1010:, and the three joined forces against Magnus. Their first military exploit consisted of raiding the Danish coast, in an effort to impress the natives by demonstrating that Magnus offered them no protection, and thus leading them to submit to Harald and Sweyn. Learning about their actions, Magnus knew that their next target would be Norway. Harald may have planned to be taken as king of his father's petty kingdom, and thereafter claim the rest of the country. In any case the people were unwilling to turn against Magnus, and upon hearing news of Harald's schemes, Magnus (abroad at the time) went home to Norway with his entire army. Instead of going to war, Magnus's advisors recommended the young king not fight his uncle, and a compromise was reached in 1046 in which Harald would rule Norway (not Denmark) jointly with Magnus (although Magnus would have precedence). Notably, Harald also had to agree to share half of his wealth with Magnus, who at the time was effectively bankrupt and badly in need of funds. During their short co-rule, Harald and Magnus had separate courts and kept to themselves, and their only recorded meetings nearly ended in physical clashes.
1170:. In early 1064, Haakon entered the Upplands and collected their taxes, the region thus effectively threatening to renounce their loyalty to Harald. The revolt of Haakon and the farmers in the Upplands may have been the main reason why Harald finally had been willing to enter a peace agreement with Sweyn Estridsson. After the agreement, Harald went to Oslo and sent tax collectors to the Upplands, only to find that the farmers would withhold their taxes until Haakon arrived. In response, Harald entered Sweden with an army and quickly defeated Haakon. Still facing opposition from the farmers, Harald embarked on a campaign to crush the areas that had withheld their taxes. Due to the remote location of the region in the interior of the country, the Upplands had never been an integrated part of the Norwegian king's realm. Using harsh measures, Harald burned down farms and small villages, and had people maimed and killed. Starting in
1155:
court in
Nidaros. One time in Nidaros, Einar arrived at Harald's court, and in a display of power was accompanied by "eight or nine longships and almost five hundred men", obviously seeking confrontation. Harald, however, was not provoked by the incident. Although the sources differ on the circumstances, the next event nonetheless led to the murder of Einar by Harald's men, which threatened to throw Norway into a state of civil war. Although the remaining descendants of Haakon Sigurdsson considered rebellion against the king, Harald eventually managed to negotiate peace with them, and secured the family's submission for the remainder of his reign. By the death of Einar and his son around 1050, the Earls of Lade had outplayed their role as a base of opposition, and TrĂžndelag was definitely subordinated to Harald's national kingdom.
1476:), and initiated a final counter-attack. Although they for a moment appeared to almost breach the English line, Eystein was suddenly killed, which left the rest of the men to flee from the battlefield. Among those left at Riccall after the battle, who were allowed to return home peacefully by the English forces, was Harald's son Olaf. Although sources state that Harald's remaining army only filled 20â25 ships on the return back to Norway, it is likely that this number only accounts for the Norwegian forces. Most of the forces from Scotland and Orkney probably remained at Riccall throughout the battle (the earls Paul and Erlend Thorfinnsson are certainly known to have been stationed there the entire time), and has not been counted in the traditional figure.
707:
1302:
1021:, less than a year into their co-rule, Magnus died without an heir. Before his death, he had decided that Sweyn was to inherit Denmark and Harald to inherit Norway. Upon hearing the news of Magnus' death, Harald quickly gathered the local leaders in Norway and declared himself king of Norway as well as of Denmark. Although Magnus had appointed Sweyn his successor as king of Denmark, Harald immediately announced his plans to gather an army and oust his former ally from the country. In response, the army and the chieftains, headed by
1440:
1645:
1192:
Harald's war with Sweyn and invasion of
England, little is said about his domestic policies. Modern historians have taken this as a sign that despite his absolutism, his reign was one of peace and progress for Norway. Harald is considered to have instituted good economic policies, as he developed a Norwegian currency and a viable coin economy, which in turn allowed Norway to participate in international trade. He initiated trade with Kievan Rus' and the Byzantine Empire through his connections, as well as with
1462:
who should manage the town under Harald. However, once there Harald suddenly saw
Godwinson's forces approaching, heavily armed and armoured, and greatly outnumbering Harald's. Although the English forces were held up at the bridge for some time by a single Norwegian (according to non-saga sources), allowing Harald and Tostig to regroup into a shield-wall formation, Harald's army was in the end heavily beaten. Harald himself was struck in the throat by an arrow and killed early in the battle during a state of
1631:
1293:
1099:) the two kings agreed on an unconditional peace agreement. By the agreement, they retained their respective kingdoms with the former boundaries, and there would be no payments of reparations. In the subsequent winter of 1065, Harald travelled through his realm and accused the farmers of withholding taxes from him. In response, he acted with brutality, and had peopled maimed and killed as a warning to those who disobeyed him. Harald maintained control of his nation through the use of his
1065:
552:, are inventions reflecting the political and social expectations of the time of the authors (around two centuries after Harald Hardrada's lifetime) rather than historical reality. Harald Hardrada's alleged descent from Harald Fairhair is not mentioned and played no part during Harald Hardrada's own time, which seems odd considering that it would have provided significant legitimacy in connection with his claim to the Norwegian throne.
1092:), which had made up half of his forces. When the dismissed ships were out of reach, Sweyn's fleet finally appeared, possibly also with 300 ships. The battle resulted in great bloodshed as Harald defeated the Danes (70 Danish ships were reportedly left "empty"), but many ships and men managed to escape, including Sweyn. During the battle, Harald actively used his bow as an archer, like most others in the early phase of the battle.
699:(recounted in the sagas) he participated in the capture of eighty Arab strongholds, a number which historians Sigfus Blöndal and Benedikt Benedikz see no particular reason to question. Although not holding independent command of an army as the sagas imply, it is not unlikely that Harald and the Varangians at times could have been sent off to capture a castle or town. During the first four years of the reign of Byzantine Emperor
1143:
137:
734:(in reality the Caliph's mother, originally a Byzantine Christian, since the Caliph was a minor), although it is considered unlikely to have been made before. Modern historians have speculated that Harald may have been in a party sent to escort pilgrims to Jerusalem (possibly including members of the Imperial family) following the peace agreement, as it was also agreed that the Byzantines were allowed to repair the
998:
1045:" in its entirety. While his first proposal to invade Denmark fell through, the next year Harald embarked on what would turn into constant warfare against Sweyn, from 1048 almost yearly until 1064. Similar to his campaigns (then together with Sweyn) against Magnus' rule in Denmark, most of his campaigns against Sweyn consisted of swift and violent raids on the Danish coasts. In 1048 he plundered
874:(loosely translated as "palace-plunder"), a term which implies either the pillaging of the palace exchequer on the death of the emperor, or perhaps the disbursement of funds to the Varangians by the new emperor in order to ensure their loyalty. It is likely that the money Harald made while serving in Constantinople allowed him to fund his claim for the crown of Norway. If he participated in
862:
1235:, the son of Cnut the Great, until he died childless in 1042. Harald based his claim to the throne of England on an agreement made between Magnus and Harthacnut in 1038, which stated that if either died, the other would inherit the deceased's throne and lands. When Harthacnut died, Magnus assumed the crown of Denmark and considered himself the lawful heir to Harthacnut. While
853:
begun against the new emperor. While some of the
Varangians helped guard the emperor, Harald became the leader of the Varangians who supported the revolt. The emperor was in the end dragged out of his sanctuary, blinded and exiled to a monastery, and the sagas furthermore claim that it was Harald himself who blinded Michael V (or at least reported himself to have done so).
1512:. According to Lee M. Hollander, composing poetry was normal for Norwegian kings, but Harald was the only one who "showed a decided talent." According to one poem, Harald had mastered a number of activities that were considered sports in the Viking Age, including in addition to poetry, brewing, horse riding, swimming, skiing, shooting, rowing and playing the
1966:
1139:. Even after Haakon's death his offspring held a certain degree of sovereignty in the north, and by Harald's early reign the family was headed by Einar Thambarskelfir, who was married to Haakon's daughter. While the family had maintained good relations with Magnus, Harald's absolutism and consolidation of the kingship soon led to conflict with Einar.
1970:
765:, and according to Snorri Sturluson, Harald captured four towns on Sicily. While the campaign was initially successful, Harald and the Varangian Guard were called back to Constantinople following Maniakes' imprisonment by the emperor and the onset of other more pressing issues. Harald and the Varangians were thereafter sent to fight in
1276:. This would indicate that the invasion originally was Harald's plan alone, and that his joining of forces with Tostig was merely a later agreement when the two met for the first time in Scotland or Northumbria. Another proposal by historians is that a meeting did indeed take place in Norway, but instead with
1428:. The battle resulted in a decisive victory for Harald and Tostig, and they had York surrender to their forces on 24 September. This would be the last time a Scandinavian army defeated English forces. The same day as York had surrendered to Harald and Tostig, Harold Godwinson had arrived with his army in
1207:
Harald also continued to advance
Christianity in Norway, and archaeological excavations show that churches were built and improved during his reign. He also imported bishops, priests and monks from abroad, especially from Kievan Rus' and the Byzantine Empire. A slightly different form of Christianity
1191:
Harald's reign was marked by his background as a military commander, as he often solved disputes with harsh force. One of his skalds even boasted about how Harald broke settlements he had made (although in that case in the context of his battles in the
Mediterranean). While the sagas largely focus on
1087:
on 9 August 1062. As Harald had not been able to conquer
Denmark despite his raids, he wanted to win a decisive victory over Sweyn. He eventually set out from Norway with a great army and a fleet of around 300 ships. Sweyn had also prepared for the battle, which had been preassigned a time and place.
531:'s (later Saint Olaf) three half-brothers. In his youth, Harald displayed traits of a typical rebel with big ambitions, and admired Olaf as his role model. He thus differed from his two older brothers who were more similar to their father, down-to-earth and mostly concerned with maintaining the farm.
1500:
in height. It is not known whether Snorri's description of Harald's physical appearance actually represents historical facts. The tall stature of Harald is however also substantiated by a story which relates that before the Battle of
Stamford Bridge, Harold Godwinson offered Tostig back the earldom
1267:
by Edward in 1065. According to various sources, Tostig may have asked both or either of
William of Normandy and Sweyn Estridsson to assist him in invading England before turning to Harald. According to the sagas, Tostig finally pledged his support for Harald, including that of the "majority of the
1212:
had not yet taken place. Since the clergy was not ordained in
England or France, it nonetheless caused controversy when Harald was visited by papal legates. The protests by the legates led Harald to throw the Catholic clergy out of his court, and he reportedly stated to the legates that "he did not
917:
It is possible that the marriage with Elisiv had been agreed to already during Harald's first time in Rus', or that they at least had been acquainted. During his service in the Byzantine Empire, Harald composed a love poem which included the verse "Yet the goddess in Russia/ will not accept my gold
869:
Harald became extremely rich during his time in the east, and secured the wealth collected in Constantinople by shipments to Kievan Rus' for safekeeping (with Yaroslav the Wise acting as safekeeper for his fortune). The sagas note that aside from the significant spoils of battle he had retained, he
843:
During the turmoil, Harald was arrested and imprisoned, but the sources disagree on the grounds. The sagas state that Harald was arrested for defrauding the emperor of his treasure, as well as for requesting marriage with an apparently fictional niece or granddaughter of Zoe, called Maria (his suit
678:
maintains that Harald at first sought to keep his royal identity a secret, most sources agree that Harald and his men's reputation was well known in the east at the time. While the Varangian Guard was primarily meant to function as the emperor's bodyguard, Harald was found fighting on "nearly every
1519:
With regards to religion, Harald had, according to DeVries, a "religious inclination towards Christianity" and was "publically close to the Christian Church", although he was influenced by the Eastern Christian culture of Russia and the Byzantine Empire, having spent most of his life there. He was
1495:
Of physical appearance, Harald is described by Snorri Sturluson to have been "larger than other men and stronger". He is furthermore said to have had light hair and beard, a long "upper beard" (moustache), and that one of his eyebrows was somewhat higher situated than the other. He also reportedly
1461:
Early on 25 September, Harald and Tostig departed their landing place at Riccall with most of their forces, but left a third of their forces behind. They brought only light armor, as they expected to just meet the citizens of York, as they had agreed the day before, at Stamford Bridge to decide on
1239:
had himself crowned English king in his absence, Magnus had planned to invade England in 1045, only to be forced to turn his fleet towards Denmark due to an uprising by Sweyn Estridsson. Although the threat was temporararily averted by Magnus's death in 1047, Edward's negotiations with his enemies
555:
Following a revolt in 1028, Harald's brother Olaf was forced into exile until he returned to Norway in early 1030. Upon hearing news of Olaf's planned return, Harald gathered 600 men from the Upplands to meet Olaf and his men upon their arrival in the east of Norway. After a friendly welcome, Olaf
1154:
It was from his power-struggle with the Norwegian aristocracy that Harald got himself the reputation which gave him the nickname "Hardrada", or "the hard ruler". Although the relationship between Harald and Einar was poor from the start, confrontation did not occur before Harald went north to his
989:
had died young, Magnus's position as king had been secured. No domestic threats or insurrections are recorded to have occurred during his eleven-year reign. After the death of Harthacnut, which had left the Danish throne vacant, Magnus had in addition been selected to be the king of Denmark, and
852:
he was imprisoned for murder. DeVries suggests that the new emperor simply may have feared Harald because of his loyalty to the previous emperor. The sources also disagree on how Harald got out of prison, but he may have been helped by someone outside to escape in the midst of the revolt that had
440:
During his time in Constantinople, Harald amassed considerable wealth, which he shipped to Kievan Rus' for safekeeping. He finally left the Byzantines in 1042, and arrived back in Kievan Rus' to prepare his campaign of reclaiming the Norwegian throne. Possibly to Harald's knowledge, the Norwegian
897:
after successfully maneuvering over the barrier. Despite this, Kekaumenos lauds the "loyalty and love" Harald had for the empire, which he reportedly maintained even after he returned to Norway and became king. Following his escape from Constantinople, Harald arrived back in Kievan Rus' later in
1520:
clearly interested in advancing Christianity in Norway, which can be seen by the continued building and improvement of churches throughout his reign. Despite this, DeVries notes that Harald's "personal morality appears not to have matched the Christian ideal", citing his marriage arrangements.
1599:
published an article on the poor state of Norway's ancient royal burial sites, including that of Harald, which is reportedly located underneath a road built across the monastery site. In a follow-up article on 26 September, the Municipality of Trondheim revealed they would be examining the
1259:'s 1058 war against the English king with a Norwegian fleet, possibly indicating that Harald had tested the situation in England long before his 1066 invasion, only to find that he could not simultaneously be at war with Denmark and England. After Edward's death, Harald allied himself with
922:
claims that Harald had to remind Yaroslav of the promised marriage when he returned to Kiev. According to the same source, Harald had spoken with Yaroslav during his first time in Rus', requesting to marry Elisiv, only to be rejected because he was not yet wealthy enough. It is in any case
832:". According to his skald Tjodolv Arnorsson, Harald had participated in eighteen greater battles during his Byzantine service. However, Harald's favour at the imperial court quickly declined after the death of Michael IV in December 1041, which was followed by conflicts between new emperor
1115:, Harald completed the first phase of what he has termed the "national territorial unification of Norway". Having forced his way to the kingship, Harald would have to convince the aristocracy that he was the right person to rule Norway alone. To establish domestic alliances, he married
1162:, who distinguished himself in the battle and gained Harald's favour. Reportedly even considering to give him the title of Earl, Haakon was greatly upset when Harald later backed down from his promise. With a strong hold over the Upplands, Haakon was additionally given the earldom of
449:, and started raiding the Danish coast. Magnus, unwilling to fight his own uncle, agreed to share the kingship with Harald, if Harald in turn would share his wealth with him. As Magnus died the next year, the co-rule ended abruptly, and Harald became the sole ruler of Norway.
981:, an illegitimate son of Olaf. Harald may actually have known this, and it could have been the reason why Harald wanted to return to Norway in the first place. Since Cnut the Great's sons had chosen to abandon Norway and instead fight over England, and his sons and successors
1182:
and Ringerike. Since the regions contained several rich rural communities, Harald strengthened his economic position by confiscating farming estates. By the end of 1065 there was probably peace in Norway, as any opposition had either been killed, chased in exile or silenced.
1565:
marriage, as he was still married to Elisiv. It is nonetheless possible that such a marriage could take place in Norway in the 11th century, and although Harald had two wives, only Elisiv is noted to have held the title of Queen. Harald and Tora had at least two children:
623:
was a distant relative of Harald. Badly in need of military leaders, Yaroslav recognised a military potential in Harald and made him a captain of his forces. Harald's brother Olaf Haraldsson had previously been in exile to Yaroslav following the revolt in 1028, and
460:", Harald also claimed the Danish throne, and spent nearly every year until 1064 raiding the Danish coast and fighting his former ally, Sweyn. Although the campaigns were successful, he was never able to conquer Denmark. Not long after renouncing his Danish claim,
1408:, where Harald's demand for surrender was opposed. In the end, Harald managed to burn down the town, which in turn caused other Northumbrian towns to surrender to him. After further raiding, Harald and Tostig sailed down the Humber, until they disembarked at
1280:, one of Tostig's early supporters and a fellow exile, as Tostig's mediator. If this is correct, it would both allow an agreement to have been made in Norway, and the first personal meeting between Harald and Tostig to have taken place in Britain. Indeed,
1053:, at the time the most important Danish trade center, and one of the best protected and most populous towns in Scandinavia. Hedeby as a civil town never recovered from Harald's destruction, and was left completely desolate when what remained was looted by
687:
that had supported the pirates. By this time, he had according to Snorri Sturluson become the "leader over all the Varangians". By 1035 the Byzantines had pushed the Arabs out of Asia Minor, and Harald took part in campaigns that went as far east as the
1388:. As Harold Godwinson gathered a large army in response, Tostig sailed north to meet with Harald, while Harold Godwinson remained in the south in expectation of William of Normandy's invasion, who for a long time openly had claimed the English throne.
564:. The battle resulted in defeat for the brothers at the hands of those Norwegians who were loyal to Cnut, and Olaf was killed while Harald was badly wounded. Harald was nonetheless remarked to have shown considerable military talent during the battle.
1487:. The fact that Harold had to make a forced march to fight Hardrada at Stamford Bridge and then move at utmost speed south to meet the Norman invasion, all in less than three weeks, is widely seen as a primary factor in William's victory at Hastings.
1061:, Sweyn's smaller army was so frightened when approached by the Norwegians that they chose to jump in the water trying to escape; most drowned. Although Harald was victorious in most of the engagements, he was never successful in occupying Denmark.
1604:, currently the burial place of nine Norwegian kings, among them Magnus the Good and Magnus Haraldsson, Harald's predecessor and successor respectively. However, a month later it was reported that the proposal to exhume the king had been scrapped.
1103:, a private standing army maintained by Norwegian lords. Harald's contribution to the strengthening of Norway's monarchy was the enforcement of a policy that only the king could retain a hird, thus centralising power away from local warlords.
976:
in Sweden, probably at the end of 1045 or in early 1046. When he arrived in Sweden, according to the skald Tjodolv Arnorsson, his ship was unbalanced by its heavy load of gold. In Harald's absence, the throne of Norway had been restored to
1432:, just seven miles from the anchored Norwegian fleet at Riccall. From there, he probably scouted the Norwegian fleet, preparing a surprise attack. As Harald had left no forces in York, Harold Godwinson marched right through the town to
1217:
has remarked that the "words seemed as if spoken by a Byzantine despot". It is possible that Harald maintained contacts with Byzantine emperors after he became king, which could suggest a background for his church policies.
1001:
Coin with the legend "MAHNUS ARALD REX". Generally held to date from Magnus and Harald's short co-rule, depicting Magnus who had precedence, but also speculated as Harald's alone, with Magnus an epithet adopted after his
726:, historian Kelly DeVries have questioned that chronology. Whether his trip was of a military or peaceful nature would depend on whether it took place before or after the 1036 peace treaty between Michael IV and the
1471:
When the battle was almost over, some backup forces from Riccall led by Eystein Orre finally appeared, but they were exhausted as they had run all the way. Eystein picked up Harald's fallen banner, the "Landwaster"
468:, pledged his allegiance to Harald and invited him to claim the English throne. Harald eventually entered Northern England in September 1066, raided the coast and defeated English regional forces in the
1588:
A year after his death at Stamford Bridge, Harald's body was moved to Norway and buried at the Mary Church in Nidaros (Trondheim). About a hundred years after his burial, his body was reinterred at the
1447:
the axe to Harald due to its general Norse association, or the royal iconography around St. Olaf. According to the sagas, Harald actually wore a blue tunic and helmet, wielded a two-handed sword and
1324:
The plans for the invasion were in any case completed by the start of September 1066, and had possibly begun already in March or April. While he brought with him Elisiv, his daughters, and his son
496:
788:
Harald was not affected by Maniakes' conflict with Michael IV, and received honors and was regarded with respect upon his return to Constantinople. In a Greek book written in the 1070s, the
560:
on 29 July 1030, in which Harald took part on his brother's side. The battle was part of an attempt to restore Olaf to the Norwegian throne, which had been captured by the Danish king
1135:
with much autonomy under the Norwegian king. Haakon had even ruled the whole of Norway (nominally under the Danish king) from 975 until 995, when he was killed during the takeover by
810:), a soldier of the imperial guard, after the Sicilian campaign. Following the campaign against the Bulgarians, in which Harald again served with distinction, he received the rank
1561:
According to the sagas, Harald married Tora Torbergsdatter (c. 1025 â after 1066) around 1048. Some modern historians have disputed this, since Harald in that case would be in a
4897:
1025:, opposed any plans of invading Denmark. Although Harald himself objected to bringing the body of Magnus back to Norway, the Norwegian army prepared to transport his body to
1033:), where they buried him next to Saint Olaf in late 1047. Einar, an opponent of Harald, claimed that "to follow Magnus dead was better than to follow any other king alive".
456:
rule, Harald's reign was probably one of relative peace and stability, and he instituted a viable coin economy and foreign trade. Probably seeking to restore Cnut's "
1364:(and according to some sources, with Tostig) who allocated him a couple thousand Scottish soldiers. According to most contemporary sources, Harald and Tostig met at
1802:. His successors also used the symbol, and Harald in turn probably adopted it in order to claim his right to Denmark as heir to Magnus the Good and the Scyldings.
893:
with two ships and some loyal followers. Although the second ship was destroyed by the Byzantine cross-strait iron chains, Harald's ship sailed safely into the
4858:
452:
Domestically, Harald crushed all local and regional opposition, and outlined the territorial unification of Norway under a national governance. Despite his
1532:(c. 1025 â after 1066) around 1044/45, and they had an unknown number, possibly several children. According to Snorri Sturluson, they had two daughters:
1954:
4017:
Mercenaries and paid men: the mercenary identity in the middle ages: proceedings of Conference held at University of Wales, Swansea, 7th-9th july 2005
1159:
944:
Seeking to regain for himself the kingdom lost by his half-brother Olaf Haraldsson, Harald began his journey westwards in early 1045, departing from
1006:
Having heard of Sweyn's defeat by Magnus, Harald met up with his fellow exile in Sweden (who was also his nephew), as well as with the Swedish king
3817:
3762:
3713:
3680:
3183:
2619:
1607:
Two monuments have been raised in honour of Harald in Oslo, the city which he is traditionally held to have founded. A bronze relief on granite by
548:
in the male line. However, most modern scholars believe that the ancestors attributed to Harald Hardrada's father, along with other parts of the
630:
says that Yaroslav embraced Harald first and foremost because he was the brother of Olaf. Harald took part in Yaroslav's campaign against the
4254:
1079:. It was used on coins in Denmark by Cnut the Great and his sons, and Harald probably adopted it as part of his claim to the Danish throne.
1095:
Fatigue and the huge cost of the non-decisive battles eventually led Harald to seek peace with Sweyn, and in 1064 (or 1065 according to
589:. He stayed there for some time to heal his wounds, and thereafter (possibly up to a month later) journeyed north over the mountains to
106:
94:
1231:
With the truce and the recognition that he would not conquer Denmark, Harald turned his attention to England. England had belonged to
399:
two years prior. In the battle, Olaf and Harald were defeated by forces loyal to Cnut, and Harald was forced in exile to Kievan Rus' (
1501:
of Northumbria, and Harald "six feet of the ground of England, or perhaps more seeing that he is taller than most men" (according to
824:
indicates that the ranks awarded to Harald were rather low, since Harald reportedly was "not angry for just having been appointed to
215:
882:, Michael IV, and Michael V, in which Harald would have opportunities, beyond his legitimate revenues, to carry off immense wealth.
738:. Furthermore, this may in turn have presented Harald with opportunities to fight against bandits who preyed on Christian pilgrims.
483:
Harald's death at Stamford Bridge, which brought an end to his invasion, is often considered by modern historians as the end of the
110:
90:
816:, identified by DeVries as a promotion to the possibly third highest Byzantine rank, but by Mikhail Bibikov as a lesser rank than
102:
4461:
1041:
Harald also wanted to re-establish Magnus's rule over Denmark, and in the long term probably sought to restore Cnut the Great's "
1348:(both under Norwegian control). In both places he was joined by several important lords, chieftains and soldiers, including the
1244:) an impression that he was a possible heir to Edward. When Edward died in January 1066, he was to Harald's dismay succeeded by
923:
significant that Harald was allowed to marry the daughter of Yaroslav, since his other children were married to figures such as
3688:
Bibikov, Mikhail (2004). "Byzantine Sources for the History of Balticum and Scandinavia". In Volt, Ivo and PĂ€ll, Janika (ed.).
3945:
3843:
3801:
3733:
889:, Harald requested to be allowed to return to Norway. Although Zoe refused to allow this, Harald managed to escape into the
3208:
1057:
in 1066. One of two conventional battles was set to be fought between the two kings later the same year, but according to
798:(i.e. Harald) is said to have won the favour of the emperor. The book says that the Byzantine emperor first appointed him
1593:, which was demolished in the 17th century. On 25 September 2006, the 940th anniversary of Harald's death, the newspaper
1516:. The sagas state that Harald and his Varangians at least once took a break during the siege of a town to enjoy sports.
706:
4887:
499:
Harald's ancestry according to the younger sagas. Individuals whose existence is disputed by modern historians are in
4902:
4049:
4024:
3926:
3782:
3697:
3507:
3153:
2669:
1284:
mentions that "some men" claimed that Tostig only had sent an emissary to Norway, while he still remained in France.
1661:
Harald appears in a number of historical fiction books. He serves as the protagonist in several children's books by
1119:
of one of the most powerful Norwegian families. The primary opposition to Harald's rule would be the descendants of
4274:
4247:
1505:), or "six feet of English ground, or seven feet as he was taller than other men" (according to Snorri Sturluson).
911:
445:. In 1046, he joined forces with Magnus's rival in Denmark (Magnus had also become king of Denmark), the pretender
4731:
3966:
78:
37:
914:, and it is considered likely that Harald provided him with valuable information about the state of the empire.
696:
4882:
3904:
3664:
3655:(1990). "Harald HardrĂ„de i Bysants. To fortellinger, to kulturer". In Andersen, Ăivind and HĂ€gg, Tomas (ed.).
3624:
1310:
Harald landing near York (left), and defeating the Northumbrian army (right), from the 13th century chronicle
4015:
DeVries, Kelly (2008). "Medieval mercenaries: methodology, definitions and problems". In France, John (ed.).
1712:
among his treasures during his service in the Byzantine Varangian Guard. Harald also makes an appearances in
1088:
Sweyn, however, did not show up at the agreed time, and Harald thus sent home his non-professional soldiers (
3921:. Oxford History of England. Vol. II (3rd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press-Oxford University Press.
1405:
1353:
735:
731:
4892:
4240:
1749:
in the song "The Great Escape", in addition to being followed loosely throughout the story of the albums
902:(referred to in Scandinavian sources as Ellisif), daughter of Yaroslav the Wise and granddaughter of the
700:
67:
26:
3335:
769:, were they arrived in early 1041, or somewhat later. There, he fought in the army of Michael IV in the
4263:
4113:
3978:
1757:
487:. Harald is also commonly held to have been the last great Viking king, or even the last great Viking.
376:
in 1066. Before becoming king, Harald spent a period in exile as a mercenary and military commander in
361:
155:
1268:
chieftains", at a meeting in Norway. Some historians, however, doubt that this meeting took place, as
4718:
4219:
1855:
1433:
1208:
was thus introduced in Norway from the rest of northern Europe, although it should be noted that the
886:
790:
477:
4383:
4846:
4840:
4698:
4680:
4655:
4640:
4420:
4206:
3187:
1789:
The sagas mention that Harald was fifteen years old at the time of the Battle of Stiklestad (1030).
774:
373:
1479:
Harold Godwinson's victory was short-lived, however, as only a few weeks later he was defeated by
1372:, and Tostig with a mere 12 ships with soldiers. Not mentioned in the sagas, but accounted for by
4834:
4685:
4670:
4665:
4650:
4645:
4602:
4164:
3972:
3825:
Jakobsson, Sverrir (2008). "The Schism that never was: Old Norse views on Byzantium and Russia".
1380:
already in May or June. He had then raided villages along the southern coast of Britain from the
762:
523:. Sigurd was a petty king of Ringerike, and among the strongest and wealthiest chieftains in the
3878:
1557:), but reportedly died on Orkney the same day that Harald (and Eystein) died at Stamford Bridge.
516:
476:. His campaign finally came to its end when he was attacked by Harold Godwinson's forces in the
329:
4675:
4660:
4635:
4592:
4580:
4347:
1850:
1361:
3897:
Norges mynthistorie: mynter og utmyntning i 1000 Ă„r, pengesedler i 300 Ă„r, numismatikk i Norge
3755:
3355:
3347:
753:
on the island. During the campaign, Harald may additionally have held command over a group of
615:), arriving there in the first half of 1031. Harald and his men were welcomed by Grand Prince
4597:
4570:
3445:
3418:
3391:
1480:
1417:
1269:
1241:
845:
3524:
1942:
634:
in 1031, and possibly also fought against other 1030s Kievan enemies and rivals such as the
4877:
4872:
4482:
4455:
4192:
1368:
on 8 September, Harald with a total force of, at the most, around 10â15,000 men on 240â300
1256:
1236:
1213:
know of any other archbishop or lord of Norway than the king himself". Norwegian historian
1209:
1147:
1022:
833:
658:
After a few years in Kievan Rus', Harald and his force of around 500 men moved on south to
620:
557:
437:
and in Constantinople itself, where he became involved in the imperial dynastic disputes.
388:
3866:
3176:
710:
Near-contemporary depiction of Byzantine Varangian Guardsmen, in an illumination from the
578:
8:
4430:
4425:
4400:
4177:
4133:
3988:
3721:
1934:
1570:
1554:
1550:
1502:
1329:
1264:
1252:
1116:
991:
928:
879:
844:
supposedly being turned down by the empress because she wanted to marry Harald herself).
722:
and fought in battles in the area. Although the sagas place this after his expedition to
446:
413:
around 1034. In Constantinople, he quickly rose to become the commander of the Byzantine
369:
270:
254:
183:
74:
53:
33:
1468:, having worn no body armour and fought aggressively with both hands around his sword.
668:), the capital of the Byzantine Empire, probably in 1033 or 1034, where they joined the
4615:
4536:
4472:
4410:
4405:
4000:
3982:
3853:
3811:
3743:
3707:
3674:
3163:
2613:
1780:
Harald co-ruled with Magnus the Good from 1046 until Magnus's death on 25 October 1047.
1732:
1576:
1536:
1484:
1401:
1325:
837:
812:
758:
577:
After the defeat at the Battle of Stiklestad, Harald managed to escape with the aid of
274:
266:
223:
173:
2437:
907:
4761:
4575:
4516:
4488:
4440:
4359:
4329:
4045:
4020:
3941:
3922:
3900:
3839:
3797:
3778:
3729:
3693:
3660:
3503:
3319:
3212:
3149:
2665:
1798:
Cnut himself had adopted the triquetra from earlier Norse uses, viewing himself as a
1751:
1601:
1590:
1540:
1421:
1373:
1301:
1120:
924:
770:
750:
727:
616:
528:
469:
453:
418:
406:
392:
261:
238:
21:
3547:
1882:. Aschehougs norgeshistorie. Vol. 2. Oslo: Aschehoug. pp. 92â93 & 171.
1084:
395:. Olaf sought to reclaim the Norwegian throne, which he had lost to the Danish king
4756:
4505:
4477:
4353:
4323:
4317:
4077:
4069:
3200:
1709:
1697:(1989) by Michael Ennis, which chronicles Harald's career in the Byzantine Empire.
1544:
1260:
1245:
1146:
Coin of Harald as the sole Norwegian king, "ARALD REX NAR". Imitation of a type of
1136:
1058:
1042:
849:
643:
549:
535:
465:
461:
457:
381:
308:
304:
4494:
3994:
3297:
Historien om alla Sveriges drottningar: frÄn myt och helgon till drottning i tiden
1439:
741:
From 1038 to 1041, Harald joined the Byzantines in their expedition to Sicily, in
441:
throne in his absence had been restored from the Danes to Olaf's illegitimate son
4526:
4450:
4415:
4390:
4371:
4341:
4335:
4312:
4302:
4150:
4122:
4106:
1553:(died 25 September 1066). Promised away for marriage to Eystein Orre (brother of
1449:
1444:
1128:
982:
978:
965:
806:
742:
669:
545:
442:
414:
98:
3720:
3257:
674:
495:
4377:
1644:
1630:
1620:
1616:
1529:
1509:
1385:
1349:
1076:
1054:
899:
848:
states that Harald was arrested for defiling a noble woman, while according to
711:
659:
608:
599:
594:
586:
582:
561:
410:
401:
396:
377:
250:
1272:
claim that Tostig did not pledge his support for Harald until they met at the
4866:
4586:
4307:
3914:
3829:. SlovanskĂœ Ășstav Akademie vÄd ÄR, v. v. i. and Euroslavica. pp. 173â88.
3770:
3354:
Text "urlhttp://snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Tora_Torbergsdatter/utdypning" ignored (
1705:
1690:
1454:
1425:
1381:
1124:
146:
3598:
1292:
4751:
4550:
4435:
3652:
3573:
1662:
1214:
778:
626:
540:
3216:
2662:
Norse Warfare: The Unconventional Battle Strategies of the Ancient Vikings
1723:
In film, Harald was portrayed by Richard Long in the first episode of the
1132:
1064:
3657:
Hellas og Norge: kontakt, komparasjon, kontrast : en artikkelsamling
1708:
features Harald as a key figure, as it follows him in acquiring the lost
1619:, also of Harald on horseback, was unveiled on the western façade of the
1611:
depicting Harald on horseback was raised on the eponymously named square
1595:
1357:
1007:
957:
800:
680:
1163:
4804:
4766:
3472:
1946:
1742:
1397:
1337:
1232:
1112:
986:
969:
961:
684:
520:
484:
422:
319:
136:
544:, claim that Sigurd, like Olaf's father, was a great-grandson of King
4531:
4511:
4499:
4467:
4445:
4232:
4141:
3143:
1608:
1464:
1429:
1365:
1072:
1030:
894:
890:
885:
After Zoe had been restored to the throne in June 1042 together with
719:
689:
664:
647:
508:
430:
341:
234:
219:
199:
3205:
The Skalds: A Selection of Their Poems, With Introductions and Notes
2603:
2098:
2096:
1404:, and started plundering the coast. The first resistance was met at
1013:
In the summer of 1047, Magnus and Harald went to Denmark with their
4814:
4771:
4521:
1799:
1717:
1377:
1369:
1341:
1314:
by Matthew Paris. Harald had a huge ship built around 1060, called
1193:
1179:
1171:
945:
766:
434:
3500:
The Middle Ages in Literature for Youth: A Guide and Resource Book
3070:
3068:
1240:
throughout the 1050s gave Harald (as well as Sweyn Estridsson and
1142:
820:
that was ordinarily awarded to foreign allies to the emperor. The
703:, Harald probably also fought in campaigns against the Pechenegs.
679:
frontier" of the empire. He first saw action in campaigns against
2093:
1746:
1739:
1409:
1396:
Embarking from Tynemouth, Harald and Tostig likely landed at the
1197:
1175:
1167:
1046:
1026:
1018:
1014:
973:
861:
754:
745:'s (the sagas' "Gyrge") attempt to reconquer the island from the
639:
524:
360:, roughly translated as "stern counsel" or "hard ruler") was the
299:
1083:
The second, more significant battle, a naval encounter, was the
997:
918:
rings" (whom Snorri Sturluson identifies with Elisiv), although
4809:
4784:
4266:
3065:
1562:
1413:
1345:
1333:
1273:
1050:
903:
746:
723:
590:
512:
426:
203:
1579:(c. 1050 â 1093). Reigned as king of Norway from 1067 to 1093.
1573:(c. 1049 â 1069). Reigned as king of Norway from 1066 to 1069.
781:, which later gained Harald the nickname the "Bulgar-burner" (
757:
mercenaries. Harald and his men fought in battles such as the
3791:
1391:
1277:
1068:
693:
631:
409:, eventually obtaining rank as a captain, until moving on to
387:
When he was fifteen years old, in 1030, Harald fought in the
2606:
Norges historie: andet binds fĂžrste del tidsrummet 1030-1103
1731:(2004), titled "1066", which explores the background of the
865:
Harald's wife Elisiv of Kiev, daughter of Yaroslav the Wise.
718:
Thereafter, Harald is reported in the sagas to have gone to
607:). He likely spent at least part of his time in the town of
4365:
1513:
1328:, he left behind Tora and made sure to have his oldest son
1201:
1200:. According to the later sagas, Harald founded the town of
1100:
635:
593:. A year after the Battle of Stiklestad, Harald arrived in
527:. Through his mother Ă
sta, Harald was the youngest of King
473:
349:
1951:
Ynglingatal og Ynglingasaga: en studie i historiske kilder
1685:(1967). He also appears as the protagonist in the trilogy
878:
three times, these occasions must have been the deaths of
683:
pirates in the Mediterranean, and then in inland towns in
56:
to this revision, which may differ significantly from the
2818:
2816:
1724:
1497:
405:). There, he spent some time in the army of Grand Prince
58:
3299:. Volum 3 av Historien om Sverige. Norstedt. p. 41.
3035:
DeVries (1999) pp. 199 & 276â278 & 284 & 290
1965:, Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-521-47299-7,
1600:
possibility of exhuming the king and reinterring him in
1420:, and they fought against Harald's invading army at the
1340:, Harald departed Norway in August, and landed first in
3659:(in Norwegian). University of Bergen. pp. 169â92.
2813:
2299:
Thenrik Bimbaum, "Yaroslav's Varangian Connection" in
556:
went on to gather an army and eventually fight in the
3211:, 1945, repr. Princeton: Princeton University, 1947,
3128:
3020:
2140:
2138:
1158:
Before the Battle of NisÄ, Harald had been joined by
956:) where he obtained a ship. His journey went through
4039:
3969:
by Snorri Sturluson (c. 1220s), English translation
3899:(in Norwegian). Vol. 1. Universitetsforlaget.
3144:Carrington, C. E. and Jackson, J. Hampden (2011 ).
2152:
2150:
910:. Shortly after Harald's arrival in Kiev, Yaroslav
3940:. Sagakongene (in Norwegian). Saga Bok/Spartacus.
3824:
3497:
2135:
1953:, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget 1991, OCLC 256562288
1893:
1891:
1889:
1443:Harald at Stamford Bridge. Matthew Paris may have
3975:(c. 1180s), in Old Norse with English translation
3833:
3294:
3025:(in Norwegian). Norges forskningsrÄd. p. 77.
3023:Bilder og bilders bruk i vikingtid og middelalder
2303:, 1600â082X, Volume 24, Issue 1, 1978, Pages 5â25
1648:The Oslo City Hall, with relief depicting Harald.
1263:, Harold's brother, who had been deprived of the
4864:
3894:
3687:
3443:
2659:
2147:
1937:, "The Genealogist and History: Ari to Snorri",
1424:on 20 September, two miles (3 km) south of
141:13th-century portrayal of Harald Hardrada, from
3416:
3389:
1886:
1496:had big hands and feet, and could measure five
1457:("Emma") and shield, which was left at Riccall.
1075:on the obverse, used both by Christians and in
898:1042. During his second stay there, he married
4014:
3769:
3545:
3385:
3383:
1539:(c. 1050 â 1120). Married first to the future
1412:. News of the invasion soon reached the earls
1226:
4248:
3935:
3885:
3651:
3522:
3281:
3279:
2604:Hertzberg, Ebbe and Bugge, Alexander (1915).
2110:
2108:
990:managed to defeat the Danish royal pretender
348:; c. 1015 – 25 September 1066), in the
3816:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3712:: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (
3679:: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (
3571:
2618:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2184:
2182:
2180:
3979:Historia de Antiquitate Regum Norwagiensium
3470:
3380:
3309:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2536:
2534:
2435:
2286:
2284:
1877:
480:, in which Harald was killed and defeated.
4255:
4241:
3276:
2488:
2486:
2431:
2429:
2365:
2363:
2105:
1392:Invasion and the Battle of Stamford Bridge
135:
66:Revision as of 19:46, 15 November 2012 by
4798:
4042:The Norwegian Invasion of England in 1066
3890:(in Norwegian). Christiania: H. TĂžnsberg.
3775:The Norwegian Invasion of England in 1066
3761:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3724:with Benedikz, Benedikt S. (ed.) (2007).
3622:
3182:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2688:(New York: Praeger Publishers, 1972), 79.
2177:
1792:
213:25 September 1066 (aged 50–51)
4745:
4712:
4629:
4564:
4044:. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 11.
3838:(in Norwegian). Vol. I. Aschehoug.
3310:RĂžskaft, Merete. "Tora Torbergsdatter".
2691:
2531:
2438:"Omfattende myntindustri pÄ 1000-tallet"
2372:
2330:Blöndal & Benedikz (2007) pp. 80â83.
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2281:
1643:
1629:
1438:
1376:, Tostig had departed from his exile in
1141:
1063:
996:
939:
860:
705:
494:
47:
4295:
3913:
3834:Moseng, Ole Georg; et al. (1999).
3625:"STREAMING: Turisas "The Great Escape""
3255:
2483:
2426:
2360:
2090:Blöndal & Benedikz (2007) pp. 60â62
1848:
1776:
1774:
1332:hailed as king. Gathering his fleet at
1036:
653:
65:
14:
4865:
4262:
3792:Hjardar, Kim and Vike, Vegard (2011).
2876:Hjardar & Vike (2011) pp. 141, 143
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1221:
1106:
856:
4236:
3417:Guhnfeldt, Cato (26 September 2006).
3390:Guhnfeldt, Cato (25 September 2006).
3133:. University of Michigan. p. 35.
3062:Hjardar & Vike (2011) pp. 289â291
2921:Hjardar & Vike (2011) pp. 284â285
2840:Hjardar & Vike (2011) pp. 283â284
2608:. Kristiania: Aschehoug. p. 280.
2306:
1985:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1543:, and after his death, to the future
1312:The Life of King Edward the Confessor
1049:, and in 1049 he pillaged and burned
368:. He also unsuccessfully claimed the
267:Ingegerd, Queen of Denmark and Sweden
143:The Life of King Edward the Confessor
44:
25:
3692:. Tartu, Estonia: Tartu University.
3444:Agerlie, Kristin (25 October 2006).
3209:The American-Scandinavian Foundation
3148:. Cambridge University. p. 68.
2939:DeVries (1999) pp. 264â265 & 269
1783:
1771:
1615:in 1905. In 1950, a large relief by
1583:
931:and the daughter of Constantine IX.
804:(possibly identified with the title
567:
17:
3525:"A Guide to "Byzantine" Literature"
2405:Blöndal & Benedikz (2007) p. 96
2206:Blöndal & Benedikz (2007) p. 57
2165:Blöndal & Benedikz (2007) p. 70
2102:Blöndal & Benedikz (2007) p. 63
1991:Blöndal & Benedikz (2007) p. 54
1738:Harald is featured in music by the
1453:as his royal standard, but not his
534:The Icelandic sagas, in particular
119:
88:
2444:(in Norwegian). University of Oslo
1815:
1360:, where he met with Tostig's ally
464:, brother of the new English king
237:; Mary Church until 12th century,
120:
4914:
3955:
3572:Walker, Lars (25 February 2011).
3546:Quinn, Colleen (7 January 2011).
2664:. Hippocrene Books. p. 302.
1880:Vikingtid og rikssamling 800-1130
934:
572:
515:in 1015 (or possibly in 1016) to
52:. The present address (URL) is a
4033:
4008:
3616:
3591:
3565:
3539:
3516:
3491:
3464:
3437:
3410:
3371:
3362:
3303:
3288:
3249:
3240:
3237:Translated in Hollander, p. 200.
3231:
3222:
3194:
3137:
3122:
3113:
3104:
3095:
3086:
3077:
3074:Hjardar & Vike (2011) p. 291
3056:
3047:
3038:
3029:
3014:
3005:
2996:
2987:
2978:
2969:
2960:
2951:
2942:
2933:
2924:
2915:
2906:
2897:
2888:
2576:Hjardar & Vike (2011) p. 118
1959:Cambridge History of Scandinavia
1897:Hjardar & Vike (2011) p. 284
1490:
1300:
1291:
1255:had previously been involved in
1248:, a son of one of his advisors.
870:had participated three times in
3645:
3502:. Scarecrow Press. p. 57.
3228:Hjardar & Vike (2011) p. 60
2879:
2870:
2861:
2852:
2843:
2834:
2825:
2804:
2795:
2786:
2777:
2768:
2759:
2750:
2741:
2732:
2723:
2714:
2705:
2678:
2653:
2644:
2641:Hjardar & Vike (2011) p. 83
2635:
2626:
2597:
2588:
2579:
2570:
2561:
2552:
2543:
2522:
2513:
2504:
2495:
2474:
2465:
2456:
2436:Vogt, Yngve (6 December 2007).
2417:
2408:
2399:
2390:
2381:
2351:
2342:
2333:
2324:
2293:
2272:
2263:
2254:
2245:
2236:
2227:
2218:
2209:
2200:
2191:
2168:
2159:
2126:
2117:
2084:
2075:
2066:
2057:
2048:
2039:
2030:
2021:
2012:
2003:
1994:
1976:
1123:, from the powerful dynasty of
1017:forces. Later the same year in
650:and other steppe nomad people.
391:together with his half-brother
241:until 17th century (demolished)
4215:Reason for succession failure:
4173:Reason for succession failure:
3985:(c. 1180), English translation
3961:Primary sources with biography
3623:D., Chris (17 February 2011).
3129:Barclay, Cyril Nelson (1966).
3021:Fuglesang, Signe Horn (1997).
1927:
1918:
1909:
1900:
1871:
1704:(2007) by marine archeologist
1174:, his campaign continued into
13:
1:
3973:Ăgrip (af NĂłregskonungasögum)
3888:Norges Mynter i Middelalderen
1809:
1700:The alternative history book
1656:
597:(referred to in the sagas as
490:
4003:(15th century), in Icelandic
3777:. Boydell & Brewer Ltd.
3574:"Meadowland, by Thomas Holt"
1764:
1354:Paul and Erlend Thorfinnsson
1204:, where he spent much time.
736:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
7:
3873:Explicit use of et al. in:
3796:(in Norwegian). Spartacus.
3726:The Varangians of Byzantium
3498:Barnhouse, Rebecca (2004).
3446:"HardrÄde fÄr ligge i fred"
2442:Forskningsmagasinet Apollon
1227:Background and preparations
1186:
24:of this page, as edited by
10:
4919:
3295:Lindqvist, Herman (2006).
3053:DeVries (1999) pp. 276â296
3011:DeVries (1999) pp. 267â270
2993:DeVries (1999) pp. 250â261
2957:DeVries (1999) pp. 242â243
2948:DeVries (1999) pp. 251â252
2912:DeVries (1999) pp. 250â251
2858:DeVries (1999) pp. 231â240
2702:Moseng et al. (1999) p. 79
2558:Moseng et al. (1999) p. 81
145:by the English chronicler
4888:Monarchs killed in action
4826:
4783:
4730:
4697:
4614:
4549:
4273:
4220:Battle of Stamford Bridge
4197:
4189:
4155:
4147:
4140:
4130:
4111:
4103:
4098:
4063:
3895:Skaare, KolbjĂžrn (1995).
3312:Norsk biografisk leksikon
3262:Norsk biografisk leksikon
2660:Sprague, Martina (2007).
1856:Norsk biografisk leksikon
1071:minted by Harald, with a
836:and the powerful empress
791:Strategikon of Kekaumenos
732:Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah
692:, where according to his
478:Battle of Stamford Bridge
325:
315:
298:
289:
284:
280:
260:
246:
229:
209:
193:
189:
179:
169:
161:
154:
134:
129:
4903:Vikings killed in battle
4512:Magnus VI the Law-mender
4040:DeVries, Kelly] (1999).
3997:(c. 1220s), in Old Norse
3991:(c. 1220s), in Old Norse
3836:Norsk historie: 750-1537
3728:. Cambridge University.
3368:DeVries (1999) pp. 48â49
3119:Bagge (1990) pp. 187â189
3044:TjĂžnn (2010) pp. 172â174
2849:DeVries (1999) pp. 66â67
2831:Bagge (1990) pp. 176â177
2822:DeVries (1999) pp. 47â48
2801:DeVries (1999) pp. 46â47
2783:TjĂžnn (2010) pp. 153â155
2774:TjĂžnn (2010) pp. 144â153
2765:TjĂžnn (2010) pp. 115â120
2756:DeVries (1999) pp. 52â56
2720:DeVries (1999) pp. 51â52
2711:TjĂžnn (2010) pp. 104â106
2632:DeVries (1999) pp. 61â65
2585:DeVries (1999) pp. 59â60
2567:DeVries (1999) pp. 56â58
2528:DeVries (1999) pp. 45â46
2519:TjĂžnn (2010) pp. 102â103
2501:DeVries (1999) pp. 43â45
2423:DeVries (1999) pp. 40â41
2378:DeVries (1999) pp. 26â27
2290:DeVries (1999) pp. 35â38
2278:DeVries (1999) pp. 34â35
2269:DeVries (1999) pp. 34â35
2251:DeVries (1999) pp. 33â34
2174:DeVries (1999) pp. 31â32
2123:DeVries (1999) pp. 30â31
2081:DeVries (1999) pp. 29â30
2018:DeVries (1999) pp. 25â26
1941:20 (1978â81), pp. 7â23 (
1523:
1508:Harald himself composed
749:, who had established a
417:, and saw action on the
165:1046 â 25 September 1066
4785:III. Independent Norway
4468:Haakon II Broadshoulder
3967:Saga of Harald Hardrade
3548:"Review: Crusader Gold"
2684:Popperwell, Ronald G.,
2594:Skaare (1995) pp. 47â48
2510:TjĂžnn (2010) pp. 95â102
1671:The Last of the Vikings
1111:According to historian
912:attacked Constantinople
763:Battle of Montemaggiore
519:and her second husband
45:19:46, 15 November 2012
4699:II. Independent Norway
3936:TjĂžnn, Halvor (2010).
3886:Schive, C. I. (1865).
3523:Halsall, Paul (1996).
3171:Check date values in:
2197:TjĂžnn (2010) pp. 55â56
2009:TjĂžnn (2010) pp. 21â22
1982:TjĂžnn (2010) pp. 17â18
1924:TjĂžnn (2010) pp. 15â16
1649:
1639:
1636:Harald HardrÄdes plass
1634:Monument to Harald at
1613:Harald HardrÄdes plass
1458:
1362:Malcolm II of Scotland
1265:earldom of Northumbria
1151:
1080:
1003:
866:
715:
585:) to a remote farm in
504:
4883:Byzantine mercenaries
4483:Haakon III Sverresson
4456:Eystein II Haraldsson
4431:Sigurd I the Crusader
4280:Foreign and non-royal
4275:I. Independent Norway
4200:â TITULAR â
4158:â TITULAR â
4019:. BRILL. p. 58.
3477:Store norske leksikon
3101:Stenton (1971) p. 592
3092:Stenton (1971) p. 590
3083:DeVries (1999) p. 296
2975:DeVries (1999) p. 252
2885:DeVries (1999) p. 230
1683:The Northern Brothers
1679:Swords from the North
1667:The Road to Miklagard
1647:
1633:
1481:William the Conqueror
1442:
1414:Morcar of Northumbria
1270:William of Malmesbury
1145:
1067:
1000:
952:) to Staraya Ladoga (
940:Return to Scandinavia
864:
846:William of Malmesbury
709:
498:
364:from 1046 to 1066 as
4500:Haakon IV Haakonsson
4401:Magnus II Haraldsson
4288:monarchs in brackets
4193:Edward the Confessor
4075:Cadet branch of the
3983:Theodoricus monachus
3690:Byzanto-Nordica 2004
3599:"Historyonics, 1066"
3527:. Fordham University
3392:"En norsk kongegrav"
3285:DeVries (1999) p. 48
3246:DeVries (1999) p. 32
3146:A History of England
3110:DeVries (1999) p. 40
2650:DeVries (1999) p. 66
2549:DeVries (1999) p. 57
2480:DeVries (1999) p. 42
2414:DeVries (1999) p. 40
2321:DeVries (1999) p. 39
2260:DeVries (1999) p. 34
2233:DeVries (1999) p. 33
2215:Bibikov (2004) p. 20
2188:Bibikov (2004) p. 21
2144:DeVries (1999) p. 31
2114:DeVries (1999) p. 30
2072:DeVries (1999) p. 29
2054:DeVries (1999) p. 27
2027:DeVries (1999) p. 26
2000:DeVries (1999) p. 25
1878:Krag, Claus (1995).
1257:Gruffydd ap Llywelyn
1237:Edward the Confessor
1166:by the Swedish king
1148:Edward the Confessor
1037:Invasions of Denmark
1023:Einar Thambarskelfir
964:, and then into the
654:In Byzantine service
558:Battle of Stiklestad
517:Ă
sta Gudbrandsdatter
389:Battle of Stiklestad
372:until 1064, and the
330:Ă
sta Gudbrandsdatter
4898:Viking Age monarchs
4859:Template:Persondata
4719:Christian Frederick
4532:Haakon VI Magnusson
4527:Magnus VII Ericsson
4473:Magnus V Erlingsson
4441:Magnus IV the Blind
4426:Eystein I Magnusson
4416:Magnus III Barefoot
4396:Harald III Hardrada
4318:Harald II Greycloak
4178:House of Estridsson
3919:Anglo-Saxon England
3473:"Harald 3 HardrÄde"
3419:"Kan bli gravd opp"
3377:TjĂžnn (2010) p. 106
3186:) CS1 maint: year (
3002:TjĂžnn (2010) p. 172
2984:TjĂžnn (2010) p. 170
2966:TjĂžnn (2010) p. 165
2930:TjĂžnn (2010) p. 167
2903:TjĂžnn (2010) p. 168
2894:TjĂžnn (2010) p. 169
2867:TjĂžnn (2010) p. 163
2792:TjĂžnn (2010) p. 155
2747:TjĂžnn (2010) p. 114
2738:Schive (1865) p. 26
2729:TjĂžnn (2010) p. 115
2540:TjĂžnn (2010) p. 103
2471:Skaare (1995) p. 46
2462:Schive (1865) p. 24
2348:Bagge (1990) p. 175
2339:Skaare (1995) p. 45
1935:Joan Turville-Petre
1851:"Harald 3 HardrÄde"
1555:Tora Torbergsdatter
1503:Henry of Huntingdon
1242:William of Normandy
1222:Invasion of England
1127:who had controlled
1117:Tora Torbergsdatter
1107:Domestic opposition
929:Andrew I of Hungary
857:Back to Kievan Rus'
712:Skylitzis Chronicle
507:Harald was born in
346:Haraldr SigurĂ°arson
290:Haraldr SigurĂ°arson
271:Magnus II of Norway
255:Tora Torbergsdatter
95:â Previous revision
4893:Norwegian monarchs
4537:Olaf IV Haakonsson
4522:Haakon V Magnusson
4489:Guttorm Sigurdsson
4411:Haakon Toresfostre
4142:Titles in pretence
3754:has generic name (
3328:|access-date=
2492:TjĂžnn (2010) p. 94
2396:TjĂžnn (2010) p. 83
2387:TjĂžnn (2010) p. 27
2369:TjĂžnn (2010) p. 77
2357:TjĂžnn (2010) p. 74
2242:TjĂžnn (2010) p. 41
2224:TjĂžnn (2010) p. 32
2156:TjĂžnn (2010) p. 47
2132:TjĂžnn (2010) p. 43
2063:TjĂžnn (2010) p. 28
2045:TjĂžnn (2010) p. 25
2036:TjĂžnn (2010) p. 16
1963:Prehistory to 1520
1957:, and Knut Helle,
1933:See, for example,
1915:TjĂžnn (2010) p. 14
1906:TjĂžnn (2010) p. 13
1758:Stand up and Fight
1733:Battle of Hastings
1650:
1640:
1485:Battle of Hastings
1459:
1356:. He next went to
1344:and thereafter in
1152:
1081:
1004:
867:
830:spatharokandidatos
813:spatharokandidatos
775:Bulgarian uprising
759:Battle of Olivento
716:
697:Ăjóðólfr ArnĂłrsson
550:Fairhair genealogy
505:
429:, possibly in the
352:given the epithet
275:Olaf III of Norway
4855:
4854:
4822:
4821:
4779:
4778:
4732:Union with Sweden
4726:
4725:
4693:
4692:
4610:
4609:
4545:
4544:
4517:Eric II Magnusson
4478:Sverre Sigurdsson
4462:Magnus Haraldsson
4451:Inge I Haraldsson
4391:Magnus I the Good
4360:Olaf II the Saint
4348:EirĂkr HĂĄkonarson
4336:Olaf I Tryggvason
4330:Haakon Sigurdsson
4313:Haakon I the Good
4303:Harald I Fairhair
4289:
4231:
4230:
4202:
4160:
4131:Succeeded by
4093:25 September 1066
4070:House of Hardrada
3947:978-82-430-0558-7
3865:value: checksum (
3845:978-82-518-3739-1
3803:978-82-430-0475-7
3735:978-0-521-21745-3
3342:Missing or empty
1752:The Varangian Way
1654:
1653:
1602:Nidaros Cathedral
1591:Helgeseter Priory
1584:Burial and legacy
1541:Olaf I of Denmark
1422:Battle of Fulford
1374:John of Worcester
1121:Haakon Sigurdsson
925:Henry I of France
646:, as well as the
617:Yaroslav the Wise
605:SvĂĂŸjóð hin mikla
579:Rögnvald Brusason
568:Exile in the East
470:Battle of Fulford
419:Mediterranean Sea
407:Yaroslav the Wise
338:Harald Sigurdsson
335:
334:
305:House of Hardrada
294:
293:
239:Helgeseter Priory
4910:
4796:
4795:
4757:Charles III John
4743:
4742:
4710:
4709:
4627:
4626:
4562:
4561:
4506:Haakon the Young
4495:Inge II BĂ„rdsson
4354:Sweyn Haakonsson
4324:Harald Bluetooth
4293:
4292:
4279:
4257:
4250:
4243:
4234:
4233:
4226:Claim abandoned
4222:
4216:
4198:
4190:Preceded by
4184:Claim abandoned
4180:
4174:
4156:
4148:Preceded by
4104:Preceded by
4094:
4087:
4078:Fairhair dynasty
4061:
4060:
4056:
4055:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4012:
3951:
3932:
3910:
3891:
3882:
3876:
3870:
3864:
3859:
3857:
3849:
3830:
3827:Byzantinoslavica
3821:
3815:
3807:
3788:
3766:
3759:
3753:
3749:
3747:
3739:
3717:
3711:
3703:
3684:
3678:
3670:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3629:Decibel magazine
3620:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3578:Brandywine Books
3569:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3552:Bookreporter.com
3543:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3471:Norseng, Per G.
3468:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3387:
3378:
3375:
3369:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3323:
3315:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3253:
3247:
3244:
3238:
3235:
3229:
3226:
3220:
3201:Lee M. Hollander
3198:
3192:
3191:
3180:
3174:
3169:
3167:
3159:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3111:
3108:
3102:
3099:
3093:
3090:
3084:
3081:
3075:
3072:
3063:
3060:
3054:
3051:
3045:
3042:
3036:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2994:
2991:
2985:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2967:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2922:
2919:
2913:
2910:
2904:
2901:
2895:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2868:
2865:
2859:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2832:
2829:
2823:
2820:
2811:
2810:Jakobsson (2008)
2808:
2802:
2799:
2793:
2790:
2784:
2781:
2775:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2689:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2633:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2617:
2609:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2550:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2529:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2481:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2433:
2424:
2421:
2415:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2388:
2385:
2379:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2358:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2331:
2328:
2322:
2319:
2304:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2279:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2252:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2198:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2175:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2145:
2142:
2133:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2103:
2100:
2091:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1974:
1955:Template:No icon
1931:
1925:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1884:
1883:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1846:
1803:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1626:
1625:
1545:Philip of Sweden
1318:("The Serpent").
1304:
1295:
1261:Tostig Godwinson
1246:Harold Godwinson
1210:EastâWest Schism
1137:Olaf Tryggvasson
1059:Saxo Grammaticus
1043:North Sea Empire
992:Sweyn Estridsson
972:. He arrived in
850:Saxo Grammaticus
785:) by his skald.
751:Sicilian emirate
536:Snorri Sturluson
466:Harold Godwinson
462:Tostig Godwinson
458:North Sea Empire
447:Sweyn Estridsson
382:Byzantine Empire
309:Fairhair dynasty
282:
281:
139:
127:
126:
107:Newer revision â
85:
82:
61:
59:current revision
51:
50:
46:
42:
41:
4918:
4917:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4907:
4863:
4862:
4856:
4851:
4847:Swedish monarch
4841:English monarch
4818:
4794:
4775:
4741:
4722:
4708:
4689:
4625:
4606:
4560:
4541:
4436:Harald IV Gille
4372:Haakon Ericsson
4342:Sweyn Forkbeard
4308:Eric I Bloodaxe
4287:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4269:
4261:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4207:King of England
4203:
4195:
4176:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4165:King of Denmark
4161:
4153:
4136:
4119:
4117:
4109:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4073:
4066:
4065:Harald Hardrada
4059:
4052:
4038:
4034:
4027:
4013:
4009:
3958:
3948:
3938:Harald HardrÄde
3929:
3907:
3874:
3872:
3862:
3860:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3794:Vikinger i krig
3785:
3760:
3751:
3750:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3722:Blöndal, SigfĂșs
3705:
3704:
3700:
3672:
3671:
3667:
3648:
3643:
3633:
3631:
3621:
3617:
3607:
3605:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3582:
3580:
3570:
3566:
3556:
3554:
3544:
3540:
3530:
3528:
3521:
3517:
3510:
3496:
3492:
3482:
3480:
3469:
3465:
3455:
3453:
3442:
3438:
3428:
3426:
3415:
3411:
3401:
3399:
3388:
3381:
3376:
3372:
3367:
3363:
3353:
3343:
3341:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3317:
3316:
3314:(in Norwegian).
3308:
3304:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3277:
3267:
3265:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3241:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3223:
3199:
3195:
3181:
3172:
3170:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3142:
3138:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2826:
2821:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2692:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2611:
2610:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2447:
2445:
2434:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2307:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2148:
2143:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2106:
2101:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1887:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1860:
1847:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1806:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1772:
1767:
1687:The Last Viking
1675:The Last Viking
1659:
1586:
1528:Harald married
1526:
1493:
1434:Stamford Bridge
1418:Edwin of Mercia
1394:
1350:Earls of Orkney
1322:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1297:
1296:
1229:
1224:
1189:
1160:Haakon Ivarsson
1129:Northern Norway
1109:
1039:
983:Harold Harefoot
979:Magnus the Good
966:Gulf of Finland
942:
937:
908:Olof Skötkonung
859:
818:protospatharios
807:protospatharios
783:Bolgara brennir
743:George Maniakes
672:. Although the
670:Varangian Guard
656:
575:
570:
546:Harald Fairhair
529:Olaf Haraldsson
493:
443:Magnus the Good
415:Varangian Guard
393:Olaf Haraldsson
273:
269:
253:
242:
216:Stamford Bridge
214:
198:
150:
130:Harald Hardrada
125:
118:
117:
116:
115:
114:
99:Latest revision
87:
86:
83:
72:
70:
57:
48:
31:
29:
12:
11:
5:
4916:
4906:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4849:
4843:
4837:
4835:Danish monarch
4831:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4800:
4793:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4781:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4747:
4740:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4728:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4716:
4714:
4707:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4695:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4631:
4624:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4616:DenmarkâNorway
4612:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4566:
4559:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4547:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4446:Sigurd II Munn
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4421:Olav Magnusson
4418:
4413:
4408:
4406:Olaf III Kyrre
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4378:Sweyn Knutsson
4362:
4357:
4338:
4333:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4299:
4297:
4290:
4271:
4270:
4260:
4259:
4252:
4245:
4237:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4196:
4191:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4154:
4149:
4145:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4129:
4114:King of Norway
4110:
4105:
4101:
4100:
4099:Regnal titles
4096:
4095:
4074:
4067:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4050:
4032:
4025:
4006:
4005:
4004:
3998:
3992:
3986:
3976:
3970:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3956:External links
3954:
3953:
3952:
3946:
3933:
3927:
3915:Stenton, F. M.
3911:
3905:
3892:
3883:
3844:
3831:
3822:
3802:
3789:
3783:
3771:DeVries, Kelly
3767:
3734:
3718:
3698:
3685:
3665:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3615:
3590:
3564:
3538:
3515:
3508:
3490:
3479:(in Norwegian)
3463:
3452:(in Norwegian)
3436:
3425:(in Norwegian)
3409:
3398:(in Norwegian)
3379:
3370:
3361:
3302:
3287:
3275:
3264:(in Norwegian)
3248:
3239:
3230:
3221:
3193:
3154:
3136:
3121:
3112:
3103:
3094:
3085:
3076:
3064:
3055:
3046:
3037:
3028:
3013:
3004:
2995:
2986:
2977:
2968:
2959:
2950:
2941:
2932:
2923:
2914:
2905:
2896:
2887:
2878:
2869:
2860:
2851:
2842:
2833:
2824:
2812:
2803:
2794:
2785:
2776:
2767:
2758:
2749:
2740:
2731:
2722:
2713:
2704:
2690:
2677:
2670:
2652:
2643:
2634:
2625:
2596:
2587:
2578:
2569:
2560:
2551:
2542:
2530:
2521:
2512:
2503:
2494:
2482:
2473:
2464:
2455:
2425:
2416:
2407:
2398:
2389:
2380:
2371:
2359:
2350:
2341:
2332:
2323:
2305:
2301:Scando-Slavica
2292:
2280:
2271:
2262:
2253:
2244:
2235:
2226:
2217:
2208:
2199:
2190:
2176:
2167:
2158:
2146:
2134:
2125:
2116:
2104:
2092:
2083:
2074:
2065:
2056:
2047:
2038:
2029:
2020:
2011:
2002:
1993:
1984:
1975:
1926:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1885:
1870:
1859:(in Norwegian)
1813:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1791:
1782:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1641:
1621:Oslo City Hall
1617:Anne Grimdalen
1585:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1574:
1559:
1558:
1548:
1530:Elisiv of Kiev
1525:
1522:
1510:skaldic poetry
1492:
1489:
1393:
1390:
1309:
1308:
1299:
1298:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1188:
1185:
1108:
1105:
1085:Battle of NisÄ
1077:Norse paganism
1038:
1035:
941:
938:
936:
935:King of Norway
933:
887:Constantine IX
858:
855:
660:Constantinople
655:
652:
609:Staraya Ladoga
587:Eastern Norway
583:Earl of Orkney
574:
573:To Kievan Rus'
571:
569:
566:
562:Cnut the Great
492:
489:
411:Constantinople
397:Cnut the Great
374:English throne
362:King of Norway
333:
332:
327:
323:
322:
317:
313:
312:
302:
296:
295:
292:
291:
287:
286:
278:
277:
264:
258:
257:
251:Elisiv of Kiev
248:
244:
243:
233:
231:
227:
226:
211:
207:
206:
195:
191:
190:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
163:
159:
158:
156:King of Norway
152:
151:
140:
132:
131:
124:King of Norway
123:
68:
54:permanent link
27:
16:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4915:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4861:
4860:
4848:
4844:
4842:
4838:
4836:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4825:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4797:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4782:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4729:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4700:
4696:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4681:Christian VII
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4656:Frederick III
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4641:Christian III
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4588:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4548:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4507:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4490:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4291:
4285:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4265:
4258:
4253:
4251:
4246:
4244:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4201:
4194:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4159:
4152:
4146:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4116:
4115:
4108:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4085:
4080:
4079:
4072:
4071:
4062:
4053:
4051:9780851157634
4047:
4043:
4036:
4028:
4026:9789004164475
4022:
4018:
4011:
4007:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3959:
3949:
3943:
3939:
3934:
3930:
3928:9780198217169
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3898:
3893:
3889:
3884:
3880:
3875:|author=
3868:
3855:
3847:
3841:
3837:
3832:
3828:
3823:
3819:
3813:
3805:
3799:
3795:
3790:
3786:
3784:9780851157634
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3757:
3752:|author=
3745:
3737:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3709:
3701:
3699:9949-11-266-4
3695:
3691:
3686:
3682:
3676:
3668:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3653:Bagge, Sverre
3650:
3649:
3630:
3626:
3619:
3604:
3600:
3594:
3579:
3575:
3568:
3553:
3549:
3542:
3526:
3519:
3511:
3509:9780810849167
3505:
3501:
3494:
3478:
3474:
3467:
3451:
3450:NRK TrĂžndelag
3447:
3440:
3424:
3420:
3413:
3397:
3393:
3386:
3384:
3374:
3365:
3357:
3349:
3337:
3321:
3313:
3306:
3298:
3291:
3282:
3280:
3263:
3259:
3256:Krag, Claus.
3252:
3243:
3234:
3225:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3165:
3157:
3155:9781107648036
3151:
3147:
3140:
3132:
3125:
3116:
3107:
3098:
3089:
3080:
3071:
3069:
3059:
3050:
3041:
3032:
3024:
3017:
3008:
2999:
2990:
2981:
2972:
2963:
2954:
2945:
2936:
2927:
2918:
2909:
2900:
2891:
2882:
2873:
2864:
2855:
2846:
2837:
2828:
2819:
2817:
2807:
2798:
2789:
2780:
2771:
2762:
2753:
2744:
2735:
2726:
2717:
2708:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2687:
2681:
2673:
2671:9780781811767
2667:
2663:
2656:
2647:
2638:
2629:
2621:
2615:
2607:
2600:
2591:
2582:
2573:
2564:
2555:
2546:
2537:
2535:
2525:
2516:
2507:
2498:
2489:
2487:
2477:
2468:
2459:
2443:
2439:
2432:
2430:
2420:
2411:
2402:
2393:
2384:
2375:
2366:
2364:
2354:
2345:
2336:
2327:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2302:
2296:
2287:
2285:
2275:
2266:
2257:
2248:
2239:
2230:
2221:
2212:
2203:
2194:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2171:
2162:
2153:
2151:
2141:
2139:
2129:
2120:
2111:
2109:
2099:
2097:
2087:
2078:
2069:
2060:
2051:
2042:
2033:
2024:
2015:
2006:
1997:
1988:
1979:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1921:
1912:
1903:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1881:
1874:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1849:Krag, Claus.
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1814:
1801:
1795:
1786:
1777:
1775:
1770:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1706:David Gibbins
1703:
1702:Crusader Gold
1698:
1696:
1692:
1691:Poul Anderson
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1603:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1521:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1499:
1491:Personal life
1488:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1465:berserkergang
1456:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1382:Isle of Wight
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1313:
1303:
1294:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1251:Harald's son
1249:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1125:Earls of Lade
1122:
1118:
1114:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1086:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1055:Slavic tribes
1052:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1009:
999:
995:
993:
988:
984:
980:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
932:
930:
926:
921:
915:
913:
909:
905:
901:
896:
892:
888:
883:
881:
877:
873:
863:
854:
851:
847:
841:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
814:
809:
808:
803:
802:
797:
793:
792:
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
771:1041 campaign
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
713:
708:
704:
702:
698:
695:
691:
686:
682:
677:
676:
671:
667:
666:
661:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
628:
622:
619:, whose wife
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
601:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
565:
563:
559:
553:
551:
547:
543:
542:
537:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
502:
497:
488:
486:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
450:
448:
444:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
403:
398:
394:
390:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
370:Danish throne
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
331:
328:
324:
321:
318:
314:
310:
306:
303:
301:
297:
288:
283:
279:
276:
272:
268:
265:
263:
259:
256:
252:
249:
245:
240:
236:
232:
228:
225:
221:
217:
212:
208:
205:
201:
196:
192:
188:
185:
182:
178:
175:
172:
168:
164:
160:
157:
153:
148:
147:Matthew Paris
144:
138:
133:
128:
122:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
80:
76:
71:
64:
63:
60:
55:
39:
35:
30:
23:
4857:
4686:Frederick VI
4671:Christian VI
4666:Frederick IV
4651:Christian IV
4646:Frederick II
4603:Christian II
4585:
4551:Kalmar Union
4395:
4382:
4376:
4370:
4364:
4352:
4346:
4340:
4328:
4322:
4283:
4225:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4183:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4126:
4120:
4112:
4090:
4083:
4076:
4068:
4041:
4035:
4016:
4010:
4001:FlateyjarbĂłk
3989:Morkinskinna
3937:
3918:
3896:
3887:
3835:
3826:
3793:
3774:
3725:
3689:
3656:
3646:Bibliography
3632:. Retrieved
3628:
3618:
3606:. Retrieved
3602:
3593:
3581:. Retrieved
3577:
3567:
3555:. Retrieved
3551:
3541:
3529:. Retrieved
3518:
3499:
3493:
3483:20 September
3481:. Retrieved
3476:
3466:
3456:20 September
3454:. Retrieved
3449:
3439:
3429:20 September
3427:. Retrieved
3422:
3412:
3402:20 September
3400:. Retrieved
3395:
3373:
3364:
3311:
3305:
3296:
3290:
3266:. Retrieved
3261:
3251:
3242:
3233:
3224:
3204:
3196:
3145:
3139:
3130:
3124:
3115:
3106:
3097:
3088:
3079:
3058:
3049:
3040:
3031:
3022:
3016:
3007:
2998:
2989:
2980:
2971:
2962:
2953:
2944:
2935:
2926:
2917:
2908:
2899:
2890:
2881:
2872:
2863:
2854:
2845:
2836:
2827:
2806:
2797:
2788:
2779:
2770:
2761:
2752:
2743:
2734:
2725:
2716:
2707:
2685:
2680:
2661:
2655:
2646:
2637:
2628:
2605:
2599:
2590:
2581:
2572:
2563:
2554:
2545:
2524:
2515:
2506:
2497:
2476:
2467:
2458:
2448:18 September
2446:. Retrieved
2441:
2419:
2410:
2401:
2392:
2383:
2374:
2353:
2344:
2335:
2326:
2300:
2295:
2274:
2265:
2256:
2247:
2238:
2229:
2220:
2211:
2202:
2193:
2170:
2161:
2128:
2119:
2086:
2077:
2068:
2059:
2050:
2041:
2032:
2023:
2014:
2005:
1996:
1987:
1978:
1962:
1961:, Volume I,
1958:
1950:
1938:
1929:
1920:
1911:
1902:
1879:
1873:
1861:. Retrieved
1854:
1794:
1785:
1756:
1750:
1737:
1729:Historyonics
1728:
1722:
1713:
1701:
1699:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1665:, including
1663:Henry Treece
1660:
1635:
1612:
1606:
1594:
1587:
1560:
1527:
1518:
1507:
1494:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1463:
1460:
1448:
1395:
1323:
1315:
1311:
1282:Morkinskinna
1281:
1250:
1230:
1215:Halvdan Koht
1206:
1190:
1157:
1153:
1110:
1097:Morkinskinna
1096:
1094:
1089:
1082:
1040:
1012:
1005:
954:Aldeigjuborg
953:
949:
943:
920:Morkinskinna
919:
916:
884:
875:
871:
868:
842:
829:
825:
821:
817:
811:
805:
799:
795:
789:
787:
782:
779:Peter Delyan
773:against the
740:
717:
675:FlateyjarbĂłk
673:
663:
657:
627:Morkinskinna
625:
613:Aldeigjuborg
612:
604:
598:
576:
554:
541:Heimskringla
539:
533:
506:
500:
482:
451:
439:
400:
386:
365:
357:
353:
345:
337:
336:
142:
121:
22:old revision
19:
18:
4878:1066 deaths
4873:1015 births
4676:Frederick V
4661:Christian V
4636:Frederick I
4593:Christian I
4581:Christopher
4264:Monarchs of
4127:(1046â1047)
3863:|isbn=
3634:15 November
3608:15 November
3583:15 November
3557:15 November
3531:15 November
3423:Aftenposten
3396:Aftenposten
3173:|year=
3131:Battle 1066
1755:(2007) and
1677:(1964) and
1596:Aftenposten
1406:Scarborough
1358:Dunfermline
1090:bĂłndaherrin
1008:Anund Jacob
958:Lake Ladoga
880:Romanos III
876:polutasvarf
872:polutasvarf
826:manglabites
822:Strategikon
801:manglabites
595:Kievan Rus'
380:and in the
378:Kievan Rus'
170:Predecessor
20:This is an
4867:Categories
4805:Haakon VII
4799:Since 1905
4767:Charles IV
4752:Charles II
4286:, disputed
4282:rulers in
3995:Fagrskinna
3906:8200226662
3666:8299141133
3344:|url=
3332:|url=
1947:Claus Krag
1810:References
1743:folk metal
1716:(2005) by
1714:Meadowland
1689:(1980) by
1657:In fiction
1455:mail-shirt
1445:attributed
1400:, entered
1398:River Tees
1338:Sognefjord
1233:Harthacnut
1113:Knut Helle
987:Harthacnut
970:Baltic Sea
962:Neva River
701:Michael IV
685:Asia Minor
644:Byzantines
521:Sigurd Syr
491:Early life
485:Viking Age
454:absolutist
423:Asia Minor
366:Harald III
320:Sigurd Syr
4746:1814â1905
4713:Only 1814
4630:1524â1814
4587:Charles I
4565:1387â1523
4170:1047â1064
4134:Magnus II
4118:1046â1066
3854:cite book
3812:cite book
3744:cite book
3708:cite book
3675:cite book
3330:requires
3268:9 October
3258:"Ellisiv"
3219:, p. 197.
3217:213834959
3164:cite book
2614:cite book
1939:Saga-Book
1765:Footnotes
1695:Byzantium
1693:, and in
1609:Lars Utne
1571:Magnus II
1474:LandĂžyĂ°an
1450:LandĂžyĂ°an
1430:Tadcaster
1402:Cleveland
1370:longships
1366:Tynemouth
1133:TrĂžndelag
1073:triquetra
1031:Trondheim
900:Elisabeth
895:Black Sea
891:Bosphorus
834:Michael V
720:Jerusalem
690:Euphrates
665:Miklagard
648:Pechenegs
600:GarĂ°arĂki
509:Ringerike
431:Holy Land
402:GarĂ°arĂki
342:Old Norse
235:Trondheim
220:Yorkshire
200:Ringerike
184:Magnus II
180:Successor
69:Old Lanky
28:Old Lanky
4815:Harald V
4772:Oscar II
4576:Eric III
4571:Margaret
4296:872â1387
4151:Magnus I
4123:Magnus I
4107:Magnus I
3917:(1971).
3773:(1999).
3320:cite web
1800:Scylding
1761:(2011).
1718:Tom Holt
1577:Olaf III
1563:bigamous
1537:Ingegerd
1386:Sandwich
1378:Flanders
1342:Shetland
1194:Scotland
1187:Policies
1180:Hadeland
1172:Romerike
1164:VĂ€rmland
968:and the
950:Holmgard
946:Novgorod
767:Bulgaria
761:and the
621:Ingegerd
525:Upplands
435:Bulgaria
358:harĂ°rĂĄĂ°i
354:Hardrada
174:Magnus I
79:contribs
38:contribs
4762:Oscar I
4384:Ălfgifu
4284:italics
4086:c. 1015
3603:BBC One
1967:pp. 185
1863:30 July
1747:Turisas
1740:Finnish
1727:series
1710:Menorah
1669:(1957)
1483:at the
1410:Riccall
1336:in the
1198:Ireland
1176:Hedmark
1168:Stenkil
1047:Jutland
1027:Nidaros
1019:Jylland
1015:leidang
974:Sigtuna
960:, down
904:Swedish
796:Araltes
777:led by
747:Muslims
730:Caliph
728:Fatimid
640:Estonia
581:(later
501:italics
224:England
197:c. 1015
4830:Regent
4810:Olav V
4375:&
4369:&
4351:&
4345:&
4327:&
4267:Norway
4089:
4048:
4023:
3944:
3925:
3903:
3861:Check
3842:
3800:
3781:
3732:
3696:
3663:
3506:
3215:
3152:
2686:Norway
2668:
1346:Orkney
1334:Solund
1330:Magnus
1278:Copsig
1274:Humber
1253:Magnus
1051:Hedeby
1002:death.
755:Norman
724:Sicily
642:, the
636:Chudes
591:Sweden
513:Norway
427:Sicily
326:Mother
316:Father
247:Spouse
230:Burial
204:Norway
4845:Also
4839:Also
4833:Also
4121:with
4091:Died:
4084:Born:
1745:band
1551:Maria
1524:Issue
1316:Ormen
1069:Penny
1029:(now
906:king
694:skald
632:Poles
472:near
421:, in
350:sagas
300:House
285:Names
262:Issue
162:Reign
4598:John
4366:Cnut
4212:1066
4046:ISBN
4021:ISBN
3942:ISBN
3923:ISBN
3901:ISBN
3879:help
3867:help
3840:ISBN
3818:link
3798:ISBN
3779:ISBN
3763:link
3756:help
3730:ISBN
3714:link
3694:ISBN
3681:link
3661:ISBN
3636:2012
3610:2012
3585:2012
3559:2012
3533:2012
3504:ISBN
3485:2012
3458:2012
3431:2012
3404:2012
3356:help
3348:help
3336:help
3270:2012
3213:OCLC
3188:link
3184:link
3177:help
3150:ISBN
2666:ISBN
2620:link
2450:2012
1865:2012
1514:harp
1498:ells
1426:York
1416:and
1326:Olaf
1202:Oslo
1196:and
1131:and
1101:hird
985:and
681:Arab
474:York
210:Died
194:Born
111:diff
105:) |
103:diff
91:diff
84:(GA)
75:talk
49:(GA)
34:talk
3981:by
1971:191
1945:),
1943:pdf
1725:BBC
1436:.
1384:to
994:.
840:.
838:Zoe
828:or
638:in
603:or
538:in
43:at
4869::
3871:;
3858::
3856:}}
3852:{{
3814:}}
3810:{{
3748::
3746:}}
3742:{{
3710:}}
3706:{{
3677:}}
3673:{{
3627:.
3601:.
3576:.
3550:.
3475:.
3448:.
3421:.
3394:.
3382:^
3352:;
3340:;
3324::
3322:}}
3318:{{
3278:^
3260:.
3207:,
3203:,
3168::
3166:}}
3162:{{
3067:^
2815:^
2693:^
2616:}}
2612:{{
2533:^
2485:^
2440:.
2428:^
2362:^
2308:^
2283:^
2179:^
2149:^
2137:^
2107:^
2095:^
1969:,
1949:,
1888:^
1853:.
1817:^
1773:^
1735:.
1720:.
1623:.
1352:,
1178:,
927:,
794:,
511:,
433:,
425:,
384:.
344::
222:,
218:,
202:,
97:|
93:)
77:|
36:|
4508:)
4504:(
4491:)
4487:(
4464:)
4460:(
4387:)
4381:(
4256:e
4249:t
4242:v
4054:.
4029:.
3950:.
3931:.
3909:.
3881:)
3877:(
3869:)
3848:.
3820:)
3806:.
3787:.
3765:)
3758:)
3738:.
3716:)
3702:.
3683:)
3669:.
3638:.
3612:.
3587:.
3561:.
3535:.
3512:.
3487:.
3460:.
3433:.
3406:.
3358:)
3350:)
3346:(
3338:)
3334:(
3272:.
3190:)
3179:)
3175:(
3158:.
2674:.
2622:)
2452:.
1973:.
1867:.
1681:/
1673:/
1638:.
1547:.
1472:(
1150:.
948:(
714:.
662:(
611:(
503:.
356:(
340:(
311:)
307:(
149:.
113:)
109:(
101:(
89:(
81:)
73:(
62:.
40:)
32:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
