Zoonosis - Knowledge

1008: 120: 1121:. Jenner had noticed that milkmaids were resistant to smallpox. Milkmaids contracted a milder version of the disease from infected cows that conferred cross immunity to the human disease. Jenner abstracted an infectious preparation of 'cowpox' and subsequently used it to inoculate persons against smallpox. As a result of vaccination, smallpox has been eradicated globally, and mass inoculation against this disease ceased in 1981. There are a variety of vaccine types, including traditional inactivated pathogen vaccines, 799:, says zoonotic diseases are increasingly linked to environmental change and human behavior. The disruption of pristine forests driven by logging, mining, road building through remote places, rapid urbanization, and population growth is bringing people into closer contact with animal species they may never have been near before. The resulting transmission of disease from wildlife to humans, she says, is now "a hidden cost of human economic development". In a guest article, published by 511:, and potentially even the COVID-19 pandemic. Notably, small mammals often harbor a vast array of zoonotic bacteria and viruses, yet endemic bacterial transmission among wildlife remains largely unexplored. Therefore, accurately determining the pathogenic landscape of traded wildlife is crucial for guiding effective measures to combat zoonotic diseases and documenting the societal and environmental costs associated with this practice. 921:

with one another. Even in a scenario with weak climatic changes, there will be 15,000 spillover of viruses to new hosts in the next decades. The areas with the most possibilities for spillover are the mountainous tropical regions of Africa and southeast Asia. Southeast Asia is especially vulnerable as it has a large number of bat species that generally do not mix, but could easily if climate change forced them to begin migrating.

7370: 938:, any disease or infection that is primarily ‘naturally’ transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans or from humans to animals is classified as a zoonosis. Factors such as climate change, urbanization, animal migration and trade, travel and tourism, vector biology, anthropogenic factors, and natural factors have greatly influenced the emergence, re-emergence, distribution, and patterns of zoonoses. 946:, ehrlichiosis, Nipah virus, West Nile virus (WNV) and hantavirus infections. Secondary transmission encompasses a category of diseases of animal origin in which the actual transmission to humans is a rare event but, once it has occurred, human-to-human transmission maintains the infection cycle for some period of time. Some examples include 909:, entitled "Preventing the next pandemic – Zoonotic diseases and how to break the chain of transmission", climate change is one of the 7 human-related causes of the increase in the number of zoonotic diseases. The University of Sydney issued a study, in March 2021, that examines factors increasing the likelihood of 965:

by direct contact with blood, bodily fluids, or skin of patients with or who died of Ebola virus disease. Some examples of pathogens with this pattern of secondary transmission are human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome, influenza A, Ebola virus and severe acute respiratory

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involves humans tracking, chasing, and capturing wild animals, primarily for food or materials like fur. However, other reasons like pest control or managing wildlife populations can also exist. Transmission of zoonotic diseases, those leaping from animals to humans, can occur through various routes:

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of animals. Zoonotic transmission can occur in any context in which there is contact with or consumption of animals, animal products, or animal derivatives. This can occur in a companionistic (pets), economic (farming, trade, butchering, etc.), predatory (hunting, butchering, or consuming wild game),

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Leroy, Eric M.; Rouquet, Pierre; Formenty, Pierre; Souquière, Sandrine; Kilbourne, Annelisa; Froment, Jean-Marc; Bermejo, Magdalena; Smit, Sheilag; Karesh, William; Swanepoel, Robert; Zaki, Sherif R.; Rollin, Pierre E. (16 January 2004). "Multiple Ebola virus transmission events and rapid decline of

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who had simian AIDS (SAIDS). The discovery of SIV was made shortly after HIV-1 had been isolated as the cause of AIDS and led to the discovery of HIV-2 strains in West Africa. HIV-2 was more similar to the then-known SIV strains than to HIV-1, suggesting for the first time the simian origin of HIV.

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A major factor contributing to the appearance of new zoonotic pathogens in human populations is increased contact between humans and wildlife. This can be caused either by encroachment of human activity into wilderness areas or by movement of wild animals into areas of human activity. An example of

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were probably very small. Such groups probably made contact with other such bands only rarely. Such isolation would have caused epidemic diseases to be restricted to any given local population, because propagation and expansion of epidemics depend on frequent contact with other individuals who have

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A 2022 study dedicated to the link between climate change and zoonosis found a strong link between climate change and the epidemic emergence in the last 15 years, as it caused a massive migration of species to new areas, and consequently contact between species which do not normally come in contact

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According to the Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC) hunting and consuming wild animal meat ("bushmeat") in regions like Africa can expose people to infectious diseases due to the types of animals involved, like bats and primates. Unfortunately, common preservation methods like smoking

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and thus these animals probably contribute to human hepatitis E burden as well. For non-vulnerable populations (e.g., people who are not immunocompromised) the associated disease burden is, however, small. Furthermore, the trade of non domestic animals such as wild animals as pets can also increase

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destruction of ecosystems for the purpose of expanding agriculture and human settlements reduces biodiversity and allows for smaller animals such as bats and rats, which are more adaptable to human pressures and also carry the most zoonotic diseases, to proliferate. This in turn can result in more

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Host genetics plays an important role in determining which non-human viruses will be able to make copies of themselves in the human body. Dangerous non-human viruses are those that require few mutations to begin replicating themselves in human cells. These viruses are dangerous since the required

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Zoonotic diseases generally refer to diseases of animal origin in which direct or vector mediated animal-to-human transmission is the usual source of human infection. Animal populations are the principal reservoir of the pathogen and horizontal infection in humans is rare. A few examples in this

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A 2021 study found possible links between climate change and transmission of COVID-19 through bats. The authors suggest that climate-driven changes in the distribution and robustness of bat species harboring coronaviruses may have occurred in eastern Asian hotspots (southern China, Myanmar, and

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is paving the way to the pandemic era and could result in as many as 850,000 viruses being transmitted from animals – in particular birds and mammals – to humans. The increased pressure on ecosystems is being driven by the "exponential rise" in consumption and trade of commodities such as meat,

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Zoonotic disease emergence is demonstrably linked to the consumption of wildlife meat, exacerbated by human encroachment into natural habitats and amplified by the unsanitary conditions of wildlife markets. These markets, where diverse species converge, facilitate the mixing and transmission of

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Reed, Kurt D.; Melski, John W.; Graham, Mary Beth; Regnery, Russell L.; Sotir, Mark J.; Wegner, Mark V.; Kazmierczak, James J.; Stratman, Erik J.; Li, Yu; Fairley, Janet A.; Swain, Geoffrey R.; Olson, Victoria A.; Sargent, Elizabeth K.; Kehl, Sue C.; Frace, Michael A. (22 January 2004). "The

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into human populations probably due to interactions between the carrier host and domestic animals. Highly mobile animals, such as bats and birds, may present a greater risk of zoonotic transmission than other animals due to the ease with which they can move into areas of human habitation.

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Zoonoses have different modes of transmission. In direct zoonosis the disease is directly transmitted from non-humans to humans through media such as air (influenza) or bites and saliva (rabies). In contrast, transmission can also occur via an intermediate species (referred to as a

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direct physical contact, airborne droplets or particles, bites or vector transport by insects, oral ingestion, or even contact with contaminated environments. Wildlife activities like hunting and trade bring humans closer to dangerous zoonotic pathogens, threatening global health.

852:, as humans further encroach on wildlands to engage in agriculture, hunting, and resource extraction they become exposed to pathogens which normally would remain in these areas. Such spillover events have been tripling every decade since 1980. An August 2020 study, published in 7261:

H. Krauss, A. Weber, M. Appel, B. Enders, A. v. Graevenitz, H. D. Isenberg, H. G. Schiefer, W. Slenczka, H. Zahner: Zoonoses. Infectious Diseases Transmissible from Animals to Humans. 3rd Edition, 456 pages. ASM Press. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., 2003.

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when it comes to zoonotic disease. In the US, studies have highlighted an increased risk of injuries and lack of veterinary awareness of these hazards. Research has proved the importance for continued clinical veterinarian education on occupational risks associated with

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Many food-borne outbreaks can be linked to zoonotic pathogens. Many different types of food that have an animal origin can become contaminated. Some common food items linked to zoonotic contaminations include eggs, seafood, meat, dairy, and even some vegetables.

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Murray, Kris A.; Allen, Toph; Loh, Elizabeth; Machalaba, Catherine; Daszak, Peter (2016), Jay-Russell, Michele; Doyle, Michael P. (eds.), "Emerging Viral Zoonoses from Wildlife Associated with Animal-Based Food Systems: Risks and Opportunities",

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Pets may also serve as a reservoir of viral disease and contribute to the chronic presence of certain viral diseases in the human population. For instance, approximately 20% of domestic dogs, cats, and horses carry anti-hepatitis E virus

224:, bacteria, fungi and parasites; of 1,415 pathogens known to infect humans, 61% were zoonotic. Most human diseases originated in non-humans; however, only diseases that routinely involve non-human to human transmission, such as 828:

Joshua Moon, Clare Wenham, and Sophie Harman said that there is evidence that decreased biodiversity has an effect on the diversity of hosts and frequency of human-animal interactions with potential for pathogenic spillover.

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of pigs and chickens in particular will be a primary risk factor for the spillover of zoonotic diseases in the future. Habitat loss of viral reservoir species has been identified as a significant source in at least one

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Zoonotic diseases contribute significantly to the burdened public health system as vulnerable groups such the elderly, children, childbearing women and immune-compromised individuals are at risk. According to the

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Huang, Chaolin; Wang, Yeming; Li, Xingwang; Ren, Lili; Zhao, Jianping; Hu, Yi; Zhang, Li; Fan, Guohui; Xu, Jiuyang; Gu, Xiaoying; Cheng, Zhenshun; Yu, Ting; Xia, Jiaan; Wei, Yuan; Wu, Wenjuan (15 February 2020).

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Further studies indicated that HIV-2 is derived from the SIVsmm strain found in sooty mangabeys, whereas HIV-1, the predominant virus found in humans, is derived from SIV strains infecting chimpanzees (SIVcpz)

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where it can maintain itself until further susceptible hosts are contacted and infected. In fact, for many "human" diseases, the human is actually better viewed as an accidental or incidental victim and a

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or drying aren't enough to eliminate these risks. Although bushmeat provides protein and income for many, the practice is intricately linked to numerous emerging infectious diseases like Ebola, HIV, and

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and pandemics like the COVID-19 pandemic. The researchers found that "pressure on ecosystems, climate change and economic development are key factors" in doing so. More zoonotic diseases were found in

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began within the habitat of infected fruit bats. The unidentified infection of these pigs amplified the force of infection, transmitting the virus to farmers, and eventually causing 105 human deaths.

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is common in chickens, and, while it is rare in humans, the main public health worry is that a strain of avian influenza will recombine with a human influenza virus and cause a pandemic like the

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Rood KA, Pate ML (January 2019). "Assessment of Musculoskeletal Injuries Associated with Palpation, Infection Control Practices, and Zoonotic Disease Risks among Utah Clinical Veterinarians".

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Li, Xiaojun; Giorgi, Elena E.; Marichannegowda, Manukumar Honnayakanahalli; Foley, Brian; Xiao, Chuan; Kong, Xiang-Peng; Chen, Yue; Gnanakaran, S.; Korber, Bette; Gao, Feng (July 2020).

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was a zoonotic disease transmitted to humans in the early part of the 20th century, though it has now evolved into a separate human-only disease. Human infection with animal

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Rahman, Md Tanvir; Sobur, Md Abdus; Islam, Md Saiful; Ievy, Samina; Hossain, Md Jannat; El Zowalaty, Mohamed E.; Rahman, AMM Taufiquer; Ashour, Hossam M. (September 2020).

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Immunodeficiency resembling human AIDS was reported in captive monkeys in the United States beginning in 1983. SIV was isolated in 1985 from some of these animals, captive

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The wildlife trade may increase spillover risk because it directly increases the number of interactions across animal species, sometimes in small spaces. The origin of the

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exposure to cat feces, organ transplantation, blood transfusion, contaminated soil, water, grass, unwashed vegetables, unpasteurized dairy products and undercooked meat

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Kurpiers, Laura A.; Schulte-Herbrüggen, Björn; Ejotre, Imran; Reeder, DeeAnn M. (21 September 2015). "Bushmeat and Emerging Infectious Diseases: Lessons from Africa".

5386:"Compendium of Measures To Prevent Disease Associated with Animals in Public Settings, 2005: National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians, Inc. (NASPHV)" 734: 5799: 355:

Outbreaks involving contaminated food should be handled in preparedness plans to prevent widespread outbreaks and to efficiently and effectively contain outbreaks.

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Zoonoses are of interest because they are often previously unrecognized diseases or have increased virulence in populations lacking immunity. The West Nile virus

7406: 3792: 5768: 733:(CDC) issued an updated list of recommendations for preventing zoonosis transmission in public settings. The recommendations, developed in conjunction with the 10107: 7276:

Infection Risk and Limitation of Fundamental Rights by Animal-To-Human Transplantations. EU, Spanish and German Law with Special Consideration of English Law

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Recently, there has been a rise in frequency of appearance of new zoonotic diseases. "Approximately 1.67 million undescribed viruses are thought to exist in

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Daniel MD, Letvin NL, King NW, Kannagi M, Sehgal PK, Hunt RD, et al. (June 1985). "Isolation of T-cell tropic HTLV-III-like retrovirus from macaques".

1043: 6005: 6716: 8714: 7193: 7110: 4482:"Changes of China's regulatory regime on commercial artificial breeding of terrestrial wildlife in time of COVID-19 outbreak and impacts on the future" 7447: 1501:

Contact of mucosae or wounds with feces of kissing bugs. Accidental ingestion of parasites in food contaminated by bugs or infected mammal excretae.

4184: 3211:"Serial human passage of simian immunodeficiency virus by unsterile injections and the emergence of epidemic human immunodeficiency virus in Africa" 1039:

also are adaptations of strains originating in other species. Some experts have suggested that all human viral infections were originally zoonotic.

8262: 3533: 4342: 4259:"Evidence for cross-species transmission of human coronavirus OC43 through bioinformatics and modeling infections in porcine intestinal organoids" 1715:

dogs, wolves, coyotes, foxes, jackals, cats, monkeys, raccoons, bears, muskrats, rabbits, leopards, seals, sea lions, beavers, ferrets, reptiles

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Daszak P, Cunningham AA, Hyatt AD (February 2001). "Anthropogenic environmental change and the emergence of infectious diseases in wildlife".

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consuming raw or undercooked snails, slugs, other mollusks, crustaceans, contaminated water, and unwashed vegetables contaminated with larvae

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Hahn, B. H.; Shaw, G. M.; De Cock, K. M.; Sharp, P. M. (28 January 2000). "AIDS as a zoonosis: scientific and public health implications".

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infection, staying present and potentially infectious in the infected host for long periods, or it had to have other additional species as

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burden is largely dependent on exposure to animal products, and pork is a significant source of infection, in this respect. Similarly, the

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A review published in 2022 found evidence that zoonotic spillover linked to wildmeat consumption has been reported across all continents.

8936: 7891: 3557:"Reverse zoonotic disease transmission (zooanthroponosis): a systematic review of seldom-documented human biological threats to animals" 436:

chickens in the UK were temporarily ordered to remain inside due to the threat of avian influenza. Cattle are an important reservoir of

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commonly – dogs, bats, monkeys, raccoons, foxes, skunks, cattle, goats, sheep, wolves, coyotes, groundhogs, horses, mongooses and cats

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and birds, up to half of which are estimated to have the potential to spill over into humans", says a study led by researchers at the

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infected cattle, deer, llamas, pigs, domestic cats, wild carnivores (foxes, coyotes) and omnivores (possums, mustelids and rodents)

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published its report on the 'era of pandemics' by 22 experts in a variety of fields and concluded that anthropogenic destruction of

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viruses in particular possess high zoonotic potential, and these occasionally recombine with human strains of the flu and can cause

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consuming water, soil or food contaminated with the tapeworm eggs (cysticercosis) or raw or undercooked pork contaminated with the

475: 7027: 4107: 3078: 9209: 7528: 7396: 10880: 10867: 9481: 9237: 6679: 896: 10152: 8990: 7440: 7304: 7283: 7174: 7154: 6231: 5508: 5473: 5127: 4393: 3859:"Introduction: emerging antimicrobial resistance mechanisms in the zoonotic foodborne pathogens Salmonella and Campylobacter" 3685: 1576: 9494: 7210: 6640: 4041: 10669: 10127: 7765: 7420: 5145:"Hepatitis E virus seroprevalence in pets in the Netherlands and the permissiveness of canine liver cells to the infection" 3071:"A glimpse into Canada's highest containment laboratory for animal health: The National Centre for Foreign Animal Diseases" 1743: 902: 884: 737:, include educational responsibilities of venue operators, limiting public animal contact, and animal care and management. 694: 471: 452:, the main cause of the common cold, can use the pig as a zoonotic reservoir, constantly reinfecting the human population. 285: 9806: 8906: 7880: 3386:"Taenia solium Human Cysticercosis: A Systematic Review of Sero-epidemiological Data from Endemic Zones around the World" 1806: 1601: 7079: 6604:

Field H, Young P, Yob JM, Mills J, Hall L, Mackenzie J (April 2001). "The natural history of Hendra and Nipah viruses".

5947:"Shifts in global bat diversity suggest a possible role of climate change in the emergence of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2" 3259: 10872: 6769: 5400: 2711: 2331: 364: 9876: 3767: 970:

and re-emerging zoonotic infections have occurred as a results of many ecological and sociological changes globally.

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Contact with farm animals can lead to disease in farmers or others that come into contact with infected farm animals.

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Humphrey T, O'Brien S, Madsen M (July 2007). "Campylobacters as zoonotic pathogens: a food production perspective".

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direct contact, including meat consumption. However, scientists believe most infections are spread human to human.

1590: 1342: 834: 7416: 9975: 8777: 2982: 1186:'present in Africa for thousands of years' – major outbreak 1900–1920, cases continue (sub-Saharan Africa, 2020) 935: 281: 1834:

varies (sometimes unknown) – commonly camels, rabbits, hares, hedgehogs, cattle, sheep, goats, horses and swine

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Murphy FA (1999). "The threat posed by the global emergence of livestock, food-borne, and zoonotic pathogens".

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is a common infection of cats; in humans it is a mild disease although it can be dangerous to pregnant women.

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is caused by a tapeworm, which can spread from infected sheep by food or water contaminated by feces or wool.

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mosquito bite, contact with bodily fluids, blood, tissues, breathing around butchered animals or raw milk

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Meerburg BG, Singleton GR, Kijlstra A (2009). "Rodent-borne diseases and their risks for public health".

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primarily affects those who work closely with horses and donkeys. Close contact with cattle can lead to

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Maxmen A (April 2021). "WHO report into COVID pandemic origins zeroes in on animal markets, not labs".

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A new strain of the influenza virus endemic in pigs (excludes H1N1 swine flu, which is a human virus)

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rats, mice, pigs, horses, goats, sheep, cattle, buffaloes, opossums, raccoons, mongooses, foxes, dogs

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ingestion of infective eggs from contaminated food or water with feces of an infected definitive host

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eating raw or undercooked fish, ingesting embryonated eggs in fecal-contaminated food, water, or soil

818: 236:), which carry the disease pathogen without getting sick. When humans infect non-humans, it is called 10813: 10803: 10498: 10434: 10157: 10122: 9925: 9902: 9688: 9501: 8432: 7895: 7787: 5562:"Wildmeat consumption and zoonotic spillover: contextualising disease emergence and policy responses" 5088: 3677: 2707: 2682: 2351: 2192: 1358:

isolated similar cases reported in ancient history; in recent UK history probable start in the 1970s

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macaws, cockatiels, budgerigars, pigeons, sparrows, ducks, hens, gulls and many other bird species

2371: 821:, and Eduardo Brondizio, wrote that "rampant deforestation, uncontrolled expansion of agriculture, 669: 547: 309: 5863:"Escaping the 'Era of Pandemics': experts warn worse crises to come; offer options to reduce risk" 393:. Close contact with sheep who have recently given birth can lead to infection with the bacterium 10818: 10736: 10602: 10132: 9930: 9637: 9575: 9409: 9377: 8946: 8921: 8615: 8277: 8272: 8177: 7972: 7958: 7934: 7876: 7686: 7570: 5892: 5800:"UN report says up to 850,000 animal viruses could be caught by humans, unless we protect nature" 2734: 2166: 1627: 1284: 678: 203: 9489: 10405: 10190: 9940: 9813: 9419: 9276: 9266: 9081: 8926: 7962: 7930: 7906: 7741: 7619: 7543: 7518: 7504: 7483: 5194: 4257:

Xu G, Qiao Z, Schraauwen R, Avan A, Peppelenbosch MP, Bijvelds MJ, Jiang S, Li P (April 2024).

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SCHLUNDT, J.; TOYOFUKU, H.; FISHER, J.R.; ARTOIS, M.; MORNER, T.; TATE, C.M. (1 August 2004).

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Glidden CK, Nova N, Kain MP, Lagerstrom KM, Skinner EB, Mandle L, et al. (October 2021).

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Grange ZL, Goldstein T, Johnson CK, Anthony S, Gilardi K, Daszak P, et al. (April 2021).

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Letvin NL, Eaton KA, Aldrich WR, Sehgal PK, Blake BJ, Schlossman SF, et al. (May 1983).

3793:"Preventing the next pandemic – Zoonotic diseases and how to break the chain of transmission" 2938: 2610: 2440: 2434: 2146: 1818: 1512: 1506: 1426: 1102: 1085:

Because they depend on the human host for part of their life-cycle, diseases such as African

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journal, found that increased virus spillover events from animals to humans can be linked to

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Looi, Lai-Meng; Chua, Kaw-Bing (2007). "Lessons from the Nipah virus outbreak in Malaysia".

4417:"Human-mediated impacts on biodiversity and the consequences for zoonotic disease spillover" 3486:"AIDS as a zoonosis? Confusion over the origin of the virus and the origin of the epidemics" 2024:

dogs, minks, opossums, cats, lions, tigers, leopards, raccoons, poultry, other birds, frogs

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Food Safety Risks from Wildlife: Challenges in Agriculture, Conservation, and Public Health

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Zoonoses are infectious diseases which jump from a non-human host or reservoir into humans.

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cattle, dogs, cats, mice, pigs, horses, deer, sheep, goats, rabbits, leopard geckos, birds

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Faria NR, Rambaut A, Suchard MA, Baele G, Bedford T, Ward MJ, et al. (October 2014).

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raw or undercooked food made from animals and unwashed vegetables contaminated with feces

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of zoonoses have been traced to human interaction with, and exposure to, other animals at

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Li TC, Chijiwa K, Sera N, Ishibashi T, Etoh Y, Shinohara Y, et al. (December 2005).

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In 2006 a conference held in Berlin focused on the issue of zoonotic pathogen effects on

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Aguirre, A. Alonso; Catherina, Richard; Frye, Hailey; Shelley, Louise (September 2020).

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Karesh, William B.; Cook, Robert A.; Bennett, Elizabeth L.; Newcomb, James (July 2005).

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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences

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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences

3169: 3154:"HIV epidemiology. The early spread and epidemic ignition of HIV-1 in human populations" 2964: – Occurs when a reservoir population causes an epidemic in a novel host population 10619: 10614: 10523: 10503: 10137: 9980: 9945: 9799: 9765: 9315: 8730: 8699: 8580: 7707: 7238: 7023: 7000: 6984:"Histopathologic changes in macaques with an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)" 6983: 6524: 6476: 6451: 6424: 6383: 6359: 6324: 6300: 6275: 6242: 6223: 6211: 6069: 6034: 5981: 5946: 5718: 5658:"Halt destruction of nature or suffer even worse pandemics, say world's top scientists" 5594: 5561: 5519: 5361: 5336: 5312: 5279: 5255: 5220: 5171: 5144: 5064: 5031: 5007: 4966: 4903: 4787: 4754: 4730: 4697: 4677: 4603: 4578: 4506: 4481: 4462: 4449: 4416: 4385: 4323: 4234: 4207: 4157: 4130: 4018: 3983: 3931: 3919: 3737: 3702: 3646: 3619: 3591: 3556: 3461: 3436: 3412: 3385: 3361: 3336: 3235: 3210: 3186: 3153: 3129: 3104: 1918: 1900: 1880: 1767: 1243: 1191: 1126: 992: 804: 594:

Pets can transmit a number of diseases. Dogs and cats are routinely vaccinated against

395: 136: 9551: 7211:"The human/animal interface: emergence and resurgence of zoonotic infectious diseases" 6913: 6878: 6617: 6555: 5577: 4713: 3835: 3015: 10928: 10905: 10846: 10706: 10659: 10461: 9963: 9632: 9622: 9612: 9597: 9414: 9397: 9261: 9131: 9110: 8985: 8768: 8660: 8437: 7780: 7594: 7348: 7300: 7279: 7263: 7230: 7170: 7150: 7005: 6964: 6918: 6815: 6621: 6586: 6559: 6528: 6516: 6481: 6429: 6411: 6364: 6346: 6305: 6287: 6227: 6167: 6159: 6118: 6074: 6056: 5986: 5722: 5710: 5626: 5599: 5581: 5504: 5469: 5366: 5317: 5299: 5260: 5242: 5176: 5123: 5069: 5051: 5012: 4994: 4947: 4939: 4895: 4887: 4843: 4835: 4792: 4774: 4735: 4717: 4681: 4669: 4608: 4552: 4511: 4466: 4454: 4389: 4315: 4280: 4239: 4162: 4023: 4005: 3923: 3880: 3839: 3742: 3681: 3651: 3596: 3507: 3502: 3485: 3466: 3417: 3366: 3317: 3240: 3191: 3134: 2955: 2792: 2751: 2743: 2581: 2518: 2291: 2080: 1914: 1874: 1822: 1641: 1565: 1556: 1485: 1395: 1249:

commonly – grazing herbivores such as cattle, sheep, goats, camels, horses, and pigs

1101:

defined as zoonotic, even though they may depend on transmission by insects or other

1067: 996: 880: 845: 822: 783: 660: 496: 437: 429: 417: 401: 257: 6671: 6212:"Principles of Infectious Diseases:Transmission, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Control" 5971: 4907: 4698:"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China" 4327: 3935: 3674:

Animal Oppression and Human Violence: Domesecration, Capitalism, and Global Conflict

2916:

mosquito bite, sexual intercourse, blood transfusion and sometimes bites of monkeys

957:

One example is Ebola which is spread by direct transmission to humans from handling

340:, urging government intervention and public vigilance against the risks of catching 10900: 10836: 10823: 10652: 10641: 10533: 10513: 10348: 10262: 10237: 9968: 9915: 9854: 9745: 9392: 9320: 9117: 9103: 9010: 8388: 8373: 8003: 7814: 7809: 7242: 7222: 6995: 6956: 6908: 6898: 6805: 6613: 6551: 6508: 6471: 6463: 6419: 6403: 6354: 6336: 6295: 6257:

Health (US), National Institutes of; Study, Biological Sciences Curriculum (2007).

6237: 6219: 6149: 6110: 6064: 6046: 5976: 5966: 5700: 5589: 5573: 5514: 5496: 5461: 5356: 5348: 5307: 5291: 5250: 5232: 5166: 5156: 5059: 5043: 5002: 4986: 4931: 4879: 4827: 4782: 4766: 4725: 4709: 4661: 4598: 4590: 4542: 4531:"Covid-19 and Capital: Labour Studies and Nonhuman Animals – A Roundtable Dialogue" 4501: 4493: 4444: 4436: 4381: 4307: 4270: 4229: 4219: 4152: 4142: 4013: 3995: 3915: 3870: 3831: 3732: 3722: 3641: 3631: 3586: 3576: 3497: 3456: 3448: 3407: 3397: 3356: 3348: 3307: 3297: 3230: 3222: 3181: 3173: 3124: 3116: 2967: 2670: 2630: 2624: 2394: 2365: 1931: 1391: 1134: 983: 854: 682: 237: 213: 50: 6051: 5219:

D'Cruze, Neil; Green, Jennah; Elwin, Angie; Schmidt-Burbach, Jan (December 2020).

4311: 3384:

Coral-Almeida M, Gabriël S, Abatih EN, Praet N, Benitez W, Dorny P (6 July 2015).

1117:

in 1800 was by infection of a zoonotic bovine virus which caused a disease called

10768: 10763: 10607: 10555: 10363: 10340: 10185: 10162: 9546: 9511: 9387: 9332: 8883: 8465: 8095: 8088: 8083: 7886: 7797: 7677: 7672: 7342: 5500: 4831: 4594: 4275: 4258: 4224: 3875: 3858: 3636: 3581: 3402: 3020: 2870: 2719: 2567: 2420: 2011: 1976: 1894: 1684: 1678: 1647: 1405: 1399: 1318: 1122: 1090: 1086: 988: 773: 589: 567: 464: 425: 297: 195: 191: 9516: 6810: 6793: 5534: 5465: 5280:"Illicit Wildlife Trade, Wet Markets, and COVID-19: Preventing Future Pandemics" 3120: 868:

Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

10798: 10731: 10674: 10446: 10335: 10327: 10252: 10205: 10200: 10147: 9871: 9652: 9647: 9607: 9556: 9521: 9359: 9295: 9124: 8980: 8815: 8292: 7980: 7951: 7353: 6883:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

6258: 6154: 5741: 5738:"Coronavirus Pandemic Linked to Destruction of Wildlife and World's Ecosystems" 5161: 4665: 4131:"Cryptosporidiosis - an occupational risk and a disregarded disease in Estonia" 3707:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3337:"Human vs. animal outbreaks of the 2009 swine-origin H1N1 influenza A epidemic" 2555: 2479: 2474: 2137: 2094: 1847: 1702: 1621: 1479: 1387: 1382:

historically widespread in Mediterranean region; identified early 20th century

1047: 648: 613: 532: 421: 382: 293: 221: 8347: 7411: 7226: 6834:"Why Omicron-infected white-tailed deer pose an especially big risk to humans" 6512: 5619:"'Tip of the iceberg': is our destruction of nature responsible for Covid-19?" 4967:"Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 through recombination and strong purifying selection" 4440: 3352: 10922: 10679: 10636: 10595: 10488: 10471: 10429: 10142: 9693: 9662: 9283: 8896: 8861: 8755: 8639: 8549: 8497: 8418: 8400: 8322: 8242: 8118: 8100: 8012: 7802: 7459: 6467: 6447: 6415: 6350: 6291: 6163: 6122: 6060: 5630: 5585: 5385: 5303: 5246: 5055: 4998: 4943: 4891: 4839: 4778: 4721: 4627:"WHO Points To Wildlife Farms In Southern China As Likely Source Of Pandemic" 4556: 4009: 2786: 2695: 2454: 2262: 2206: 1925: 1672: 1662: 1438: 1278: 1114: 1051: 1001: 943: 942:

category include lyssavirus infections, Lyme borreliosis, plague, tularemia,

779: 674: 664: 655: 609: 409: 345: 323: 317: 269: 241: 208: 190:

viruses is rare, as they do not transmit easily to or among humans. However,

179: 9529: 6960: 6098: 5769:"Deadly diseases from wildlife thrive when nature is destroyed, study finds" 4883: 4147: 3727: 3703:"Ranking the risk of animal-to-human spillover for newly discovered viruses" 3335:

Scotch M, Brownstein JS, Vegso S, Galusha D, Rabinowitz P (September 2011).

3177: 2781:

ingestion of eggs in soil, fresh or unwashed vegetables or undercooked meat

1129:. There are also new vaccine technologies such as viral vector vaccines and 10890: 10828: 10590: 10570: 10518: 10466: 10417: 10217: 10167: 9778: 9349: 9143: 8891: 8846: 8795: 8773: 8763: 8653: 8479: 8253: 8068: 7987: 7921: 7910: 7867: 7702: 7695: 7690: 7645: 7610: 7553: 7495: 7401: 7234: 6903: 6819: 6625: 6590: 6563: 6520: 6485: 6433: 6368: 6309: 6171: 6114: 6078: 5990: 5714: 5603: 5370: 5352: 5321: 5264: 5180: 5047: 5016: 4990: 4951: 4899: 4847: 4796: 4770: 4739: 4673: 4612: 4530: 4515: 4458: 4319: 4284: 4243: 4166: 4027: 4000: 3927: 3884: 3843: 3763: 3746: 3669: 3655: 3600: 3511: 3470: 3452: 3421: 3370: 3321: 3244: 3226: 3195: 3138: 2827: 2765: 2538: 2407: 2305: 1996: 1853: 1810: 1694: 1430: 1130: 1059: 1036: 925:

Laos), constituting a driver behind the evolution and spread of the virus.

871: 808: 639: 552: 474:

stated that the increase in zoonotic pandemics is directly attributable to

7009: 6968: 6922: 5383: 5073: 4547: 4497: 3044: 950:/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), certain influenza A strains, 507:

pathogens, including those responsible for outbreaks of HIV-1, Ebola, and

10783: 10585: 10508: 10483: 10232: 10212: 10117: 10077: 10001: 9372: 9367: 9288: 9271: 9064: 8833: 8484: 8474: 8378: 8359: 8186: 8181: 8077: 8056: 7841: 7775: 7732: 7662: 7584: 7508: 7463: 6774: 5032:"Ecologic studies of rodent reservoirs: their relevance for human health" 4935: 3615: 2812: 2806: 2587: 2492: 2345: 2285: 2229: 2100: 2074: 2059: 2053: 2017: 1982:

beavers, other rodents, raccoons, deer, cattle, goats, sheep, dogs, cats

1955: 1868: 1814: 1708: 1548: 1495: 1422: 1418: 1363: 1217: 1032: 726: 677:

parasite carried by many mammals, including rabbits, and is an important

445: 413: 337: 6407: 5237: 5143:

Li Y, Qu C, Spee B, Zhang R, Penning LC, de Man RA, et al. (2020).

4579:"COVID-19: Epidemiology, Evolution, and Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives" 220:

regions. Zoonoses can be caused by a range of disease pathogens such as

10721: 10696: 10664: 10441: 10422: 10412: 10400: 10247: 9859: 9831: 9657: 9617: 8964: 8671: 8601: 8571: 8521: 8405: 8287: 8168: 8023: 7901: 7832: 7714: 7563: 6382:

Wolfe, Nathan D.; Dunavan, Claire Panosian; Diamond, Jared (May 2007).

4343:"Coronavirus: world treating symptoms, not cause of pandemics, says UN" 2902: 2896: 2890: 2876: 2859: 2842:

milk, exhaled air, sputum, urine, faeces and pus from infected animals

2819:

rodents, pigs, horses, bears, walruses, dogs, foxes, crocodiles, birds

2550:

Variety of places like Oceanic, South America, Europe; year is unknown

2547:

through saliva by biting, or through scratches from an infected animal

2212: 2038: 2032: 1970: 1937: 1860:

commonly – dogs, foxes, jackals, wolves, coyotes, sheep, pigs, rodents

1783: 1774: 1491: 1444: 1257: 1181: 1028: 979: 722: 702: 577: 433: 378: 374: 329: 308:

The most significant zoonotic pathogens causing foodborne diseases are

164: 7329: 6341: 5705: 5688: 5490: 3302: 1837:

infection usually occurs through direct contact with infected animals

10793: 10272: 9305: 9300: 9233: 9028: 8869: 8680: 7472: 5295: 2910: 2847: 2460: 1985:

ingesting spores and cysts in food and water contaminated with feces

1791: 1666: 1024: 643: 557: 390: 187: 144: 6280:

Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association

5218: 1077:

Similarly, in recent times avian influenza and West Nile virus have

887:

also drive pandemic risk through their impacts on our environment."

10776: 10691: 10267: 10242: 10195: 9310: 9253: 6879:"Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a colony of macaque monkeys" 6747: 6702:"The Spread and Eradication of Smallpox | Smallpox | CDC" 4577:

Sun J, He WT, Wang L, Lai A, Ji X, Zhai X, et al. (May 2020).

3286:"Zoonotic Animal Influenza Virus and Potential Mixing Vessel Hosts" 2771: 2690: 2429:

contact with infected rodents, primates, or contaminated materials

1990: 1949: 1943: 1569: 1527: 1369: 1223: 1020: 958: 910: 876: 750: 714: 686: 599: 370: 199: 152: 140: 6006:"Climate Change Could Have Played A Role In The Covid-19 Outbreak" 5833:"Protecting nature is vital to escape 'era of pandemics' – report" 10580: 10451: 9704: 8610: 8559: 8537: 4072: 2985: – Health risks associated with the trade in exotic wildlife 2906: 2512: 2378: 2236: 2222: 1829: 1787: 1778: 1544: 1263: 1237: 1016: 991:. To persist in such a population, a pathogen either had to be a 879:, and metals, largely facilitated by developed nations, and by a 755: 746: 604: 440:, which mainly affects the immunocompromised. Reports have shown 405: 386: 7407:

Detection and Forensic Analysis of Wildlife and Zoonotic Disease

4528: 2280:

1616–20 New England infection; present day in the United States

1232:

eating raw or undercooked fish and squid contaminated with eggs

10788: 10353: 10006: 9602: 9093: 8648: 8427: 8156: 8145: 5221:"Trading Tactics: Time to Rethink the Global Trade in Wildlife" 3982:

Abebe, Engidaw; Gugsa, Getachew; Ahmed, Meselu (29 June 2020).

3383: 2532: 1581: 1118: 814:

Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

595: 515: 277: 225: 7455: 5426:"NASPHV – National Association of Public Health Veterinarians" 4181:"Mink found to have coronavirus on two Dutch farms – ministry" 1794:, fruit bats, monkeys, shrews, forest antelope and porcupines 774:

Deforestation, biodiversity loss and environmental degradation

10017: 4922:

detection of monkeypox in humans in the Western Hemisphere".

4860: 3700: 2317:

deer, wolves, dogs, birds, rodents, rabbits, hares, reptiles

2131: 2069:

exposure to feces, urine, saliva or contact with sick horses

1347: 1335: 951: 800: 175: 168: 156: 148: 9231: 7147:

One Health: Science, Politics and Zoonotic Disease in Africa

6325:"Emergence of epidemic diseases: zoonoses and other origins" 6096: 4964: 3334: 2946: – Transmission of a pathogen between different species 2636:

kangaroos, wallabies, horses, opossums, birds, flying foxes

1015:

Many diseases, even epidemic ones, have zoonotic origin and

27:

Disease that can be transmitted from other species to humans

9536: 9470: 7719: 6099:"The role of wildlife in emerging and re-emerging zoonoses" 5277: 2524:

livestock and other domestic animals such as dogs and cats

2414: 1962:

animals domesticated for food production (cattle, poultry)

1552: 764: 718: 638:, which are transmitted by fleas that are endemic to cats. 622:

through mosquitoes infected by mammals like dogs and cats.

508: 441: 296:, unsustainable agriculture, exploitation of wildlife, and 101: 92: 89: 68: 56: 30:"Zoonotic" redirects here. For the television episode, see 7111:"Leprosy From An Armadillo? That's An Unlikely Peccadillo" 6260:

Understanding Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases

4100:"Avian flu: Poultry to be allowed outside under new rules" 2865:

ticks, deer flies, and other insects including mosquitoes

2527:

inhalation of spores, contact with bodily fluid or faeces

2277:

direct or indirect contact with urine of infected animals

608:, which are endemic in both animal and human populations. 62: 6794:"Shattuck lecture--neurodegenerative diseases and prions" 6498: 6210:

Van Seventer, Jean Maguire; Hochberg, Natasha S. (2017).

5425: 4630: 4414: 3984:"Review on Major Food-Borne Zoonotic Bacterial Pathogens" 3821: 3764:"Coronavirus: Fear over rise in animal-to-human diseases" 3257: 2115: 1540: 1229:

whales, dolphins, seals, sea lions, other marine animals

947: 735:

National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians

358: 183: 107: 74: 8729: 7296:

Spillover: Animal Infections and the Next Human Pandemic

6876: 4752: 3151: 2360:

direct contact with contaminated soil and surface water

303: 6938: 5486: 5484: 5454: 4920: 4529:

Blattner C, Coulter K, Wadiwel D, Kasprzycka E (2021).

3951:"Priority Setting for Foodborne and Zoonotic Pathogens" 2987:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

1411:

rabbits, hares, rodents, ferrets, goats, sheep, camels

268:

The emergence of zoonotic diseases originated with the

5089:"Toxoplasmosis – General Information – Pregnant Women" 4205: 3620:"How host genetics dictates successful viral zoonosis" 1613:

cattle, goats, sheep, birds, multimammate rats, hares

954:

virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).

663:

can be spread to humans from pet lizards, such as the

478:

and the increased global demand for meat and that the

256:

combinations of mutations might randomly arise in the

6741: 6717:"Different types of COVID-19 vaccines: How they work" 6541: 6323:

Weiss, Robin A; Sankaran, Neeraja (18 January 2022).

6276:"Zoonoses-With Friends Like This, Who Needs Enemies?" 5689:"SAGO has a politics problem, and WHO is ignoring it" 3434: 3283: 110: 104: 98: 86: 83: 77: 71: 65: 53: 7319: 7073: 7071: 6744:"Zoonoses and the Human-Animal-Ecosystems Interface" 6740:

Information in this table is largely compiled from:

6209: 6032: 5481: 4809: 4256: 4208:"Hepatitis E virus transmission from wild boar meat" 2979: – Deals with the diseases of non-human animals 2972:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

404:

in pregnant women), as well as increase the risk of

6381: 5384:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2005). 5334: 5087:Prevention, CDC – Centers for Disease Control and. 3554: 1657:ingesting cysts from water contaminated with feces 1334:2003–present avian influenza in Southeast Asia and 1252:by ingestion, inhalation or skin contact of spores 490: 365:

Intensive animal farming § Human health impact

95: 59: 7167:Deadly Companions: How Microbes Shaped our History 6770:"Bird flu (Avian influenza) - Symptoms and causes" 6641:"Zoonotic Diseases and Its Impact on Human Health" 6603: 6138:"Transmission of Ebola Virus Disease: An Overview" 6035:"Zoonotic Diseases: Etiology, Impact, and Control" 4128: 3483: 3208: 2576:bites of rats but also urine and mucus secretions 2048:exposure to feces, urine, saliva or bodily fluids 292:a large part of the causes are environmental like 7068: 6714: 3787: 3785: 2449:direct contact with infected bats, infected pigs 467:injuries, animal bites, needle-sticks, and cuts. 10920: 6256: 5686: 5335:Chomel BB, Belotto A, Meslin FX (January 2007). 3435:Taylor LH, Latham SM, Woolhouse ME (July 2001). 1328:wild birds, domesticated birds such as chickens 1011:Possibilities for zoonotic disease transmissions 642:is the infection of humans by any of species of 444:can also become infected. In Western countries, 5944: 5797: 4522: 3981: 1608:Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever orthonairovirus 1534:Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 7412:Publications in Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease 6981: 6934: 6932: 6136:Rewar, Suresh; Mirdha, Dashrath (8 May 2015). 5560:Milbank, Charlotte; Vira, Bhaskar (May 2022). 5337:"Wildlife, exotic pets, and emerging zoonoses" 4694: 4619: 4473: 3782: 3484:Marx PA, Apetrei C, Drucker E (October 2004). 3284:Abdelwhab, EM; Mettenleiter, TC (April 2023). 1031:are particular examples. Various forms of the 9583: 9217: 8715: 7441: 6982:King NW, Hunt RD, Letvin NL (December 1983). 6322: 5142: 4755:"Wildlife trade and global disease emergence" 4371: 2919:2015–16 epidemic in the Americas and Oceanic 1177:range of wild animals and domestic livestock 216:with public health and veterinary concern in 7183: 6384:"Origins of major human infectious diseases" 5687:Moon J, Wenham C, Harman S (November 2021). 4576: 4570: 4378:Computational Modeling of Infectious Disease 3613: 3258:World Health Organization (3 October 2023). 3209:Marx PA, Alcabes PG, Drucker E (June 2001). 1909:eating raw vegetables such as water spinach 8937:Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome 7892:Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome 6975: 6929: 6870: 6854:. World Health Organization. Archived from 6216:International Encyclopedia of Public Health 6135: 5559: 5029: 4637: 4129:Lassen B, Ståhl M, Enemark HL (June 2014). 3109:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine 2933:Animal welfare#Animal welfare organizations 1044:first appeared in the United States in 1999 767:, raising critical public health concerns. 9224: 9210: 8722: 8708: 7448: 7434: 5830: 5798:Woolaston K, Fisher JL (29 October 2020). 5766: 5655: 4340: 4042:"Issuing Foodborne Outbreak Notices | CDC" 3900:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 3856: 3824:International Journal of Food Microbiology 3758: 3756: 3437:"Risk factors for human disease emergence" 2760:contact with soil contaminated with feces 907:International Livestock Research Institute 731:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 290:International Livestock Research Institute 7102: 6999: 6912: 6902: 6809: 6475: 6423: 6358: 6340: 6299: 6241: 6153: 6068: 6050: 5980: 5970: 5704: 5593: 5518: 5360: 5311: 5254: 5236: 5170: 5160: 5111: 5063: 5006: 4786: 4729: 4602: 4546: 4505: 4448: 4274: 4233: 4223: 4156: 4146: 4017: 3999: 3874: 3736: 3726: 3645: 3635: 3590: 3580: 3555:Messenger AM, Barnes AN, Gray GC (2014). 3501: 3460: 3411: 3401: 3360: 3311: 3301: 3234: 3185: 3128: 3102: 3077:. Government of Canada. 22 October 2018. 2714:(i.e., eliminated worldwide) as of 1980. 2045:deer mice, cotton rats and other rodents 928: 811:, along with three co-chairs of the 2019 7278:(in German). Hamburg: Verlag Dr. Kovac. 7273: 7164: 6788: 6576: 6103:Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE 5893:"Factors that may predict next pandemic" 4541:(1). University of Wollongong: 240–272. 4297: 3145: 3096: 2958: – Illness from eating spoiled food 2706:The last case was in 1977; certified by 1006: 381:infection is more common for workers in 10298:Ear-Nose-Throat/Upper respiratory tract 9471:Access to water, sanitation and hygiene 7292: 7186:"Preventing the next zoonotic pandemic" 7144: 6639:Basu, Dr Muktisadhan (16 August 2022). 6446: 5945:Beyer RM, Manica A, Mora C (May 2021). 3948: 3753: 3202: 2935: – Well-being of non-human animals 1518:domestic livestock, particularly sheep 795:, Chair of Ecology and Biodiversity at 740: 14: 10921: 10881:Infectious disease (medical specialty) 10773:Antimicrobial resistance surveillance 7208: 6672:"History of Smallpox | Smallpox | CDC" 5735: 5086: 4643: 4492:(3). Oxford University Press: 108756. 3897: 3797:United Nations Environmental Programme 3668: 3260:"Influenza (Avian and other zoonotic)" 3105:"Origins of HIV and the AIDS pandemic" 1616:tick bite, contact with bodily fluids 1474:bites or scratches from infected cats 1113:The first vaccine against smallpox by 1070:in peninsular Malaysia, in 1999, when 897:Climate change and infectious diseases 832:An April 2020 study, published in the 646:, including species specific to dogs ( 359:Farming, ranching and animal husbandry 9205: 8991:Southern tick-associated rash illness 8703: 8263:Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome 7429: 7108: 6715:Mayo Clinic Staff (4 November 2023). 6263:. National Institutes of Health (US). 6092: 6090: 6088: 6028: 6026: 5873:from the original on 17 November 2020 5616: 5535:"Bushmeat Importation Policies | CDC" 5406:from the original on 17 December 2008 5117: 5099:from the original on 18 November 2015 966:syndrome. Recent infections of these 304:Contamination of food or water supply 10128:Compartmental models in epidemiology 7421:United Nations Environment Programme 7196:from the original on 21 January 2021 6638: 6273: 5951:The Science of the Total Environment 5921: 5843:from the original on 29 October 2020 5812:from the original on 1 November 2020 5122:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 282–84. 5030:Mills, J. N.; Childs, J. E. (1998). 3942: 3891: 3850: 3815: 3103:Sharp PM, Hahn BH (September 2011). 3010: 3008: 2679:close contact, respiratory droplets 2340:exposure to urine, feces, or saliva 1744:Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus 1421:in Europe around 1347–53 during the 1140: 903:United Nations Environment Programme 885:climate change and biodiversity loss 472:United Nations Environment Programme 286:United Nations Environment Programme 7766:Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis 7080:"How Armadillos Can Spread Leprosy" 6798:The New England Journal of Medicine 6003: 4924:The New England Journal of Medicine 4479: 4374:"Host-vector and multihost systems" 3051:from the original on 3 January 2015 2703:Spread to person to person quickly 2254:armadillos, monkeys, rabbits, mice 1521:close contact with postpartum ewes 729:, and other settings. In 2005, the 476:anthropogenic destruction of nature 240:or anthroponosis. The term is from 24: 7417:A message from nature: coronavirus 7402:WHO tropical diseases and zoonoses 7397:AVMA Collections: Zoonosis Updates 7249:from the original on 1 August 2020 7121:from the original on 17 April 2017 7090:from the original on 28 March 2017 6224:10.1016/B978-0-12-803678-5.00516-6 6085: 6023: 5779:from the original on 6 August 2020 5748:from the original on 16 April 2020 5637:from the original on 20 March 2020 4386:10.1016/b978-0-32-395389-4.00013-x 4187:from the original on 27 April 2020 4080:from the original on 26 March 2017 3920:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08039.x 3063: 2862:(type A), rodents (type B), birds 2332:Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus 1108: 948:human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 228:, are considered direct zoonoses. 212:infection is one of the neglected 25: 10955: 7315: 7184:Felbab-Brown V (6 October 2020). 7077: 7056:from the original on 26 July 2019 7030:from the original on 15 June 2019 6988:The American Journal of Pathology 6682:from the original on 14 June 2020 6456:American Journal of Public Health 6452:"The chickens come home to roost" 5436:from the original on 23 July 2010 5284:World Medical & Health Policy 4110:from the original on 7 March 2017 3963:from the original on 25 June 2008 3836:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.01.006 3536:from the original on 28 June 2013 3081:from the original on 20 June 2019 3005: 2665:Severe acute respiratory syndrome 1750:Western equine encephalitis virus 1738:Eastern equine encephalitis virus 890: 521: 284:. According to a report from the 10877:Economics of Infectious Diseases 7756:Western equine encephalomyelitis 7746:Eastern equine encephalomyelitis 7368: 7215:Critical Reviews in Microbiology 7042: 7016: 6501:Critical Reviews in Microbiology 5903:from the original on 19 May 2021 5831:Carrington D (29 October 2020). 5668:from the original on 15 May 2020 5399:(RR–4): inclusive page numbers. 4353:from the original on 7 July 2020 3803:from the original on 6 July 2020 3770:from the original on 7 July 2020 3503:10.1111/j.1600-0684.2004.00078.x 3390:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2992:List of zoonotic primate viruses 2970: – diseases in wild animals 2757:wolves, coyotes, jackals, foxes 2389:Middle East respiratory syndrome 2027:raw or undercooked fish or meat 1819:Marburg viral haemorrhagic fever 1807:Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever 1591:Bovine spongiform encephalopathy 1343:Bovine spongiform encephalopathy 835:Proceedings of the Royal Society 491:Wildlife trade or animal attacks 143:(an infectious agent, such as a 49: 34:Law & Order: Criminal Intent 8907:Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever 7881:Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever 7137: 6844: 6826: 6782: 6762: 6734: 6708: 6694: 6664: 6658: 6632: 6597: 6570: 6535: 6492: 6440: 6375: 6316: 6267: 6250: 6203: 6178: 6129: 5997: 5972:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145413 5938: 5915: 5885: 5855: 5824: 5791: 5760: 5729: 5680: 5649: 5610: 5553: 5527: 5448: 5418: 5377: 5328: 5271: 5212: 5187: 5136: 5080: 5023: 4958: 4914: 4854: 4803: 4746: 4688: 4408: 4365: 4334: 4291: 4250: 4199: 4173: 4122: 4092: 4060: 4034: 3975: 3799:. 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Pets can also transmit 528:African sleeping sickness 263: 10632:Protective sequestration 10494:Pre-exposure prophylaxis 9785:Generational difference 9338:Horizontal gene transfer 9328:Antimicrobial resistance 9186:Rhipicephalus sanguineus 8811:American tick bite fever 8806:Pacific Coast tick fever 8512:SARS-related coronavirus 8475:Henipavirus encephalitis 8333:Murid gammaherpesvirus 4 8178:Viral hemorrhagic fevers 7959:Viral hemorrhagic fevers 7931:Arbovirus encephalitides 7907:Arbovirus encephalitides 7877:Viral hemorrhagic fevers 7842:Banna virus encephalitis 7742:Arbovirus encephalitides 7687:Viral hemorrhagic fevers 7653:Saint Louis encephalitis 7620:Arbovirus encephalitides 7571:Viral hemorrhagic fevers 7505:Arbovirus encephalitides 7109:Shute N (22 July 2015). 6468:10.2105/AJPH.2006.090431 5899:. 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Merriam-Webster 2956:Foodborne illness 2923: 2922: 2793:Toxoplasma gondii 2752:Taenia crassiceps 2744:Taenia crassiceps 2685:; began in China 2582:Rift Valley fever 2519:Coxiella burnetii 2441:Nipah virus (NiV) 2292:Lassa fever virus 2081:Hepatitis E virus 1875:Fasciola hepatica 1823:Rift Valley fever 1642:Cryptosporidiosis 1566:COVID-19 pandemic 1557:white-tailed deer 1486:Trypanosoma cruzi 1396:Septicemic plague 1154:Animals involved 1141:Lists of diseases 1135:COVID-19 vaccines 846:biodiversity loss 823:intensive farming 817:, Josef Settele, 784:Biodiversity loss 695:CD4+ T-lymphocyte 683:immunocompromised 661:Cryptosporidiosis 499:is traced to the 497:COVID-19 pandemic 438:cryptosporidiosis 418:immunocompromised 402:enzootic abortion 375:cutaneous anthrax 258:natural reservoir 214:tropical diseases 18:Zoonotic diseases 16:(Redirected from 10951: 10901:Tropical disease 10837:Reverse zoonosis 10824:One Health Model 10653:Health education 10642:Community health 10561:Cordon sanitaire 10534:Ring vaccination 10504:Repurposed drugs 10391: 10390: 10310:Gastrointestinal 10153:Machine learning 9957:Gastrointestinal 9908:Intravenous line 9845: 9844: 9759:/Cross-infection 9746:Reverse zoonosis 9719: 9718: 9676: 9675: 9581: 9580: 9562:War and conflict 9430:Nutrition status 9393:Immunodeficiency 9250: 9249: 9226: 9219: 9212: 9203: 9202: 9118:Ixodes pacificus 9104:Ixodes cornuatus 9024: 9023: 9011:Tick infestation 8884:Viral infections 8752: 8751: 8743: 8742: 8733:and infestations 8724: 8717: 8710: 8701: 8700: 8635: 8634: 8545: 8544: 8355: 8354: 8164: 8163: 8153: 8152: 8128:Chandipura virus 8064: 8063: 8004:Orthomyxoviridae 7863: 7862: 7810:Ross River fever 7575:Bunyamwera fever 7491: 7490: 7480: 7479: 7450: 7443: 7436: 7427: 7426: 7372: 7371: 7321: 7320: 7310: 7289: 7258: 7256: 7254: 7205: 7203: 7201: 7180: 7160: 7131: 7130: 7128: 7126: 7106: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7095: 7075: 7066: 7065: 7063: 7061: 7046: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7035: 7020: 7014: 7013: 7003: 6979: 6973: 6972: 6936: 6927: 6926: 6916: 6906: 6889:(9): 2718–2722. 6874: 6868: 6867: 6865: 6863: 6848: 6842: 6841: 6830: 6824: 6823: 6813: 6786: 6780: 6779: 6766: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6755: 6746:. Archived from 6738: 6732: 6731: 6729: 6727: 6712: 6706: 6705: 6698: 6692: 6691: 6689: 6687: 6668: 6662: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6651: 6636: 6630: 6629: 6601: 6595: 6594: 6574: 6568: 6567: 6539: 6533: 6532: 6496: 6490: 6489: 6479: 6462:(9): 1545–1546. 6444: 6438: 6437: 6427: 6379: 6373: 6372: 6362: 6344: 6320: 6314: 6313: 6303: 6271: 6265: 6264: 6254: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6207: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6182: 6176: 6175: 6157: 6133: 6127: 6126: 6094: 6083: 6082: 6072: 6054: 6030: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6001: 5995: 5994: 5984: 5974: 5942: 5936: 5935: 5933: 5931: 5919: 5913: 5912: 5910: 5908: 5889: 5883: 5882: 5880: 5878: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5828: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5805:The Conversation 5795: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5764: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5733: 5727: 5726: 5708: 5684: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5653: 5647: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5614: 5608: 5607: 5597: 5572:(5): e439–e448. 5557: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5531: 5525: 5524: 5522: 5488: 5479: 5478: 5452: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5422: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5405: 5390: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5364: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5315: 5296:10.1002/wmh3.348 5275: 5269: 5268: 5258: 5240: 5216: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5191: 5185: 5184: 5174: 5164: 5140: 5134: 5133: 5115: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5084: 5078: 5077: 5067: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5010: 4977:(27): eabb9153. 4971:Science Advances 4962: 4956: 4955: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4858: 4852: 4851: 4807: 4801: 4800: 4790: 4765:(7): 1000–1002. 4750: 4744: 4743: 4733: 4692: 4686: 4685: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4633:. 15 March 2021. 4623: 4617: 4616: 4606: 4574: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4550: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4509: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4452: 4412: 4406: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4278: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4237: 4227: 4203: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4177: 4171: 4170: 4160: 4150: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4064: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4038: 4032: 4031: 4021: 4003: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3962: 3955: 3946: 3940: 3939: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3878: 3869:(7): 1889–1890. 3854: 3848: 3847: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3789: 3780: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3760: 3751: 3750: 3740: 3730: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3649: 3639: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3594: 3584: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3505: 3496:(5–6): 220–226. 3481: 3475: 3474: 3464: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3415: 3405: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3364: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3315: 3305: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3238: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3189: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3132: 3100: 3094: 3093: 3088: 3086: 3067: 3061: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3012: 2988: 2973: 2968:Wildlife disease 2671:SARS coronavirus 2631:Ross River virus 2625:Ross River fever 2395:MERS coronavirus 2366:Microsporidiosis 2357:various animals 2003:horses, donkeys 1932:Escherichia coli 1433:and India alone 1392:Pneumonic plague 1279:Baylisascariasis 1145: 1144: 1131:DNA/RNA vaccines 1123:subunit vaccines 984:hunter-gatherers 840: 430:1918 Spanish flu 311:Escherichia coli 238:reverse zoonosis 222:emergent viruses 171:and vice versa. 133:zoonotic disease 126: 125: 124: 123: 116: 113: 112: 109: 106: 103: 100: 97: 94: 91: 88: 85: 80: 79: 76: 73: 70: 67: 64: 61: 58: 55: 21: 10959: 10958: 10954: 10953: 10952: 10950: 10949: 10948: 10939:Disease ecology 10934:Animal diseases 10919: 10918: 10917: 10912: 10856: 10769:Antigenic shift 10764:Antigenic drift 10755: 10744: 10608:Barrier nursing 10556:Contact tracing 10547: 10540: 10385: 10383: 10376: 10287: 10277: 10178: 10172: 10163:Serial interval 10082: 10066: 10057:Cervico-vaginal 10052: 10043:Trans-placental 10038: 10022: 9990: 9952: 9888:Vascular system 9887: 9881: 9836: 9824: 9818: 9758: 9750: 9710: 9667: 9585: 9566: 9457: 9388:Immune response 9354: 9333:Drug resistance 9277:Infectious dose 9241: 9230: 9200: 9191: 9173: 9137: 9087: 9058: 9015: 8995: 8969: 8951: 8874: 8856: 8828: 8734: 8728: 8698: 8685: 8665: 8630: 8620: 8595: 8565: 8539: 8528: 8491: 8466:Paramyxoviridae 8459: 8412: 8349: 8338: 8316: 8247: 8158: 8147: 8132: 8112: 8096:Pappataci fever 8089:Oropouche virus 8084:Oropouche fever 8058: 8047: 8017: 7997: 7915: 7887:Heartland virus 7857: 7846: 7826: 7798:Pogosta disease 7726: 7673:West Nile fever 7604: 7485: 7474: 7467: 7454: 7393: 7392: 7391: 7373: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7358: 7332: 7318: 7313: 7307: 7286: 7252: 7250: 7199: 7197: 7177: 7157: 7140: 7135: 7134: 7124: 7122: 7107: 7103: 7093: 7091: 7076: 7069: 7059: 7057: 7050:"Leishmaniasis" 7048: 7047: 7043: 7033: 7031: 7022: 7021: 7017: 6980: 6976: 6937: 6930: 6875: 6871: 6861: 6859: 6858:on 27 July 2019 6850: 6849: 6845: 6832: 6831: 6827: 6787: 6783: 6768: 6767: 6763: 6753: 6751: 6739: 6735: 6725: 6723: 6713: 6709: 6700: 6699: 6695: 6685: 6683: 6670: 6669: 6665: 6659: 6649: 6647: 6637: 6633: 6602: 6598: 6575: 6571: 6540: 6536: 6497: 6493: 6445: 6441: 6380: 6376: 6342:10.12703/r/11-2 6329:Faculty Reviews 6321: 6317: 6272: 6268: 6255: 6251: 6234: 6208: 6204: 6194: 6192: 6184: 6183: 6179: 6134: 6130: 6095: 6086: 6031: 6024: 6014: 6012: 6002: 5998: 5943: 5939: 5929: 5927: 5920: 5916: 5906: 5904: 5891: 5890: 5886: 5876: 5874: 5861: 5860: 5856: 5846: 5844: 5829: 5825: 5815: 5813: 5796: 5792: 5782: 5780: 5765: 5761: 5751: 5749: 5734: 5730: 5685: 5681: 5671: 5669: 5654: 5650: 5640: 5638: 5615: 5611: 5558: 5554: 5544: 5542: 5533: 5532: 5528: 5511: 5489: 5482: 5476: 5453: 5449: 5439: 5437: 5424: 5423: 5419: 5409: 5407: 5403: 5388: 5382: 5378: 5333: 5329: 5276: 5272: 5217: 5213: 5203: 5201: 5193: 5192: 5188: 5141: 5137: 5130: 5116: 5112: 5102: 5100: 5085: 5081: 5028: 5024: 4963: 4959: 4919: 4915: 4859: 4855: 4808: 4804: 4751: 4747: 4693: 4689: 4642: 4638: 4625: 4624: 4620: 4575: 4571: 4561: 4559: 4527: 4523: 4478: 4474: 4421:Current Biology 4413: 4409: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4370: 4366: 4356: 4354: 4339: 4335: 4296: 4292: 4255: 4251: 4204: 4200: 4190: 4188: 4179: 4178: 4174: 4127: 4123: 4113: 4111: 4098: 4097: 4093: 4083: 4081: 4066: 4065: 4061: 4051: 4049: 4040: 4039: 4035: 3980: 3976: 3966: 3964: 3960: 3953: 3947: 3943: 3896: 3892: 3855: 3851: 3820: 3816: 3806: 3804: 3791: 3790: 3783: 3773: 3771: 3762: 3761: 3754: 3699: 3695: 3688: 3667: 3663: 3630:(4): e3000217. 3612: 3608: 3553: 3549: 3539: 3537: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3482: 3478: 3433: 3429: 3396:(7): e0003919. 3382: 3378: 3333: 3329: 3282: 3278: 3268: 3266: 3256: 3252: 3207: 3203: 3164:(6205): 56–61. 3150: 3146: 3101: 3097: 3084: 3082: 3069: 3068: 3064: 3054: 3052: 3041: 3037: 3027: 3025: 3014: 3013: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2986: 2971: 2928: 2871:West Nile fever 2720:Swine influenza 2568:Spirillum minus 2421:Monkeypox virus 2193:La Crosse virus 2138:rhesus macaques 2012:Gnathostomiasis 2006:direct contact 1977:Giardia lamblia 1895:Fasciolopsiasis 1685:Taenia saginata 1679:Taenia asiatica 1648:Cryptosporidium 1636:inhaling fungi 1423:Late Middle Age 1417:epidemics like 1406:Yersinia pestis 1400:Sylvatic plague 1319:Avian influenza 1143: 1111: 1109:Use in vaccines 1091:river blindness 1087:schistosomiasis 989:immune response 976: 931: 899: 893: 838: 790: 778:Main articles: 776: 753: 745:Main articles: 743: 712: 592: 590:Feline zoonosis 586: 568:West Nile fever 524: 493: 485:spillover event 465:musculoskeletal 426:Avian influenza 383:slaughterhouses 367: 361: 306: 298:land use change 266: 196:swine influenza 119: 118: 82: 52: 48: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10957: 10947: 10946: 10941: 10936: 10931: 10914: 10913: 10911: 10910: 10909: 10908: 10898: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10875: 10870: 10864: 10862: 10858: 10857: 10855: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10816: 10811: 10806: 10801: 10799:Emergent virus 10796: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10780: 10779: 10771: 10766: 10760: 10758: 10750: 10749: 10746: 10745: 10743: 10742: 10739: 10734: 10732:Vector control 10729: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10688: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10675:N95 respirator 10667: 10662: 10657: 10656: 10655: 10650: 10645: 10634: 10629: 10628: 10627: 10617: 10612: 10611: 10610: 10600: 10599: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10552: 10550: 10548:pharmaceutical 10542: 10541: 10539: 10538: 10537: 10536: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10480: 10479: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10439: 10438: 10437: 10427: 10426: 10425: 10415: 10410: 10409: 10408: 10397: 10395: 10394:Pharmaceutical 10388: 10378: 10377: 10375: 10374: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10345:Cardiovascular 10343: 10338: 10333: 10330: 10325: 10324:Nervous system 10322: 10319: 10318: 10317: 10307: 10306: 10305: 10300: 10291: 10289: 10283: 10282: 10279: 10278: 10276: 10275: 10270: 10265: 10260: 10255: 10250: 10245: 10240: 10235: 10230: 10225: 10220: 10215: 10210: 10209: 10208: 10203: 10193: 10188: 10182: 10180: 10174: 10173: 10171: 10170: 10165: 10160: 10155: 10150: 10148:Infection rate 10145: 10140: 10135: 10130: 10125: 10120: 10115: 10110: 10104: 10102: 10096: 10095: 10092: 10091: 10088: 10087: 10084: 10083: 10081: 10080: 10074: 10072: 10068: 10067: 10065: 10064: 10060: 10058: 10054: 10053: 10051: 10050: 10046: 10044: 10040: 10039: 10037: 10036: 10030: 10028: 10024: 10023: 10021: 10020: 10014: 10009: 10004: 9998: 9996: 9992: 9991: 9989: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9972: 9971: 9960: 9958: 9954: 9953: 9951: 9950: 9949: 9948: 9943: 9935: 9934: 9933: 9928: 9920: 9919: 9918: 9913: 9910: 9905: 9903:Injection site 9897: 9891: 9889: 9883: 9882: 9880: 9879: 9874: 9872:Dental aerosol 9869: 9868: 9867: 9857: 9851: 9849: 9842: 9838: 9837: 9835: 9834: 9828: 9826: 9820: 9819: 9817: 9816: 9811: 9810: 9809: 9804: 9803: 9802: 9797: 9794: 9783: 9782: 9781: 9776: 9768: 9762: 9760: 9756:Human-to-human 9752: 9751: 9749: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9727: 9725: 9716: 9712: 9711: 9709: 9708: 9702: 9699: 9696: 9691: 9686: 9682: 9680: 9673: 9669: 9668: 9666: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9653:Super-spreader 9650: 9648:Superinfection 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9589: 9587: 9578: 9572: 9571: 9568: 9567: 9565: 9564: 9559: 9557:Vector control 9554: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9533: 9532: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9498: 9497: 9492: 9486:Climate zones 9484: 9482:Climate change 9479: 9476: 9473: 9467: 9465: 9459: 9458: 9456: 9455: 9454: 9453: 9450: 9447: 9446: 9445: 9437: 9434: 9431: 9428: 9425: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9401: 9400: 9395: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9364: 9362: 9356: 9355: 9353: 9352: 9347: 9346: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9325: 9324: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9298: 9296:Quorum sensing 9293: 9292: 9291: 9281: 9280: 9279: 9269: 9264: 9258: 9256: 9247: 9243: 9242: 9229: 9228: 9221: 9214: 9206: 9197: 9196: 9193: 9192: 9190: 9189: 9181: 9179: 9175: 9174: 9172: 9171: 9164: 9157: 9149: 9147: 9139: 9138: 9136: 9135: 9128: 9125:Ixodes ricinus 9121: 9114: 9107: 9099: 9097: 9089: 9088: 9086: 9085: 9078: 9070: 9068: 9060: 9059: 9057: 9056: 9049: 9042: 9034: 9032: 9021: 9017: 9016: 9014: 9013: 9007: 9005: 9001: 9000: 8997: 8996: 8994: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8981:Tick paralysis 8977: 8975: 8974:Other diseases 8971: 8970: 8968: 8967: 8961: 8959: 8953: 8952: 8950: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8888: 8886: 8880: 8879: 8876: 8875: 8873: 8872: 8866: 8864: 8858: 8857: 8855: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8838: 8836: 8830: 8829: 8827: 8826: 8825: 8824: 8818: 8816:rickettsialpox 8813: 8808: 8798: 8793: 8771: 8766: 8760: 8758: 8749: 8740: 8736: 8735: 8727: 8726: 8719: 8712: 8704: 8695: 8694: 8691: 8690: 8687: 8686: 8684: 8683: 8677: 8675: 8667: 8666: 8664: 8663: 8658: 8657: 8656: 8645: 8643: 8632: 8626: 8625: 8622: 8621: 8619: 8618: 8613: 8607: 8605: 8597: 8596: 8594: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8577: 8575: 8567: 8566: 8564: 8563: 8555: 8553: 8542: 8534: 8533: 8530: 8529: 8527: 8526: 8525: 8524: 8519: 8509: 8503: 8501: 8493: 8492: 8490: 8489: 8488: 8487: 8482: 8471: 8469: 8461: 8460: 8458: 8457: 8452: 8451: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8424: 8422: 8414: 8413: 8411: 8410: 8409: 8408: 8403: 8393: 8392: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8365: 8363: 8352: 8344: 8343: 8340: 8339: 8337: 8336: 8328: 8326: 8318: 8317: 8315: 8314: 8313: 8312: 8307: 8297: 8296: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8259: 8257: 8249: 8248: 8246: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8234: 8233: 8225: 8224: 8223: 8213: 8212: 8211: 8201: 8200: 8199: 8191: 8190: 8189: 8174: 8172: 8161: 8150: 8142: 8141: 8138: 8137: 8134: 8133: 8131: 8130: 8124: 8122: 8114: 8113: 8111: 8110: 8105: 8104: 8103: 8093: 8092: 8091: 8081: 8074: 8072: 8061: 8053: 8052: 8049: 8048: 8046: 8045: 8040: 8039: 8038: 8029: 8027: 8019: 8018: 8016: 8015: 8009: 8007: 7999: 7998: 7996: 7995: 7994: 7993: 7985: 7984: 7983: 7978: 7970: 7969: 7968: 7956: 7955: 7954: 7944: 7943: 7942: 7927: 7925: 7917: 7916: 7914: 7913: 7904: 7899: 7889: 7884: 7873: 7871: 7860: 7852: 7851: 7848: 7847: 7845: 7844: 7838: 7836: 7828: 7827: 7825: 7824: 7819: 7818: 7817: 7807: 7806: 7805: 7795: 7794: 7793: 7785: 7784: 7783: 7773: 7772: 7771: 7763: 7762: 7761: 7753: 7752: 7751: 7738: 7736: 7728: 7727: 7725: 7724: 7723: 7722: 7712: 7711: 7710: 7700: 7699: 7698: 7683: 7682: 7681: 7680: 7670: 7669: 7668: 7660: 7659: 7658: 7650: 7649: 7648: 7643: 7633: 7632: 7631: 7616: 7614: 7606: 7605: 7603: 7602: 7601: 7600: 7592: 7591: 7590: 7582: 7581: 7580: 7567: 7566: 7561: 7560: 7559: 7551: 7550: 7549: 7541: 7536: 7535: 7534: 7526: 7525: 7524: 7516: 7515: 7514: 7501: 7499: 7488: 7477: 7469: 7468: 7460:viral diseases 7453: 7452: 7445: 7438: 7430: 7424: 7423: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7374: 7367: 7366: 7365: 7361: 7360: 7357: 7356: 7345: 7333: 7328: 7327: 7325: 7324:Classification 7317: 7316:External links 7314: 7312: 7311: 7305: 7290: 7284: 7271: 7259: 7221:(4): 243–299. 7206: 7181: 7175: 7162: 7155: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7133: 7132: 7101: 7067: 7041: 7015: 6994:(3): 382–388. 6974: 6928: 6869: 6843: 6825: 6781: 6761: 6733: 6707: 6693: 6663: 6657: 6631: 6612:(4): 307–314. 6596: 6569: 6550:(2): 103–116. 6534: 6507:(3): 221–270. 6491: 6439: 6374: 6315: 6266: 6249: 6232: 6202: 6177: 6148:(6): 444–451. 6128: 6109:(2): 485–496. 6084: 6039:Microorganisms 6022: 5996: 5937: 5926:. The Atlantic 5914: 5884: 5854: 5823: 5790: 5759: 5742:Deutsche Welle 5728: 5679: 5648: 5609: 5552: 5526: 5509: 5480: 5474: 5447: 5430:www.nasphv.org 5417: 5376: 5327: 5290:(3): 256–265. 5270: 5211: 5186: 5135: 5128: 5110: 5079: 5042:(4): 529–537. 5022: 4957: 4930:(4): 342–350. 4913: 4853: 4802: 4745: 4687: 4636: 4618: 4589:(5): 483–495. 4569: 4521: 4472: 4407: 4394: 4364: 4333: 4290: 4249: 4198: 4172: 4121: 4091: 4059: 4033: 3974: 3941: 3890: 3849: 3830:(3): 237–257. 3814: 3781: 3752: 3693: 3686: 3661: 3618:(April 2019). 3606: 3547: 3517: 3476: 3427: 3376: 3347:(3): 376–380. 3327: 3276: 3250: 3201: 3144: 3115:(1): a006841. 3095: 3062: 3035: 3003: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2994: 2989: 2980: 2974: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2936: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2900: 2893: 2887: 2886: 2885:mosquito bite 2883: 2882:birds, horses 2880: 2873: 2867: 2866: 2863: 2857: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2809: 2803: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2748: 2739: 2738: 2731: 2730:close contact 2728: 2725: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2667: 2661: 2660: 2659:mosquito bite 2657: 2654: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2639:mosquito bite 2637: 2634: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2617: 2616:dogs, rodents 2614: 2607: 2601: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2558: 2556:Rat-bite fever 2552: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2535: 2529: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2495: 2489: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2480:Powassan virus 2477: 2471: 2470: 2469:close contact 2467: 2464: 2457: 2451: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2437: 2431: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2417: 2411: 2410: 2406:2012–present: 2404: 2403:close contact 2401: 2398: 2391: 2385: 2384: 2381: 2375: 2368: 2362: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2348: 2342: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2328: 2322: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2308: 2302: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2288: 2282: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2265: 2259: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2239: 2233: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2217: 2209: 2203: 2202: 2201:mosquito bite 2199: 2196: 2189: 2183: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2169: 2163: 2162: 2161:mosquito bite 2159: 2156: 2149: 2143: 2142: 2134: 2129: 2126: 2118: 2112: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2097: 2095:Histoplasmosis 2091: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2077: 2071: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2056: 2050: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2035: 2029: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2014: 2008: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1993: 1987: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1973: 1967: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1922: 1911: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1897: 1891: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1871: 1865: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1850: 1848:Echinococcosis 1844: 1843: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1826: 1802: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1781: 1771: 1760: 1759: 1758:mosquito bite 1756: 1753: 1734: 1720: 1719: 1718:mosquito bite 1716: 1713: 1705: 1703:Dirofilariasis 1699: 1698: 1691: 1688: 1669: 1659: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1644: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1624: 1622:Cryptococcosis 1618: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1604: 1598: 1597: 1594: 1587: 1584: 1579: 1573: 1572: 1562: 1559: 1537: 1530: 1523: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1509: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1498:(kissing bug) 1489: 1482: 1480:Chagas disease 1476: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1462: 1456: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1441: 1435: 1434: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1402: 1388:Bubonic plague 1384: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1366: 1360: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1345: 1339: 1338: 1332: 1331:close contact 1329: 1326: 1321: 1315: 1314: 1313:mosquito bite 1311: 1308: 1301: 1295: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1281: 1275: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1260: 1254: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1240: 1234: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1220: 1214: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1194: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1178: 1175: 1168: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1142: 1139: 1110: 1107: 1048:Bubonic plague 975: 972: 963:human to human 930: 927: 892: 891:Climate change 889: 807:and zoologist 775: 772: 742: 739: 711: 708: 675:microsporidial 649:Toxocara canis 614:Dirofilariasis 585: 582: 581: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 533:Dirofilariasis 530: 523: 522:Insect vectors 520: 519: 518: 492: 489: 422:Echinococcosis 360: 357: 305: 302: 294:climate change 265: 262: 204:2009 swine flu 182:are zoonoses. 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10956: 10945: 10942: 10940: 10937: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10927: 10926: 10924: 10907: 10904: 10903: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10865: 10863: 10859: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10778: 10775: 10774: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10761: 10759: 10757: 10751: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10712:Sterilization 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10680:Surgical mask 10678: 10676: 10673: 10672: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10643: 10640: 10639: 10638: 10637:Public health 10635: 10633: 10630: 10626: 10623: 10622: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10609: 10606: 10605: 10604: 10601: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10583: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10553: 10551: 10549: 10543: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10511: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10489:Phage therapy 10487: 10485: 10482: 10478: 10475: 10474: 10473: 10472:Immunotherapy 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10436: 10433: 10432: 10431: 10430:Antimicrobial 10428: 10424: 10421: 10420: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10407: 10404: 10403: 10402: 10399: 10398: 10396: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10379: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10323: 10321:Genitourinary 10320: 10316: 10313: 10312: 10311: 10308: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10295: 10293: 10292: 10290: 10284: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10198: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10183: 10181: 10179:in population 10175: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10143:Herd immunity 10141: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10105: 10103: 10101: 10097: 10079: 10076: 10075: 10073: 10069: 10062: 10061: 10059: 10055: 10048: 10047: 10045: 10041: 10035: 10032: 10031: 10029: 10027:Genitourinary 10025: 10019: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9999: 9997: 9993: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9970: 9969:Contamination 9967: 9966: 9965: 9962: 9961: 9959: 9955: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9938: 9937:Vector-borne 9936: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9923: 9921: 9917: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9900: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9892: 9890: 9884: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9866: 9863: 9862: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9852: 9850: 9846: 9843: 9839: 9833: 9830: 9829: 9827: 9821: 9815: 9812: 9808: 9805: 9801: 9798: 9795: 9792: 9791: 9790: 9787: 9786: 9784: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9771: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9763: 9761: 9757: 9753: 9747: 9744: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9728: 9726: 9724: 9723:Cross-species 9720: 9717: 9713: 9706: 9703: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9684: 9683: 9681: 9677: 9674: 9670: 9664: 9663:Window period 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9628:Latent period 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9590: 9588: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9573: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9531: 9528: 9527: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9507:Deforestation 9505: 9503: 9500: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9487: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9468: 9466: 9464: 9460: 9452:Stress levels 9451: 9448: 9444: 9441: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9432: 9429: 9426: 9423: 9422: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9390: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9365: 9363: 9361: 9357: 9351: 9348: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9330: 9329: 9326: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9303: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9290: 9287: 9286: 9285: 9284:Pathogenicity 9282: 9278: 9275: 9274: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9259: 9257: 9255: 9251: 9248: 9244: 9239: 9235: 9227: 9222: 9220: 9215: 9213: 9208: 9207: 9204: 9188: 9187: 9183: 9182: 9180: 9176: 9170: 9169: 9165: 9163: 9162: 9158: 9156: 9155: 9151: 9150: 9148: 9146: 9145: 9140: 9134: 9133: 9129: 9127: 9126: 9122: 9120: 9119: 9115: 9113: 9112: 9108: 9106: 9105: 9101: 9100: 9098: 9096: 9095: 9090: 9084: 9083: 9079: 9077: 9076: 9072: 9071: 9069: 9067: 9066: 9061: 9055: 9054: 9050: 9048: 9047: 9043: 9041: 9040: 9036: 9035: 9033: 9031: 9030: 9025: 9022: 9018: 9012: 9009: 9008: 9006: 9002: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8978: 8976: 8972: 8966: 8963: 8962: 8960: 8958: 8954: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8897:Bourbon virus 8895: 8893: 8890: 8889: 8887: 8885: 8881: 8871: 8868: 8867: 8865: 8863: 8862:Thiotrichales 8859: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8839: 8837: 8835: 8831: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8803: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8783: 8779: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8761: 8759: 8757: 8756:Rickettsiales 8753: 8750: 8748: 8744: 8741: 8737: 8732: 8725: 8720: 8718: 8713: 8711: 8706: 8705: 8702: 8682: 8679: 8678: 8676: 8674: 8673: 8668: 8662: 8659: 8655: 8652: 8651: 8650: 8647: 8646: 8644: 8642: 8641: 8640:Rhabdoviridae 8636: 8633: 8627: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8608: 8606: 8604: 8603: 8598: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8578: 8576: 8574: 8573: 8568: 8562: 8561: 8557: 8556: 8554: 8552: 8551: 8550:Herpesviridae 8546: 8543: 8541: 8535: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8514: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8504: 8502: 8500: 8499: 8498:Coronaviridae 8494: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8477: 8476: 8473: 8472: 8470: 8468: 8467: 8462: 8456: 8453: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8430: 8429: 8426: 8425: 8423: 8421: 8420: 8419:Rhabdoviridae 8415: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8398: 8397: 8394: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8371: 8370: 8367: 8366: 8364: 8362: 8361: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8345: 8335: 8334: 8330: 8329: 8327: 8325: 8324: 8323:Herpesviridae 8319: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8302: 8301: 8298: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8265: 8264: 8261: 8260: 8258: 8256: 8255: 8250: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8231: 8230: 8229: 8226: 8222: 8219: 8218: 8217: 8214: 8210: 8207: 8206: 8205: 8202: 8197: 8196: 8195: 8192: 8188: 8185: 8184: 8183: 8179: 8176: 8175: 8173: 8171: 8170: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8143: 8129: 8126: 8125: 8123: 8121: 8120: 8119:Rhabdoviridae 8115: 8109: 8106: 8102: 8101:Toscana virus 8099: 8098: 8097: 8094: 8090: 8087: 8086: 8085: 8082: 8079: 8076: 8075: 8073: 8071: 8070: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8054: 8044: 8041: 8036: 8035: 8034: 8031: 8030: 8028: 8026: 8025: 8020: 8014: 8013:Bourbon virus 8011: 8010: 8008: 8006: 8005: 8000: 7991: 7990: 7989: 7986: 7982: 7979: 7976: 7975: 7974: 7971: 7966: 7965: 7964: 7960: 7957: 7953: 7950: 7949: 7948: 7945: 7941: 7938: 7937: 7936: 7932: 7929: 7928: 7926: 7924: 7923: 7918: 7912: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7897: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7882: 7878: 7875: 7874: 7872: 7870: 7869: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7853: 7843: 7840: 7839: 7837: 7835: 7834: 7829: 7823: 7820: 7816: 7813: 7812: 7811: 7808: 7804: 7803:Sindbis virus 7801: 7800: 7799: 7796: 7791: 7790: 7789: 7786: 7782: 7779: 7778: 7777: 7774: 7769: 7768: 7767: 7764: 7759: 7758: 7757: 7754: 7749: 7748: 7747: 7743: 7740: 7739: 7737: 7735: 7734: 7729: 7721: 7718: 7717: 7716: 7713: 7709: 7706: 7705: 7704: 7701: 7697: 7694: 7693: 7692: 7688: 7685: 7684: 7679: 7676: 7675: 7674: 7671: 7666: 7665: 7664: 7661: 7656: 7655: 7654: 7651: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7638: 7637: 7634: 7630: 7627: 7626: 7625: 7621: 7618: 7617: 7615: 7613: 7612: 7607: 7598: 7597: 7596: 7593: 7588: 7587: 7586: 7583: 7578: 7577: 7576: 7572: 7569: 7568: 7565: 7562: 7557: 7556: 7555: 7552: 7547: 7546: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7532: 7531: 7530: 7527: 7522: 7521: 7520: 7517: 7512: 7511: 7510: 7506: 7503: 7502: 7500: 7498: 7497: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7470: 7465: 7461: 7458: 7451: 7446: 7444: 7439: 7437: 7432: 7431: 7428: 7422: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7394: 7389: 7388: 7387: 7381: 7377: 7355: 7351: 7350: 7346: 7344: 7340: 7339: 7335: 7334: 7331: 7326: 7322: 7308: 7302: 7298: 7297: 7291: 7287: 7281: 7277: 7272: 7269: 7268:1-55581-236-8 7265: 7260: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7212: 7207: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7182: 7178: 7172: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7152: 7148: 7143: 7142: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7105: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7074: 7072: 7055: 7051: 7045: 7029: 7025: 7019: 7011: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6978: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6935: 6933: 6924: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6873: 6857: 6853: 6847: 6839: 6835: 6829: 6821: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6785: 6777: 6776: 6771: 6765: 6749: 6745: 6737: 6722: 6718: 6711: 6703: 6697: 6681: 6677: 6673: 6667: 6661: 6646: 6642: 6635: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6600: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6573: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6538: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6495: 6487: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6443: 6435: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6378: 6370: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6319: 6311: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6270: 6262: 6261: 6253: 6244: 6239: 6235: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6206: 6191: 6187: 6181: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6132: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6093: 6091: 6089: 6080: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6029: 6027: 6011: 6007: 6000: 5992: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5941: 5925: 5918: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5888: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5858: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5827: 5811: 5807: 5806: 5801: 5794: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5763: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5732: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5683: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5652: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5613: 5605: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5556: 5540: 5536: 5530: 5521: 5516: 5512: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5487: 5485: 5477: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5451: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5421: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5387: 5380: 5372: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5331: 5323: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5274: 5266: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5215: 5200: 5196: 5195:"Hepatitis E" 5190: 5182: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5139: 5131: 5125: 5121: 5114: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5083: 5075: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5026: 5018: 5014: 5009: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4961: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4917: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4857: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4806: 4798: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4749: 4741: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4691: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4640: 4632: 4628: 4622: 4614: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4573: 4558: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4525: 4517: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4476: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4411: 4397: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4368: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4337: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4294: 4286: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4253: 4245: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4202: 4186: 4182: 4176: 4168: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4125: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4095: 4079: 4075: 4074: 4069: 4063: 4047: 4043: 4037: 4029: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3978: 3959: 3952: 3949:Med-Vet-Net. 3945: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3894: 3886: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3853: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3818: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3788: 3786: 3769: 3765: 3759: 3757: 3748: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3697: 3689: 3683: 3680:. p. 5. 3679: 3675: 3671: 3665: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3610: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3567:(2): e89055. 3566: 3562: 3558: 3551: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3521: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3480: 3472: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3431: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3380: 3372: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3331: 3323: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3280: 3265: 3261: 3254: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3205: 3197: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3148: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3099: 3092: 3080: 3076: 3075:science.gc.ca 3072: 3066: 3050: 3046: 3039: 3023: 3022: 3017: 3011: 3009: 3004: 2993: 2990: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2930: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2898: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2888: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2868: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2855: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2814: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2804: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2794: 2790: 2788: 2787:Toxoplasmosis 2785: 2784: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2773: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2763: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2753: 2749: 2746: 2745: 2741: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2696:Variola virus 2694: 2692: 2689: 2688: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2676:bats, civets 2675: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2662: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2652: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2642: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2632: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2612: 2608: 2606: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2589: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2579: 2575: 2572: 2570: 2569: 2564: 2563: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2553: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2530: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2520: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2500: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2490: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2472: 2468: 2466:goats, sheep 2465: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2452: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2442: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2432: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2422: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2412: 2409: 2405: 2402: 2400:bats, camels 2399: 2397: 2396: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2386: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2374: 2373: 2369: 2367: 2364: 2363: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2343: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2333: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2323: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2313: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2303: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2293: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2283: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2270: 2266: 2264: 2263:Leptospirosis 2261: 2260: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2250: 2245: 2244: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2234: 2231: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2210: 2208: 2207:Leishmaniasis 2205: 2204: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2194: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2174: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2164: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2154: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2139: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2113: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2082: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2068: 2066:horses, bats 2065: 2062: 2061: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2051: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2009: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1957: 1952: 1951: 1946: 1945: 1940: 1939: 1934: 1933: 1928: 1927: 1926:Campylobacter 1923: 1920: 1916: 1913: 1912: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1902: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1882: 1877: 1876: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1855: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1803: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1772: 1769: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1751: 1746: 1745: 1740: 1739: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1686: 1681: 1680: 1675: 1674: 1673:Taenia solium 1670: 1668: 1664: 1663:Cysticercosis 1661: 1660: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1649: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1639: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1629: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1609: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1595: 1592: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1571: 1567: 1564:2019–present 1563: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1536: 1535: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1524: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1514: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1500: 1497: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1487: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1467: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1442: 1440: 1439:Capillariasis 1437: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1407: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1337: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1306: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1286: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1245: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1225: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1205: 1200: 1199: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1173: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1115:Edward Jenner 1106: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1095:elephantiasis 1092: 1088: 1083: 1080: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1052:salmonellosis 1049: 1045: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1009: 1005: 1003: 1002:dead-end host 998: 994: 990: 985: 981: 971: 969: 964: 960: 955: 953: 949: 945: 944:leptospirosis 939: 937: 926: 922: 918: 916: 912: 908: 904: 898: 888: 886: 882: 878: 873: 869: 864: 861: 860:anthropogenic 857: 856: 851: 847: 843: 837: 836: 830: 826: 824: 820: 816: 815: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 789: 785: 781: 780:Deforestation 771: 768: 766: 760: 757: 752: 748: 738: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 707: 704: 698: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 671: 666: 665:leopard gecko 662: 658: 657: 656:Toxocara cati 652: 650: 645: 641: 637: 636: 631: 630: 626:is caused by 625: 621: 620: 616:is caused by 615: 611: 610:Toxoplasmosis 607: 606: 601: 597: 591: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 525: 517: 514: 513: 512: 510: 504: 502: 498: 488: 486: 481: 477: 473: 468: 466: 461: 457: 456:Veterinarians 453: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 410:toxoplasmosis 407: 403: 399: 397: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 366: 356: 353: 349: 347: 346:farm-to-table 343: 339: 334: 332: 331: 326: 325: 324:Caliciviridae 320: 319: 318:Campylobacter 314: 312: 301: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 274: 271: 270:domestication 261: 259: 253: 251: 247: 243: 242:Ancient Greek 239: 235: 229: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 210: 209:Taenia solium 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 180:salmonellosis 177: 172: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 122: 115: 46: 41: 37: 35: 19: 10620:Notification 10591:Hand washing 10586:Food hygiene 10571:Disinfection 10467:Immunization 10418:Anthelmintic 10406:prophylactic 10294:Respiratory 10218:Hyperendemic 10168:WAIFW matrix 9823:Environment- 9740: 9576:Transmission 9552:Urbanization 9350:Host tropism 9246:Determinants 9232:Concepts in 9184: 9166: 9159: 9152: 9144:Ornithodoros 9142: 9130: 9123: 9116: 9109: 9102: 9092: 9080: 9073: 9063: 9051: 9044: 9037: 9027: 9004:Infestations 8892:Bhanja virus 8847:Lyme disease 8796:Scrub typhus 8787: 8774:Ehrlichiosis 8764:Anaplasmosis 8670: 8661:Mokola virus 8638: 8600: 8572:Retroviridae 8570: 8558: 8548: 8496: 8464: 8417: 8358: 8331: 8321: 8254:Bunyavirales 8252: 8169:Arenaviridae 8167: 8117: 8069:Bunyavirales 8067: 8022: 8002: 7988:Langat virus 7922:Flaviviridae 7920: 7911:Bhanja virus 7868:Bunyavirales 7866: 7831: 7731: 7703:Yellow fever 7691:Dengue fever 7611:Flaviviridae 7609: 7554:Tahyna virus 7519:Bwamba Fever 7496:Bunyavirales 7494: 7456: 7384: 7383: 7382:profile for 7379: 7347: 7336: 7294: 7275: 7253:29 September 7251:. Retrieved 7218: 7214: 7198:. Retrieved 7189: 7166: 7146: 7138:Bibliography 7123:. Retrieved 7114: 7104: 7092:. Retrieved 7083: 7058:. Retrieved 7044: 7032:. Retrieved 7018: 6991: 6987: 6977: 6944: 6940: 6886: 6882: 6872: 6860:. Retrieved 6856:the original 6846: 6837: 6828: 6801: 6797: 6792:(May 2001). 6784: 6773: 6764: 6752:. Retrieved 6748:the original 6736: 6724:. Retrieved 6720: 6710: 6696: 6686:21 September 6684:. Retrieved 6675: 6666: 6660: 6648:. Retrieved 6644: 6634: 6609: 6605: 6599: 6585:(2): 63–67. 6582: 6578: 6572: 6547: 6544:Acta Tropica 6543: 6537: 6504: 6500: 6494: 6459: 6455: 6442: 6391: 6387: 6377: 6332: 6328: 6318: 6283: 6279: 6269: 6259: 6252: 6215: 6205: 6193:. Retrieved 6189: 6180: 6145: 6141: 6131: 6106: 6102: 6042: 6038: 6013:. Retrieved 6009: 5999: 5954: 5950: 5940: 5928:. Retrieved 5917: 5905:. Retrieved 5897:ScienceDaily 5896: 5887: 5875:. Retrieved 5866: 5857: 5845:. Retrieved 5837:The Guardian 5836: 5826: 5814:. Retrieved 5803: 5793: 5781:. Retrieved 5773:The Guardian 5772: 5762: 5750:. Retrieved 5731: 5696: 5692: 5682: 5670:. Retrieved 5662:The Guardian 5661: 5651: 5639:. Retrieved 5623:The Guardian 5622: 5612: 5569: 5565: 5555: 5543:. Retrieved 5538: 5529: 5492: 5457: 5450: 5438:. Retrieved 5429: 5420: 5408:. Retrieved 5396: 5392: 5379: 5344: 5340: 5330: 5287: 5283: 5273: 5231:(12): 2456. 5228: 5224: 5214: 5202:. Retrieved 5198: 5189: 5152: 5148: 5138: 5119: 5113: 5101:. Retrieved 5092: 5082: 5039: 5035: 5025: 4974: 4970: 4960: 4927: 4923: 4916: 4867: 4863: 4856: 4815: 4811: 4805: 4762: 4758: 4748: 4705: 4701: 4690: 4649: 4645: 4639: 4621: 4586: 4582: 4572: 4562:19 September 4560:. Retrieved 4538: 4534: 4524: 4489: 4485: 4475: 4424: 4420: 4410: 4399:, retrieved 4377: 4367: 4355:. Retrieved 4347:The Guardian 4346: 4336: 4306:(1): 35–45. 4303: 4299: 4293: 4266: 4262: 4252: 4215: 4211: 4201: 4189:. Retrieved 4175: 4138: 4134: 4124: 4112:. Retrieved 4103: 4094: 4082:. Retrieved 4071: 4062: 4050:. Retrieved 4045: 4036: 3991: 3987: 3977: 3965:. Retrieved 3944: 3906:(1): 20–27. 3903: 3899: 3893: 3866: 3862: 3852: 3827: 3823: 3817: 3805:. Retrieved 3796: 3772:. Retrieved 3710: 3706: 3696: 3673: 3664: 3627: 3624:PLOS Biology 3623: 3609: 3564: 3560: 3550: 3538:. Retrieved 3529: 3520: 3493: 3489: 3479: 3444: 3440: 3430: 3393: 3389: 3379: 3344: 3340: 3330: 3293: 3289: 3279: 3267:. Retrieved 3263: 3253: 3218: 3214: 3204: 3161: 3157: 3147: 3112: 3108: 3098: 3090: 3083:. Retrieved 3074: 3065: 3053:. Retrieved 3038: 3026:. Retrieved 3019: 2895: 2875: 2852: 2832: 2828:Tuberculosis 2811: 2791: 2770: 2766:Toxocariasis 2750: 2742: 2669: 2649: 2629: 2609: 2586: 2566: 2560: 2539:Rabies virus 2537: 2517: 2497: 2459: 2439: 2419: 2408:Saudi Arabia 2393: 2370: 2350: 2330: 2310: 2306:Lyme disease 2290: 2267: 2247: 2241: 2211: 2191: 2171: 2151: 2120: 2107:birds, bats 2099: 2079: 2058: 2037: 2016: 1997:Burkholderia 1995: 1975: 1954: 1948: 1942: 1936: 1930: 1924: 1899: 1879: 1873: 1854:Echinococcus 1852: 1811:Dengue fever 1773: 1748: 1742: 1736: 1707: 1697:(taeniasis) 1683: 1677: 1671: 1646: 1626: 1606: 1549:raccoon dogs 1532: 1511: 1484: 1464: 1443: 1431:Qing dynasty 1404: 1368: 1303: 1283: 1262: 1242: 1222: 1202: 1196: 1170: 1151:Pathogen(s) 1112: 1098: 1084: 1079:spilled over 1076: 1064: 1060:Lyme disease 1041: 1037:tuberculosis 1014: 977: 956: 940: 932: 923: 919: 900: 872:biodiversity 865: 853: 833: 831: 827: 812: 809:Peter Daszak 791: 769: 761: 754: 727:petting zoos 713: 699: 697:deficiency. 668: 654: 647: 640:Toxocariasis 633: 627: 617: 603: 593: 553:Scrub typhus 505: 494: 469: 454: 394: 368: 354: 350: 335: 328: 322: 316: 310: 307: 275: 267: 254: 252:"sickness". 249: 245: 230: 207: 202:such as the 173: 132: 128: 44: 42: 40: 33: 10873:Eradication 10784:Biosecurity 10509:Vaccination 10484:Inoculation 10462:Drug safety 10457:Combination 10384:and Control 10332:Soft tissue 10286:Anatomical 10253:Seasonality 10233:Mesoendemic 10213:Holoendemic 10206:Farr's laws 10118:Attack rate 9916:Animal bite 9912:Insect bite 9848:Respiratory 9475:Air quality 9463:Environment 9373:Comorbidity 9289:Attack rate 9272:Infectivity 9065:Dermacentor 8834:Spirochaete 8360:Filoviridae 8182:Lassa fever 8078:Adria virus 7776:Chikungunya 7733:Togaviridae 7663:Usutu virus 7585:Ngari virus 7509:Batai virus 6790:Prusiner SB 6775:Mayo Clinic 6754:21 December 6721:Mayo Clinic 6676:www.cdc.gov 6045:(9): 1405. 6004:Bressan D. 5867:EurekAlert! 5539:www.cdc.gov 5410:28 December 5347:(1): 6–11. 5199:www.who.int 4046:www.cdc.gov 3994:: 4674235. 3614:Warren CJ, 3055:18 December 2903:chimpanzees 2813:Trichinella 2807:Trichinosis 2588:Phlebovirus 2573:rats, mice 2493:Psittacosis 2487:tick bites 2446:bats, pigs 2346:Melioidosis 2286:Lassa fever 2230:Afghanistan 2101:Histoplasma 2075:Hepatitis E 2060:Henipavirus 2054:Henipavirus 2018:Gnathostoma 1956:Trichinella 1869:Fasciolosis 1815:Lassa fever 1784:chimpanzees 1709:Dirofilaria 1539:suspected: 1526:suspected: 1496:Triatominae 1419:Black Death 1364:Brucellosis 1218:Anisakiasis 1068:Nipah virus 1033:common cold 1027:, HIV, and 863:pandemics. 819:Sandra Díaz 446:hepatitis E 432:. In 2017, 414:listeriosis 338:food safety 159:) that can 10923:Categories 10756:infections 10697:Sanitation 10665:Quarantine 10524:resistance 10442:Antiseptic 10423:Ascaricide 10413:Antifungal 10401:Antibiotic 10382:Prevention 10315:Intestinal 10248:Prevalence 10228:Inequality 10177:Occurrence 9976:Breastmilk 9860:Bioaerosol 9832:Sapronosis 9807:Horizontal 9679:Endogenous 9658:Viral load 9618:Index case 8965:Babesiosis 8788:E. ewingii 8672:Poxviridae 8602:Poxviridae 8522:SARS-CoV-2 8024:Reoviridae 7902:Tete virus 7833:Reoviridae 7715:Zika fever 7564:Tete virus 7462:(A80–B34, 7349:DiseasesDB 7200:19 January 6015:9 February 5957:: 145413. 5877:29 October 5847:29 October 5816:29 October 5545:12 January 5204:26 October 4269:: 110101. 3540:30 January 3526:"Zoonosis" 3296:(4): 980. 3045:"Zoonoses" 3016:"zoonosis" 2999:References 2911:orangutans 2897:Zika virus 2891:Zika fever 2877:Flavivirus 2860:lagomorphs 2747:infection 2712:eradicated 2619:tick bite 2320:tick bite 2213:Leishmania 2181:tick bite 2103:capsulatum 2039:Hantavirus 2033:Hantavirus 1971:Giardiasis 1938:Salmonella 1917:(commonly 1792:orangutans 1775:Ebolavirus 1695:cysticerci 1568:; ongoing 1492:armadillos 1445:Capillaria 1414:flea bite 1273:tick bite 1258:Babesiosis 1182:tsetse fly 1160:Emergence 1029:diphtheria 982:groups of 980:prehistory 793:Kate Jones 710:Exhibition 703:antibodies 681:in people 578:Zika fever 434:free-range 391:wool mills 363:See also: 330:Salmonella 165:vertebrate 32:Zoonotic ( 10868:Discovery 10794:Disease X 10754:Emerging 10702:Screening 10603:Isolation 10447:Antiviral 10273:Twindemic 10223:Incidence 10100:Modelling 10063:Perinatal 9995:Cutaneous 9886:Linked to 9796:Perinatal 9715:Exogenous 9707:formation 9449:Pregnancy 9306:Endotoxin 9301:Virulence 9029:Amblyomma 8870:Tularemia 8790:infection 8681:Monkeypox 7473:Arthropod 7078:Clark L. 6529:205694138 6448:Benatar D 6416:1476-4687 6351:2732-432X 6292:0065-7778 6286:: 39–52. 6218:: 22–39. 6164:2214-9996 6123:0253-1933 6061:2076-2607 5723:244041854 5699:: n2786. 5631:0261-3077 5586:2542-5196 5304:1948-4682 5247:2076-2615 5056:1080-6040 4999:2375-2548 4944:1533-4406 4892:1095-9203 4840:0036-8075 4779:1080-6040 4722:1474-547X 4682:232429241 4557:2201-3008 4467:238588772 4141:(1): 36. 4010:1687-9686 3616:Sawyer SL 3341:EcoHealth 3085:16 August 2848:Tularemia 2733:2009–10; 2461:Orf virus 1953:spp. and 1667:taeniasis 1429:in China- 1290:raccoons 1025:influenza 997:reservoir 911:epidemics 715:Outbreaks 653:or cats ( 644:roundworm 558:Tularemia 387:tanneries 200:pandemics 188:influenza 145:bacterium 127:; plural 10929:Zoonoses 10777:EARS-Net 10692:Safe sex 10644:services 10615:Lockdown 10386:measures 10288:location 10268:Syndemic 10263:Sporadic 10243:Pandemic 10238:Outbreak 10196:Epidemic 10049:Prenatal 9941:Mosquito 9825:to-human 9800:Neonatal 9793:Prenatal 9741:Zoonosis 9586:concepts 9517:Humidity 9502:Commerce 9378:Diabetes 9311:Exotoxin 8739:Diseases 8629:Multiple 8517:SARS-CoV 8507:MERS-CoV 7696:DENV-1-4 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