624:
453:
718:
553:. On February 26, 1905, the commission published its report. It criticized Rozhestvensky for allowing his ships to fire upon the British ships, but noted that "as each vessel swept the horizon in every direction with her searchlights to avoid being taken by surprise, it was difficult to prevent confusion". The report also concluded that once the mistake was known "Admiral Rozhestvensky personally did everything he could, from beginning to end of the incident, to prevent from being fired upon by the squadron". Russia eventually paid £66,000 (£5.8m today) in compensation.
495:; and that both the shakedown testing of the new battleships and the gunnery practice/training would have to occur during the voyage. Also, re-coaling would have to be done at sea, instead of in port as with most other navies. As a consequence of these circumstances, the mission-minded commander would sometimes fire service ammunition (live gunfire) across the bows of an errant warship, and in a fiery moment fling his binoculars from the bridge into the sea. When his battleship fleet set sail in 1904, Rozhestvensky's staff ensured that his flagship,
751:
740:
54:
729:
131:
620:). With only most of his bow guns to use, Rozhestvensky's main batteries were "thrown successively out of bearing" as he continued to advance. Other than surrender or retreat, Rozhestvensky had but two choices; fight a pitched battle or charge Togo's battleline. He chose the former, and by the evening of 27 May 1905, Rozhestvensky's flagship and the majority of his fleet were on the bottom of the Tsushima Straits. The Russians had lost 5,000 sailors.
111:
549:. On arrival in Spain, Rozhestvensky left behind those officers he considered responsible for the incident (as well as at least one officer who had been critical of him). On November 25, 1904, the British and the Russian governments signed a joint agreement in which they agreed to submit the issue to an International Commission of Inquiry at
556:
Rozhestvensky believed from the start that the plan to send the Baltic Fleet to Port Arthur was ill-conceived, and vehemently opposed plans to include a motley collection of obsolete vessels, the Third
Pacific Squadron to his fleet (referred to by the Admiral and his staff as the 'self-sinkers'), to
682:
had surrendered the
Russian fleet, as Rozhestvensky had been wounded and unconscious for most of the battle, and was very reluctant to accept his statements of responsibility. Nonetheless, Rozhestvensky was adamant in his defense of his subordinate commanders and maintained total responsibility,
612:
With this knowledge in possession, Togo planned on preempting the
Russian plan, by positioning his battle fleet to "bring the Russian fleet to battle, regardless of the speed of either battlefleet." Admiral Togo was able to appear directly across Rozhestvensky's line of advance (Rozhestvensky's
488:) and new untrained sailors on the longest coal-powered battleship fleet voyage in recorded history. Rozhestvensky had a fiery temper when dealing with a subordinate, and both officers and men knew to stand clear of "Mad Dog" when a subordinate either disobeyed orders, was incompetent, or both.
597:
communications position his battle fleet in such a way as to "preserve his interior lines of movement", which would allow him to have shorter distances to cover while causing
Rozhestvensky to have longer distances to travel, regardless of battleship speeds.
565:. Remote and distrustful of his staff, Rozhestvensky grew increasingly bitter and pessimistic as he approached Asia. Almost as soon as the Baltic Fleet arrived in the Far East in May 1905, it was engaged by the Japanese Navy at the decisive
677:
for the disaster, along with each of his surviving battleship commanders. Some were sentenced to prison and some to firing squad for either losing the battle or surrendering on the high seas. The Tsar's court was fully aware that
Admiral
354:
defenses that protected the enemy ships. The attack was beaten back by
Turkish gunfire which destroyed one torpedo boat and the remaining boats withdrew, leaving the enemy ironclads intact. In July 1877 while still assigned to
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217:
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pleading guilty to losing the battle. As was expected (and hoped) by the courts, the Tsar commuted the death-sentenced captains to short prison terms and pardons for the remaining officers.
530:
on the night of 21–22 October 1904 resulted in the deaths of three
British fishermen and many wounded. One sailor and a priest aboard a Russian cruiser were also killed in the crossfire.
1433:
271:
fleet over 18,000 miles (29,000 km) one way to engage an enemy in decisive battle (the Battle of
Tsushima, which ended in a disastrous defeat of the Russian force.) The
1428:
1314:
1443:
1438:
605:, and avoiding contact with the Japanese navy if at all possible, and fighting as little as possible, if forced into it. Rozhestvensky's objective was to reinforce the
703:
He married Olga
Antipova which whom he had one daughter. He had a number of affairs including beginning around 1900 one with Capitalina Makarova the wife of admiral
480:. The Tsar had selected the right man for the job, for it would take an iron-fisted commander to sail an untested fleet of brand new battleships (for some of the new
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Rozhestvensky was fully aware that he had a new untrained fleet under his command and that re-coaling stations would not be available during the journey, due to
323:
1242:
Grant, R., Captain, D.S.O. Before Port Arthur in a
Destroyer; The Personal Diary of a Japanese Naval Officer. (1907). London, John Murray, Albemarle St. W.
533:
The Russian government agreed to investigate the incident following a great deal of international diplomatic pressure. Rozhestvensky was ordered to dock in
997:
979:
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escaped with only minor damage. This revelation had no adverse impact on his career. From 1883 to 1885 Rozhestensky was seconded to the newly formed
660:. The victorious Admiral Tōgō would later visit him (while being treated for his injuries in a Japanese hospital), comforting him with kind words:
691:
Rozhestvensky lived out the last years of his life in St Petersburg as a recluse. He died of a heart attack in 1909 and was buried in the
1483:
640:
During the battle, Rozhestvensky was wounded in the head by a shell fragment. The unconscious admiral was transferred to the destroyer
389:. He also designed a defense plan for the Bulgarian coastline, and was one of the founders of the Technology Association of Bulgaria.
1364:
1237:
1200:
Corbett, Sir Julian. "Maritime Operations In The Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905." Volume II (2015) Originally published October 1915.
664:
Defeat is a common fate of a soldier. There is nothing to be ashamed of in it. The great point is whether we have performed our duty.
444:. In 1902 he was appointed Chief of the Naval Staff and proposed a plan for strengthening the Imperial Russian Navy in the Far East.
1187:
Corbett, Sir Julian. "Maritime Operations In The Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905." Volume I (2015) Originally published January 1914.
589:, and this time would not split his fires nor engage Rozhestvensky at excessive ranges, as he had done with Admiral Vitgeft at the
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348:. Rozhestvensky volunteered to lead the first attack against the Turkish warships but his torpedo boat became caught up in the
1222:
1208:
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949:
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1508:
609:, and then, when the Russian navy felt sufficiently prepared, they would engage the Japanese navy in a decisive action.
400:
381:. However, after the war he revealed in a newspaper article that he had falsified his reports, and that the overloaded
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and became commander of the gunnery school of the Baltic Fleet. In 1900 he commanded the salvage operation for the
272:
267:
Under Admiral Rozhestvensky's command, the Russian navy accomplished a feat of steaming an all-steel, coal-powered
994:
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305:
238:
20:
1373:
Warner, Denis and Peggy. "The Tide at Sunrise, A History of the Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905." (1975).
1304:
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in 1873. He initially served with the Baltic Fleet as a gunnery officer. In 1876 he transferred to the
278:
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Naval intelligence had already informed Togo of Rozhestvensky's mission, that of reaching
8:
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the year previously. He would instead, with the proper use of reconnaissance vessels and
485:
200:
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185:
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Tomitch, V. M. "Warships of the Imperial Russian Navy." Volume 1, Battleships. (1968).
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Rozhestvensky returned to Russian service and was senior officer on the battery ship
464:
Prior to the war against Japan starting in 1904, Rozhestvensky was commander of the
1250:
803:
634:
337:
221:
94:
426:
which was part of the Russian Mediterranean Squadron under the command of Admiral
417:
1318:
1176:. (1994) Originally classified (unavailable to the public), and in two volumes.
1001:
983:
799:
506:
almost triggered a war between Russia and Great Britain as it sailed through the
309:
242:
53:
1348:
Semenoff, Vladimir, Capt. Rasplata (The Reckoning). (1910). London: John Murray.
1012:
International Dispute Settlement – Merills, J. G., Cambridge University Press,
704:
427:
386:
300:, and joined the Imperial Russian Navy at the age of 17. He graduated from the
116:
98:
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674:
546:
297:
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519:
465:
435:
341:
333:
329:
162:
1283:
Reflections, Historic and Other, Suggested by the Battle of the Japan Sea.
1081:
477:
614:
602:
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the extent of refusing to reveal to the Admiralty his exact routing from
515:
545:
squadrons shadowed Rozhestvensky's fleet as it made its way through the
558:
538:
360:
268:
24:
941:
550:
507:
473:
1230:
Naval Firepower, Battleship Guns and Gunnery in the Dreadnaught Era.
594:
561:
and to share his battle plan with Third Pacific Squadron commander
285:
542:
406:
397:
320:
245:
32:
1474:
Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), 3rd class
1469:
Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), 2nd class
1464:
Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), 1st class
648:. He was taken prisoner when the ship was later captured by the
629:
1424:
Russian military personnel of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
345:
1387:
Arms and Armour, Villiers House, 41–47 Strand, London; 1990.
1359:
Skagerrak, The Battle of Jutland Through German Eyes." (2016)
1215:
Russian Battleship vs Japanese Battleship, Yellow Sea 1904–05.
537:, Spain, while battleships of the Royal Navy from the British
1351:
Semenoff, Vladimir, Capt. The Battle of Tsushima. (1912). NY
1312:
The Tsar's Last Armada: Epic Voyage to the Battle of Tsushima
967:('Hullwebs – History of Hull' website. Retrieved 2007-09-08.)
534:
277:, one of four brand-new battleships of the French-designed
1434:
Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Fourth Degree
304:, where he mastered English and French, in 1868, and the
526:, they opened fire on the unarmed civilian vessels. The
430:. From 1896 to 1898 he commanded the coast defence ship
1174:
Maritime Operations In The Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905
369:, in a five-hour battle. Rozhestvensky was awarded the
232:
1429:
Russian military personnel of the Russo-Japanese War
241:
October 30] 1848 – January 14, 1909) was a
1444:Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class
1439:Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd class
472:ordered Rozhestvensky to take the Baltic Fleet to
1479:Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword
1400:
1262:Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War
1063:
1061:
1033:
1031:
830:Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War
1489:Recipients of the Order of the Crown (Romania)
1459:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 3rd class
1454:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 2nd class
1449:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class
927:
581:drew upon his experiences from the battles of
510:. After several Russian ships mistook British
296:Rozhestvensky was the son of a physician from
1285:By Captain A. T. Mahan, U.S. Navy. US Naval
1335:Alfred Thayer Mahan: The Man And His Letters
1096:
1058:
1028:
499:, had a good supply of binoculars on board.
1130:
1105:
937:The War of the Rising Sun and Tumbling Bear
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786:Pleshakov, photo caption, page not numbered
1289:magazine, June 1906; Volume XXXVI, No. 2.
52:
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1111:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
622:
451:
1504:Military attachés of the Russian Empire
1141:. Oxford: Basic Books. pp. 51–52.
541:were prepared for war. Several British
1401:
1256:
627:Admiral Tōgō Visits Rozhestvensky, by
502:Nevertheless, the inexperience of the
1169:(1969) Funk & Wagnalls, New York.
934:Connaughton, Richard Michael (1988).
809:
735:, 3rd class and 4th class with ribbon
656:he returned to St Petersburg via the
572:
476:to protect the Russian naval base of
447:
291:
958:
420:to London. In 1894 he commanded the
377:for this action and was promoted to
359:, he engaged and damaged an Ottoman
1116:. Oxford: Basic Books. p. 41.
13:
1484:Commanders of the Legion of Honour
965:Dogger Bank – Voyage of the Damned
914:The Russian Outrage (Chapter XXII)
644:and subsequently to the destroyer
319:Rozhestvensky served on board the
14:
1525:
995:Dogger Bank Incident Final Report
977:Joint British-Russian declaration
749:
738:
727:
716:
698:
332:, five of which were armed with
234:Zinoviy Petrovich Rozhestvenskiy
129:
109:
1137:Pleshakov, Constantine (2002).
1112:Pleshakov, Constantine (2002).
1078:"Slashdoc - Russo-Japanese War"
1070:
1049:
1040:
1019:
1006:
988:
970:
907:
898:
889:
288:for the voyage to the Pacific.
1419:Imperial Russian Navy admirals
918:North Sea Fishers And Fighters
880:
871:
862:
853:
844:
835:
789:
780:
306:Mikhailovsky Artillery Academy
226:Зиновий Петрович Рожественский
213:Zinovy Petrovich Rozhestvensky
64:Zinovy Petrovich Rozhestvensky
46:Zinovy Petrovich Rozhestvensky
1:
1159:
686:
673:In 1906, Rozhestvensky faced
493:Britain's alliance with Japan
456:Route of Baltic Fleet to the
441:General Admiral Graf Apraksin
434:. In 1898 he was promoted to
21:Eastern Slavic naming customs
1305:George Allen & Unwin Ltd
1232:(2013) Seaforth Publishing;
668:
252:. He was in command of the
7:
1509:Burials at Tikhvin Cemetery
761:
652:. After the signing of the
416:. From 1891 to 1893 he was
336:, attempted to attack four
233:
16:Russian admiral (1848–1909)
10:
1530:
1385:The Imperial Russian Navy.
944:. pp. 247, 250, 259.
757:, 1st, 2nd and 3rd classes
19:In this name that follows
18:
1247:The Fleet That Had To Die
1000:October 13, 2008, at the
982:October 13, 2008, at the
710:
484:s, this voyage was their
225:
196:
168:
158:
150:
142:
122:
104:
84:
76:
68:
60:
51:
44:
1514:Naval Cadet Corps alumni
1309:Pleshakov, Constantine.
773:
591:Battle of the Yellow Sea
405:. He then commanded the
328:. On June 10, 1877, six
237:; November 11 [
1264:. The Scarecrow Press.
371:Order of Saint Vladimir
254:Second Pacific Squadron
1499:Russian naval attachés
1297:Novikov-Priboy, Alexey
1139:The Tsar's Last Armada
1114:The Tsar's Last Armada
877:Pleshakov pp. 153, 322
755:Order of St. Stanislav
693:Alexander Nevsky Lavra
666:
658:Trans-Siberian Railway
650:Imperial Japanese Navy
637:
524:Imperial Japanese Navy
461:
1353:E.P. Dutton & Co.
1202:Naval Institute Press
1189:Naval Institute Press
1172:Corbett, Sir Julian.
1084:on September 27, 2007
746:, 2nd and 3rd classes
733:Order of St. Vladimir
662:
626:
455:
250:Imperial Russian Navy
205:Order of St. Vladimir
143:Years of service
137:Imperial Russian Navy
1279:Mahan, Alfred Thayer
1167:The Emperor's Sword.
1014:Cambridge University
654:Treaty of Portsmouth
607:Vladivostok Squadron
528:Dogger Bank incident
504:Russian Baltic Fleet
379:lieutenant commander
1245:Hough, Richard, A.
920:, K. Paul, Trench,
768:Nikolai Kolomeitsev
722:Order of St. George
201:Order of St. George
1383:Watts, Anthony J.
1317:2016-03-04 at the
1303:. (1936) London:
1291:US Naval Institute
1228:Friedman, Norman.
1213:Forczyk, Robert.
832:, pp. 326–27, 340.
802:are also known in
638:
573:Battle of Tsushima
569:(27–28 May 1905).
567:Battle of Tsushima
462:
458:Battle of Tsushima
448:Russo-Japanese War
402:Gerzog Edinburgski
375:Order of St George
292:Early naval career
262:Russo-Japanese War
258:Battle of Tsushima
186:Battle of Tsushima
181:Russo-Japanese War
1365:978 1 78383 123 4
1333:Seager, Robert.
1238:978 1 84832 185 4
1223:978-1-84603-330-8
1209:978-1-59114-198-3
1196:978-1-59114-197-6
1025:Forczyk pp. 41–54
951:978-0-415-07143-7
744:Order of St. Anna
680:Nikolai Nebogatov
577:Japanese Admiral
563:Nikolai Nebogatov
423:Vladimir Monomakh
317:Russo-Turkish War
210:
209:
176:Russo-Turkish War
80:November 11, 1848
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1251:Ballantine Books
1217:(2009), Osprey;
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1080:. Archived from
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940:. New York, US:
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911:
905:
904:Pleshakov p. 123
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807:
800:transliterations
798:. Several other
793:
787:
784:
753:
742:
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635:Fujishima Takeji
618:had been crossed
512:fishing trawlers
486:shakedown cruise
470:Tsar Nicholas II
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95:Saint Petersburg
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88:January 14, 1909
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916:– Wood Walter,
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899:
895:Pleshakov p. 53
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886:Pleshakov p. 38
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859:Pleshakov p. 37
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1199:
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1186:
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748:
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37:Rozhestvensky
34:
31: and the
30:
26:
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1494:Baltic Fleet
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1138:
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1102:Regan, p.178
1098:
1088:February 20,
1086:. Retrieved
1082:the original
1072:
1067:Mahan p. 458
1051:
1046:Mahan p. 450
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169:Battles/wars
163:Baltic Fleet
154:Vice Admiral
90:(1909-01-14)
36:
28:
1414:1909 deaths
1409:1848 births
1287:Proceedings
850:Watts p. 16
724:, 4th class
603:Vladivostok
583:Port Arthur
516:Dogger Bank
478:Port Arthur
315:During the
69:Nickname(s)
33:family name
1403:Categories
1337:. (1977)
1322:. (2002).
1160:References
687:Later life
587:Yellow Sea
559:Madagascar
539:Home Fleet
414:Grozyachiy
361:battleship
284:, was his
269:battleship
105:Allegiance
61:Birth name
25:patronymic
1253:. (1960).
942:Routledge
669:Aftermath
551:The Hague
522:from the
508:North Sea
474:East Asia
432:Pervenets
351:rope boom
338:ironclads
218:‹See Tfd›
146:1868–1906
29:Petrovich
1315:Archived
1301:Tsushima
1260:(2006).
998:Archived
980:Archived
828:Kowner,
762:See also
633:painter
595:wireless
585:and the
482:Borodino
410:Naezdnik
396:and the
286:flagship
280:Borodino
159:Commands
123:Service/
72:Mad Dog
804:English
646:Bedovii
543:cruiser
407:clipper
398:cruiser
340:of the
321:gunboat
256:in the
248:of the
246:admiral
243:Russian
222:Russian
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711:Awards
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346:Sulina
197:Awards
134:
125:branch
114:
23:, the
774:Notes
394:Kreml
357:Vesta
325:Vesta
282:class
1389:ISBN
1375:ISBN
1361:ISBN
1339:ISBN
1324:ISBN
1266:ISBN
1234:ISBN
1219:ISBN
1205:ISBN
1192:ISBN
1178:ISBN
1143:ISBN
1118:ISBN
1090:2006
946:ISBN
630:yōga
535:Vigo
518:for
373:and
239:O.S.
151:Rank
85:Died
77:Born
707:.
514:at
344:at
230:tr.
35:is
27:is
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616:T
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39:.
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