who selected highly productive varieties in their fields and then sold seed to other farmers. James L. Reid was one of the earliest and most successful, developing Reid's Yellow Dent in the 1860s. These early efforts were based on

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system. Tropical cultivars can be problematic if grown in higher latitudes, as the longer days can make the plants grow tall instead of setting seed before winter comes. On the other hand, growing tall rapidly could be convenient for producing biofuel.

1921:. The combine with a corn head (with points and snap rolls instead of a reel) does not cut the stalk; it simply pulls the stalk down. The stalk continues downward and is crumpled into a mangled pile on the ground, where it usually is left to become 785:

of Mexico, the Indian Institute of Maize Research, the Maize Association of Australia, the National Maize Association of Nigeria, the National Maize Association of Ghana, the Maize Trust of South Africa, and the Zimbabwe Seed Maize Association.

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Emerson, Thomas E.; Hedman, Kristin M.; Simon, Mary L. (2005). "Marginal Horticulturalists or Maize Agriculturalists? Archaeobotanical, Paleopathological, and Isotopic Evidence Relating to Langford Tradition Maize Consumption".

2321: 1929:. The ear of maize is too large to pass between slots in a plate as the snap rolls pull the stalk away, leaving only the ear and husk to enter the machinery. The combine separates the husk and the cob, keeping only the kernels. 1876:

Sweet corn, harvested earlier than maize grown for grain, grows to maturity in a period of from 60 to 100 days according to variety. An extended sweet corn harvest, picked at the milk stage, can be arranged either by planting

897:), which provides a measure of protection against a wide range of pests. Because of its shallow roots, maize is susceptible to droughts, intolerant of nutrient-deficient soils, and prone to being uprooted by severe winds. 825:, but most of it falls within a few meters of the tassel and the risk is largely restricted to farm workers. The female inflorescence, some way down the stem from the tassel, is first seen as a silk, a bundle of soft 5753:

Lopes, Adelmary Prestes; Nóbrega, Lucia Helene Pereira; Pacheco, Fabio Palczewski; Cruz-Silva, Claudia Tatiana Araujo da (2016). "Maize varieties for baby corn yield and post-harvest quality under organic cropping".

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quern to grind maize into cornmeal. After ceramic vessels were invented the Olmec people began to cook maize together with beans, improving the nutritional value of the staple meal. Although maize naturally contains

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lesion nematodes in the roots can be "enormous". The effects on the plants include stunting, sometimes of whole fields, sometimes in patches, especially when there is also water stress and poor control of weeds.

1778:. Maize is most sensitive to drought at the time of silk emergence, when the flowers are ready for pollination. In the United States, a good harvest was traditionally predicted if the maize was "knee-high by the 1152:. A fast-flowering variety named mini-maize was developed to aid scientific research, as multiple generations can be obtained in a single year. One strain called olotón has evolved a symbiotic relationship with 1091:, a public repository for genome-sequence data. Sequencing of the maize genome was completed in 2008. In 2009, the consortium published results of its sequencing effort. The genome, 85% of which is composed of 3602: 1707:

has been found on the Caribbean coast. A primitive corn was being grown in southern Mexico, Central America, and northern South America 7,000 years ago. Archaeological remains of early maize ears, found at

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in South Africa and sadza, nshima, ugali and other names in other parts of Africa. Introduced into Africa by the Portuguese in the 16th century, maize has become Africa's most important staple food crop.

1160:(CIMMYT) operates a conventional breeding program to provide optimized strains. The program began in the 1980s. Hybrid seeds are distributed in Africa by its Drought Tolerant Maize for Africa project. 3798: 1909:. By hand or mechanical picker, the entire ear is harvested, which requires a separate operation of a maize sheller to remove the kernels from the ear. Whole ears of maize were often stored in 3692:. The price of food is indirectly affected by the use of maize for biofuel production: use of maize for biofuel production increases the demand, and therefore the price of maize. A pioneering 762:. The British later referred to maize as Turkey wheat, Turkey corn, or Indian corn; Fussell comments that "they meant not a place but a condition, a savage rather than a civilized grain". 8103: 419:

Maize is cultivated throughout the world; a greater weight of maize is produced each year than any other grain. In 2020, world production was 1.1 billion tonnes. It is afflicted by many

4688: 3814: 2725: 1122: 1913:, sufficient for some livestock feeding uses. Today corn cribs with whole ears, and corn binders, are less common because most modern farms harvest the grain from the field with a 6683: 3688:

fuel source. Home-heating furnaces which use maize kernels as a fuel have a large hopper that feeds the kernels into the fire. Maize is used as a feedstock for the production of

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maize and the promotion of a more balanced diet have contributed to its demise. Pellagra still exists in food-poor areas and refugee camps where people survive on donated maize.

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When maize was introduced into Western farming systems, it was welcomed for its productivity. However, a widespread problem of malnutrition soon arose wherever it had become a

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Figure 21: World production of primary crops, main commodities (Report). United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization, Statistics Division (FAOSTAT). November 29, 2023.

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valley of south-central Mexico. Maize reached highland Ecuador at least 8000 years ago. It reached lower Central America by 7600 years ago, and the valleys of the Colombian

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Maize is widely cultivated throughout the world, and a greater weight of maize is produced each year than any other grain. In 2020, total world production was 1.16 billion

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Prasanna, Boddupalli M.; Bruce, Anani; Beyene, Yoseph; Makumbi, Dan; Gowda, Manje; Asim, Muhammad; Martinelli, Samuel; Head, Graham P.; Parimi, Srinivas (November 2022).

1893:). From the 1890s onward, some machinery became available to partially mechanize the processes, such as one- and two-row mechanical pickers (picking the ear, leaving the 4410: 7458: 6866: 3446: 2531: 648:— since at least 1200–1500 BC, creating the process of nixtamalization. They did this to liberate the corn hulls, but coincidentally it also liberated the B-vitamin 1791:

in fact, sometimes not be harvested until winter or even early spring. The importance of sufficient soil moisture is shown in many parts of Africa, where periodic

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Pagán-Jiménez, Jaime R.; Guachamín-Tello, Ana M.; Romero-Bastidas, Martha E.; Constantine-Castro, Angelo R. (June 2016). "Late ninth millennium B.P. use of

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Piperno, Dolores R. (October 2011). "The Origins of Plant Cultivation and Domestication in the New World Tropics: Patterns, Process, and New Developments".

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are used to reduce the moisture content by blowing heated air through the grain. This can require large amounts of energy in the form of combustible gases (

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in each female flower, which develops into a kernel (often called a seed. Botanically, as in all grasses, it is a fruit, fused with the seed coat to form a

8141: 862:, or black grains. They are arranged in 8 to 32 rows around the cob; there can be up to 1200 grains on a large cob. Yellow maizes derive their color from 4785: 766: 7890: 7432: 7265: 1799:. Although it is grown mainly in wet, hot climates, it can thrive in cold, hot, dry or wet conditions, meaning that it is an extremely versatile crop. 847:

is the leaf most closely associated with a particular developing ear. This leaf and those above it contribute over three quarters of the carbohydrate (

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Wu, Chi-Chih; Diggle, Pamela K.; Friedman, William E. (September 2011). "Female gametophyte development and double fertilization in Balsas teosinte,

903: 1700:. Doebley and colleagues showed in 2002 that maize had been domesticated only once, about 9,000 years ago, and then spread throughout the Americas. 7180: 6746: 5893: 1157: 1068: 782: 2010:

spp. are the most common mycotoxin sources, and accordingly important in agriculture. If the moisture content of the harvested grain is too high,

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Rashid, Zerka; Singh, Pradeep Kumar; Vemuri, Hindu; Zaidi, Pervez Haider; Prasanna, Boddupalli Maruthi; Nair, Sudha Krishnan (January 10, 2018).

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into productive varieties. Rare alleles for this purpose were discovered by Dao and Sood, both in 2014. In 2018, Zerka Rashid of CIMMYT used its

8113: 6138: 11115: 7323: 1889:, most maize in North America was harvested by hand. This involved a large number of workers and associated social events (husking or shucking 656:. Once alkali processing and dietary variety were understood and applied, pellagra disappeared in the developed world. The development of high- 4680: 3833: 750:

is to plunge into the tragi-farcical mistranslations of language and history". Similar to the British usage, the Spanish referred to maize as

10867: 5991:"Genome-wide association study in Asia-adapted tropical maize reveals novel and explored genomic regions for sorghum downy mildew resistance" 3728:, Germany, 2007, using whole maize plants, not just the grain. The green tarpaulin top cover is held up by the biogas stored in the digester. 11055: 8684: 4638: 6103:"Comparative data concerning aflatoxin contents in Bt maize and non-Bt isogenic maize in relation to human and animal health – a review" 5682: 5252:

Wani, Shabir Hussain; Samantara, Kajal; Razzaq, Ali; Kakani, Grihalakshmi; Kumar, Pardeep (June 2022). "Back to the wild: mining maize (

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grass with a single stem, ranging in height from 1.2 m (4 ft) to 4 m (13 ft). The long narrow leaves arise from the

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has greatly increased output and qualities such as nutrition, drought tolerance, and tolerance of pests and diseases. Much maize is now

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Bassie, Karen (2002). "Corn Deities and the Complementary Male/Female Principle". In Lowell S. Gustafson; Amelia N. Trevelyan (eds.).

7918:"Maize feedstocks with improved digestibility reduce the costs and environmental impacts of biomass pretreatment and saccharification" 7044: 10278: 9782: 7678:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). 7478: 6161: 5216: 7554: 6448:"The cultural and chronological context of early Holocene maize and squash domestication in the Central Balsas River Valley, Mexico" 11125: 10714: 8552: 7641: 3754:

in Mitchell, South Dakota, uses cobs and ears of colored maize to implement a mural design that is recycled annually. The concrete

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Chatham, Laura A.; Paulsmeyer, Michael; Juvik, John A. (2019). "Prospects for economical natural colorants: insights from maize".

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Strable, Josh; Scanlon, Michael J. (2009). "Maize (Zea mays): A Model Organism for Basic and Applied Research in Plant Biology".

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c. 1918, 1922). University-supported breeding programs were especially important in developing and introducing modern hybrids.

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is used mainly in the United States and a handful of other English-speaking countries. In countries that primarily use the term

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after harvesting, where it dried further. It could then be stored for months until fed to livestock. Silage can be made in

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Whipple, Clinton J.; Kebrom, Tesfamichael H.; Weber, Allison L.; Yang, Fang; Hall, Darren; et al. (August 16, 2011).

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may compete with maize and reduce crop yields. Control may involve mechanical weed removal, flame weeding, or herbicides.

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Van Deynze, Allen; Zamora, Pablo; Delaux, Pierre-Marc; Heitmann, Cristobal; Jayaraman, Dhileepkumar; et al. (2018).

3572:, as this is more digestible and more palatable to ruminants than the dried form. Traditionally, maize was gathered into 1660:

suggested that domesticated maize was the result of a hybridization event between an unknown wild maize and a species of

6502:"Starch grain and phytolith evidence for early ninth millennium B.P. maize from the Central Balsas River Valley, Mexico" 5545: 5302: 3514:, which accounts for its lower status as a protein source. The proteins of beans and legumes complement those of maize. 1836: 10675: 7621: 7508: 6684:"Returning the 'three sisters' – corn, beans and squash – to Native American farms nourishes people, land and cultures" 4652: 1803: 1076: 8149: 11145: 9315: 7737: 7589: 6083: 6062: 5667: 5492: 4810: 885:

above 10 °C (50 °F). The control of flowering is set genetically; the physiological mechanism involves the

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or seeds. In modern commercial varieties, these are usually yellow or white; other varieties can be of many colors.

1704: 5447: 4806: 4447: 4260: 1779: 1192: 7167: 1598: 10872: 10766: 5443:"Host plant resistance for fall armyworm management in maize: relevance, status and prospects in Africa and Asia" 5117: 3895:

Contreras, A.; Ruíz Corral, J. A.; Menjívar, J.; Aragón Cuevas, F.; González Ledesma, M.; Sánchez, J. J. (2019).

1188: 1172: 8796: 7358:"Pests, pesticide use and alternative options in European maize production: Current status and future prospects" 7202:

Reisig, Dominic; Kesheimer, Katelyn; Bateman, Nick; Studebaker, Glenn; Meyer, Ron; et al. (July 22, 2022).

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McCaw, Morgan E; Wallace, Jason G; Albert, Patrice S; Buckler, Edward S; Birchler, James A (September 1, 2016).

4831: 4261:"Cultivated wetlands and emerging complexity in south-central Chile and long distance effects of climate change" 2739: 2309: 893:

Immature maize shoots accumulate a powerful antibiotic substance, 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (

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Vegetables, Revised: The Most Authoritative Guide to Buying, Preparing, and Cooking, with More than 300 Recipes

6614: 4757: 2459:) is a serious pest of stored grain. The Northern armyworm, Oriental armyworm or Rice ear-cutting caterpillar ( 10973: 2517: 915: 11135: 10854: 9775: 8948: 8244: 7894: 7436: 7295:(Haworth) as a serious pest of maize in Kullu (HP) India and recommendations for its integrated management". 4930: 3580:

or in silage wrappers. In the tropics, maize is harvested year-round and fed as green forage to the animals.

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maintains a large collection of maize accessions tested and cataloged for insect resistance. In 2005, the US

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Cattle wait alongside a fence as a truck distributes a grain feed composed of corn by-products into troughs.

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Pre-Columbian Foodways: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Food, Culture, and Markets in Ancient Mesoamerica

1878: 1811: 1213: 1072: 323: 10085: 7357: 7188: 5840:"Nitrogen fixation in a landrace of maize is supported by a mucilage-associated diazotrophic microbiota" 4667:

term was shortened to just "corn", which has become the American word for the plant of American genesis.

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depicts hundreds of ears of corn in a grassy field. A maize stalk with two ripe ears is depicted on the

553:. By 3000 years ago, maize was central to Olmec culture, including their calendar, language, and myths. 110: 11105: 10968: 10745: 10412: 9571: 8335: 8230: 8195: 7718: 6799: 5683:"Post-green-revolution trends in yield potential of temperate maize in the north-central United States" 5371: 4359: 3429: 1209: 7916:

Torres, Andres F.; Slegers, Petronella M.; Noordam-Boot, Cornelie M. M.; et al. (December 2016).

4505: 3909: 3896: 2040:, led by the United States with 31.0% of the total (table). China produced 22.4% of the global total. 1848: 11100: 10882: 10828: 10351: 10059: 9838: 9820: 8514: 8173: 7973: 7013: 6342: 5258: 4717: 4511: 4375: 2766: 2523: 2374: 2346: 1624: 854:

The grains are usually yellow or white in modern varieties; other varieties have orange, red, brown,

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Smith, C. Michael; Clement, Stephen L. (2012). "Molecular Bases of Plant Resistance to Arthropods".

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Fussell, Betty (1999). "Translating Maize into Corn: The Transformation of America's Native Grain".

3614: 813:, with separate male and female flowers on the same plant. At the top of the stem is the tassel, an 372:, whether as grain or as the whole plant, which can either be baled or made into the more palatable 11090: 10325: 10298: 9833: 9768: 9594: 8679: 5940: 4356:

The Body of the Conquistador: Food, Race, and the Colonial Experience in Spanish America, 1492–1700

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Maize sustains a billion dollars' worth of losses annually in the US from each of two major insect

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After the arrival of Europeans in 1492, Spanish settlers consumed maize, and explorers and traders

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Hermann, Hofbauer; Reinhard, R.; Klaus, Bosch; Reinhard, K.; Christian, Aichernig (January 2002).

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Gaut, Brandon S.; Le Thierry d'Ennequin, Maud; Peek, Andrew S.; Sawkins, Mark C. (June 20, 2000).

502: 10701: 10641: 9926: 9877: 9656: 9589: 8691: 8397: 8392: 7845: 7529: 7500: 7184: 6245:"grassy tillers1 promotes apical dominance in maize and responds to shade signals in the grasses" 4722: 4644: 4516: 4150: 1860: 1028:

variation within the genome derives from its teosinte ancestors, primarily due to the freedom of

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provided ground cover to stop weeds and inhibit evaporation by providing shade over the soil.

424: 295: 37: 10810: 7789: 7240: 6803: 6773: 4609: 4472: 4441: 4307:[Identifying maize residues in pottery vessels in northwestern Patagonia, Argentina]. 3564:. When the whole maize plant (grain plus stalks and leaves) is used for fodder, it is usually 2715:, a genetic variety that is high in sugars and low in starch, is eaten in the unripe state as 1754:

system is generally shallow, so the plant is dependent on soil moisture. As a plant that uses

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Certain varieties of maize have been bred to produce many ears; these are the source of the "

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bread to maize. Maize flour could not be substituted for wheat for communion bread, since in

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The American language : an inquiry into the development of English in the United States

881:, meaning that it requires nights of a certain length to flower. Flowering further requires 11065: 10649: 9856: 9699: 8619: 6623: 6607:"Prehistoric decline in freshwater mussels coincident with the advent of maize agriculture" 6515: 6500:

Ranere, Anthony J.; Piperno, Dolores R.; Holst, Irene; Dickau, Ruth; Iriarte, José (2009).

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Ranere, Anthony J.; Piperno, Dolores R.; Holst, Irene; Dickau, Ruth; Iriarte, José (2009).

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century, it was the chief food of the southern French and Italian peasantry, especially as

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for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from

2751: 2550: 2417: 1902: 1180: 1130: 432: 75: 7101:"Climatic changes and the potential future importance of maize diseases: a short review" 6907:. United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization, Statistics Division (FAOSTAT). 2018 6627: 6606: 6519: 6465: 6198: 6006: 5620: 5563: 4557: 4118: 4015: 3943: 2405:; in 2022, the most damaging disease was tar spot, which caused losses of 116.8 million 2362:

can affect maize growth and development, including invertebrates, weeds, and pathogens.

1717: 581: 11027: 10947: 10548: 10462: 10438: 10399: 10200: 10025: 10013: 9919: 9749: 9744: 8504: 8489: 8270: 8000: 7944: 7917: 7405: 7387: 7215: 7120: 6950: 6870: 6639: 6587: 6579: 6538: 6501: 6484: 6447: 6425: 6271: 6244: 6166: 6031: 5990: 5971: 5866: 5839: 5815: 5704: 5639: 5602: 5583: 5469: 5442: 5283: 5194: 5163: 5061: 5034: 4711: 4579: 4392: 4305:"Identificación de maiz de vasijas recuperadas de la Patagonia noroccidental argentina" 4285: 4256: 4224: 4212: 4077: 3352: 3293: 2912: 2390: 1763: 1755: 1709: 1692: 1620: 1612: 1096: 1037: 882: 622: 610: 593: 349: 105: 10934: 10247: 7867: 7840: 6367: 5084: 4879:"The Maize Association of Nigeria honors IITA for supporting the nation's agriculture" 4373:

Langer, William L. (1975). "American Foods and Europe's Population Growth 1750–1850".

4034: 3997: 3684:) use either feed maize or wood pellets to generate heat. Maize cobs can be used as a 10916: 10623: 10320: 10212: 9844: 8664: 8451: 8199: 7996: 7949: 7872: 7689: 7679: 7617: 7564: 7533: 7504: 7373: 7219: 7100: 7078: 6954: 6940: 6809: 6779: 6726: 6662: 6635: 6591: 6543: 6489: 6417: 6359: 6310: 6276: 6222: 6217: 6182: 6036: 6018: 5963: 5871: 5820: 5802: 5733: 5644: 5575: 5550: 5544:

Schnable, P. S.; Ware, D.; Fulton, R. S.; Stein, J. C.; Wei, F.; et al. (2009).

5474: 5394: 5347: 5339: 5287: 5275: 5198: 5167: 5155: 5066: 5013: 4969: 4753: 4648: 4613: 4571: 4484: 4480: 4451: 4220: 4154: 4039: 3975: 3970: 3957: 3925: 3643: 3557: 3488: 3204: 2623: 2461: 1914: 1747: 1153: 1001: 649: 598: 573: 478: 9760: 9152: 8004: 7585: 7391: 7204:"Corn Invertebrate Loss Estimates from the United States and Ontario, Canada — 2021" 7181:"Bt Corn & European Corn Borer: Long-Term Success Through Resistance Management" 7124: 6841: 5975: 5708: 5587: 4323: 4304: 4289: 4081: 980: 794: 742:

The historian of food Betty Fussell writes in an article on the history of the word

679: 11032: 10628: 10486: 10252: 10163: 10003: 9900: 9734: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9651: 9621: 9301: 9137: 9031: 8965: 8532: 8466: 7939: 7929: 7862: 7858: 7854: 7377: 7369: 7338: 7304: 7207: 7112: 6969: 6932: 6643: 6631: 6571: 6533: 6523: 6479: 6469: 6429: 6409: 6351: 6266: 6256: 6212: 6202: 6114: 6026: 6010: 5955: 5939:

Chakradhar, Thammineni; Hindu, Vemuri; Reddy, Palakolanu Sudhakar (December 2017).

5861: 5851: 5810: 5794: 5763: 5696: 5634: 5624: 5567: 5464: 5456: 5384: 5331: 5267: 5223: 5190: 5147: 5056: 5046: 4961: 4583: 4561: 4384: 4328: 4318: 4277: 4122: 4069: 4029: 4019: 3965: 3947: 3904: 3565: 3561: 3496: 3221: 2634:. The Maya used nixtamal meal to make porridges and tamales. Maize is a staple of 1783: 1697: 1657: 1204: 1116:

Maize breeding in prehistory resulted in large plants producing large ears. Modern

1009: 603: 267: 10986: 10732: 10096: 8791: 6722: 2689: 2471:

too are pests of maize. It is likely that every maize plant harbors some nematode

2381:

is a problem in Asia. Some fungal diseases of maize produce potentially dangerous

10903: 10820: 10582: 10569: 10361: 10223: 10173: 9672: 9203: 9112: 8801: 8461: 8189: 8156: 8145: 7482: 6708: 6298: 5856: 5767: 5700: 5088: 4952:

Rusike, Joseph; Donovan, Philip A (1995). "The maize seed industry in Zimbabwe".

4749: 4126: 3705: 3492: 2803: 2790: 2716: 2694: 2635: 2631: 2601: 2413: 2359: 1667: 1134: 826: 550: 482: 420: 405: 148: 11009: 10859: 8080: 7733: 5798: 5365:

Friedman, William E.; Moore, Richard C.; Purugganan, Michael D. (October 2004).

4231: 3998:"A single domestication for maize shown by multilocus microsatellite genotyping" 1224:

genetically modified corn, which had been approved only for animal consumption.

11060: 10942: 10559: 9895: 9792: 9661: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9358: 9223: 9061: 9056: 8995: 8771: 8736: 8716: 8019: 7673: 7139:"Corn Disease Loss Estimates From the United States and Ontario, Canada — 2022" 6014: 5460: 5271: 5151: 5000:

Solaimalai, A.; Anantharaju, P.; Irulandi, S.; Theradimani, M. (May 10, 2020).

4538:

Ranum, Peter; Peña-Rosas, Juan Pablo; Garcia-Casal, Maria Nieves (April 2014).

4259:; Bonzani, Renée; Silva, Claudia; Wallner, Johannes; Le Quesne, Carlos (2007). 3824: 3805: 3743: 3739: 2398: 1922: 1117: 1049: 878: 486: 440: 135: 7934: 7308: 6413: 6059:"Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2016 – ISAAA Brief 52-2016" 5959: 5782: 4965: 4281: 3926:"Archaeological evidence of teosinte domestication from Guilá Naquitz, Oaxaca" 3523: 837:) when it is pollinated. A whole female inflorescence develops into an ear or 11049: 10805: 10680: 10498: 10474: 10450: 10371: 10037: 9729: 9694: 9539: 9475: 9233: 9228: 8960: 8943: 8781: 8674: 8589: 8471: 8456: 8407: 8263: 7291:

Thakur, J. N.; Rawat, U. S.; Pawar, A. D. (1987). "First Record of Armyworm,

6905:"Maize production in 2017, Crops/Regions/Production Quantity from pick lists" 6718: 6022: 5806: 5343: 4973: 4681:"'All Corn Is the Same,' and Other Foolishness about America's King of Crops" 4351: 3961: 3769: 3756: 3655: 3456: 3066: 3056: 2996: 2868: 2655: 2654:

and many other dishes of Central American food. It is the main ingredient of

2486: 2444: 2366: 2073: 1898: 1890: 1713: 1642: 1632: 1149: 1005: 874:; and orange and green varieties may contain combinations of these pigments. 814: 806: 688: 645: 330: 253: 161: 95: 90: 9293: 7211: 6528: 6474: 6299:"Chapter 1.1 Corn, strange and marvelous: but is a definitive origin known?" 6261: 6207: 6119: 6102: 5629: 5571: 4904:"SARD-SC Maize component supports the launch of the Ghana Maize Association" 3725: 1167:

remain an important and underused source of resistance alleles – both those

450:

As a food, maize is used to make a wide variety of dishes including Mexican

10999: 10533: 10313: 10183: 10020: 9978: 9958: 9807: 9641: 9516: 9507: 9457: 9432: 9328: 9248: 9046: 8826: 8761: 8741: 8731: 8711: 8494: 8367: 8104:"From oddity to cherished Dublin icon, 'Field of Corn' celebrates 25 years" 7953: 7876: 7693: 7560: 6973: 6547: 6493: 6421: 6363: 6330: 6280: 6226: 6174: 6040: 5967: 5875: 5824: 5648: 5579: 5478: 5398: 5389: 5366: 5351: 5279: 5202: 5159: 5070: 5051: 5006:

Maize Crop: Improvement, Production, Protection and Post Harvest Technology

4777: 4575: 4252: 4043: 4024: 3979: 3952: 3820: 3785: 3761: 3689: 3677: 3667: 3651: 3378: 2834: 2627: 2609: 2584:

in many regions of the world. Maize is used to produce the food ingredient

2477: 2452: 2369:. Those of economic importance include diseases of the leaf, smuts such as 2249: 2057: 2011: 1886: 1688: 1676: 1414: 1249: 1176: 802: 618: 542: 527: 522: 409: 342: 338: 303: 7636: 7459:

Where Bourbon Really Got Its Name and More Tips on America's Native Spirit

5496: 2327:

Maize (pink strip) is the second most widely produced primary crop, after

1095:, contains 32,540 genes. Much of it has been duplicated and reshuffled by 909:

Many small male flowers make up the male inflorescence, called the tassel.

10841: 10753: 10592: 10542: 10426: 10356: 10308: 10303: 10288: 10074: 10047: 10008: 9993: 9968: 9827: 9437: 9213: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9117: 9107: 9071: 9005: 8990: 8938: 8928: 8721: 8659: 8644: 8583: 8578: 8435: 8430: 8357: 6904: 6890: 6575: 5035:"Maize pollen is an important allergen in occupationally exposed workers" 4471:

Thompson, Janice J.; Manore, Melinda; Vaughan, Linda (January 15, 2016).

4388: 3894: 3857: 3839: 3751: 3701: 3671: 3647: 3589: 3549: 3533: 3529: 3476: 2818: 2668: 2581: 2501: 2496: 2019: 2000: 1894: 1807: 1762:, maize is a considerably more water-efficient crop than plants that use 1652: 1628: 1527: 1493: 886: 871: 867: 859: 731:, such as wheat in England and oats in Scotland or Ireland. The usage of 728: 700: 637: 577: 546: 393: 369: 353: 326: 214: 204: 174: 10908: 9278: 8726: 8191:

Maize: Origin, Domestication, and Its Role in the Development of Culture

7760: 7382: 6583: 6180: 4999: 4216: 580:, maize was traded and transported as far south as 40° S in Melinquina, 439:, have each caused annual losses of a billion dollars in the US. Modern 10719: 10217: 10153: 9998: 9963: 9724: 9666: 9122: 9000: 8955: 8852: 8669: 8607: 8372: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8300: 7116: 5335: 4566: 4539: 4396: 4333: 4309: 3697: 3507: 3480: 3238: 3187: 3153: 2976: 2946: 2926: 2712: 2589: 2585: 2472: 2426: 2365:

Maize is susceptible to a large number of fungal, bacterial, and viral

1428: 1092: 1041: 1021: 863: 818: 810: 736: 436: 397: 381: 377: 8786: 7775: 7342: 6772:

Smith, C. Wayne; Betrán, Javier; Runge, Edward C. A. (March 8, 2004).

4417:. The European Food Information Council. December 2001. Archived from 10758: 10727: 10662: 10341: 10257: 10158: 9983: 9942: 9890: 9689: 9613: 9524: 9403: 9398: 9258: 9253: 9238: 9182: 9066: 9036: 8933: 8882: 8751: 8746: 8527: 8499: 8384: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8224: 6936: 5746: 5662:

Jugenheimer, Robert W. (1958). "Agricultural Development Paper #62".

5009: 4857: 4835: 4605: 4240:

with which the Turks concurred, calling it kukuruz, meaning barbaric.

4103:

L. at Cubilán area, highland Ecuador, revealed by ancient starches".

3700:, Austria, started operating in 2005. It would be possible to create 3681: 3545: 3541: 3271: 3146: 3036: 2936: 2705: 2386: 2382: 2370: 2341: 2328: 2227: 2139: 1995: 1910: 1827: 1662: 1478: 1289: 1266: 1261: 1156:

microbes, which provides the plant with 29%–82% of its nitrogen. The

1145: 922: 855: 834: 319: 10504: 1183:

panel, developed for tropical drought tolerance traits. to find new

10994: 10527: 10241: 10206: 10131: 10121: 10064: 9796: 9548: 9243: 9092: 9076: 9051: 9041: 8892: 8821: 8649: 8634: 8024:. Westport, Conn. and London: Bergin&Garvey. pp. 169–190. 7356:

Meissle, Michael; Mouron, Patrik; Musa, Tomke; et al. (2010).

7048: 6926: 6101:

Ostrý, Vladimír; Malíř, František; Pfohl-Leszkowicz, Annie (2015).

4995: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4073: 3742:, usually female. In the United States, maize ears are carved into 3639: 3631: 3472: 3170: 3026: 3006: 2786: 2676: 2647: 2605: 2577: 2507: 2468: 2006: 1819: 1616: 1532: 1355: 1314: 1217: 1164: 1057: 1033: 822: 653: 569: 561: 518: 514: 451: 401: 385: 311: 10771: 10667: 8836: 4179:

Roney, John (Winter 2009). "The Beginnings of Maize Agriculture".

3995: 1623:. The teosinte origin theory was proposed by the Russian botanist 756:, a generic term for cereal grains, as did Italians with the term 537:

The earliest maize plants grew a single, small ear per plant. The

10636: 10493: 10148: 10142: 10091: 9973: 9950: 9578: 9388: 9273: 9177: 9102: 9097: 8923: 8887: 8872: 8867: 8811: 8806: 8756: 8522: 8425: 8350: 8345: 8255: 6805:

Biorenewable Resources: Engineering New Products from Agriculture

4637:

McLellan Plaisted, Susan (2013). "Corn". In Smith, Andrew (ed.).

3996:

Matsuoka, Y.; Vigouroux, Y.; Goodman, M. M.; et al. (2002).

3871: 3685: 3593: 3537: 3484: 3460: 3126: 3086: 3076: 3046: 2986: 2956: 2773: 2758: 2680: 2406: 2298: 2161: 2015: 1792: 1775: 1771: 1453: 1337: 1278: 1245: 1088: 1017: 838: 699:

is preferred in formal, scientific, and international usage as a

630: 557: 470: 459: 413: 299: 194: 10654: 7915: 7201: 5889: 4980: 4251: 3455:

Raw, yellow, sweet maize kernels are composed of 76% water, 19%

1918: 1603: 809:

or joints, alternately on opposite sides on the stalk. Maize is

10194: 10126: 10042: 9988: 9584: 9368: 9348: 9336: 9324: 9268: 9218: 9172: 9147: 9142: 9132: 9010: 8985: 8980: 8877: 8862: 8857: 8816: 4092: 3635: 3569: 3553: 3511: 3500: 3254: 3150: 3096: 3016: 2966: 2848: 2698: 2659: 2617: 2600:, a sweetener. Maize may be fermented and distilled to produce 2593: 2271: 2205: 2117: 1978: 1823: 1796: 1787: 1730: 1716:, are roughly 6,250 years old; the oldest ears from caves near 1310: 1216:

crops grown commercially in 2016. The vast majority of this is

1184: 1126: 1080: 1025: 894: 848: 830: 724: 657: 641: 565: 463: 455: 428: 373: 334: 184: 8171:

Byerlee, Derek. "The globalization of hybrid maize, 1921–70."

7495:

Pilcher, Jeffrey M. (2012). "Maize and the Making of Mexico".

6605:

Peacock, Evan; Haag, Wendell R.; Warren, Melvin L. Jr (2005).

6301:. In Smith, C. Wayne; Betrán, Javier; Runge, E. C. A. (eds.). 5982: 5837: 4503: 3901:

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: E.T77726273A77726310

3548:. When the grain is used for feed, the rest of the plant (the 2666:

and the dishes based on these. The corn smut fungus, known as

1607:

Teosinte (left), maize-teosinte hybrid (middle), maize (right)

517:

for it to propagate. The kernels of its naturally-propagating

10445: 10168: 10101: 10054: 9646: 9485: 9480: 9467: 9417: 9353: 9263: 9208: 9198: 9127: 9015: 8975: 8913: 8908: 8831: 8776: 7774:

Heuzé, V.; Tran, G.; Edouard, N.; Lebas, F. (June 21, 2017).

7759:

Heuzé, V.; Tran, G.; Edouard, N.; Lebas, F. (June 22, 2017).

6871:"International Grains Council Market Report 28 November 2013" 6183:"Maize as a model for the evolution of plant nuclear genomes" 6135:"ISAAA Pocket K No. 2: Plant Products of Biotechnology, 2018" 5941:"Genomic-based-breeding tools for tropical maize improvement" 5752: 5131: 4687:: College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences. 3738:

In Mesoamerica, maize is seen as a vital force, deified as a

3581: 3573: 2858: 2701: 2663: 2651: 2183: 2095: 2037: 1991: 1906: 1391: 1257: 1238: 614: 538: 531: 466: 361: 122: 10421: 9911: 7994: 5416: 10136: 10106: 9393: 9378: 8970: 8918: 8766: 8654: 8639: 8219: 7664: 7430: 7092: 5546:"The B73 Maize Genome: Complexity, Diversity, and Dynamics" 5110:"Before applying fungicides to corn: Stop! Look! Consider!" 4537: 3876: 3789: 3577: 3468: 2639: 1926: 1818:; the beans provided nitrogen derived from nitrogen-fixing 1815: 1751: 1253: 996: 584:, Argentina, probably brought across the Andes from Chile. 389: 365: 315: 273: 44: 7891:"Corn for Home Heat: A Green Idea That Never Quite Popped" 7642:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels" 6100: 5440: 1063:

The Maize Genetics and Genomics Database is funded by the

602:

Cultivation of maize, in an illustration from the 16th c.

10116: 9383: 9373: 6867:

International Grains Council (international organization)

5780: 5251: 3585: 3464: 2888: 1084: 703:

because it refers specifically to this one grain, unlike

6499: 6445: 5934: 5932: 1990:

Drying is vital to prevent or at least reduce damage by

1060:

motif is involved in the development of maize flowers.

817:

of male flowers; their anthers release pollen, which is

5543: 5364: 5256:

L.) disease resistance using advanced breeding tools".

5033:

Oldenburg, Marcus; Petersen, Arnd; Baur, Xaver (2011).

4540:"Global maize production, utilization, and consumption" 521:

ancestor fall off the cob on their own, while those of

7778:. Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. 7763:. Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. 6928:

World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2021

6242: 5988: 5137: 4440:

Staller, John; Carrasco, Michael (November 24, 2009).

1044:

theory of "jumping genes", for which she won the 1983

348:

Maize relies on humans for its propagation. Since the

10410: 9790: 8134: 7773: 7758: 7517: 7433:"Factsheet on Glucose Fructose Syrups and Isoglucose" 7166:

Extension and Utah Plant Pest Diagnostic Laboratory.

7098: 6714:

1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus

5929: 5032: 4470: 1733:, which are very sensitive to environmental changes. 1260:, which are in the other major group of grasses, the 1129:

lines (G. H. Shull, 1909), and the highly successful

691:

used the common name maize as the species epithet in

384:

varieties are used for animal feed, for uses such as

276: 5938: 5783:"Fast-Flowering Mini-Maize: Seed to Seed in 60 Days" 5315: 4832:"Overview – ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research" 4640:

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America

1901:

designed specifically for maize. The latter produce

1822:

bacteria which live on the roots of beans and other

841:, enveloped by multiple leafy layers or husks. The 640:. Indigenous Americans had learned to soak maize in 7969:"As global food costs rise, are biofuels to blame?" 7497:

Planet taco : a global history of Mexican food

7349: 7241:"fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)" 6162:"Kraft Recalls Taco Shells With Bioengineered Corn" 6096: 6094: 6092: 5603:"A cornucopia of Helitrons shapes the maize genome" 5358: 4945: 4786:

Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International

4709: 4433: 1795:regularly causes maize crop failure and consequent 1666:, a related genus; this has been refuted by modern 767:

Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International

270: 7839:Liggett, R. Winston; Koffler, H. (December 1948). 7675:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium 6560: 5519:"Researchers sequence genome of maize, a key crop" 4931:"THE MAIZE TRUST: Custodian of the maize industry" 4710: 4630: 4504: 3676:Feed maize is being used for heating; specialized 1786:generally exceed this growth rate. Maize used for 1691:valley in Mexico's southwestern highlands, as the 545:cultivated maize in numerous varieties throughout 329:. The leafy stalk of the plant gives rise to male 7355: 6822: 6775:Corn: Origin, History, Technology, and Production 6656: 6604: 6303:Corn: Origin, History, Technology, and Production 4858:"Maize Association - Maize Association Australia" 4636: 3910:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T77726273A77726310.en 3303: 3136: 1252:of Old World grasses, and much more distantly to 11047: 7290: 7099:Juroszek, Peter; von Tiedemann, Andreas (2013). 6771: 6711:(July 2011). "Cotton (or Anchovies) and Maize". 6391: 6089: 6086:: Executive Summary, retrieved September 9, 2012 5600: 5434: 5245: 4403: 2615:In prehistoric times, Mesoamerican women used a 1158:International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center 1069:International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center 783:International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center 506:Ancient Mesoamerican relief sculpture of maize, 10274:Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels 9416: 7630: 6507:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 6453:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 6249:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 6187:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5608:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5102: 5039:Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology 4908:International Institute of Tropical Agriculture 4883:International Institute of Tropical Agriculture 4439: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4003:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3931:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2672:, which grows on maize, is a Mexican delicacy. 2389:. In the United States, major diseases include 549:; they cooked, ground and processed it through 7838: 7728: 7726: 7195: 7072:"Diseasees of Corn: Northern Corn Leaf Blight" 5321: 4411:"The origins of maize: the puzzle of pellagra" 3544:, or they may be shelled off for storage in a 3433:One ear of medium size (6-3/4" to 7-1/2" long) 2813:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) 1599:Origin of maize and interaction with teosintes 9927: 9776: 9323: 9309: 8271: 7997:"Biomass CHP plant Güssing - A success story" 7603: 7468: 7431:European Starch Association (June 10, 2013). 6385: 6052: 6050: 5680: 4951: 4672: 4346: 4344: 4296: 4198: 4196: 4194: 3536:are used as feed. They are often kept on the 1087:sequence data was deposited immediately into 757: 751: 673: 621:belief at that time only wheat could undergo 6828: 5303:"Scientists have high hopes for corn genome" 5180: 4595: 4593: 4464: 4415:EUFIC > Nutrition > Understanding Food 4174: 4172: 4170: 4133: 4055: 4053: 2377:damages maize throughout its range, whereas 793: 727:crop, varying geographically with the local 625:and be transformed into the body of Christ. 497: 8048:"Corncob or Cornstalk Columns and Capitals" 7723: 7315: 7268:. Agspsrv34.agric.wa.gov.au. Archived from 7011: 5661: 1703:Maize pollen dated to 7,300 years ago from 789: 682: 32:"Corn" redirects here. For other uses, see 9934: 9920: 9783: 9769: 9316: 9302: 8278: 8264: 8021:Ancient Maya Gender Identity and Relations 7638:United States Food and Drug Administration 6885: 6883: 6798: 6682:Hill, Christina Gish (November 20, 2020). 6661:. London: Penguin Academics. p. 470. 6047: 5915:"Drought Tolerant Maize for Africa (DTMA)" 4545:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 4341: 4303:Pérez, Alberto E.; Erra, Georgina (2011). 4191: 1079:formed a consortium to sequence the maize 84: 60: 29:Species of grass cultivated as a food crop 10279:Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage 8182:Maize: How Corn Shaped the U.S. Heartland 7943: 7933: 7866: 7381: 7012:Mueller, Daren; Pope, Rich, eds. (2009). 6701: 6537: 6527: 6483: 6473: 6441: 6439: 6292: 6290: 6270: 6260: 6216: 6206: 6118: 6030: 5865: 5855: 5814: 5664:Hybrid Maize Breeding and Seed Production 5638: 5628: 5468: 5388: 5174: 5060: 5050: 4599: 4590: 4565: 4473:"Nutrients involved in energy metabolism" 4332: 4322: 4302: 4167: 4050: 4033: 4023: 3969: 3951: 3908: 3654:and research as a culture medium to grow 1750:maize must be planted in the spring. Its 1723: 508:National Museum of Anthropology of Mexico 8553:International corn production statistics 7552: 7523: 7105:Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 6802:; Brown, Tristan R. (December 6, 2013). 5226:Imagine. October 2, 2008. Archived from 4703: 4678: 4602:Foods and Nutrition Encyclopedia, 2nd ed 4245: 4144: 3917: 3827:emerging from an ear of corn, 600–900 AD 3784:Maize sculpture, Moche culture, 300 AD, 3646:, a plentiful watery byproduct of maize 2340: 2022:) and electricity to power the blowers. 1994:fungi, which contaminate the grain with 1602: 1111: 995: 991: 597: 501: 314:. Native Americans planted it alongside 9547: 8249:United States Department of Agriculture 8240:Germplasm Resources Information Network 8225:Maize Genetics Cooperation Stock Center 7966: 7794:University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign 7609: 7494: 7451: 6880: 6840:Division of Agriculture. Archived from 6329: 6238: 6236: 6159: 4743: 4737: 4202: 4059: 2704:in the Southern US) or the food called 2675:Coarse maize meal is made into a thick 408:, and as chemical feedstocks including 380:are grown for human consumption, while 14: 11121:Post-Columbian Native American cuisine 11048: 8101: 8017: 7586:"The cassava transformation in Africa" 7321: 6859: 6778:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 802. 6436: 6356:10.1146/annurev.genet.38.072902.092425 6296: 6287: 6160:Pollack, Andrew (September 23, 2000). 5882: 5681:Duvick, D. N.; Cassman, K. G. (2009). 4928: 4372: 3870:, pest control strategy for maize and 3503:. Maize has suboptimal amounts of the 1746:Because it is cold-intolerant, in the 1198: 1000:Exotic varieties are collected to add 746:in North America that "o say the word 735:for maize started as a shortening of " 485:. In Mesoamerica, maize is deified as 481:it contains only becomes available if 11116:Pre-Columbian Native American cuisine 10509: 10508: 9915: 9764: 9297: 8259: 7258: 6765: 6564:Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 6141:from the original on January 30, 2023 6056: 5725: 5655: 5300: 4691:from the original on December 3, 2020 4531: 4448:Springer Science & Business Media 4350: 4178: 3991: 3989: 3475:and are a good source (10–19% of the 2537:Corncob damage by European corn borer 1592: 1232: 1075:, Department of Agriculture, and the 1046:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 587: 356:in many parts of the world, with the 308:indigenous peoples in southern Mexico 10883:228961fc-c0fc-4721-8663-2c86db06b20e 10347:Cellulosic ethanol commercialization 8220:Maize Genetics and Genomics Database 7266:"PestWeb | Greater Rice Weevil" 6707: 6681: 6233: 5367:"The evolution of plant development" 4731:participating institution membership 4679:Espinoza, Mauricio (April 1, 2015). 4525:participating institution membership 3923: 3642:, and many other chemical products. 2780: 2465:) is a major pest of maize in Asia. 2032:Corn production in the United States 1191:, and to further characterize known 773:the preferred common name. The word 358:total production of maize surpassing 11056:IUCN Red List least concern species 7841:"Corn steep liquor in microbiology" 7652:from the original on March 27, 2024 7616:. Crabtree Publishing. p. 27. 6831:"Grain Drying Concepts and Options" 5601:Feschotte, C.; Pritham, E. (2009). 5495:. MaizeSequence.org. Archived from 3733: 3630:Starch from maize can be made into 3584:cornstalks offer an alternative to 2626:, an important nutrient, it is not 576:times. Before the expansion of the 337:, and female inflorescences called 24: 8285: 8165: 8102:Gordon, Ken (September 28, 2019). 8028:from the original on July 10, 2009 7967:Clayton, Mark (January 28, 2008). 7412:from the original on March 4, 2016 7178: 6657:Fernandez-Armesto, Felipe (2011). 6297:Wilkes, Garrison (March 8, 2004). 5301:Brown, David (November 20, 2009). 5195:10.1146/annurev-ento-120710-100642 5002:"6. Growth and Development Stages" 3986: 3471:serving, maize kernels provide 86 2580:(ground dried maize) constitute a 2331:, and the first among grain crops. 1842:Seedlings three weeks after sowing 613:. Spanish settlers much preferred 25: 11162: 8213: 7820:. Corn Refiners Association. 2013 7738:Food and Agriculture Organization 7590:Food and Agriculture Organization 7583: 7524:Davidson, Alan (2014). "Mexico". 6335:"The genetics of maize evolution" 5668:Food and Agriculture Organization 4811:Food and Agriculture Organization 3808:from Campeche, Mexico, 550–850 AD 3596:of maize grown for this purpose. 2401:, northern corn leaf blight, and 1244:is relatively closely related to 1193:differentially methylated regions 921:Female inflorescence, with young 779:Food and Agriculture Organization 765:International groups such as the 739:" in 18th-century North America. 534:between 7000 and 6000 years ago. 341:. The ears yield grain, known as 69:Includes male and female flowers 10974:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:426810-1 10492: 10480: 10468: 10456: 10444: 10432: 10420: 10395: 10394: 8188:Bonavia, Duccio (May 13, 2013). 8128: 8095: 8065: 8040: 8011: 7988: 7960: 7909: 7883: 7832: 7807: 7782: 7767: 7752: 7712: 7700:from the original on May 9, 2024 7577: 7546: 7488: 7374:10.1111/j.1439-0418.2009.01491.x 7187:Extension Office. Archived from 7069: 7045:"Diseases and Disorders of Corn" 6829:Van Devender, Karl (July 2011). 6747:"Growing Home Garden Sweet Corn" 6636:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00036.x 5448:Theoretical and Applied Genetics 5140:Theoretical and Applied Genetics 4145:Davidson, Alan (2014). "Maize". 3846:being painted as an ear of maize 3832: 3813: 3797: 3777: 3713: 3613: 3601: 2765: 2750: 2738: 2724: 2542: 2530: 2516: 2320: 2308: 2264: 2242: 2220: 2198: 2176: 2154: 2132: 2110: 2088: 2066: 1985: 1970: 1958: 1946: 1934: 1859: 1847: 1835: 979: 967: 953: 941: 929: 914: 902: 310:about 9,000 years ago from wild 266: 109: 11126:Pre-Columbian Southwest cuisine 8139:Kuna and Lipa, Coins of Croatia 7893:. March 2, 2015. Archived from 7424: 7398: 7284: 7233: 7172: 7156: 7131: 7063: 7037: 7005: 6980: 6961: 6919: 6897: 6792: 6739: 6675: 6650: 6598: 6554: 6323: 6153: 6127: 6077: 5907: 5831: 5774: 5719: 5674: 5594: 5537: 5511: 5485: 5409: 5294: 5209: 5146:(11): 2927–2946, and Figure 1. 5118:Iowa State University Extension 5077: 5026: 4922: 4896: 4871: 4850: 4824: 4799: 4770: 4497: 4366: 4324:10.4067/S0718-22442011000200022 3823:ceramic statuette of the young 1806:in small hills of soil, in the 1720:, Puebla, are 5,450 years old. 1189:sorghum downy mildew resistance 1067:to support maize research. The 8159:. Retrieved on March 31, 2009. 7859:10.1128/MMBR.12.4.297-311.1948 5493:"Welcome to MaizeSequence.org" 3888: 3517: 2443:. Another serious pest is the 1897:) and corn binders, which are 821:. Like other pollen, it is an 672:derives from the Spanish form 376:. Sugar-rich varieties called 13: 1: 11076:Crops originating from Mexico 9941: 8949:List of tortilla-based dishes 8245:Agricultural Research Service 7610:Nielsen, L. Michelle (2007). 7362:Journal of Applied Entomology 7322:Norton, Don C. (March 1983). 4600:Ensminger, Audrey H. (1994). 3882: 3532:. As a grain crop, the dried 2646:) is the main ingredient for 2379:banded leaf and sheath blight 2025: 1871: 1814:. Maize provided support for 1048:. Maize remains an important 644:-water — made with ashes and 7526:The Oxford Companion to Food 5857:10.1371/journal.pbio.2006352 5768:10.14393/BJ-v32n2a2016-26230 5701:10.2135/cropsci1999.3961622x 5403:Botanical Society of America 5324:Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 4147:The Oxford Companion to Food 4127:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.08.025 3863:Post-harvest losses (grains) 3625: 3441:Percentages estimated using 3435:maize has 90 grams of seeds. 2733:US Food Administration, 1918 2731:Poster of maize-based foods, 1679:identified Balsas teosinte, 1065:US Department of Agriculture 866:; red maizes are colored by 564:cultivated maize along with 489:and depicted in sculptures. 7: 11141:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 10377:Issues relating to biofuels 10367:Energy return on investment 8597:National Cornbread Festival 8563:Three Sisters (agriculture) 7474:Corn Refiners Association. 5799:10.1534/genetics.116.191726 5183:Annual Review of Entomology 4954:Development Southern Africa 3851: 3528:Maize is a major source of 3430:Link to USDA Database entry 2772:One way of serving Italian 2745:Semi-peeled corn on the cob 2679:in many cultures: from the 2565: 2373:, ear rots and stalk rots. 1965:Hand-picking maize, Myanmar 1736: 1646:) and teosinte branched-1 ( 1264:. It is closely related to 1214:genetically engineered food 1175:. Such alleles can then be 1106: 1073:National Science Foundation 1040:used maize to validate her 960:Mature maize ear on a stalk 652:, the lack of which caused 515:requires human intervention 404:, alcoholic beverages like 10: 11167: 11071:Agriculture in Mesoamerica 8196:Cambridge University Press 7922:Biotechnology for Biofuels 7179:Ostlie, K.R.; et al. 6717:(2nd ed.). New York: 6015:10.1038/s41598-017-18690-3 5461:10.1007/s00122-022-04073-4 5372:American Journal of Botany 5272:10.1007/s11033-021-06815-x 5152:10.1007/s00122-019-03414-0 5114:Integrated Crop Management 4748:(4th ed.). New York: 4643:(2nd ed.). New York: 4360:Cambridge University Press 3772:coin, minted since 1993. 3665: 3661: 3521: 2823:360 kJ (86 kcal) 2784: 2569: 2351: 2315:Production of maize (2019) 2029: 1866:Mature plants showing ears 1741: 1627:in 1931, and the American 1596: 1210:Genetically modified maize 1202: 781:, and in the names of the 591: 492: 42: 31: 10517: 10390: 10352:Energy content of biofuel 10334: 10266: 10182: 10073: 9949: 9803: 9682: 9634: 9612: 9538: 9515: 9506: 9466: 9428: 9412: 9344: 9335: 9191: 9085: 9024: 8901: 8845: 8702: 8627: 8618: 8571: 8513: 8480: 8444: 8418: 8293: 8174:Journal of Global History 7974:Christian Science Monitor 7935:10.1186/s13068-016-0479-0 7324:"Maize Nematode Problems" 7309:10.1080/09670878709371141 7143:cropprotectionnetwork.org 6414:10.1007/s00497-011-0164-1 6402:Sexual Plant Reproduction 6343:Annual Review of Genetics 5960:10.1007/s10709-017-9981-y 5726:Maiti, Ratikanta (2012). 5259:Molecular Biology Reports 4966:10.1080/03768359508439804 4718:Oxford English Dictionary 4512:Oxford English Dictionary 4376:Journal of Social History 4282:10.1017/s0003598x00096034 3440: 3426: 3422: 3414: 3402: 3398: 3390: 3377: 3364: 3351: 3338: 3325: 3312: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3270: 3253: 3237: 3220: 3203: 3186: 3169: 3145: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3109: 3105: 3095: 3085: 3075: 3065: 3055: 3045: 3035: 3025: 3015: 3005: 2995: 2985: 2975: 2965: 2955: 2945: 2935: 2925: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2867: 2857: 2847: 2831: 2827: 2817: 2812: 2524:Northern corn leaf blight 2375:Northern corn leaf blight 2347:Northern corn leaf blight 2296: 2288: 2283: 2261: 2239: 2217: 2195: 2173: 2151: 2129: 2107: 2085: 2063: 2055: 2050: 2045: 1977:Dehusking maize by hand, 1953:Harvesting maize, Finland 1802:Maize was planted by the 1625:Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov 1523: 1505: 1498: 1475: 1468: 1450: 1443: 1425: 1418: 1388: 1352: 1334: 1327: 1307: 1300: 1293: 1283: 1227: 1148:" used as a vegetable in 1133:using four inbred lines ( 611:carried it back to Europe 498:Pre-Columbian development 483:freed by alkali treatment 368:. Much maize is used for 333:or tassels which produce 306:. It was domesticated by 243: 236: 106:Scientific classification 104: 82: 73: 68: 59: 54: 11146:Plants described in 1753 10326:Thermal depolymerization 10299:Industrial biotechnology 8052:Architect of the Capitol 7553:Peterson, James (2012). 7297:Tropical Pest Management 7162:Hodgson, Erin W. (2008) 4477:The Science of Nutrition 4362:. pp. 17, 144, 151. 4106:Quaternary International 3720:Farm-based maize silage 3650:process, is used in the 2598:high fructose corn syrup 2336: 1879:a selection of varieties 851:) that fills the grain. 790:Structure and physiology 663: 43:Not to be confused with 10294:Fischer–Tropsch process 10284:Biomass heating systems 9657:Intermediate wheatgrass 7846:Bacteriological Reviews 7530:Oxford University Press 7501:Oxford University Press 7212:10.31274/cpn-20220722-0 7185:University of Minnesota 6529:10.1073/pnas.0812525106 6475:10.1073/pnas.0812590106 6262:10.1073/pnas.1102819108 6208:10.1073/pnas.97.13.7008 6120:10.2754/avb201585010047 6061:. ISAAA. Archived from 5917:. CIMMYT. June 17, 2022 5630:10.1073/pnas.0910273106 5572:10.1126/science.1178534 4744:Mencken, H. L. (1984). 4723:Oxford University Press 4645:Oxford University Press 4517:Oxford University Press 4151:Oxford University Press 3704:from the biogas by the 3552:) can be used later as 3524:Corn stover § Uses 3443:US recommendations 2630:without the process of 2558: 1615:of the four species of 948:Full-grown maize plants 687:. The Swedish botanist 683: 9705:History of agriculture 8558:List of popcorn brands 8155:June 28, 2011, at the 8144:June 22, 2009, at the 8135:Croatian National Bank 7191:on September 28, 2013. 6974:10.4060/cc8166en-fig21 6838:University of Arkansas 5390:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1726 5052:10.1186/1745-6673-6-32 4506:"maize, n. (and adj.)" 4025:10.1073/pnas.052125199 3953:10.1073/pnas.98.4.2104 3696:power plant in Strem, 3447:the National Academies 2796:Sweetcorn, yellow, raw 2608:is extracted from the 2588:. Maize starch can be 2492:Echinochloa crus-galli 2441:southern corn rootworm 2437:northern corn rootworm 2424:) and corn rootworms ( 2354:List of maize diseases 2349: 1941:Harvesting maize, Iowa 1724:Spreading to the north 1656:). In the late 1930s, 1608: 1013: 798: 758: 752: 674: 606: 510: 296:North American English 38:Maize (disambiguation) 8363:Quality Protein Maize 8177:15.1 (2020): 101–122. 8116:on September 30, 2019 8109:The Columbus Dispatch 8083:on September 29, 2007 8073:"Corn Palace History" 7613:The Biography of Corn 7272:on September 28, 2011 7168:Western corn rootworm 7164:Utah State University 7023:Iowa State University 6992:Utah State University 6751:University of Georgia 6307:John Wiley & Sons 6107:Acta Veterinaria Brno 6057:James, Clive (2016). 5715:on November 15, 2009. 5499:on September 27, 2013 5417:"Welcome to MaizeGDB" 5381:John Wiley & Sons 4685:Ohio State University 4421:on September 27, 2006 4181:Archaeology Southwest 3748:United States Capitol 3505:essential amino acids 3111:Vitamins and minerals 2570:Further information: 2495:(barnyard grass) and 2475:, and populations of 2449:Spodoptera frugiperda 2433:western corn rootworm 2395:bacterial leaf streak 2352:Further information: 2344: 2030:Further information: 1606: 1309:various grasses e.g. 1112:Conventional breeding 1101:transposable elements 1054:developmental biology 999: 992:Genomics and genetics 936:Stalks, ears and silk 797: 601: 592:Further information: 505: 475:essential amino acids 34:Corn (disambiguation) 11136:Tropical agriculture 9700:Neolithic Revolution 9635:Emerging grain crops 8336:Genetically modified 7776:"Maize green forage" 7532:. pp. 516–517. 7049:Province of Manitoba 6659:The World: A History 6615:Conservation Biology 6576:10.1179/mca.2005.003 5732:. CABI. p. 52. 5233:on February 25, 2009 5217:"Corn Stalk Lodging" 4483:. pp. 292–321. 4153:. pp. 484–486. 4062:Current Anthropology 3924:Benz, B. F. (2001). 3868:Push–pull technology 3844:Rochester, Minnesota 3694:biomass gasification 3652:biochemical industry 2572:List of maize dishes 1613:domesticated variant 1248:, both being in the 1131:double cross hybrids 1103:within maize's DNA. 1077:Department of Energy 1006:selectively breeding 877:Maize has short-day 777:is used by the UN's 445:genetically modified 11151:Symbols of Illinois 10382:Sustainable biofuel 9864:Medicago truncatula 9740:Genetic engineering 8602:Sweet Corn Festival 8180:Clampitt, Cynthia. 7719:USDA Database entry 7408:. Merriam-Webster. 6931:. Rome: FAO. 2021. 6628:2005ConBi..19..547P 6520:2009PNAS..106.5019P 6466:2009PNAS..106.5014R 6199:2000PNAS...97.7008G 6084:ISAAA Brief 43-2011 6007:2018NatSR...8..366R 5621:2009PNAS..10619747F 5615:(47): 19747–19748. 5564:2009Sci...326.1112S 5558:(5956): 1112–1115. 5525:. February 26, 2008 5308:The Washington Post 4721:(Online ed.). 4558:2014NYASA1312..105R 4515:(Online ed.). 4257:Pino Quivira, Mario 4119:2016QuInt.404..137P 4016:2002PNAS...99.6080M 3944:2001PNAS...98.2104B 3804:Stucco head of the 3592:, alongside direct 3222:Pantothenic acid (B 2809: 2596:treated to produce 2551:European corn borer 2418:European corn borer 2056:Numbers in million 2046:Top Maize producers 1782:", although modern 1705:San Andres, Tabasco 1621:crop wild relatives 1277:(Part of 1199:Genetic engineering 1181:association mapping 562:south-central Chile 433:European corn borer 76:Conservation status 11096:Flora of Guatemala 9750:Crop wild relative 9745:Selective breeding 9572:A. hypochondriacus 8797:Mămăligă în pături 8505:Maize streak virus 7790:"Baled Cornstalks" 7481:2019-04-12 at the 7245:entnemdept.ufl.edu 7117:10.1007/BF03356454 6167:The New York Times 5995:Scientific Reports 5756:Bioscience Journal 5729:Crop Plant Anatomy 5336:10.1101/pdb.emo132 5330:(10): pdb.emo132. 4929:Du Plessis, Leon. 4838:on October 5, 2022 4567:10.1111/nyas.12396 4389:10.1353/jsh/8.2.51 3768:of the Croatian 1 3467:(table). In a 100- 3404:Other constituents 2795: 2489:(grasses) such as 2485:Many plants, both 2457:Sitophilus zeamais 2422:Ostrinia nubilalis 2350: 1810:system called the 1710:Guila Naquitz Cave 1693:crop wild relative 1609: 1593:Maize and teosinte 1432:(fountaingrasses) 1233:External phylogeny 1212:was one of the 26 1187:regions providing 1038:Barbara McClintock 1014: 799: 623:transubstantiation 607: 594:Columbian exchange 588:Columbian exchange 511: 352:, it has become a 350:Columbian exchange 298:, is a tall stout 11106:Grasses of Mexico 11043: 11042: 10917:Open Tree of Life 10511:Taxon identifiers 10408: 10407: 10321:Sabatier reaction 9909: 9908: 9758: 9757: 9630: 9629: 9608: 9607: 9590:Pitseed goosefoot 9530:Tartary buckwheat 9502: 9501: 9498: 9497: 9494: 9493: 9291: 9290: 9287: 9286: 8452:Corn construction 8205:978-1-107-02303-1 7685:978-0-309-48834-1 7570:978-1-60774-205-0 7539:978-0-19-967733-7 7485:5th Edition. 2006 7343:10.1094/PD-67-253 7293:Mythimna separata 7079:Purdue University 6946:978-92-5-134332-6 6815:978-1-118-52492-3 6785:978-0-471-41184-0 6732:978-1-4000-3205-1 6668:978-0-205-75930-9 6514:(13): 5019–5024. 6460:(13): 5014–5018. 6316:978-0-471-41184-0 6309:. pp. 3–63. 6193:(13): 7008–7015. 5739:978-1-78064-174-4 5455:(11): 3897–3916. 5019:978-1-000-17695-7 4729:(Subscription or 4619:978-0-8493-8980-1 4523:(Subscription or 4490:978-0-13-429880-1 4481:Pearson Education 4457:978-1-4419-0471-3 4160:978-0-19-967733-7 4068:(S4): S453–S470. 3644:Corn steep liquor 3540:for storage in a 3453: 3452: 3394: 3393: 2781:Nutritional value 2462:Mythimna separata 2345:Disease cycle of 2304: 2303: 1915:combine harvester 1589: 1588: 1580: 1579: 1571: 1570: 1562: 1561: 1553: 1552: 1544: 1543: 1415:PACMAD clade 1404: 1403: 1377: 1376: 1368: 1367: 1052:for genetics and 1002:genetic diversity 819:dispersed by wind 290:), also known as 260: 259: 99: 16:(Redirected from 11158: 11101:Fruit vegetables 11036: 11035: 11023: 11022: 11013: 11012: 11003: 11002: 10990: 10989: 10977: 10976: 10964: 10963: 10951: 10950: 10938: 10937: 10925: 10924: 10912: 10911: 10899: 10898: 10886: 10885: 10876: 10875: 10863: 10862: 10860:NBNSYS0000014190 10850: 10849: 10837: 10836: 10824: 10823: 10814: 10813: 10801: 10800: 10788: 10787: 10775: 10774: 10762: 10761: 10749: 10748: 10736: 10735: 10723: 10722: 10710: 10709: 10697: 10696: 10684: 10683: 10671: 10670: 10658: 10657: 10645: 10644: 10632: 10631: 10619: 10618: 10609: 10608: 10596: 10595: 10586: 10585: 10573: 10572: 10563: 10562: 10553: 10552: 10551: 10538: 10537: 10536: 10506: 10505: 10497: 10496: 10485: 10484: 10483: 10473: 10472: 10471: 10461: 10460: 10459: 10449: 10448: 10437: 10436: 10435: 10425: 10424: 10416: 10398: 10397: 10242:Pongamia pinnata 9936: 9929: 9922: 9913: 9912: 9785: 9778: 9771: 9762: 9761: 9735:Green Revolution 9720:Tell Abu Hureyra 9715:Fertile Crescent 9710:Natufian culture 9652:Indian ricegrass 9545: 9544: 9513: 9512: 9426: 9425: 9421: 9414: 9413: 9342: 9341: 9318: 9311: 9304: 9295: 9294: 9032:Battered sausage 8966:Pastel de choclo 8902:Breads and cakes 8685:Public relations 8625: 8624: 8593:(1994 sculpture) 8533:Cornstalk fiddle 8280: 8273: 8266: 8257: 8256: 8252: 8209: 8160: 8132: 8126: 8125: 8123: 8121: 8112:. Archived from 8099: 8093: 8092: 8090: 8088: 8079:. Archived from 8077:City of Mitchell 8069: 8063: 8062: 8060: 8058: 8044: 8038: 8037: 8035: 8033: 8015: 8009: 8008: 7992: 7986: 7985: 7983: 7981: 7964: 7958: 7957: 7947: 7937: 7913: 7907: 7906: 7904: 7902: 7897:on March 3, 2015 7887: 7881: 7880: 7870: 7836: 7830: 7829: 7827: 7825: 7819: 7811: 7805: 7804: 7802: 7800: 7786: 7780: 7779: 7771: 7765: 7764: 7756: 7750: 7749: 7747: 7745: 7730: 7721: 7716: 7710: 7709: 7707: 7705: 7668: 7662: 7661: 7659: 7657: 7634: 7628: 7627: 7607: 7601: 7600: 7598: 7596: 7584:Nweke, Felix I. 7581: 7575: 7574: 7550: 7544: 7543: 7528:(3rd ed.). 7521: 7515: 7514: 7492: 7486: 7472: 7466: 7465:. June 13, 2013. 7457:Kiniry, Laura. " 7455: 7449: 7448: 7446: 7444: 7435:. Archived from 7428: 7422: 7421: 7419: 7417: 7402: 7396: 7395: 7385: 7353: 7347: 7346: 7328: 7319: 7313: 7312: 7288: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7277: 7262: 7256: 7255: 7253: 7251: 7237: 7231: 7230: 7228: 7226: 7199: 7193: 7192: 7176: 7170: 7160: 7154: 7153: 7151: 7149: 7135: 7129: 7128: 7096: 7090: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7076: 7070:Wise, Kiersten. 7067: 7061: 7060: 7058: 7056: 7041: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7030: 7020: 7015:Corn Field Guide 7009: 7003: 7002: 7000: 6998: 6984: 6978: 6977: 6965: 6959: 6958: 6937:10.4060/cb4477en 6923: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6912: 6901: 6895: 6894: 6887: 6878: 6877: 6875: 6863: 6857: 6856: 6854: 6852: 6846: 6835: 6826: 6820: 6819: 6808:. Wiley. PT114. 6800:Brown, Robert C. 6796: 6790: 6789: 6769: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6758: 6743: 6737: 6736: 6709:Mann, Charles C. 6705: 6699: 6698: 6696: 6694: 6688:The Conversation 6679: 6673: 6672: 6654: 6648: 6647: 6611: 6602: 6596: 6595: 6558: 6552: 6551: 6541: 6531: 6497: 6487: 6477: 6443: 6434: 6433: 6389: 6383: 6382: 6380: 6378: 6373:on June 12, 2010 6372: 6366:. Archived from 6339: 6331:Doebley, John F. 6327: 6321: 6320: 6294: 6285: 6284: 6274: 6264: 6240: 6231: 6230: 6220: 6210: 6178: 6172: 6171: 6157: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6131: 6125: 6124: 6122: 6098: 6087: 6081: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6054: 6045: 6044: 6034: 5986: 5980: 5979: 5945: 5936: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5911: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5886: 5880: 5879: 5869: 5859: 5835: 5829: 5828: 5818: 5778: 5772: 5771: 5750: 5744: 5743: 5723: 5717: 5716: 5711:. Archived from 5695:(6): 1622–1630. 5678: 5672: 5671: 5659: 5653: 5652: 5642: 5632: 5598: 5592: 5591: 5541: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5515: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5489: 5483: 5482: 5472: 5438: 5432: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5413: 5407: 5406: 5392: 5362: 5356: 5355: 5319: 5313: 5312: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5266:(6): 5787–5803. 5249: 5243: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5232: 5221: 5213: 5207: 5206: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5135: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5124: 5106: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5081: 5075: 5074: 5064: 5054: 5030: 5024: 5023: 4997: 4978: 4977: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4926: 4920: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4910:. March 18, 2016 4900: 4894: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4834:. Archived from 4828: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4803: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4774: 4768: 4767: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4726: 4714: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4663: 4661: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4597: 4588: 4587: 4569: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4520: 4508: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4468: 4462: 4461: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4370: 4364: 4363: 4348: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4326: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4276:(314): 949–960. 4265: 4253:Dillehay, Tom D. 4249: 4243: 4242: 4200: 4189: 4188: 4176: 4165: 4164: 4149:(3rd ed.). 4142: 4131: 4130: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4057: 4048: 4047: 4037: 4027: 3993: 3984: 3983: 3973: 3955: 3938:(4): 2104–2106. 3921: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3892: 3836: 3817: 3801: 3781: 3734:In human culture 3717: 3620:Baled cornstalks 3617: 3605: 3562:soil conditioner 3497:pantothenic acid 3307: 3258: 3242: 3225: 3208: 3191: 3174: 3147:Vitamin A equiv. 3140: 3107: 3106: 2810: 2794: 2769: 2754: 2742: 2728: 2546: 2534: 2520: 2499:(forbs) such as 2324: 2312: 2279: 2270: 2268: 2267: 2257: 2248: 2246: 2245: 2235: 2226: 2224: 2223: 2213: 2204: 2202: 2201: 2191: 2182: 2180: 2179: 2169: 2160: 2158: 2157: 2147: 2138: 2136: 2135: 2125: 2116: 2114: 2113: 2103: 2094: 2092: 2091: 2081: 2072: 2070: 2069: 2043: 2042: 1974: 1962: 1950: 1938: 1917:and store it in 1863: 1851: 1839: 1804:Native Americans 1698:Iguala, Guerrero 1687:, native to the 1658:Paul Mangelsdorf 1655: 1645: 1619:, which are its 1501: 1500: 1471: 1470: 1446: 1445: 1421: 1420: 1330: 1329: 1303: 1302: 1296: 1295: 1286: 1285: 1274: 1273: 1205:Transgenic maize 1083:. The resulting 983: 971: 957: 945: 933: 918: 906: 883:enough warm days 846: 845: 801:Maize is a tall 761: 755: 686: 677: 604:Florentine Codex 582:Lácar Department 400:, pressing into 283: 282: 279: 278: 275: 272: 249: 114: 113: 93: 88: 87: 64: 52: 51: 21: 11166: 11165: 11161: 11160: 11159: 11157: 11156: 11155: 11091:Flora of Mexico 11046: 11045: 11044: 11039: 11031: 11026: 11018: 11016: 11008: 11006: 10998: 10993: 10985: 10980: 10972: 10967: 10959: 10954: 10946: 10941: 10933: 10928: 10920: 10915: 10907: 10904:Observation.org 10902: 10894: 10889: 10881: 10879: 10871: 10866: 10858: 10853: 10845: 10840: 10832: 10827: 10819: 10818:MichiganFlora: 10817: 10809: 10804: 10796: 10791: 10783: 10778: 10770: 10765: 10757: 10752: 10744: 10739: 10731: 10726: 10718: 10713: 10705: 10700: 10692: 10687: 10679: 10674: 10666: 10661: 10653: 10648: 10640: 10635: 10627: 10622: 10614: 10612: 10604: 10599: 10591: 10589: 10581: 10576: 10568: 10566: 10558: 10556: 10547: 10546: 10541: 10532: 10531: 10526: 10513: 10503: 10491: 10481: 10479: 10469: 10467: 10457: 10455: 10443: 10433: 10431: 10419: 10411: 10409: 10404: 10386: 10362:Energy forestry 10330: 10262: 10224:Jatropha curcas 10185: 10178: 10086:Camelina sativa 10076: 10069: 9945: 9940: 9910: 9905: 9799: 9793:model organisms 9789: 9759: 9754: 9678: 9673:Oryza coarctata 9626: 9604: 9534: 9490: 9462: 9419: 9408: 9331: 9322: 9292: 9283: 9204:Bourbon whiskey 9187: 9113:Corn on the cob 9081: 9020: 8897: 8841: 8704: 8698: 8614: 8567: 8509: 8476: 8462:Nixtamalization 8440: 8414: 8289: 8284: 8229: 8216: 8206: 8187: 8168: 8166:Further reading 8163: 8157:Wayback Machine 8146:Wayback Machine 8133: 8129: 8119: 8117: 8100: 8096: 8086: 8084: 8071: 8070: 8066: 8056: 8054: 8046: 8045: 8041: 8031: 8029: 8016: 8012: 7993: 7989: 7979: 7977: 7965: 7961: 7914: 7910: 7900: 7898: 7889: 7888: 7884: 7837: 7833: 7823: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7812: 7808: 7798: 7796: 7788: 7787: 7783: 7772: 7768: 7757: 7753: 7743: 7741: 7732: 7731: 7724: 7717: 7713: 7703: 7701: 7686: 7669: 7665: 7655: 7653: 7635: 7631: 7624: 7608: 7604: 7594: 7592: 7582: 7578: 7571: 7563:. p. 184. 7551: 7547: 7540: 7522: 7518: 7511: 7493: 7489: 7483:Wayback Machine 7473: 7469: 7463:Smithsonian.com 7456: 7452: 7442: 7440: 7439:on June 3, 2014 7429: 7425: 7415: 7413: 7404: 7403: 7399: 7354: 7350: 7326: 7320: 7316: 7289: 7285: 7275: 7273: 7264: 7263: 7259: 7249: 7247: 7239: 7238: 7234: 7224: 7222: 7200: 7196: 7177: 7173: 7161: 7157: 7147: 7145: 7137: 7136: 7132: 7097: 7093: 7083: 7081: 7074: 7068: 7064: 7054: 7052: 7043: 7042: 7038: 7028: 7026: 7018: 7010: 7006: 6996: 6994: 6986: 6985: 6981: 6967: 6966: 6962: 6947: 6925: 6924: 6920: 6910: 6908: 6903: 6902: 6898: 6889: 6888: 6881: 6873: 6864: 6860: 6850: 6848: 6847:on June 1, 2016 6844: 6833: 6827: 6823: 6816: 6797: 6793: 6786: 6770: 6766: 6756: 6754: 6745: 6744: 6740: 6733: 6706: 6702: 6692: 6690: 6680: 6676: 6669: 6655: 6651: 6609: 6603: 6599: 6559: 6555: 6498: 6444: 6437: 6390: 6386: 6376: 6374: 6370: 6337: 6328: 6324: 6317: 6295: 6288: 6255:(33): E506-12. 6241: 6234: 6179: 6175: 6158: 6154: 6144: 6142: 6133: 6132: 6128: 6099: 6090: 6082: 6078: 6068: 6066: 6055: 6048: 5987: 5983: 5943: 5937: 5930: 5920: 5918: 5913: 5912: 5908: 5898: 5896: 5888: 5887: 5883: 5850:(8): e2006352. 5836: 5832: 5779: 5775: 5751: 5747: 5740: 5724: 5720: 5679: 5675: 5660: 5656: 5599: 5595: 5542: 5538: 5528: 5526: 5517: 5516: 5512: 5502: 5500: 5491: 5490: 5486: 5439: 5435: 5425: 5423: 5415: 5414: 5410: 5363: 5359: 5320: 5316: 5299: 5295: 5250: 5246: 5236: 5234: 5230: 5219: 5215: 5214: 5210: 5179: 5175: 5136: 5132: 5122: 5120: 5108: 5107: 5103: 5093: 5091: 5089:Merriam-Webster 5083: 5082: 5078: 5031: 5027: 5020: 4998: 4981: 4950: 4946: 4936: 4934: 4927: 4923: 4913: 4911: 4902: 4901: 4897: 4887: 4885: 4877: 4876: 4872: 4862: 4860: 4856: 4855: 4851: 4841: 4839: 4830: 4829: 4825: 4815: 4813: 4805: 4804: 4800: 4790: 4788: 4776: 4775: 4771: 4760: 4752:. p. 122. 4750:Alfred A. Knopf 4742: 4738: 4728: 4708: 4704: 4694: 4692: 4677: 4673: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4635: 4631: 4620: 4598: 4591: 4536: 4532: 4522: 4502: 4498: 4491: 4469: 4465: 4458: 4450:. p. 317. 4438: 4434: 4424: 4422: 4409: 4408: 4404: 4371: 4367: 4349: 4342: 4301: 4297: 4263: 4250: 4246: 4238: 4205:Social Research 4201: 4192: 4177: 4168: 4161: 4143: 4134: 4097: 4093: 4058: 4051: 3994: 3987: 3922: 3918: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3854: 3847: 3837: 3828: 3818: 3809: 3802: 3793: 3782: 3744:column capitals 3736: 3729: 3718: 3706:Fischer Tropsch 3674: 3664: 3628: 3621: 3618: 3609: 3606: 3526: 3520: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3427: 3385: 3372: 3359: 3346: 3333: 3320: 3308: 3278: 3265: 3256: 3248: 3240: 3232: 3223: 3215: 3206: 3198: 3189: 3181: 3172: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3141: 3112: 2921: 2916: 2897: 2892: 2843: 2838: 2808: 2802:Note: assuming 2799: 2797: 2793: 2791:Nixtamalization 2783: 2776: 2770: 2761: 2755: 2746: 2743: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2717:corn on the cob 2693:of Romania, to 2687:of Brazil, the 2636:Mexican cuisine 2632:nixtamalization 2602:Bourbon whiskey 2574: 2568: 2561: 2554: 2549:Caterpillar of 2547: 2538: 2535: 2526: 2521: 2356: 2339: 2332: 2325: 2316: 2313: 2284: 2277: 2265: 2263: 2255: 2243: 2241: 2233: 2221: 2219: 2211: 2199: 2197: 2189: 2177: 2175: 2167: 2155: 2153: 2145: 2133: 2131: 2123: 2111: 2109: 2101: 2089: 2087: 2079: 2067: 2065: 2034: 2028: 1988: 1981: 1975: 1966: 1963: 1954: 1951: 1942: 1939: 1874: 1867: 1864: 1855: 1852: 1843: 1840: 1768:carbon fixation 1767: 1760:carbon fixation 1759: 1748:temperate zones 1744: 1739: 1726: 1668:genetic testing 1651: 1641: 1601: 1595: 1590: 1581: 1572: 1563: 1554: 1545: 1405: 1378: 1369: 1235: 1230: 1207: 1201: 1154:nitrogen-fixing 1114: 1109: 994: 987: 984: 975: 972: 961: 958: 949: 946: 937: 934: 925: 919: 910: 907: 843: 842: 792: 723:may denote any 711:, and the name 666: 596: 590: 551:nixtamalization 500: 495: 473:is low in some 462:, and American 406:bourbon whiskey 269: 265: 256: 251: 245: 232: 108: 100: 89: 85: 78: 48: 41: 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11164: 11154: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11088: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11063: 11058: 11041: 11040: 11038: 11037: 11033:wfo-0000907754 11024: 11014: 11004: 10991: 10978: 10965: 10952: 10939: 10926: 10913: 10900: 10887: 10877: 10864: 10851: 10838: 10825: 10815: 10802: 10789: 10776: 10763: 10750: 10737: 10724: 10711: 10698: 10685: 10672: 10659: 10646: 10633: 10620: 10610: 10597: 10587: 10574: 10564: 10554: 10539: 10523: 10521: 10515: 10514: 10502: 10501: 10489: 10477: 10465: 10453: 10441: 10429: 10406: 10405: 10403: 10402: 10391: 10388: 10387: 10385: 10384: 10379: 10374: 10369: 10364: 10359: 10354: 10349: 10344: 10338: 10336: 10332: 10331: 10329: 10328: 10323: 10318: 10317: 10316: 10311: 10301: 10296: 10291: 10286: 10281: 10276: 10270: 10268: 10264: 10263: 10261: 10260: 10255: 10250: 10245: 10238: 10227: 10220: 10215: 10213:Chinese tallow 10210: 10203: 10198: 10190: 10188: 10180: 10179: 10177: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10081: 10079: 10071: 10070: 10068: 10067: 10062: 10060:Water hyacinth 10057: 10052: 10051: 10050: 10040: 10035: 10034: 10033: 10028: 10018: 10017: 10016: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9955: 9953: 9947: 9946: 9939: 9938: 9931: 9924: 9916: 9907: 9906: 9904: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9881: 9874: 9867: 9860: 9853: 9848: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9824: 9817: 9810: 9804: 9801: 9800: 9788: 9787: 9780: 9773: 9765: 9756: 9755: 9753: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9683: 9680: 9679: 9677: 9676: 9669: 9664: 9662:Kangaroo grass 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9638: 9636: 9632: 9631: 9628: 9627: 9625: 9624: 9618: 9616: 9610: 9609: 9606: 9605: 9603: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9575: 9568: 9561: 9553: 9551: 9542: 9536: 9535: 9533: 9532: 9527: 9521: 9519: 9510: 9504: 9503: 9500: 9499: 9496: 9495: 9492: 9491: 9489: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9472: 9470: 9464: 9463: 9461: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9429: 9423: 9410: 9409: 9407: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9345: 9339: 9333: 9332: 9321: 9320: 9313: 9306: 9298: 9289: 9288: 9285: 9284: 9282: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9224:Chicha de jora 9221: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9195: 9193: 9189: 9188: 9186: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9170: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9153:Maíz con hielo 9150: 9145: 9140: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9089: 9087: 9083: 9082: 9080: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9062:Corn schnitzel 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9028: 9026: 9022: 9021: 9019: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8996:Sopa paraguaya 8993: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8952: 8951: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8905: 8903: 8899: 8898: 8896: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8849: 8847: 8843: 8842: 8840: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8772:Ginataang mais 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8737:Corn crab soup 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8717:Binte biluhuta 8714: 8708: 8706: 8703:Soups, stews, 8700: 8699: 8697: 8696: 8695: 8694: 8689: 8688: 8687: 8677: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8631: 8629: 8622: 8616: 8615: 8613: 8612: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8586: 8581: 8575: 8573: 8569: 8568: 8566: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8549: 8548: 8543: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8519: 8517: 8511: 8510: 8508: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8486: 8484: 8478: 8477: 8475: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8448: 8446: 8442: 8441: 8439: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8422: 8420: 8416: 8415: 8413: 8412: 8411: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8387: 8382: 8381: 8380: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8354: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8297: 8295: 8291: 8290: 8287:Maize and corn 8283: 8282: 8275: 8268: 8260: 8254: 8253: 8227: 8222: 8215: 8214:External links 8212: 8211: 8210: 8204: 8185: 8178: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8161: 8127: 8094: 8064: 8039: 8010: 7987: 7959: 7908: 7882: 7853:(4): 297–311. 7831: 7806: 7781: 7766: 7761:"Maize silage" 7751: 7722: 7711: 7684: 7663: 7629: 7623:978-0778724919 7622: 7602: 7576: 7569: 7545: 7538: 7516: 7510:978-0199740062 7509: 7503:. p. 27. 7487: 7467: 7450: 7423: 7397: 7368:(5): 357–375. 7348: 7337:(3): 253–256. 7314: 7303:(2): 173–175. 7283: 7257: 7232: 7194: 7171: 7155: 7130: 7091: 7062: 7036: 7004: 6979: 6960: 6945: 6918: 6896: 6879: 6858: 6821: 6814: 6791: 6784: 6764: 6738: 6731: 6700: 6674: 6667: 6649: 6622:(2): 547–551. 6597: 6553: 6435: 6408:(3): 219–229. 6384: 6322: 6315: 6286: 6232: 6173: 6152: 6126: 6088: 6076: 6065:on May 4, 2017 6046: 5981: 5954:(6): 525–539. 5928: 5906: 5881: 5830: 5773: 5762:(2): 298–307. 5745: 5738: 5718: 5673: 5654: 5593: 5536: 5510: 5484: 5433: 5408: 5357: 5314: 5293: 5244: 5208: 5189:(1): 309–328. 5173: 5130: 5101: 5076: 5025: 5018: 4979: 4960:(2): 189–196. 4944: 4921: 4895: 4870: 4849: 4823: 4798: 4769: 4758: 4736: 4702: 4671: 4654:978-0199739226 4653: 4629: 4618: 4589: 4552:(1): 105–112. 4530: 4496: 4489: 4463: 4456: 4432: 4402: 4365: 4352:Earle, Rebecca 4340: 4317:(2): 309–316. 4313:(in Spanish). 4295: 4244: 4190: 4166: 4159: 4132: 4091: 4074:10.1086/659998 4049: 3985: 3916: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3880: 3879: 3874: 3865: 3860: 3853: 3850: 3849: 3848: 3838: 3831: 3829: 3825:Maya maize god 3819: 3812: 3810: 3806:Maya maize god 3803: 3796: 3794: 3783: 3776: 3750:building. The 3735: 3732: 3731: 3730: 3719: 3712: 3663: 3660: 3656:microorganisms 3627: 3624: 3623: 3622: 3619: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3600: 3568:and made into 3519: 3516: 3451: 3450: 3438: 3437: 3428: 3424: 3423: 3420: 3419: 3416: 3412: 3411: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3396: 3395: 3392: 3391: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3370: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3357: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3344: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3318: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3302: 3297: 3289: 3288: 3285: 3284: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3263: 3261: 3251: 3250: 3246: 3244: 3235: 3234: 3230: 3228: 3218: 3217: 3213: 3211: 3201: 3200: 3196: 3194: 3184: 3183: 3179: 3177: 3167: 3166: 3163: 3159: 3157: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3135: 3130: 3122: 3121: 3118: 3117: 3114: 3113: 3110: 3103: 3102: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3089: 3083: 3082: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3029: 3023: 3022: 3019: 3013: 3012: 3009: 3003: 3002: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2979: 2973: 2972: 2969: 2963: 2962: 2959: 2953: 2952: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2929: 2923: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2910: 2907: 2906: 2903: 2902: 2899: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2886: 2883: 2882: 2879: 2878: 2875: 2874: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2851: 2845: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2832: 2829: 2828: 2825: 2824: 2821: 2815: 2814: 2800: 2782: 2779: 2778: 2777: 2771: 2764: 2762: 2756: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2737: 2735: 2730: 2723: 2697:in the US (or 2683:of Italy, the 2612:of the grain. 2567: 2564: 2560: 2557: 2556: 2555: 2548: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2529: 2527: 2522: 2515: 2399:gray leaf spot 2367:plant diseases 2338: 2335: 2334: 2333: 2326: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2307: 2302: 2301: 2294: 2293: 2290: 2286: 2285: 2281: 2280: 2274: 2259: 2258: 2252: 2237: 2236: 2230: 2215: 2214: 2208: 2193: 2192: 2186: 2171: 2170: 2164: 2149: 2148: 2142: 2127: 2126: 2120: 2105: 2104: 2098: 2083: 2082: 2076: 2061: 2060: 2053: 2052: 2048: 2047: 2027: 2024: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1982: 1976: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1933: 1923:organic matter 1899:reaper-binders 1873: 1870: 1869: 1868: 1865: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1834: 1780:Fourth of July 1765: 1757: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1725: 1722: 1594: 1591: 1587: 1586: 1583: 1582: 1578: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1560: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1546: 1542: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1515: 1514: 1504: 1499: 1497: 1489: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1474: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1424: 1419: 1417: 1411: 1410: 1407: 1406: 1402: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1387: 1384: 1383: 1380: 1379: 1375: 1374: 1371: 1370: 1366: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1344: 1343: 1333: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1306: 1301: 1299: 1294: 1292: 1290:BOP clade 1284: 1282: 1272: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1203:Main article: 1200: 1197: 1173:for herbivores 1123:mass selection 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1050:model organism 993: 990: 989: 988: 985: 978: 976: 973: 966: 963: 962: 959: 952: 950: 947: 940: 938: 935: 928: 926: 920: 913: 911: 908: 901: 879:photoperiodism 829:, one for the 791: 788: 665: 662: 589: 586: 499: 496: 494: 491: 441:plant breeding 437:corn rootworms 331:inflorescences 302:that produces 258: 257: 252: 241: 240: 234: 233: 226: 224: 220: 219: 212: 208: 207: 202: 198: 197: 192: 188: 187: 182: 178: 177: 172: 165: 164: 159: 152: 151: 146: 139: 138: 133: 126: 125: 120: 116: 115: 102: 101: 83: 80: 79: 74: 71: 70: 66: 65: 57: 56: 28: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11163: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11053: 11051: 11034: 11029: 11025: 11021: 11015: 11011: 11005: 11001: 10996: 10992: 10988: 10983: 10979: 10975: 10970: 10966: 10962: 10957: 10953: 10949: 10944: 10940: 10936: 10931: 10927: 10923: 10918: 10914: 10910: 10905: 10901: 10897: 10892: 10888: 10884: 10878: 10874: 10869: 10865: 10861: 10856: 10852: 10848: 10843: 10839: 10835: 10830: 10826: 10822: 10816: 10812: 10807: 10803: 10799: 10794: 10790: 10786: 10781: 10777: 10773: 10768: 10764: 10760: 10755: 10751: 10747: 10742: 10738: 10734: 10729: 10725: 10721: 10716: 10712: 10708: 10703: 10699: 10695: 10690: 10686: 10682: 10677: 10673: 10669: 10664: 10660: 10656: 10651: 10647: 10643: 10638: 10634: 10630: 10625: 10621: 10617: 10611: 10607: 10602: 10598: 10594: 10588: 10584: 10579: 10575: 10571: 10565: 10561: 10555: 10550: 10544: 10540: 10535: 10529: 10525: 10524: 10522: 10520: 10516: 10512: 10507: 10500: 10495: 10490: 10488: 10478: 10476: 10466: 10464: 10454: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10440: 10430: 10428: 10423: 10418: 10417: 10414: 10401: 10393: 10392: 10389: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10372:Food vs. fuel 10370: 10368: 10365: 10363: 10360: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10340: 10339: 10337: 10333: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10306: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10271: 10269: 10265: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10243: 10239: 10237: 10236: 10232: 10228: 10226: 10225: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10208: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10196: 10192: 10191: 10189: 10187: 10181: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10144: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10087: 10083: 10082: 10080: 10078: 10072: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10049: 10046: 10045: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10023: 10022: 10019: 10015: 10014:vegetable oil 10012: 10011: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9956: 9954: 9952: 9948: 9944: 9937: 9932: 9930: 9925: 9923: 9918: 9917: 9914: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9886: 9882: 9880: 9879: 9875: 9873: 9872: 9868: 9866: 9865: 9861: 9859: 9858: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9846: 9842: 9840: 9839:Fission yeast 9837: 9835: 9834:Budding yeast 9832: 9830: 9829: 9825: 9823: 9822: 9821:Chlamydomonas 9818: 9816: 9815: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9805: 9802: 9798: 9794: 9786: 9781: 9779: 9774: 9772: 9767: 9766: 9763: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9730:Domestication 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9695:Founder crops 9693: 9691: 9688: 9685: 9684: 9681: 9675: 9674: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9639: 9637: 9633: 9623: 9620: 9619: 9617: 9615: 9611: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9580: 9576: 9574: 9573: 9569: 9567: 9566: 9562: 9560: 9559: 9555: 9554: 9552: 9550: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9540:Amaranthaceae 9537: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9522: 9520: 9518: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9508:Pseudocereals 9505: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9473: 9471: 9469: 9465: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9430: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9415: 9411: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9346: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9334: 9330: 9329:pseudocereals 9326: 9319: 9314: 9312: 9307: 9305: 9300: 9299: 9296: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9234:Colada morada 9232: 9230: 9229:Chicha morada 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9196: 9194: 9190: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9090: 9088: 9084: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9029: 9027: 9023: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8961:Makki di roti 8959: 8957: 8954: 8950: 8947: 8946: 8945: 8944:Corn tortilla 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8906: 8904: 8900: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8850: 8848: 8844: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8782:Hasty pudding 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8709: 8707: 8701: 8693: 8690: 8686: 8683: 8682: 8681: 8680:High-fructose 8678: 8676: 8675:Glucose syrup 8673: 8672: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8632: 8630: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8617: 8610: 8609: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8592: 8591: 8590:Field of Corn 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8576: 8574: 8570: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8541:United States 8539: 8538: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8520: 8518: 8516: 8512: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8487: 8485: 8483: 8479: 8473: 8472:Popcorn maker 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8457:Maize milling 8455: 8453: 8450: 8449: 8447: 8443: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8423: 8421: 8417: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8390: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8379: 8376: 8375: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8338: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8298: 8296: 8292: 8288: 8281: 8276: 8274: 8269: 8267: 8262: 8261: 8258: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8241: 8236: 8234: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8217: 8207: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8192: 8186: 8183: 8179: 8176: 8175: 8170: 8169: 8158: 8154: 8151: 8147: 8143: 8140: 8136: 8131: 8115: 8111: 8110: 8105: 8098: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8068: 8053: 8049: 8043: 8027: 8023: 8022: 8014: 8006: 8002: 7998: 7991: 7976: 7975: 7970: 7963: 7955: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7912: 7896: 7892: 7886: 7878: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7847: 7842: 7835: 7816: 7815:"Corn Starch" 7810: 7795: 7791: 7785: 7777: 7770: 7762: 7755: 7739: 7735: 7729: 7727: 7720: 7715: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7681: 7677: 7676: 7667: 7651: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7633: 7625: 7619: 7615: 7614: 7606: 7591: 7587: 7580: 7572: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7557: 7549: 7541: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7520: 7512: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7491: 7484: 7480: 7477: 7471: 7464: 7460: 7454: 7438: 7434: 7427: 7411: 7407: 7401: 7393: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7359: 7352: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7331:Plant Disease 7325: 7318: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7287: 7271: 7267: 7261: 7246: 7242: 7236: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7198: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7175: 7169: 7165: 7159: 7144: 7140: 7134: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7095: 7080: 7073: 7066: 7051:- Agriculture 7050: 7046: 7040: 7024: 7017: 7016: 7008: 6993: 6989: 6983: 6975: 6971: 6964: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6929: 6922: 6906: 6900: 6892: 6886: 6884: 6872: 6868: 6862: 6843: 6839: 6832: 6825: 6817: 6811: 6807: 6806: 6801: 6795: 6787: 6781: 6777: 6776: 6768: 6752: 6748: 6742: 6734: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6719:Vintage Books 6716: 6715: 6710: 6704: 6689: 6685: 6678: 6670: 6664: 6660: 6653: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6616: 6608: 6601: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6570:(1): 67–118. 6569: 6565: 6557: 6549: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6508: 6503: 6495: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6454: 6449: 6442: 6440: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6388: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6344: 6336: 6332: 6326: 6318: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6293: 6291: 6282: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6239: 6237: 6228: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6177: 6169: 6168: 6163: 6156: 6140: 6136: 6130: 6121: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6085: 6080: 6064: 6060: 6053: 6051: 6042: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5985: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5942: 5935: 5933: 5916: 5910: 5895: 5891: 5885: 5877: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5834: 5826: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5777: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5749: 5741: 5735: 5731: 5730: 5722: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5689: 5684: 5677: 5669: 5665: 5658: 5650: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5609: 5604: 5597: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5552: 5547: 5540: 5524: 5520: 5514: 5498: 5494: 5488: 5480: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5449: 5444: 5437: 5422: 5418: 5412: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5383:: 1726–1741. 5382: 5378: 5374: 5373: 5368: 5361: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5318: 5310: 5309: 5304: 5297: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5260: 5255: 5248: 5229: 5225: 5218: 5212: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5177: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5134: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5105: 5090: 5086: 5080: 5072: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5029: 5021: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4948: 4932: 4925: 4909: 4905: 4899: 4888:September 16, 4884: 4880: 4874: 4863:September 16, 4859: 4853: 4842:September 16, 4837: 4833: 4827: 4816:September 16, 4812: 4808: 4802: 4791:September 16, 4787: 4783: 4781: 4773: 4766: 4761: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4740: 4732: 4724: 4720: 4719: 4713: 4706: 4695:September 21, 4690: 4686: 4682: 4675: 4668: 4656: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4641: 4633: 4626: 4621: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4596: 4594: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4546: 4541: 4534: 4526: 4518: 4514: 4513: 4507: 4500: 4492: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4467: 4459: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4444: 4436: 4425:September 14, 4420: 4416: 4412: 4406: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4377: 4369: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4347: 4345: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4311: 4306: 4299: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4270: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4248: 4241: 4233: 4229: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4186: 4182: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4162: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4107: 4102: 4095: 4088: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4056: 4054: 4045: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4010:(9): 6080–4. 4009: 4005: 4004: 3999: 3992: 3990: 3981: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3932: 3927: 3920: 3911: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3891: 3887: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3855: 3845: 3841: 3835: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3816: 3811: 3807: 3800: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3780: 3775: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3760:sculpture in 3759: 3758: 3757:Field of Corn 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3727: 3723: 3716: 3711: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3673: 3669: 3659: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3616: 3611: 3604: 3599: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3560:(litter), or 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3525: 3515: 3513: 3509: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3457:carbohydrates 3448: 3444: 3439: 3431: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3389: 3382: 3380: 3376: 3369: 3367: 3363: 3356: 3354: 3350: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3330: 3328: 3324: 3317: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3295: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3262: 3260: 3252: 3245: 3243: 3236: 3229: 3227: 3219: 3212: 3210: 3202: 3195: 3193: 3188:Riboflavin (B 3185: 3178: 3176: 3168: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3128: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3068: 3067:Glutamic acid 3064: 3060: 3058: 3057:Aspartic acid 3054: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2998: 2997:Phenylalanine 2994: 2990: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2928: 2924: 2918: 2915: 2914: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2894: 2891: 2890: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2870: 2869:Dietary fiber 2866: 2862: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2850: 2846: 2840: 2837: 2836: 2835:Carbohydrates 2830: 2826: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2805: 2792: 2788: 2775: 2768: 2763: 2760: 2753: 2748: 2741: 2736: 2727: 2722: 2721: 2720: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2707: 2703: 2700: 2696: 2695:cornmeal mush 2692: 2691: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2671: 2670: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2656:corn tortilla 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2620: 2619: 2613: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2594:enzymatically 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2573: 2563: 2552: 2545: 2540: 2533: 2528: 2525: 2519: 2514: 2513: 2512: 2510: 2509: 2504: 2503: 2498: 2494: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2480: 2479: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2464: 2463: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2445:fall armyworm 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2428: 2423: 2419: 2416:, namely the 2415: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2361: 2355: 2348: 2343: 2330: 2323: 2318: 2311: 2306: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2275: 2273: 2260: 2253: 2251: 2238: 2231: 2229: 2216: 2209: 2207: 2194: 2187: 2185: 2172: 2165: 2163: 2150: 2143: 2141: 2128: 2121: 2119: 2106: 2099: 2097: 2084: 2077: 2075: 2074:United States 2062: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2033: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2008: 2003: 2002: 1997: 1993: 1986:Grain storage 1980: 1973: 1968: 1961: 1956: 1949: 1944: 1937: 1932: 1931: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1880: 1862: 1857: 1850: 1845: 1838: 1833: 1832: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1812:Three Sisters 1809: 1805: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1761: 1753: 1749: 1734: 1732: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1714:Oaxaca Valley 1711: 1706: 1701: 1699: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1633:George Beadle 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1611:Maize is the 1605: 1600: 1585: 1584: 1576: 1575: 1567: 1566: 1558: 1557: 1549: 1548: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1529: 1521: 1520: 1517: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1510: 1503: 1502: 1496: 1495: 1491: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1480: 1473: 1472: 1466: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1455: 1448: 1447: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1430: 1423: 1422: 1416: 1413: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1400: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1393: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1381: 1373: 1372: 1364: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1357: 1350: 1349: 1346: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1339: 1332: 1331: 1325: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1312: 1305: 1304: 1298: 1297: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1280: 1276: 1275: 1271: 1270:, gamagrass. 1269: 1268: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1240: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1206: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1150:Asian cuisine 1147: 1142: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1119: 1104: 1102: 1099:, a group of 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1011: 1008:new domestic 1007: 1003: 998: 982: 977: 970: 965: 964: 956: 951: 944: 939: 932: 927: 924: 917: 912: 905: 900: 899: 898: 896: 891: 888: 884: 880: 875: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 852: 850: 840: 836: 832: 828: 827:tubular hairs 824: 820: 816: 815:inflorescence 812: 808: 804: 796: 787: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 763: 760: 754: 749: 745: 740: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 689:Carl Linnaeus 685: 681: 676: 671: 661: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 634: 632: 626: 624: 620: 616: 612: 605: 600: 595: 585: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 554: 552: 548: 544: 540: 535: 533: 529: 524: 520: 516: 509: 504: 490: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 465: 461: 457: 453: 448: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 417: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 346: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 325: 324:Three Sisters 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 288: 281: 264: 255: 250: 248: 242: 239: 238:Binomial name 235: 231: 230: 225: 222: 221: 218: 217: 213: 210: 209: 206: 203: 200: 199: 196: 193: 190: 189: 186: 183: 180: 179: 176: 173: 170: 167: 166: 163: 160: 157: 154: 153: 150: 147: 144: 141: 140: 137: 136:Tracheophytes 134: 131: 128: 127: 124: 121: 118: 117: 112: 107: 103: 97: 92: 91:Least Concern 81: 77: 72: 67: 63: 58: 53: 50: 46: 39: 35: 27: 19: 11131:Staple foods 11111:Plant models 11086:Energy crops 10518: 10240: 10234: 10230: 10222: 10205: 10201:Big bluestem 10193: 10186:energy crops 10141: 10111: 10084: 9883: 9876: 9869: 9862: 9855: 9850: 9843: 9826: 9819: 9812: 9808:Lambda phage 9671: 9642:Canary grass 9577: 9570: 9563: 9556: 9517:Polygonaceae 9364:Maize (Corn) 9363: 9249:Corn whiskey 9047:Corn fritter 9025:Fried dishes 8827:Suam na mais 8762:Creamed corn 8742:Corn pudding 8732:Corn chowder 8705:and porridge 8692:High-maltose 8665:Steep liquor 8620:Maize dishes 8606: 8588: 8495:Corn allergy 8286: 8238: 8232: 8190: 8181: 8172: 8130: 8120:December 21, 8118:. Retrieved 8114:the original 8107: 8097: 8085:. Retrieved 8081:the original 8076: 8067: 8055:. Retrieved 8051: 8042: 8030:. Retrieved 8020: 8013: 7990: 7978:. Retrieved 7972: 7962: 7925: 7921: 7911: 7899:. Retrieved 7895:the original 7885: 7850: 7844: 7834: 7822:. Retrieved 7809: 7799:December 28, 7797:. Retrieved 7784: 7769: 7754: 7742:. Retrieved 7714: 7702:. Retrieved 7674: 7666: 7654:. Retrieved 7645: 7632: 7612: 7605: 7593:. Retrieved 7579: 7561:Random House 7555: 7548: 7525: 7519: 7496: 7490: 7470: 7462: 7453: 7441:. Retrieved 7437:the original 7426: 7414:. Retrieved 7406:"Cornstarch" 7400: 7383:11568/710064 7365: 7361: 7351: 7334: 7330: 7317: 7300: 7296: 7292: 7286: 7274:. Retrieved 7270:the original 7260: 7250:November 14, 7248:. Retrieved 7244: 7235: 7223:. Retrieved 7197: 7189:the original 7174: 7158: 7146:. Retrieved 7142: 7133: 7111:(2): 49–56. 7108: 7104: 7094: 7082:. Retrieved 7065: 7053:. Retrieved 7039: 7027:. Retrieved 7014: 7007: 6995:. Retrieved 6988:"Corn Pests" 6982: 6963: 6927: 6921: 6909:. Retrieved 6899: 6861: 6851:December 15, 6849:. Retrieved 6842:the original 6824: 6804: 6794: 6774: 6767: 6755:. Retrieved 6741: 6713: 6703: 6691:. Retrieved 6687: 6677: 6658: 6652: 6619: 6613: 6600: 6567: 6563: 6556: 6511: 6505: 6457: 6451: 6405: 6401: 6400:(Poaceae)". 6397: 6393: 6387: 6375:. Retrieved 6368:the original 6347: 6341: 6325: 6302: 6252: 6248: 6190: 6186: 6176: 6165: 6155: 6143:. Retrieved 6129: 6113:(1): 47–53. 6110: 6106: 6079: 6067:. Retrieved 6063:the original 5998: 5994: 5984: 5951: 5947: 5919:. Retrieved 5909: 5897:. Retrieved 5884: 5847: 5844:PLOS Biology 5843: 5833: 5793:(1): 35–42. 5790: 5786: 5776: 5759: 5755: 5748: 5728: 5721: 5713:the original 5692: 5688:Crop Science 5686: 5676: 5663: 5657: 5612: 5606: 5596: 5555: 5549: 5539: 5527:. Retrieved 5522: 5513: 5501:. Retrieved 5497:the original 5487: 5452: 5446: 5436: 5424:. Retrieved 5420: 5411: 5376: 5370: 5360: 5327: 5323: 5317: 5306: 5296: 5263: 5257: 5253: 5247: 5237:February 23, 5235:. Retrieved 5228:the original 5211: 5186: 5182: 5176: 5143: 5139: 5133: 5121:. Retrieved 5113: 5104: 5092:. Retrieved 5079: 5042: 5038: 5028: 5005: 4957: 4953: 4947: 4935:. Retrieved 4924: 4912:. Retrieved 4898: 4886:. Retrieved 4873: 4861:. Retrieved 4852: 4840:. Retrieved 4836:the original 4826: 4814:. Retrieved 4801: 4789:. Retrieved 4779: 4772: 4763: 4745: 4739: 4716: 4705: 4693:. Retrieved 4674: 4665: 4660:February 15, 4658:. Retrieved 4639: 4632: 4623: 4601: 4549: 4543: 4533: 4510: 4499: 4476: 4466: 4442: 4435: 4423:. Retrieved 4419:the original 4414: 4405: 4383:(2): 51–66. 4380: 4374: 4368: 4355: 4314: 4308: 4298: 4273: 4267: 4247: 4235: 4211:(1): 41–65. 4208: 4204: 4184: 4180: 4146: 4110: 4104: 4100: 4094: 4085: 4065: 4061: 4007: 4001: 3935: 3929: 3919: 3900: 3890: 3821:Jaina Island 3786:Larco Museum 3762:Dublin, Ohio 3755: 3737: 3690:ethanol fuel 3680:(similar to 3675: 3668:Corn ethanol 3629: 3527: 3454: 3408: 3403: 3304: 3299: 3292: 3137: 3132: 3125: 2911: 2887: 2833: 2801: 2798:(seeds only) 2711: 2688: 2684: 2674: 2667: 2643: 2628:bioavailable 2616: 2614: 2575: 2562: 2506: 2500: 2490: 2484: 2478:Pratylenchus 2476: 2467: 2460: 2456: 2453:maize weevil 2448: 2425: 2421: 2411: 2364: 2357: 2250:South Africa 2035: 2012:grain dryers 2005: 1999: 1989: 1905:that can be 1887:World War II 1884: 1875: 1854:Young stalks 1801: 1745: 1727: 1702: 1689:Balsas River 1684: 1680: 1677:John Doebley 1674: 1672: 1661: 1647: 1637: 1610: 1526: 1524: 1508: 1507: 1506: 1492: 1482:(gamagrass) 1477: 1476: 1452: 1451: 1427: 1426: 1390: 1389: 1354: 1353: 1336: 1335: 1308: 1265: 1250:PACMAD clade 1241: 1236: 1208: 1177:introgressed 1162: 1143: 1139: 1115: 1062: 1029: 1015: 974:Male flowers 892: 876: 872:phlobaphenes 868:anthocyanins 853: 800: 774: 770: 764: 747: 743: 741: 732: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 696: 692: 669: 667: 635: 627: 608: 574:pre-Hispanic 555: 536: 528:Balsas River 523:domesticated 512: 449: 427:; two major 418: 347: 304:cereal grain 291: 286: 285: 262: 261: 246: 244: 229:Z. mays 228: 227: 215: 168: 155: 142: 129: 49: 26: 11066:Zea (plant) 10842:NatureServe 10754:iNaturalist 10543:Wikispecies 10463:Mesoamerica 10439:Agriculture 10357:Energy crop 10304:Pellet fuel 10289:Biorefinery 10253:Switchgrass 10097:Coconut oil 10075:Energy from 10009:Cooking oil 9994:Biogasoline 9969:Babassu oil 9857:Arabidopsis 9828:Tetrahymena 9565:A. cruentus 9558:A. caudatus 9359:Job's tears 9214:Champurrado 9163:Maque choux 9138:Huitlacoche 9118:Corn relish 9108:Corn flakes 9086:Other foods 9072:Milho frito 8939:Corn cookie 8929:Chipa guasu 8645:Mielie-meal 8628:Ingredients 8584:Corn School 8579:Corn Palace 8537:By country 8467:Wet-milling 8150:1 Lipa Coin 8087:October 15, 8057:January 11, 8032:December 5, 7443:January 11, 7225:January 11, 7148:January 11, 7084:January 11, 7055:January 11, 7029:January 11, 6997:January 11, 6721:. pp. 6398:parviglumis 5426:January 11, 5085:"Caryopsis" 4712:"corn, n.1" 4334:11336/42613 4113:: 137–155. 3858:Detasseling 3840:Water tower 3752:Corn Palace 3682:wood stoves 3678:corn stoves 3672:Corn stover 3648:wet milling 3590:animal feed 3550:corn stover 3530:animal feed 3518:Animal feed 3477:Daily Value 3171:Thiamine (B 2669:huitlacoche 2582:staple food 2502:Chenopodium 2403:Goss's wilt 2289:World total 2100:260.7 2078:360.3 2020:natural gas 2001:Aspergillus 1808:polyculture 1685:parviglumis 1629:Nobel Prize 1169:for disease 1135:D. F. Jones 1093:transposons 1032:species to 1022:chromosomes 986:Mature silk 887:phytochrome 864:carotenoids 737:Indian corn 719:, the word 701:common name 695:. The name 638:staple food 578:Inca Empire 547:Mesoamerica 526:likely the 487:a maize god 394:corn starch 370:animal feed 354:staple food 327:polyculture 205:Panicoideae 201:Subfamily: 175:Commelinids 149:Angiosperms 11081:Demulcents 11050:Categories 11017:WisFlora: 10948:kew-450362 10943:Plant List 10613:Calflora: 10267:Technology 10248:Salicornia 10231:Miscanthus 10154:Sugar beet 10026:cellulosic 9999:Bioliquids 9979:Biobutanol 9878:Drosophila 9871:C. elegans 9845:Neurospora 9725:Tell Aswad 9667:Nipa grass 9420:(Triticum) 9123:Corn sauce 9001:Spoonbread 8956:Johnnycake 8515:Production 8490:BBCH-scale 8445:Processing 8389:By origin 8301:Amylomaize 7980:October 6, 7824:January 9, 7595:January 8, 6693:January 9, 6145:January 9, 6069:August 26, 6001:(1): 366. 5890:"About us" 5529:October 6, 5094:January 9, 4933:. Grain SA 4759:0394400755 4733:required.) 4608:. p. 4527:required.) 4310:Magallania 3897:"Zea mays" 3883:References 3726:Neumünster 3698:Burgenland 3666:See also: 3522:See also: 3508:tryptophan 3481:B vitamins 3353:Phosphorus 3154:zeaxanthin 2977:Methionine 2947:Isoleucine 2927:Tryptophan 2785:See also: 2713:Sweet corn 2590:hydrolyzed 2586:cornstarch 2576:Maize and 2508:Amaranthus 2427:Diabrotica 2383:mycotoxins 2276:13.9 2254:15.3 2232:22.5 2210:27.4 2188:30.2 2166:30.3 2144:58.4 2026:Production 1996:mycotoxins 1911:corn cribs 1872:Harvesting 1643:A0A317YEZ1 1597:See also: 1457:(sorghum) 1429:Pennisetum 1237:The maize 1042:transposon 811:monoecious 633:in Italy. 560:people of 477:, and the 458:, Italian 412:and other 398:corn syrup 382:field corn 378:sweet corn 10728:GrassBase 10707:200026507 10694:200026507 10487:Guatemala 10342:Agflation 10235:giganteus 10164:Sunflower 10159:Sugarcane 10077:foodstock 9984:Biodiesel 9943:Bioenergy 9891:Zebrafish 9690:Triticeae 9614:Lamiaceae 9525:Buckwheat 9404:Wild rice 9399:Triticale 9259:Pinolillo 9254:Mazamorra 9239:Corn beer 9192:Beverages 9183:Succotash 9158:Maja maíz 9067:Hushpuppy 9037:Corn chip 8934:Cornbread 8883:Nacatamal 8752:Corn stew 8747:Corn soup 8528:Corn crib 8500:Corn smut 8482:Pathology 8378:Varieties 8294:Varieties 7928:(1): 63. 7656:March 28, 7220:251087338 7025:Extension 6955:240163091 6911:March 15, 6891:"FAOSTAT" 6753:Extension 6592:129150225 6350:: 37–59. 6023:2045-2322 5921:March 12, 5899:March 12, 5807:1943-2631 5503:March 12, 5344:1940-3402 5288:254834535 5168:201729476 5045:(1): 32. 5010:CRC Press 4974:0376-835X 4937:March 10, 4914:March 10, 4606:CRC Press 4269:Antiquity 4232:209670587 4225:A54668866 3962:0027-8424 3740:maize god 3640:adhesives 3626:Chemicals 3546:grain bin 3542:corn crib 3499:(B5) and 3479:) of the 3463:, and 1% 3366:Potassium 3340:Manganese 3327:Magnesium 3272:Vitamin C 3255:Folate (B 3239:Vitamin B 3205:Niacin (B 3037:Histidine 2937:Threonine 2706:mieliepap 2648:tortillas 2473:parasites 2469:Nematodes 2387:aflatoxin 2371:corn smut 2329:sugarcane 2228:Indonesia 2140:Argentina 2122:104 1675:In 2004, 1663:Tripsacum 1617:teosintes 1533:teosintes 1531:species ( 1479:Tripsacum 1341:(barley) 1267:Tripsacum 1262:BOP clade 1165:landraces 1163:Tropical 1146:baby corn 1097:helitrons 1024:. 83% of 1016:Maize is 835:caryopsis 769:consider 668:The name 619:Christian 452:tortillas 223:Species: 119:Kingdom: 11007:VASCAN: 11000:25510055 10995:Tropicos 10935:Zea mays 10847:2.149574 10811:77726273 10785:10207796 10772:426810-1 10733:imp10873 10590:BioLib: 10549:Zea mays 10528:Wikidata 10519:Zea mays 10400:Category 10335:Concepts 10218:Duckweed 10207:Camelina 10184:Non-food 10132:Rapeseed 10122:Palm oil 10065:Wood gas 10038:Methanol 10031:mixtures 9951:Biofuels 9797:genetics 9686:See also 9549:Amaranth 9453:Norin 10 9448:Red Fife 9443:Khorasan 9279:Tesgüino 9244:Corn tea 9093:Alivenci 9077:Sorullos 9052:Corn nut 9042:Corn dog 8893:Pasteles 8822:Sagamite 8792:Mămăligă 8727:Cocoloși 8635:Cornmeal 8546:Tanzania 8233:Zea mays 8153:Archived 8142:Archived 8026:Archived 8005:56073239 7954:26981155 7877:16350125 7704:June 21, 7698:Archived 7694:30844154 7650:Archived 7640:(2024). 7479:Archived 7476:Corn Oil 7410:Archived 7392:73606627 7276:July 29, 7125:87234896 6869:(2013). 6757:March 9, 6584:20708222 6548:19307570 6494:19307573 6422:21380710 6394:Zea mays 6364:15568971 6333:(2004). 6281:21808030 6227:10860964 6139:Archived 6041:29321632 5976:24074330 5968:28875394 5948:Genetica 5876:30086128 5825:27440866 5787:Genetics 5709:39657597 5666:. Rome: 5649:19926864 5588:21433160 5580:19965430 5479:35320376 5421:MaizeGDB 5399:21652320 5352:20147033 5280:35064401 5254:Zea mays 5224:Monsanto 5203:21910639 5160:31451836 5123:July 24, 5071:22165847 4782:(maize)" 4780:Zea mays 4689:Archived 4576:24650320 4354:(2012). 4290:59480757 4228:ProQuest 4217:40971301 4101:Zea mays 4082:83061925 4044:11983901 3980:11172083 3852:See also 3722:digester 3708:method. 3632:plastics 3473:calories 3409:Quantity 3347:0.163 mg 3300:Quantity 3294:Minerals 3249:0.093 mg 3233:0.717 mg 3199:0.055 mg 3182:0.155 mg 3133:Quantity 3127:Vitamins 3027:Arginine 3007:Tyrosine 2787:Pellagra 2757:Mexican 2690:mămăligă 2677:porridge 2644:nixtamal 2606:Corn oil 2578:cornmeal 2566:Culinary 2553:in maize 2487:monocots 2420:or ECB ( 2391:tar spot 2385:such as 2297:Source: 2102:(22.43%) 2007:Fusarium 1925:for the 1828:squashes 1820:rhizobia 1776:soybeans 1770:such as 1737:Agronomy 1718:Tehuacan 1681:Zea mays 1631:-winner 1512:(maize) 1509:Zea mays 1359:(wheat) 1356:Triticum 1315:ryegrass 1222:Starlink 1218:Bt maize 1118:breeding 1107:Breeding 1058:MADS-box 1034:outcross 1020:with 20 844:ear leaf 823:allergen 693:Zea mays 654:pellagra 570:potatoes 519:teosinte 469:. 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