2339:
2462:
1576:
1450:
2583:"Regarding origin of Žuna, Xuanzang had only mentioned that it was initially brought to Kapisa, later Begram from "far" and later moved to Zabul. There is no consensus as to who brought it and when. By identifying Žun with Sassanian Zurvān, the cult of Žun or *Zruvān can be viewed in a much wider context of Iranian history and religious developments. Žun, Like Zurvān, most likely represented the "god of time", a heresy in Zoroastrianism, which originated in response to the religious reforms introduced during second half of Achaemenid Empire. The cosmopolitan nature of the god is consistent with the variety of religions practiced in the region prior to the
51:
2127:
2031:
58:
390:
2446:
1440:
1620:
916:
902:
729:
1904:
499:
612:
580:
441:
669:
483:
644:
544:
515:
713:
596:
1657:
1627:"(It was) the year 492, the month Sbol, when I, Alkhis son of Khuras, lord of Gazan, established this stupa (as) a (pious) foundation(?) in Ragzamagan(?). (At that time) when there was a Turkish ruler and an Arab ruler, the deyadharma (meritorious gifts) made by me were kept . . . , and afterwards I made this Zinaiaka-deyadharma in the willing belief which I had towards the huddha-sastra and in great faith (Sraddha) and in ... Whatever merit (
419:
412:
628:
874:
888:
1156:
2511:
The origin and nature of Zhun is disputed. M. Shenkar in his study comes to the conclusion that Zhun was possibly connected to the deity of the river Oxus, the modern river
Amudarya. Furthermore, he holds it most likely that Zhun was the greatest deity worshiped in Zabulistan. F. Grenet believes that
1057:
The faith of this community has not been researched as much. According to the interpretation of
Chinese sources by Marquarts and de Groots in 1915, the king of Ts'ao is said to have worn a crown with a golden fish head and was related to the Sogdians. The Temple of the Zun was recognizable by a large
2436:
reported in the early 700s that the temple of the Hindu god Zun/Sun(Surya) was in the region. He also reported there were numerous
Buddhist stupas in the area of Zabul. There were dozens of Hindu temples and hundreds of Buddhist monasteries. In addition , drawing many pilgrims. According to Wink, it
1931:. The native are Hu people; the king and cavalry are Turks. The king, a nephew of the king of Kapisa, himself controls his tribe and the cavalry stationed in this country. It is not subject to other countries, not even his own uncle. Though the king and the chiefs are Turks, they highly revere the
1690:
in 718 AD, he gave an account of the military forces in the
Tokharistan region. Puluo described the power of "the kings of Tokharistan", explaining that "Two hundred and twelve kingdoms, governors and prefects" recognise the authority of the Yabghus, and that it has been so since the time of his
1544:. During the campaign, al-Hajjaj's overbearing behaviour caused Ibn al-Ash'ath and the army to rebel. After patching up an agreement with the Zunbils, the army started on its march back to Iraq. On the way, a mutiny against al-Hajjaj developed into a full-fledged anti-Umayyad rebellion.
2461:
4313:
or
Chionite kingdom of Zabul; on more than one occasion, these Zunbils inflicted sharp defeats on the Muslims. The Zunbils were linked with the Turk-Shahs of the Turk Shahi dynasty; the whole river valley was at this time culturally and religiously an outpost of the
1939:
Buddhism is practiced. There is a great
Turkish chief called Sha-tuo-kan, who once a year lays out his gold and silver, which is much more than the king possesses. The dress, customs, and products of this land are similar to those of Kapisa, but the languages are
1710:
On the
Dingwei day of the eleventh month in the sixth year of the Kaiyuan era, Ashi Tegin Puluo writes to the emperor: Tokhara Yabghu, his elder brother, is controlling as his subordinates two hundred and twelve persons, such as the local kings of various states,
1973:
A full-blown "Chinese phase" is attributed to the period from 720 to 750 CE, corresponding to the last major phase of construction and decorations of
Buddhist monuments before the Arab conquests. This construction period was possibly marked by the patronage of
4309:, but these had been little more than slave and plunder raids. There was a fierce resistance from the local rulers of these regions, above all from the line of Zunbils who ruled in Zamindavar and Zabulistan and who were probably epigoni of the southern
3561:"The account herewith quoted as 3.5. shows that this king of Tokhara had political power to control the principalities belonging to the Governors-General to the north and the south of the Hindukush, not to mention the Yuezhi Governor General." in
2592:
According to Gulman S, its Afghan followers were, most probably, initially
Zoroastrians. Mention of Žun and its devotees disappeared with the end of Žunbil dynasty of Zabulistan in 870. Its followers, according to Ibn Athir, accepted Islam.
1691:
grandfather, that is, probably since the time of the establishment of the
Yabghus of Tokharistan. This account also shows that the Yabghu of Tokharistan ruled a vast area circa 718 AD, formed of the territories north and south of the
3796:
also " 開元八年，天子冊葛達羅支頡利發誓屈爾為王。至天寶中數朝獻。" "In the eighth year of Kaiyuan (720), the Emperor approved the enthronement of Gedalouzhi Xielifa Shiquer. Their envoys came to the royal court several times until the Tianbao era (742–756)." in
3768:, book 0964 冊府元龜 (四庫全書本)/卷0964 "九月遣使冊葛達羅支頡利發誓屈爾為謝䫻國王葛達羅支特勒為𦋺賔國王", simplified Chinese "九月遣使册葛达罗支颉利发誓屈尔为谢䫻国王葛达罗支特勒为𦋺賔国王", "In September ambassadors recorded that Gedalouzhi Xielifa Shiquer was enthroned as king of Zabulistan,
1070:
there was a clear dichotomy between worshipers of the Hindu god Surya and followers of Zhun. This is exemplified by the conflict between Surya and Zhun followers, which led to the followers of Zhun migrating southwards towards
2338:
2010:
during the 7th-8th centuries, and highlight a broad territorial unity of Buddhist kingdoms in Western Central Asia at that time, based on intense exchanges and a westward influence of Chinese Buddhism and artistic styles.
1322:
Rutbil is first mentioned to have existed during his time, as his earliest mention in Arab sources dates to 666 CE. Rutbil may have been the brother or nephew of Barha Tegin, and may have been appointed as the governor in
1529:, led an 'Army of Destruction' against the Zunbils. He was defeated and was forced to offer a large tribute, give hostages including three of his sons, and take an oath not to invade the territory of the Zunbils again.
1863:(Arabs). They sent an envoy to the Tang in the first year of Jingyun (710) to present gifts. Later, they subjugated themselves to Jibin. In the eighth year of Kaiyuan (720), the Emperor approved the enthronement of
1631:) may arise hereby, now and (in) the future, may I, Alkhis, and my parents and wife and brothers (and) sons and (other) relatives too-may each (and) every one (of us) attain (his) own desire. Homage to the buddhas."
4152:
2503:
The Zunbils worshiped a deity called Zhūn (or Zūn), from whom they derived their name. He is represented with flames radiating from his head on coins. Statues were adorned with gold and used rubies for eyes.
1413:, and established the Zunbil dynasty, paying temporary allegiance to Salm ibn Ziyad, the Arab governor of Sistan. The area of Zabulistan came to be ruled by Rutbil, also spelled Zibil or Jibul (from Turkic:
2318:. The Turk Shahis not only had to convert to Islam but also had to cede key cities and regions. Another campaign against the Gandhara branch seem to have followed soon, with the Caliphate reaching
1990:
and a member of the Zunbils, or his successors. The period sees a marked evolution in the facial types of the statues, with the Chinese-Indian traits of the previous period moving markedly towards
4340:
1267:, and they arrived to the shrine of Zoon in Zamindawar. It is reported that Samura "broke off a hand of the idol and plucked out the rubies which were its eyes in order to persuade the
1962:
Chinese artistic influences, on top of nomical political influence, are discernable in the artistic creations under the Zunbils around that time, as seen in the Buddhist monastery of
1420:
The relationship between the two relatives was at times antagonistic, but they fought together against Arab incursions. Rubtil issued coins derived from Sassanian prototypes, with a
2558:. Originally he appears to have been brought at Zamindawar by Hepthalites, displacing an earlier god on the same site. Parallels have been noted with the pre-Buddhist monarchy of
3034:
Sino-Platonic Papers: A Unique Alxon-Hunnic Horse-and-Rider Statuette (Late Fifth Century CE) from Ancient Bactria / Modern Afghanistan in the Pritzker Family Collection, Chicago
2566:
influence on its ritual. Whatever his origins, he was certainly superimposed on a mountain and on a pre-existing mountain god while merging with Shaiva doctrines of worship.
2742:"The Countenance of the other (The Coins of the Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and India) 2012-2013 exhibit: 15. THE RUTBILS OF ZABULISTAN AND THE "EMPEROR OF ROME""
3961:
Original Chinese: 又從此罽賓國西行至七日謝䫻國。彼自呼云社護羅薩他那。土人是胡。王及兵馬。即是突厥。其王即是罽賓王姪兒。自把部落兵馬住此於國。不屬餘國。亦不屬阿叔。此王及首領。雖是突厥。極敬三寶。足寺足僧。行大乘法。有一大突厥首領。名娑鐸幹。每年一迴。設金銀無數。多於彼王。衣著人風。土地所出。與罽賓王相似。言音各別。 in
1449:
1129:
original Zūn-dātbar, 'Zun the Justice-giver'. The geographical name Zamindawar would also reflect this, from Middle Persian 'Zamin-i dātbar' (Land of the Justice-giver).
3332:
2543:. Some scholars have considered the cult to be neither Buddhist nor Zoroastrian, but primarily Hindu. Scholars point out the connections between the deity Zhun/Zun and
3845:
Original Chinese: "谢䫻居吐火罗西南本曰漕矩吒或曰漕矩显庆时谓诃达罗支武后改今号东距罽賔东北帆延皆四百里南婆罗门西波斯北护时健其王居鹤悉那城地七千里亦治阿娑你城多郁金瞿草瀵泉灌田国中有突厥罽賔吐火罗种人𮦀居罽賔取其子弟持兵以御大食景云初遣使朝贡后遂臣罽賔开元八年天子册葛达罗支颉利发誓屈尔为王至天宝中数朝献" in
969:
955:
941:
2404:, the Saffarids achieved, for the first time, Muslim expansion in eastern Afghanistan, after more than two centuries of plundering raids by the Muslim governors of
4510:"Xuanzang's story is simple , but suggests a historical background:there happened a conflict between the two religious groups, the Surya group and the Zhuna group"
1919:) and recorded that Kabul and Zabul were ruled by Turkic kings, who followed Buddhism. According to him, the King of Kabul was the uncle of the king of Zabul.
1552:
3911:"The numismatic legacy of the Sasanians in the East", in Sasanian Iran in the Context of Late Antiquity: The Bahari Lecture Series at the University of Oxford
4242:"The Numismatic legacy of the Sasanians in the East" in Sasanian Iran in the Context of Late Antiquity: The Bahari Lecture Series at the University of Oxford
2174:
Al-Mahdī sent messengers to the kings, calling on them to submit, and most of them submitted to him. Among them were the king of Kābul Shāh, whose name was
1719:(heads of regional governments). The king of Zabul rules two hundred thousand soldiers and horses, the king of Kabul two hundred thousand, each king of
1271:
of Sīstān of the god's worthlessness." Samura explained to the marzbān: "my intention was to show you that this idol can do neither any harm nor good."
3149:"The Countenance of the other (The Coins of the Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and India) 2012-2013 exhibit: 13. The Turk Shahis in Kabulistan"
3148:
2804:
2741:
2695:
1575:
1058:
fish skeleton on display; this would indicate a related merchantry deity. In addition to that Marquarts states the Zunbils to have worshipped a
2134:
3847:
2158:(r. 775–785), but these appear to have been nominal acts, and the people of the region continued to resist Muslim rule. The Muslim historian
1811:
around 710-720 CE, and how the Zunbil ruler, named "Shiquer", was recognized by the Chinese court in 720 CE. Shiquer received the title of
2030:
1160:
1146:
1398:
as well as Zabulistan. His title was "Khorasan Tegin Shah" (meaning "Tegin, King of the East"), and he was known in Chinese sources as
2839:"The Zunbils of the early Islamic period and the Kabulshahs were almost certainly epigoni of the southern-Hephthalite rulers of Zabul.
2389:
to the East, conquering these territories in the name of Islam by appointing Muslim governors. From there they moved to north of the
3781:
From Kesar the Kābulšāh and Central Asia, in "Coins, Art and Chronology II The First Millennium C.E. in the Indo-Iranian Borderland"
1771:
50:
4525:
1018:
origin. They ruled from circa 680 AD until the Saffarid conquest in 870 AD. The Zunbil dynasty was founded by Rutbil (Turkic:
4457:
4399:
4350:
4250:
3946:
3919:
3749:
3675:
3275:
3233:
3096:
2002:(624-705 CE), and that, together the several missions of Chinese pilgrims to Afghanistan and India, Chinese monks settled in
2330:'s raids and continued to rule for about two more decades, before getting embroiled in the conflict to eventual extinction.
1505:
in Helmand, which may still be traced today. Some believe that the Sunagir temple mentioned by the famous Chinese traveler
1087:
and had Zoroastrian influence in its ritual. Other scholars such as H. Schaeder and N. Sims-William have connected it with
4297:
and on the borders of India long after their empire had collapsed was that of expansion into east Afghanistan. The early
2953:
2014:
The influence of Chinese artistic styles vanishes after 751 CE when Tang China withdrew from Central Asia following the
3789:
1493:
area for nearly 250 years until the late 9th century AD". Their main capital Zamindawar was located in the present-day
4530:
4162:
3342:
2878:
2618:
2775:
2264:
1560:
4448:(1975). "The Tahirids and Saffarids". In Frye, Richard Nelson; Fisher, William Bayne; Boyle, John Andrew (eds.).
4391:
Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries
4342:
Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries
4294:
2613:
2365:
Yaqub bin Laith al-Saffar started his eastern conquests in 870/871 CE, when he marched against the Kharijites of
1142:
4083:
3184:
Coins, Art and Chronology II - The First Millennium C.E. in the Indo-Iranian Borderlands (Coinage of the Nezak)
2985:
3121:
2481:) and recorded that Kabul and Zabul were ruled by Turkic kings, who followed Buddhism. The last phase of the
1603:
The Bactrian inscription of Tang-i Safedak, dated to around 714/15 CE, mentions the dedication of a stupa by
275:
3156:
2812:
2749:
2703:
3147:
Alram, Michael; Filigenzi, Anna; Kinberger, Michaela; Nell, Daniel; Pfisterer, Matthias; Vondrovec, Klaus.
2740:
Alram, Michael; Filigenzi, Anna; Kinberger, Michaela; Nell, Daniel; Pfisterer, Matthias; Vondrovec, Klaus.
1540:
as commander of a huge Iraqi army, the so-called "Peacock Army", to subdue the troublesome principality of
2263:
In 769 CE, the Arabs were again able to obtain tribute from the Zunbils after nearly half a century, when
1970:
start to blend with Chinese stylistic influences, "a Chinese touch" discernable in Buddhist works of art.
1443:
A coin of the Rutbils, minted in Zabulistan circa 720 AD, closely imitating the coinage of Sasanian ruler
4073:
3032:
2870:
Resistance at the Edge of Empires: The Archaeology and History of the Bannu basin from 1000 BC to AD 1200
2604:
Ulf Jäger states: We should interpret "Zhun" as the name of the ancient Iranian deity of time, "Zurwan".
1927:
I travelled further west and after seven days arrived at the country of Zabulistan which its people call
1559:
failed to do so. The Arabs would not be able to obtain tribute from the Zunbils again until 769 CE, when
4470:
The Last Two Dynasties of the Sahis: An analysis of their history, archaeology, coinage and palaeography
3860:"From Caojuzha to Ghazna/Ghaznīn: Early Medieval Chinese and Muslim Descriptions of Eastern Afghanistan"
3801:"From Caojuzha to Ghazna/Ghaznīn: Early Medieval Chinese and Muslim Descriptions of Eastern Afghanistan"
3693:"From Caojuzha to Ghazna/Ghaznīn: Early Medieval Chinese and Muslim Descriptions of Eastern Afghanistan"
2896:
The Last Two Dynasties of the Śahis: An Analysis of Their History, Archaeology, Coinage and Palaeography
3290:
Excavations at Kandahar 1974 & 1975 (Society for South Asian Studies Monograph) by Anthony McNicoll
1150:
4489:
1611:. Alkhis is considered as the patron of the second period of florescence of the Buddhist sanctuary of
1358:
continued the war upon being appointed in 673 CE, leading Rutbil to negotiate a peace treaty for both
411:
3667:
Sasanian Iran in the Context of Late Antiquity: The Bahari Lecture Series at the University of Oxford
2898:. Centre for the Study of the Civilizations of Central Asia, Quaid-i-Azam University. pp. 58–67.
2355:
2343:
2116:
2068:
1518:
1355:
1343:
1299:
was soon able to mount a counter-offensive and repulse the Arabs, taking back the areas of Kabul and
1253:
1213:
1138:
458:
92:
65:
4424:"Etymology of Zhunbil and Identity of the Rulers of Kabul and Zabul in Seventh -Ninth Centuries C.E"
2850:
History of Civilizations of central Asia, B A Litivinsky Zhang Guang-Da, R Shabani Samghabadi, p.376
4445:
3067:
3004:
2401:
1280:
1260:
1207:
3303:
2166:("History"), recounts that al-Mahdi asked for, and apparently obtained, the submission of various
4111:
For example, joining Rafi' ibn Layth's rebellion and reneging on tribute agreements: al-Ya'qubi,
2623:
2311:
1949:
1579:
Type of the coins excavated in Tang-i Safedak (Göbl, Hunnen Em. 243), next to the inscription of
1335:
3532:
2939:
2373:, and defeated another Khariji leader who was named Abd al-Rahman. His army would then march to
1110:
serving as their capitals. In the south their territory reached at times the cities of Rakhwad (
4468:
1881:") Shiquer. Their envoys came to the royal court several times until the Tianbao era (742–756).
1651:
1637:
530:
17:
4389:
3936:
3891:
3859:
3832:
3800:
3739:
3724:
3692:
3265:
2975:
4535:
4240:
3909:
3665:
3223:
3086:
2868:
1859:) live together in this country . Jibin recruits from among them young men to defend against
1793:), ruler of Zabulistan from 720 CE and for a few years until 738. A Chinese account from the
1471:
King Jibul, glory increased! In the name of god, Jibul, the Majestic Lord King of brave men
1042:. The Zunbils are described as having Turkish troops in their service by Arabic sources like
2314:(811-819 AD), the Turk Shahi ruler, named "Pati Dumi" in Arab sources, had invaded parts of
2310:
in 815 CE, in what was essentially a political retribution: hoping to take advantage of the
3643:"Bactrian Inscription from Yakawlang sheds new light on history of Buddhism in Afghanistan"
3487:"Bactrian Inscription from Yakawlang sheds new light on history of Buddhism in Afghanistan"
3402:"Bactrian Inscription from Yakawlang sheds new light on history of Buddhism in Afghanistan"
3379:"Bactrian Inscription from Yakawlang sheds new light on history of Buddhism in Afghanistan"
2275:
1994:
styles, and clearly following Tang prototypes. Such phenomenon is also seen in the site of
1820:
1239:
and the Zunbils were consistently an obstacle to the eastward expansion of Muslims forces.
4485:
3267:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750
1998:. It is thought that Buddhism was particularly strong in China during the rule of Empress
8:
4315:
2378:
1533:
103:
3423:
2126:
1615:, characterized in this period by the creation of hybrid Sinicized-Indian Buddhist art.
1256:
for the first time, and then started to attack the Turkic territory from the southwest.
1067:
4054:
4002:
3887:
3828:
3720:
3623:
3584:
3462:
2674:
1703:. Finally, Puluo reaffirmed the loyalty of Yabghu Pantu Nili towards the Tang dynasty.
1548:
1264:
471:
4179:
4453:
4395:
4346:
4246:
4158:
4079:
4046:
3994:
3942:
3915:
3879:
3820:
3785:
3745:
3712:
3671:
3615:
3576:
3454:
3338:
3271:
3229:
3092:
2981:
2935:
2874:
2666:
2100:
1924:
1537:
1526:
1284:
817:
789:
361:
330:
2006:
from around 700 CE. This activity mirrored the active development of monasteries in
4290:
3875:
3871:
3816:
3812:
3708:
3704:
3544:
3308:
2359:
2326:
dynasty, took over in Gandhara and Kabul in 822 CE. The Zunbils were unaffected by
2315:
2093:
1886:
1494:
1223:
1044:
934:
350:
200:
83:
2419:, continued the resistance to the eastern expansion of Islam until circa 1026 CE.
4302:
2909:
2445:
2394:
2290:, "in which were idols worshipped by the people. They destroyed and burnt them".
2038:
2015:
1856:
1584:
1421:
1232:
1198:
1169:
1050:
948:
907:
2651:
389:
4126:
3509:
3058:
André Wink, "Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World", Brill 1990, p. 118
1439:
1425:
1403:
1126:
807:
719:
699:
429:
372:
264:
3741:
Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History
3334:
The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In
3225:
The History of al-Tabari Vol. 14: The Conquest of Iran A.D. 641-643/A.H. 21-23
3111:
André Wink, "Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World", Brill 1990. p 120
2574:
Other scholars however have connected Zun with the Sassanid Zoroastrian deity
2170:
rulers, including that of the Zunbils. The original account by Ya'qubi reads:
1547:
The Arabs regularly claimed nominal overlordship over the Zunbils, and in 711
1479:
His Highness the Majestic Lord / 15th Zavulistan, by the order of the gods.
4519:
4370:
4318:, as of course it had been in the earlier centuries during the heyday of the
4200:
4050:
3998:
3883:
3824:
3716:
3619:
3580:
3458:
2670:
2628:
2532:
2239:
2045:
1868:
1824:
1619:
1429:
1409:
In 680-683 AD, Rutbil split from his brother the Shahi of Kabul according to
962:
686:
308:
211:
178:
169:
3548:
2652:"From the Sasanians to the Huns New Numismatic Evidence from the Hindu Kush"
2393:
and by 870 AD the whole of Khorasan was brought under Saffarid control. The
3765:
3537:
Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
2928:
Ein Dokument zum Fernhandel zwischen Byzanz und China zur Zeit Theophylakts
2584:
2412:
2386:
2327:
2303:
2167:
2109:
1991:
1932:
1878:
1832:
1683:
1670:
1370:
acknowledged control of these territories by Rutbil and the King of Kabul.
158:
3963:
2397:
was now under Ya'qub's control, which made him able to mint silver coins.
1570:
4298:
2563:
2482:
2466:
2450:
2323:
2319:
2283:
2243:
2077:
2052:
1983:
1963:
1808:
1724:
1675:
1612:
1498:
1387:
1379:
1334:
Rutbil and the king of Kabul campaigned together against the Arabs after
1316:
1296:
1236:
1189:
1173:
1111:
1059:
1035:
1027:
1015:
1011:
987:
921:
879:
559:
147:
114:
4058:
4034:
4006:
3982:
3627:
3603:
3588:
3564:
3511:
Across the Hindukush of the First Millennium: a collection of the papers
3466:
3442:
2678:
2219:
1760:
Cefu Yuangui 3.5. Fanyan in Vol. 999 (Claims, Foreign Subjects), 718 AD.
1433:
1402:. His grand title probably refers to his resistance to the peril of the
4310:
2696:"16. THE HINDU SHAHIS IN KABULISTAN AND GANDHARA AND THE ARAB CONQUEST"
2551:
2390:
2307:
2251:
2179:
2159:
1995:
1903:
1873:
1823:: kat-la-dat-tcǐe), is thought to be a transliteration of the ethnonym
1800:
1752:
1692:
1596:
1541:
1444:
1391:
1383:
1359:
1347:
1328:
1324:
1300:
1292:
1115:
1103:
1099:
1072:
1031:
1023:
1007:
893:
763:, the capital, and other important cities of the Zunbils (brown dots),
602:
2362:), who conquered the entire Zunbil territory from his base in Sistan.
1268:
3070:. 2002. The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Leiden: Brill. Zamindawar. p.439.
2908:
2575:
2517:
2274:
Arab destructions are documented around 795 CE, as the Muslim writer
2207:
2195:
2183:
2061:
1502:
1410:
1351:
1308:
505:
255:
244:
4450:
The Cambridge History of Iran: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
4423:
4127:"Historical Notes on Kapisi and Kabul in the Sixth-Eighth Centuries"
4078:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 145, map XIV.1 (e).
2354:
The Zunbils were finally defeated in 870 AD by the Muslim conqueror
1656:
4322:
4319:
3779:
3642:
3486:
3401:
3378:
2555:
2540:
2505:
2433:
2416:
2299:
2203:
2155:
2145:
2021:
2007:
1936:
1732:
1687:
1522:
1506:
1490:
1395:
1312:
1288:
1119:
1076:
1054:. However the term "Turk" was used in an inaccurate and loose way.
803:
799:
618:
286:
189:
3182:
2955:
Historical Notes on Kāpiśī and Kābul in the Sixth-Eighth Centuries
1668:
According to Chinese sources, in particular the chronicles of the
2805:"14. KABULISTAN AND BACTRIA AT THE TIME OF "KHORASAN TEGIN SHAH""
2223:
2215:
2199:
2191:
2187:
2175:
2149:
1999:
1795:
1744:
1720:
1678:. When a young brother of the Yabghu Pantu Nili, named Puluo (僕羅
1454:
586:
447:
339:
136:
4207:. Archives of the Italian Archaeological Mission in Afghanistan.
2437:
was clear that Zunbils ruled over a predominately Indian realm.
2148:
came to power in 750, the Zunbils made submissions to the third
1966:. During the period from 680 to 720 CE, essentially Indian post-
1075:
from Kapisa. According to André Wink the god Zhun was primarily
2600:"It is not unlikely that Zhun derives from the Iranian Zurwan."
2524:
2513:
2486:
2474:
2454:
2405:
2374:
2370:
2347:
2268:
2211:
2152:
2003:
1975:
1945:
1912:
1740:
1661:
1608:
1604:
1580:
1564:
1556:
1367:
1339:
1304:
1107:
1095:
1088:
779:
760:
746:
735:
675:
634:
489:
319:
235:
224:
125:
74:
1291:, captured Kabul for the first time, critically weakening the
1259:
In 653-4 AD, an army of around 6,000 Arabs was led by general
4306:
3773:
2977:
Al- Hind: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest - Volume I
2559:
2544:
2536:
2520:
2382:
2366:
2235:
2227:
1987:
1979:
1967:
1848:
1781:
A few Zunbil rulers are named in Chinese sources, especially
1700:
1696:
1363:
1084:
1063:
1039:
659:
650:
550:
521:
297:
3533:"Nouveaux document bactriens du Guzgan (note d'information)"
2512:
Zhun might have been connected with the Iranian solar deity
2242:; the king of India and Atrāḥ, Wahūfūr; and the king of the
1512:
1501:. The shrine of Zoon was located about three miles south of
1155:
3784:. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. p. 452.
3360:
Hugh Kennedy,The Great Arab Conquests', 2007, pages 194-198
3009:
The Medieval History of Iran, Afghanistan, and Central Asia
2498:
2231:
1957:
1982:
area who was probably of the same ethnicity as the nearby
1645:
3424:"Late Hunnic, Turkic and Arab-Hephthalite Issues, page 7"
2528:
1489:
According to Anthony McNicoll, "the Zunbils ruled in the
1094:
Their territory included between what is now the city of
1080:
4035:"From Early to Late Tapa Sardār: A Tentative Chronology"
3983:"From Early to Late Tapa Sardār: A Tentative Chronology"
3604:"Chinese Records on Bamiyan: Translation and Commentary"
3565:"Chinese Records on Bamiyan: Translation and Commentary"
3443:"From Early to Late Tapa Sardār: A Tentative Chronology"
3003:
2286:, at that time: he recounts that the Arabs attacked the
1706:
Part of the Chinese entry for this account by Puluo is:
1382:
died, his dynasty split into two kingdoms. From 680 AD,
1373:
1346:
upon assuming governorship in 671 CE attacked Rutbil at
4259:
3203:
3146:
2739:
1636:
Bactrian inscription of Tang-i Safedak. translation by
1571:
Khuras and his son Alkhis, lords of Ghazni (714-715 CE)
4364:
4362:
4301:
governors of Sistan had at times penetrated as far as
1242:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4214:
2408:
and fierce resistance from the rulers of the region.
2322:, and imposing a critical defeat. A new dynasty, the
4180:"New Light on the Khingal, Turk and the Hindu Sahis"
3264:
Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Litvinsky, B. A. (January 1996).
3242:
3191:
1674:, the Turks in Kabul were vassals of the Yabghus of
1468:
PWN ŠMY yzt’ yypwl bgyh. wtyp’ wh. m’n’n mlt’n MLK’
4359:
1831:
is the known Chinese transcription of the Turkish "
1509:in 640 AD pertains to this exact house of worship.
1378:Around the time the first ruler of the Turk Shahis
4211:
3641:Lee, Jonathan L.; Sims Williams, Nicholas (2003).
3485:Lee, Jonathan L.; Sims Williams, Nicholas (2003).
3400:Lee, Jonathan L.; Sims Williams, Nicholas (2003).
3377:Lee, Jonathan L.; Sims Williams, Nicholas (2003).
2777:The Making of the Indo-Islamic World C.700–1800 CE
2293:
1551:managed to force them to pay tribute. In 725–726,
1476:Śrī Vākhudevaḥ / pncdh. z’wlst’n / ’pl plm’n yzd’n
1327:by Barha Tegin after he conquered the region from
1231:During more than two centuries of their rule, the
3155:. Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna. Archived from
2811:. Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna. Archived from
2748:. Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna. Archived from
2702:. Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna. Archived from
4517:
4377:. Italian Archaeological Mission in Afghanistan.
4032:
3980:
3640:
3484:
3440:
3399:
3376:
2022:Abbasid Caliphate claim to overlordship (750 CE)
1950:An account of travel to the five Indian kingdoms
1819:" in this extract (Chinese: 葛罗达支, pronounced in
1607:, son of Khuras, lord of "Gazan", thought to be
4473:(Ph.D. thesis). Australian National University.
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3040:. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania
2333:
1835:", hence Shiquer was "Iltäbär of the Khalaj":
1682:in Chinese sources), visited the court of the
3530:
3263:
2835:Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World
2369:, and defeated them. He then marched towards
1132:
1081:pre-Buddhist religious and monarchy practices
1079:, though parallels have also been noted with
4452:. Vol. IV. Cambridge University Press.
4289:"One of the most important aspects of early
4071:
3324:
3015:
4033:Verardi, Giovanni; Paparatti, Elio (2005).
3981:Verardi, Giovanni; Paparatti, Elio (2005).
3441:Verardi, Giovanni; Paparatti, Elio (2005).
2346:(r. 861–879 AD), conqueror of the Zunbils (
1898:
1776:
1161:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent
1147:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent
1125:The title Zunbil can be traced back to the
1062:which might have been connected to Aditya (
3304:"The Temple of Zoor or Zoon in Zamindawar"
3215:
2970:
2968:
2934:, S. 14 (Anhang). De Gruyter Januar 1984.
2873:. Cambridge University Press. p. 69.
2125:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4411:
3526:
3524:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3298:
3296:
3221:
2780:. Cambridge University Press. p. 63.
2377:, conquering the Zunbils, and further to
1513:Umayyad Caliphate offensives (698-700 CE)
4444:
4381:
4326:
4280:, Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. VIII, 258.
4265:
4157:. Brill. pp. 1138–1139, note 2959.
4124:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4016:
3601:
3562:
3507:
3259:
3257:
3176:
3174:
3080:
3078:
3076:
2951:
2460:
2444:
2432:In his travel diaries, the Chinese monk
2337:
2138:The Zunbils in South Asia, circa 750 CE.
1958:Chinese artistic influences (680-750 CE)
1935:. There are many monasteries and monks.
1902:
1655:
1618:
1574:
1438:
1154:
3903:
3901:
3663:
3330:
2965:
2827:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2690:
2688:
2645:
2643:
2550:His shrine lay on a sacred mountain in
2144:Arabic sources recount that, after the
1772:Protectorate General to Pacify the West
1646:Vassalage to the Yabghus of Tokharistan
1599:). Circa late 7th-early 8th century CE.
14:
4518:
4466:
4408:
4226:
4177:
4150:
4144:
3737:
3731:
3521:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3363:
3293:
3248:
3209:
3197:
2893:
2866:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2469:, Afghanistan (3rd to 5th century AD).
2282:(“Temple of the King”), thought to be
2075:
2043:
2036:
1889:, Book 221: account of Zabulistan (谢䫻
1315:, and founding the new dynasty of the
728:
253:
242:
233:
134:
123:
112:
101:
90:
63:
4368:For panorama images of the site see:
4238:
4013:
3974:
3907:
3777:
3434:
3356:
3354:
3254:
3180:
3171:
3140:
3073:
3030:
2999:
2997:
2649:
2091:
2066:
2059:
1374:Establishment of the Zunbils (680 CE)
387:Approximate location of the Zunbils (
370:
317:
306:
295:
262:
222:
209:
198:
187:
176:
167:
156:
145:
81:
72:
27:Royal dynasty south of the Hindu Kush
4387:
4338:
4232:
4193:
4118:
3934:
3898:
2920:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2784:
2769:
2767:
2685:
2640:
2569:
2489:, dates to the time of the Zunbils.
2473:In 726 CE, the Korean Buddhist monk
2114:
2107:
2084:
2050:
1911:In 726 CE, the Korean Buddhist monk
1765:
1436:("His Highness the Majestic Lord"):
1274:
359:
337:
328:
273:
4065:
3857:
3798:
3690:
3473:
3084:
2718:
2457:, dates to the time of the Zunbils.
2098:
1428:legend on the reverse, and a short
1243:Early Arab incursions in Zabulistan
1006:, was a royal dynasty south of the
348:
284:
24:
4421:
4371:"The Buddhist site of Tapa Sardar"
4239:Alram, Michael (1 February 2021).
4201:"The Buddhist site of Tapa Sardar"
4151:Gordon, Mathew S. and al. (2018).
3908:Alram, Michael (1 February 2021).
3664:Michael, Alram (1 February 2021).
3595:
3351:
3085:Kim, Hyun Jin (19 November 2015).
2994:
2980:. Brill. 1991. pp. 118, 119.
1907:Hyecho's description of Zabulistan
25:
4547:
4479:
4154:The Works Of Ibn Wāḍiḥ Al Yaʿqūbī
3011:. Variorum Reprints. p. 344.
2887:
2867:Petrie, Cameron A. (2020-12-28).
2853:
2764:
2619:Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan
2306:defeated the Kabul branch of the
498:
4115:p. 528; al-Baladhuri, pp. 203-04
4102:p. 479; al-Tabari, v. 30: p. 143
4075:A Historical atlas of South Asia
4072:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978).
3935:Jain, Sandhya (1 January 2011).
3848:"唐书 (四库全书本)/卷221下 - 维基文库，自由的图书馆"
3738:Balogh, Dániel (12 March 2020).
3531:Sims-Williams, Nicholas (2002).
3517:. Kyoto University. p. 139.
2773:
2516:. Zhun has been linked with the
2029:
1525:and a military commander of the
1448:
1338:was replaced as the governor of
1098:in southwestern Afghanistan and
967:
953:
939:
914:
900:
886:
872:
727:
711:
667:
642:
626:
611:
610:
594:
578:
542:
513:
497:
481:
439:
417:
410:
388:
56:
49:
4332:
4293:policy of significance for the
4283:
4271:
4171:
4105:
4092:
3955:
3928:
3839:
3758:
3684:
3657:
3634:
3555:
3501:
3416:
3393:
3284:
3114:
3105:
3061:
3052:
2945:
2912:, Anthony Hearle Johns (1984).
2902:
2614:Islamic conquest of Afghanistan
2596:According to N. Sims-Williams:
2358:(r. 861–879 AD, founder of the
2294:End of the Turk Shahis (822 CE)
1664:was the capital of the Zunbils.
1143:Muslim conquests of Afghanistan
1014:region. They were a dynasty of
579:
440:
418:
57:
4505:
4467:Rehman, Abdur (January 1976).
4295:spread of Islam in Afghanistan
3892:10.13173/jasiahist.49.1-2.0097
3876:10.13173/jasiahist.49.1-2.0097
3833:10.13173/jasiahist.49.1-2.0097
3817:10.13173/jasiahist.49.1-2.0097
3725:10.13173/jasiahist.49.1-2.0097
3709:10.13173/jasiahist.49.1-2.0097
2844:
1978:, a contemporary ruler of the
1815:(Chinese: 葛達羅支頡利發). The word "
1279:Circa 665 AD, the Arabs under
668:
627:
482:
13:
1:
4526:History of the Turkic peoples
4428:Journal of Asian Civilisation
3647:Silk Road Art and Archaeology
3491:Silk Road Art and Archaeology
3406:Silk Road Art and Archaeology
3383:Silk Road Art and Archaeology
3091:. Routledge. pp. 58–59.
2926:H. Miyakawa und A. Kollautz:
2837:, Vol.1, (Brill, 1996), 115;"
2634:
2278:records the destruction of a
2222:, Zunbīl; the king of Turks,
1159:The Zunbils were affected by
764:
643:
543:
514:
394:
393:), and contemporary polities
3337:. Hachette UK. p. 128.
3270:. UNESCO. pp. 379–380.
3122:"Amir Kror and His Ancestry"
2206:, ------ ; the king of
1307:), as well as the region of
1247:
1038:kingdom from his capital in
1022:), the elder brother of the
712:
595:
7:
2916:. Magnes Press. p. 15.
2607:
2554:and another at a temple in
2440:
2427:
2422:
2334:Saffarids Conquest (870 CE)
2194:; the king of Tukhāristān,
1464:yypwlh. wtyp’ / GDH / ’pzwt
1366:, in which the governor of
10:
4552:
4437:
4125:Kuwayama, Shoshin (1999).
3938:THE INDIA THEY SAW (VOL-1)
3858:稲葉穣, Inaba Minoru (2015).
3799:稲葉穣, Inaba Minoru (2015).
3691:稲葉穣, Inaba Minoru (2015).
3602:Kuwayama, Shoshin (2005).
3563:Kuwayama, Shoshin (2005).
3222:al-Tabari (16 June 2015).
2952:Kuwayama, Shoshin (2000).
2496:
2265:Ma'n b. Za'ida al-Shaybanl
1769:
1649:
1623:Tang-i Safedak inscription
1561:Ma'n b. Za'ida al-Shaybanl
1390:, and ruled the area from
1151:Umayyad campaigns in India
1136:
1133:Zabulistan under the Turks
4245:. BRILL. pp. 20–21.
3772:was enthroned as king of
3744:. Barkhuis. p. 105.
3068:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund
2932:Byzantinische Zeitschrift
2914:Islam in Asia: South Asia
2415:, setting up defenses in
2356:Yaqub bin Laith al-Saffar
2344:Yaqub bin Laith al-Saffar
2230:, Ḥ-h-w-r-n; the king of
1715:(Governors-General), and
1695:, including the areas of
1519:Ubayd Allah ibn Abi Bakra
1457:in flames on the reverse.
1424:legend on the obverse, a
1356:Ubayd Allah ibn Abi Bakra
1344:Rabi ibn Ziyad al-Harithi
1287:and caliphal governor of
1214:Caliphal province of Sind
1139:Muslim conquest of Sistan
1066:). However, according to
983:
851:
847:
837:
827:
823:
813:
795:
785:
775:
405:
44:
39:
32:
4531:Dynasties of Afghanistan
4498:
3864:Journal of Asian History
3854:(in Simplified Chinese).
3805:Journal of Asian History
3697:Journal of Asian History
3005:Clifford Edmund Bosworth
2659:The Numismatic Chronicle
2477:visited Zabulistan (谢䫻国
2218:, Jabghūya; the king of
2202:, the Shīr; the king of
1915:visited Zabulistan (谢䫻国
1899:Visit by Hyecho (726 CE)
1777:Tang dynasty investiture
1281:Abd al-Rahman ibn Samura
1261:Abd al-Rahman ibn Samura
726:
710:
666:
641:
625:
609:
593:
577:
541:
512:
496:
480:
438:
416:
4490:Encyclopædia Britannica
3549:10.3406/crai.2002.22500
3312:. alamahabibi.com. 1969
2650:ALRAM, MICHAEL (2014).
2624:Religion in Afghanistan
2492:
2312:Great Abbasid Civil War
1386:became the king of the
1336:Abdur Rahman ibn Samura
1295:. But the Turkic ruler
1254:the Arabs raided Sistan
1102:in the northeast, with
4394:. BRILL. p. 118.
4345:. BRILL. p. 114.
3964:"遊方記抄 第1卷 CBETA 漢文大藏經"
3778:Inaba, Minoru (2010).
3331:Kennedy, Hugh (2010).
2894:Rehman, Abdur (1979).
2602:
2590:
2529:pre-Buddhist religious
2485:Buddhist monastery in
2470:
2458:
2453:Buddhist monastery in
2449:The last phase of the
2351:
2261:
2234:, al-Rāy; the king of
1955:
1908:
1896:
1807:) was a vassal to the
1763:
1665:
1652:Yabghus of Tokharistan
1643:
1638:Nicholas Sims-Williams
1624:
1600:
1487:
1458:
1432:legend in the name of
1228:
1034:), who ruled over the
839:• Disestablished
4422:Afridi, Gulman sher.
3941:. Prabhat Prakashan.
3914:. BRILL. p. 16.
3670:. BRILL. p. 18.
3508:Kuwayama, S. (2002).
2598:
2580:
2578:, the deity of time.
2508:calls him "sunagir".
2464:
2448:
2341:
2172:
1921:
1906:
1837:
1708:
1659:
1622:
1617:
1578:
1484:Coin legend of Rutbil
1460:
1442:
1158:
1004:Rutbils of Zabulistan
786:Common languages
4388:Wink, André (2002).
4339:Wink, André (2002).
3764:Original Chinese in
3153:Pro.geo.univie.ac.at
2809:Pro.geo.univie.ac.at
2746:Pro.geo.univie.ac.at
2700:Pro.geo.univie.ac.at
2465:Head of Buddha from
2162:(died 897/8) in his
1821:Early Middle Chinese
1553:Yazid ibn al-Ghurayf
1168: Desert areas (
1010:in present southern
4375:ghazni.bradypus.net
4205:ghazni.bradypus.net
4178:Rahman, A. (2002).
3968:tripitaka.cbeta.org
3031:Jäger, Ulf (2019).
2815:on 5 September 2016
2752:on 5 September 2016
2267:defeated them near
1929:She-hu-lo-sa-t'a-na
1739:, Kumedha Wa'khan,
1595:" (contemporary of
1563:defeated them near
1534:Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
1354:. Rabi's successor
1350:, and drove him to
1283:, a general of the
829:• Established
4325:civilization." in
3181:Vondrovec, Klaus.
2533:kingship practices
2471:
2459:
2352:
2214:; the king of the
1909:
1813:Gedaluozhi Xielifa
1666:
1625:
1601:
1549:Qutayba ibn Muslim
1459:
1265:Rashidun Caliphate
1252:About 643-644 AD,
1235:, followed by the
1229:
1199:Kingdom of Kashmir
998:, also written as
4459:978-0-521-20093-6
4401:978-0-391-04173-8
4352:978-0-391-04173-8
4252:978-90-04-46066-9
3948:978-81-8430-106-9
3921:978-90-04-46066-9
3852:zh.wikisource.org
3751:978-94-93194-01-4
3677:978-90-04-46066-9
3575:(1/4): 153, 3–5.
3277:978-92-3-103211-0
3235:978-1-4384-2039-4
3212:, pp. 58–67.
3159:on 28 August 2016
3128:. alamahabibi.com
3098:978-1-317-34090-4
2570:Zurvan hypothesis
1766:Chinese influence
1527:Umayyad Caliphate
1285:Umayyad Caliphate
1275:Umayyad Caliphate
993:
992:
979:
978:
975:
974:
927:
926:
818:Early Middle Ages
332:ABBASID CALIPHATE
16:(Redirected from
4543:
4508:
4474:
4463:
4432:
4431:
4419:
4406:
4405:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4366:
4357:
4356:
4336:
4330:
4287:
4281:
4275:
4269:
4263:
4257:
4256:
4236:
4230:
4224:
4209:
4208:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4187:Ancient Pakistan
4184:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4131:
4122:
4116:
4109:
4103:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4045:(1/4): 438–442.
4030:
4011:
4010:
3993:(1/4): 436–437.
3978:
3972:
3971:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3905:
3896:
3895:
3855:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3795:
3762:
3756:
3755:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3614:(1/4): 143–144.
3599:
3593:
3592:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3528:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3482:
3471:
3470:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3374:
3361:
3358:
3349:
3348:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3309:Abdul Hai Habibi
3300:
3291:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3261:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3219:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3178:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3126:Abdul Hai Habibi
3118:
3112:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3082:
3071:
3065:
3059:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3039:
3028:
3013:
3012:
3001:
2992:
2991:
2972:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2949:
2943:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2864:
2851:
2848:
2842:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2801:
2782:
2781:
2771:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2737:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2706:on 16 March 2016
2692:
2683:
2682:
2656:
2647:
2587:of Afghanistan."
2360:Saffarid dynasty
2259:
2129:
2121:
2112:
2105:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2073:
2064:
2057:
2048:
2041:
2033:
1953:
1948:on Zabulistan, "
1894:
1887:Old Book of Tang
1839:The people from
1761:
1755:fifty thousand."
1641:
1495:Helmand Province
1485:
1452:
1226:(c.475–c.776 CE)
1224:Maitraka Kingdom
1221:
1210:(c. 632– 711 CE)
1208:Kingdom of Sindh
1205:
1196:
1187:
1181:
1167:
1068:Shōshin Kuwayama
1045:Tarikh al-Tabari
971:
970:
957:
956:
943:
942:
935:Saffarid dynasty
931:
930:
918:
917:
904:
903:
890:
889:
876:
875:
869:
868:
853:
852:
769:
766:
731:
730:
715:
714:
671:
670:
646:
645:
630:
629:
614:
613:
598:
597:
582:
581:
546:
545:
517:
516:
501:
500:
485:
484:
443:
442:
421:
420:
414:
399:
396:
392:
379:
377:
368:
366:
357:
355:
346:
344:
335:
333:
326:
324:
315:
313:
304:
302:
293:
291:
282:
280:
271:
269:
260:
258:
251:
249:
240:
238:
231:
229:
220:
218:
207:
205:
196:
194:
185:
183:
174:
172:
165:
163:
154:
152:
143:
141:
132:
130:
121:
119:
110:
108:
99:
97:
88:
86:
85:UYGHUR KHAGANATE
79:
77:
70:
68:
60:
59:
53:
30:
29:
21:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4516:
4515:
4501:
4495:
4482:
4477:
4460:
4440:
4435:
4420:
4409:
4402:
4386:
4382:
4369:
4367:
4360:
4353:
4337:
4333:
4288:
4284:
4276:
4272:
4264:
4260:
4253:
4237:
4233:
4225:
4212:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4182:
4176:
4172:
4165:
4149:
4145:
4129:
4123:
4119:
4110:
4106:
4097:
4093:
4086:
4070:
4066:
4031:
4014:
3979:
3975:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3949:
3933:
3929:
3922:
3906:
3899:
3870:(1–2): 99–100.
3846:
3844:
3840:
3792:
3770:Gedaluozhi Tele
3763:
3759:
3752:
3736:
3732:
3703:(1–2): 99–100.
3689:
3685:
3678:
3662:
3658:
3639:
3635:
3600:
3596:
3560:
3556:
3529:
3522:
3514:
3506:
3502:
3483:
3474:
3439:
3435:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3398:
3394:
3375:
3364:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3329:
3325:
3315:
3313:
3302:
3301:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3262:
3255:
3247:
3243:
3236:
3220:
3216:
3208:
3204:
3196:
3192:
3179:
3172:
3162:
3160:
3145:
3141:
3131:
3129:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3099:
3083:
3074:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3029:
3016:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2974:
2973:
2966:
2958:
2950:
2946:
2925:
2921:
2910:Raphael Israeli
2907:
2903:
2892:
2888:
2881:
2865:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2832:
2828:
2818:
2816:
2803:
2802:
2785:
2772:
2765:
2755:
2753:
2738:
2719:
2709:
2707:
2694:
2693:
2686:
2654:
2648:
2641:
2637:
2610:
2572:
2501:
2495:
2443:
2430:
2425:
2395:Panjshir Valley
2336:
2298:In 815 CE, the
2296:
2276:Kitāb al-buldān
2260:
2250:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2131:
2130:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2092:
2090:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2044:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2024:
2016:Battle of Talas
1960:
1954:
1944:
1901:
1895:
1885:
1779:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1635:
1585:Bactrian script
1573:
1515:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1422:Bactrian script
1406:from the west.
1376:
1277:
1250:
1245:
1233:Tokhara Yabghus
1227:
1219:
1217:
1211:
1203:
1201:
1194:
1192:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1170:Registan Desert
1165:
1153:
1135:
1051:Tarikh-i Sistan
968:
954:
949:Samanid dynasty
940:
915:
908:Tokhara Yabghus
901:
887:
873:
840:
830:
806:
802:
771:
770:
767:
757:
756:
755:
754:
753:
752:
751:
740:
739:
738:
732:
724:
723:
722:
716:
708:
707:
706:
701:
693:
692:
691:
680:
679:
678:
672:
664:
663:
662:
655:
654:
653:
647:
639:
638:
637:
631:
623:
622:
621:
615:
607:
606:
605:
599:
591:
590:
589:
583:
575:
574:
573:
566:
565:
564:
555:
554:
553:
547:
539:
538:
537:
533:TOKHARA YABGHUS
526:
525:
524:
518:
510:
509:
508:
502:
494:
493:
492:
486:
478:
477:
476:
465:
464:
463:
452:
451:
450:
444:
436:
435:
434:
423:
422:
401:
400:
397:
384:
383:
382:
381:
380:
375:
373:
371:
369:
364:
362:
360:
358:
353:
351:
349:
347:
342:
340:
338:
336:
331:
329:
327:
320:
318:
316:
309:
307:
305:
298:
296:
294:
287:
285:
283:
278:Paleo-Siberians
276:
274:
272:
265:
263:
261:
256:
254:
252:
247:
245:
243:
241:
236:
234:
232:
225:
223:
221:
215:
212:
210:
208:
201:
199:
197:
190:
188:
186:
179:
177:
175:
170:
168:
166:
161:
159:
157:
155:
150:
148:
146:
144:
139:
137:
135:
133:
128:
126:
124:
122:
117:
115:
113:
111:
106:
104:
102:
100:
95:
93:
91:
89:
84:
82:
80:
75:
73:
71:
66:
64:
62:
61:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4549:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4514:
4513:
4500:
4497:
4493:
4492:
4481:
4480:External links
4478:
4476:
4475:
4464:
4458:
4446:Bosworth, C.E.
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4407:
4400:
4380:
4358:
4351:
4331:
4282:
4270:
4268:, p. 110.
4258:
4251:
4231:
4210:
4192:
4170:
4163:
4143:
4117:
4104:
4091:
4084:
4064:
4012:
3973:
3954:
3947:
3927:
3920:
3897:
3838:
3791:978-3700168850
3790:
3757:
3750:
3730:
3683:
3676:
3656:
3633:
3594:
3554:
3520:
3500:
3472:
3433:
3428:grifterrec.org
3415:
3392:
3362:
3350:
3343:
3323:
3292:
3283:
3276:
3253:
3251:, pp. 66.
3241:
3234:
3228:. SUNY Press.
3214:
3202:
3200:, pp. 47.
3190:
3187:. p. 183.
3170:
3139:
3113:
3104:
3097:
3072:
3060:
3051:
3014:
2993:
2986:
2964:
2944:
2919:
2901:
2886:
2879:
2852:
2843:
2826:
2783:
2763:
2717:
2684:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2609:
2606:
2571:
2568:
2497:Main article:
2494:
2491:
2442:
2439:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2385:, pushing the
2335:
2332:
2302:led by caliph
2295:
2292:
2254:(died 897/8),
2248:
2226:; the king of
2198:; the king of
2186:; the king of
2178:; the king of
2137:
2133:
2132:
2124:
2035:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2020:
1959:
1956:
1942:
1900:
1897:
1883:
1778:
1775:
1767:
1764:
1757:
1650:Main article:
1647:
1644:
1633:
1572:
1569:
1555:, governor of
1538:Ibn al-Ash'ath
1521:, governor of
1514:
1511:
1481:
1434:Śrī Vākhudevaḥ
1426:Pahlavi script
1417:"Commander").
1404:Umayyad caliph
1400:Wusan teqin sa
1375:
1372:
1319:circa 665 AD.
1276:
1273:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1218:
1202:
1193:
1184:
1178:
1164:
1134:
1131:
1127:Middle-Persian
1026:ruler (either
991:
990:
985:
981:
980:
977:
976:
973:
972:
965:
959:
958:
951:
945:
944:
937:
928:
925:
924:
919:
911:
910:
905:
897:
896:
891:
883:
882:
877:
865:
864:
859:
849:
848:
845:
844:
841:
838:
835:
834:
831:
828:
825:
824:
821:
820:
815:
814:Historical era
811:
810:
808:Zoroastrianism
797:
793:
792:
787:
783:
782:
777:
773:
772:
759:
758:
743:
742:
741:
736:Tang-i Safedak
734:
733:
725:
718:
717:
709:
696:
695:
694:
683:
682:
681:
674:
673:
665:
658:
657:
656:
649:
648:
640:
633:
632:
624:
617:
616:
608:
601:
600:
592:
585:
584:
576:
569:
568:
567:
558:
557:
556:
549:
548:
540:
529:
528:
527:
520:
519:
511:
504:
503:
495:
488:
487:
479:
468:
467:
466:
455:
454:
453:
446:
445:
437:
426:
425:
424:
415:
409:
408:
407:
406:
403:
402:
386:
385:
55:
54:
48:
47:
46:
45:
42:
41:
37:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4548:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4502:
4496:
4491:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4472:
4471:
4465:
4461:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4442:
4429:
4425:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4403:
4397:
4393:
4392:
4384:
4376:
4372:
4365:
4363:
4354:
4348:
4344:
4343:
4335:
4328:
4327:Bosworth 1975
4324:
4321:
4317:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4286:
4279:
4274:
4267:
4266:Bosworth 1975
4262:
4254:
4248:
4244:
4243:
4235:
4228:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4206:
4202:
4196:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4166:
4164:9789004364165
4160:
4156:
4155:
4147:
4139:
4135:
4128:
4121:
4114:
4108:
4101:
4095:
4087:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4068:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4039:East and West
4036:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3987:East and West
3984:
3977:
3969:
3965:
3958:
3950:
3944:
3940:
3939:
3931:
3923:
3917:
3913:
3912:
3904:
3902:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3853:
3849:
3842:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3793:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3761:
3753:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3734:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3687:
3679:
3673:
3669:
3668:
3660:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3637:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3608:East and West
3605:
3598:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3569:East and West
3566:
3558:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3527:
3525:
3513:
3512:
3504:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3447:East and West
3444:
3437:
3429:
3425:
3419:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3396:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3357:
3355:
3346:
3344:9780297865599
3340:
3336:
3335:
3327:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3299:
3297:
3287:
3279:
3273:
3269:
3268:
3260:
3258:
3250:
3245:
3237:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3218:
3211:
3206:
3199:
3194:
3186:
3185:
3177:
3175:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3143:
3127:
3123:
3117:
3108:
3100:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3069:
3064:
3055:
3036:
3035:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2989:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2971:
2969:
2957:
2956:
2948:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2897:
2890:
2882:
2880:9781785703065
2876:
2872:
2871:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2847:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2779:
2778:
2774:Wink, Andre.
2770:
2768:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2689:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2644:
2639:
2630:
2629:Taank kingdom
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2579:
2577:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2507:
2500:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2468:
2463:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2438:
2435:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2402:C.E. Bosworth
2400:According to
2398:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2169:
2168:Central Asian
2165:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2135:
2128:
2120:
2111:
2104:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2072:
2063:
2056:
2047:
2040:
2032:
2019:
2017:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1905:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1803:(Chinese: 誓䫻
1802:
1799:mentions how
1798:
1797:
1792:
1789:(Chinese:誓屈爾
1788:
1784:
1773:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1639:
1632:
1630:
1621:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1480:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1430:Brahmi script
1427:
1423:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1255:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1225:
1215:
1209:
1200:
1191:
1182: Zunbils
1175:
1171:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
989:
986:
984:Today part of
982:
966:
964:
963:Lawik dynasty
961:
960:
952:
950:
947:
946:
938:
936:
933:
932:
929:
923:
920:
913:
912:
909:
906:
899:
898:
895:
892:
885:
884:
881:
878:
871:
870:
867:
866:
863:
860:
858:
855:
854:
850:
846:
842:
836:
832:
826:
822:
819:
816:
812:
809:
805:
801:
798:
794:
791:
788:
784:
781:
778:
774:
762:
750:
749:
748:
737:
721:
705:
704:
703:
690:
689:
688:
687:PATOLA SHAHIS
677:
661:
652:
636:
620:
604:
588:
572:
563:
562:
552:
536:
535:
534:
523:
507:
491:
475:
474:
473:
462:
461:
460:
449:
433:
432:
431:
413:
404:
391:
378:
367:
356:
345:
334:
325:
323:
314:
312:
303:
301:
292:
290:
281:
279:
270:
268:
259:
250:
239:
230:
228:
219:
217:
206:
204:
195:
193:
184:
182:
173:
164:
153:
142:
131:
120:
109:
98:
87:
78:
69:
52:
43:
38:
31:
19:
4536:Hephthalites
4509:
4506:
4494:
4469:
4449:
4427:
4390:
4383:
4374:
4341:
4334:
4316:Indian world
4285:
4277:
4273:
4261:
4241:
4234:
4204:
4195:
4186:
4173:
4153:
4146:
4137:
4133:
4120:
4112:
4107:
4099:
4098:Al-Ya'qubi,
4094:
4074:
4067:
4042:
4038:
3990:
3986:
3976:
3967:
3957:
3937:
3930:
3910:
3867:
3863:
3851:
3841:
3811:(1–2): 100.
3808:
3804:
3780:
3769:
3766:Cefu Yuangui
3760:
3740:
3733:
3700:
3696:
3686:
3666:
3659:
3650:
3646:
3636:
3611:
3607:
3597:
3572:
3568:
3557:
3540:
3536:
3510:
3503:
3494:
3490:
3453:(1/4): 433.
3450:
3446:
3436:
3427:
3418:
3409:
3405:
3395:
3386:
3382:
3333:
3326:
3314:. Retrieved
3307:
3286:
3266:
3244:
3224:
3217:
3205:
3193:
3183:
3161:. Retrieved
3157:the original
3152:
3142:
3130:. Retrieved
3125:
3116:
3107:
3087:
3063:
3054:
3044:29 September
3042:. Retrieved
3033:
3008:
2976:
2954:
2947:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2913:
2904:
2895:
2889:
2869:
2846:
2838:
2834:
2833:Andre Wink,
2829:
2817:. Retrieved
2813:the original
2808:
2776:
2754:. Retrieved
2750:the original
2745:
2708:. Retrieved
2704:the original
2699:
2662:
2658:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2585:Islamization
2582:
2581:
2573:
2549:
2510:
2502:
2478:
2472:
2431:
2413:Hindu Shahis
2410:
2399:
2387:Hindu Shahis
2364:
2353:
2297:
2287:
2279:
2273:
2262:
2255:
2216:Kharlukhiyya
2173:
2163:
2143:
2110:TANG DYNASTY
2086:
2013:
1992:Tang dynasty
1972:
1961:
1933:Three Jewels
1928:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1890:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1852:
1844:
1840:
1838:
1828:
1816:
1812:
1804:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1780:
1749:Lieyuedejian
1748:
1736:
1728:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1684:Tang dynasty
1679:
1671:Cefu Yuangui
1669:
1667:
1660:The city of
1628:
1626:
1602:
1592:
1588:
1546:
1531:
1516:
1488:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1461:
1419:
1414:
1408:
1399:
1377:
1333:
1321:
1278:
1258:
1251:
1230:
1216:(712-854 CE)
1124:
1093:
1056:
1049:
1043:
1019:
1003:
999:
995:
994:
862:Succeeded by
861:
856:
745:
744:
698:
697:
685:
684:
570:
560:
532:
531:
470:
469:
457:
456:
428:
427:
321:
310:
299:
288:
277:
266:
226:
213:
202:
191:
180:
4227:Rehman 1976
3543:(3): 1057.
3249:Rehman 1976
3210:Rehman 1976
3198:Rehman 1976
3163:22 December
2819:22 December
2756:22 December
2710:22 December
2665:: 282–285.
2564:Zoroastrian
2539:as well as
2483:Tapa Sardar
2467:Tapa Sardar
2451:Tapa Sardar
2324:Hindu Shahi
2320:Indus river
2308:Turk Shahis
2284:Tepe Sardar
2258:("History")
2244:Tughuz-ghuz
1996:Adzina Tepe
1984:Turk Shahis
1964:Tepe Sardar
1857:Tokharistan
1676:Tokharistan
1613:Tapa Sardar
1532:About 700,
1499:Afghanistan
1388:Turk Shahis
1380:Barha Tegin
1352:al-Rukhkhaj
1317:Turk Shahis
1297:Barha Tegin
1237:Turk Shahis
1190:Turk Shahis
1174:Thar Desert
1112:al-Rukhkhaj
1060:solar deity
1036:Hephthalite
1028:Barha Tegin
1016:Hephthalite
1012:Afghanistan
988:Afghanistan
922:Turk Shahis
880:Alchon Huns
857:Preceded by
561:TURK SHAHIS
4520:Categories
4311:Hepthalite
4113:Historiae,
4100:Historiae,
4085:0226742210
3316:August 14,
3132:August 14,
2987:9004095098
2635:References
2562:, next to
2552:Zamindawar
2506:Huen Tsang
2391:Hindu Kush
2342:Statue of
2180:Ṭabaristān
2071:PRATIHARAS
1940:different.
1865:Gedalouzhi
1817:Geluodazhi
1809:Kabul Shah
1801:Zabulistan
1770:See also:
1753:Badakhshan
1725:Chaghanian
1693:Hindu Kush
1597:Sahi Tigin
1542:Zabulistan
1536:appointed
1445:Khosrau II
1392:Kabulistan
1384:Tegin Shah
1329:Ghar-ilchi
1325:Zabulistan
1311:as far as
1301:Zabulistan
1293:Nezak Huns
1137:See also:
1104:Zamindawar
1100:Kabulistan
1073:Zabulistan
1032:Tegin Shah
1024:Turk Shahi
1008:Hindu Kush
894:Nezak Huns
768: 725
398: 800
96:PRATIHARAS
4291:Saffarids
4051:0012-8376
3999:0012-8376
3884:0021-910X
3825:0021-910X
3717:0021-910X
3620:0012-8376
3581:0012-8376
3459:0012-8376
2940:1868-9027
2671:0078-2696
2556:Sakkawand
2518:Hindu god
2328:Al-Ma'mun
2304:Al-Ma'mun
2288:Šāh Bahār
2280:Šāh Bahār
2246:, Khāqān.
2208:Usrūshana
2184:Iṣbahbadh
2103:CALIPHATE
2094:CHALUKYAS
2062:MAITRAKAS
1843:(Turks),
1503:Musa Qala
1474:Reverse:
1462:Obverse:
1411:al-Tabari
1309:Arachosia
1248:Rashiduns
796:Religion
506:Samarkand
352:BYZANTINE
343:KHAGANATE
257:SRIVIJAYA
4323:Gandhara
4320:Buddhist
4278:Pandjhir
4059:29757657
4007:29757657
3856:, also:
3628:29757642
3589:29757642
3467:29757657
3088:The Huns
3007:(1977).
2679:44710198
2608:See also
2541:Shaivism
2479:Xiėyùguó
2441:Buddhism
2434:Xuanzang
2428:Hinduism
2423:Religion
2417:Gandhara
2316:Khorasan
2300:Abbasids
2249:—
2220:Sijistān
2204:Farghana
2156:al-Mahdi
2146:Abbasids
2117:CALIPHAL
2008:Xinjiang
1943:—
1937:Mahayana
1917:Xiėyùguó
1884:—
1853:Tuhuoluo
1791:Shìqū'ér
1758:—
1741:Guzganan
1733:Shughnan
1634:—
1523:Sijistan
1507:Xuanzang
1491:Kandahar
1482:—
1396:Gandhara
1313:Kandahar
1303:(around
1289:Sijistan
1120:Kandahar
804:Buddhism
800:Hinduism
790:Bactrian
619:Kandahar
472:IKHSHIDS
289:Samoyeds
192:Jurchens
105:RASHTRA-
94:GURJARA-
4438:Sources
3776:." see
2350:, Iran)
2256:Ta'rikh
2252:Ya'qubi
2240:Baghbür
2224:Tarkhan
2200:Bamiyan
2196:Sharwin
2192:Ikhshīd
2188:Soghdia
2164:Ta'rikh
2160:Ya'qubi
2150:Abbasid
2101:ABBASID
2087:ZUNBILS
2069:GURJARA
2039:PANDYAS
2000:Wu Zhao
1879:Iltäbär
1874:Xielifa
1851:), and
1833:Iltäbär
1829:Xielifa
1796:Tangshu
1783:Shiquer
1745:Bamiyan
1721:Khuttal
1587:legend
1517:In 698
1455:Anahita
1415:Iltäbär
1269:marzbān
1263:of the
1020:Iltäbär
1000:Zhunbil
776:Capital
702:DYNASTY
700:KARKOTA
587:Bamiyan
571:ZUNBILS
459:AFSHINS
448:Bukhara
430:KHUDAHS
374:TIBETAN
322:Shatuos
311:Tanguts
267:Kyrgyzs
181:Khitans
162:DYNASTY
40:680–870
34:Zunbils
4486:Zunbil
4456:
4398:
4349:
4303:Ghazna
4249:
4161:
4134:ZINBUN
4082:
4057:
4049:
4005:
3997:
3945:
3918:
3890:
3882:
3831:
3823:
3788:
3748:
3723:
3715:
3674:
3653:: 166.
3626:
3618:
3587:
3579:
3465:
3457:
3412:: 172.
3389:: 167.
3341:
3274:
3232:
3095:
2984:
2938:
2877:
2677:
2669:
2576:Zurvān
2525:Multan
2521:Aditya
2514:Mithra
2487:Ghazni
2475:Hyecho
2455:Ghazni
2406:Sistan
2379:Bamyan
2375:Ghazna
2371:Karukh
2348:Dezful
2269:Ghazni
2212:Afshīn
2190:, the
2182:, the
2176:Ḥanḥal
2153:Caliph
2080:EMPIRE
2055:SHAHIS
2046:CHOLAS
2004:Ghazni
1976:Alkhis
1946:Hyecho
1925:Kapisa
1913:Hyecho
1869:Khalaj
1825:Khalaj
1751:, and
1662:Ghazni
1609:Ghazni
1605:Alkhis
1581:Alkhis
1565:Ghazni
1557:Sistan
1368:Sistan
1340:Sistan
1305:Ghazni
1222:
1220:
1212:then,
1206:
1204:
1197:
1195:
1188:
1186:
1180:
1166:
1149:, and
1118:(near
1114:) and
1108:Ghazni
1096:Zaranj
1089:Zurvan
996:Zunbil
780:Ghazni
761:Ghazni
747:GUZGAN
676:Gilgit
635:Ghazni
490:Kunduz
376:EMPIRE
365:YABGUS
363:OGHUZ-
354:EMPIRE
341:KHAZAR
300:Kimeks
246:DVARA-
237:CHENLA
227:Tatars
216:YABGHU
214:KARLUK
203:Tungus
151:SHAHIS
118:EMPIRE
18:Zunbil
4499:Notes
4307:Kabul
4189:: 41.
4183:(PDF)
4140:: 44.
4130:(PDF)
4055:JSTOR
4003:JSTOR
3888:JSTOR
3829:JSTOR
3774:Jibin
3721:JSTOR
3624:JSTOR
3585:JSTOR
3515:(PDF)
3463:JSTOR
3038:(PDF)
2959:(PDF)
2675:JSTOR
2655:(PDF)
2560:Tibet
2545:Shiva
2537:Tibet
2383:Kabul
2367:Herat
2236:China
2228:Tibet
1988:Kabul
1980:Zabul
1968:Gupta
1923:From
1891:Xiėyù
1861:Dashi
1849:Kabul
1845:Jibin
1841:Tujue
1805:Shìyù
1787:Zigil
1737:Evdal
1729:Jiesu
1717:cishi
1701:Zabul
1697:Kabul
1688:Xi'an
1680:Púluó
1629:punya
1364:Zabul
1360:Kabul
1085:Tibet
1077:Hindu
1064:Surya
1040:Kabul
1002:, or
660:INDIA
651:Kabul
551:Balkh
522:Herat
171:SILLA
127:CHAM-
107:KUTAS
4454:ISBN
4396:ISBN
4347:ISBN
4305:and
4299:Arab
4247:ISBN
4159:ISBN
4080:ISBN
4047:ISSN
3995:ISSN
3943:ISBN
3916:ISBN
3880:ISSN
3821:ISSN
3786:ISBN
3746:ISBN
3713:ISSN
3672:ISBN
3616:ISSN
3577:ISSN
3455:ISSN
3339:ISBN
3318:2012
3272:ISBN
3230:ISBN
3165:2021
3134:2012
3093:ISBN
3046:2021
2982:ISBN
2936:ISSN
2930:In:
2875:ISBN
2821:2021
2758:2021
2712:2021
2667:ISSN
2531:and
2499:Zhun
2493:Zhun
2411:The
2381:and
2232:Sind
2119:SIND
2078:PALA
2053:TURK
1713:dudu
1699:and
1593:Sero
1589:σηρο
1362:and
1348:Bost
1172:and
1116:Bost
1106:and
1048:and
720:Hund
603:Bost
248:VATI
160:TANG
149:TURK
140:ZHAO
138:NAN-
116:PALA
67:SIND
4488:in
3872:doi
3813:doi
3705:doi
3545:doi
3541:146
2663:174
2535:of
2523:at
1986:of
1871:")
1785:or
1686:in
1497:of
1453:).
1394:to
1122:).
1083:in
1030:or
843:870
833:680
76:800
4522::
4504:1.
4426:.
4410:^
4373:.
4361:^
4213:^
4203:.
4185:.
4138:34
4136:.
4132:.
4053:.
4043:55
4041:.
4037:.
4015:^
4001:.
3991:55
3989:.
3985:.
3966:.
3900:^
3886:.
3878:.
3868:49
3866:.
3862:.
3850:.
3827:.
3819:.
3809:49
3807:.
3803:.
3719:.
3711:.
3701:49
3699:.
3695:.
3649:.
3645:.
3622:.
3612:55
3610:.
3606:.
3583:.
3573:55
3571:.
3567:.
3539:.
3535:.
3523:^
3493:.
3489:.
3475:^
3461:.
3451:55
3449:.
3445:.
3426:.
3408:.
3404:.
3385:.
3381:.
3365:^
3353:^
3306:.
3295:^
3256:^
3173:^
3151:.
3124:.
3075:^
3017:^
2996:^
2967:^
2855:^
2807:.
2786:^
2766:^
2744:.
2720:^
2698:.
2687:^
2673:.
2661:.
2657:.
2642:^
2547:.
2527:,
2271:.
2238:,
2210:,
2018:.
1952:".
1893:).
1877:("
1867:("
1827:.
1747:,
1743:,
1735:,
1731:,
1727:,
1723:,
1583:.
1567:.
1342:.
1331:.
1163:.
1145:,
1141:,
1091:.
765:c.
395:c.
129:PA
4512:.
4462:.
4430:.
4404:.
4355:.
4329:.
4255:.
4229:.
4167:.
4088:.
4061:.
4009:.
3970:.
3951:.
3924:.
3894:.
3874::
3835:.
3815::
3794:.
3754:.
3727:.
3707::
3680:.
3651:9
3630:.
3591:.
3551:.
3547::
3497:.
3495:9
3469:.
3430:.
3410:9
3387:9
3347:.
3320:.
3280:.
3238:.
3167:.
3136:.
3101:.
3048:.
2990:.
2961:.
2942:.
2883:.
2841:"
2823:.
2760:.
2714:.
2681:.
1855:(
1847:(
1640:.
1591:"
1447:(
1176:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.png)