Thuringia - Knowledge

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during the 12th century, whereas the latest ones received town status only in the 20th century. Today, all municipalities within districts are equal in law, whether they are towns or villages. Independent cities (i.e. urban districts) have greater powers (the same as any district) than towns within a district.

1911:, before it slowed within the 20th century and changed to a decline since 1990. Since the beginning of Urbanisation around 1840, the Thuringian cities have higher growth rates resp. smaller rates of decline than rural areas (many villages lost half of their population since 1950, whereas the biggest cities ( 6007:(1834–1919), biologist, naturalist, philosopher, physician, professor, and artist, discovered, described, and named thousands of new species, mapped a genealogical tree relating all life forms, coined many terms in biology, including anthropogeny, ecology, phylum, phylogeny, and stem cell, professor at 4670:

and their surroundings are booming, whereas nearly all the rural regions, especially in the north and east, have little economic impetus and employment, which is a big issue in regional planning. Young people in these areas often have to commute long distances, and many emigrate soon after finishing

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Of the approximately 850 municipalities of Thuringia, 126 are classed as towns (within a district) or cities (forming their own urban district). Most of the towns are small with a population of less than 10,000; only the ten biggest ones have a population greater than 30,000. The first towns emerged

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was about 1.8 children per women in the 1970s and 1980s, shrinking to 0.8 in 1994 during the economic crisis after the reunification and rose again to more than 1.4 children in 2010, which is a higher level than in West Germany. Nevertheless, there are only 17,000 births compared to 27,000 deaths per

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in the December 1929 election. In this position, he removed from the Thuringian police force anyone he suspected of being a republican and replaced them with men who were favourable towards the Nazis. He also ensured that, whenever an important position came up within Thuringia, a Nazi was given that

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The unemployment rate reached its peak of 17.1% in 2005. Since then, it has decreased to 5.3% in 2019, which is only slightly above the national average. The decrease is caused on the one hand by the emergence of new jobs and on the other by a marked decrease in the working-age population, caused by

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Like most other regions of central and southern Germany, Thuringia has a significant industrial sector reaching back to the mid-19th-century industrialisation. The economic transition after the German reunification in 1990 led to the closure of most large-scale factories and companies, leaving small

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Health care provision in Thuringia improved after 1990, as did the level of general health. Life expectancy rose, nevertheless it is still a bit lower than the German average. This is caused by a relatively unhealthy lifestyle of the Thuringians, especially in high consumption of grains, industrial

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Thuringia's economy is marked by the economic transition that happened after the German reunification and led to the closure of most of the factories within the Land. The unemployment rate reached a peak in 2005. Since that year, the economy has seen an upturn and the general economic situation has

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in the southwest. Protestant church membership is shrinking rapidly, whereas the Catholic Church is somewhat more stable because of Catholic migration from Poland, Southern Europe and West Germany. Other religions play no significant role in Thuringia. There are only a few thousand Muslims (largely

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with their various archives and libraries are centres of historic and cultural research. Most of the research in Thuringia is publicly funded basic research due to the lack of large companies able to invest significant amounts in applied research, with the notable exception of the optics sector at

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get enlarged. Overall, there is an oversupply of hospital beds, caused by rationalisation processes in the German health care system, so that many smaller hospitals generate losses. On the other hand, there is a lack of family doctors, especially in rural regions with increased need of health care

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The first railways in Thuringia had been built in the 1840s and the network of main lines was finished around 1880. By 1920, many branch lines had been built, giving Thuringia one of the densest rail networks in the world before World War II with about 2,500 km of track. Between 1950 and 2000

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are in intensive use for growing cereals, vegetables, fruits and energy crops. Important products are apples, strawberries, cherries and plums in the fruit sector, cabbage, potatoes, cauliflower, tomatoes (grown in greenhouses), onions, cucumbers and asparagus in the vegetable sector, as well as

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In July 2013, there were 41,000 non-Germans by citizenship living in Thuringia (1.9% of the population − among the smallest proportions of any state in Germany). Nevertheless, the number rose from 33,000 in July 2011, an increase of 24% in only two years. About 4% of the population are migrants

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with humid westerly winds predominating. Increasingly as one moves from the north-west to the south-east, the climate shows continental features: winters can be cold for long periods, and summers can become warm. Dry periods are often recorded, especially within the Thuringian Basin, leeward to

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valley, is marked by a hilly landscape, rising slowly from the flat north to the mountainous south. The Saale in the west and the White Elster in the east are the two big rivers running from south to north and forming densely settled valleys in this area. Between them lies the flat and forested

5568:(ThIS). The school was established in the year 2000 and is accredited by the Council of International Schools and authorised to offer the International Baccalaureate PYP, MYP and DP. Students who graduate from the school are able to gain admission to colleges and universities around the world. 4864:(ridge walk). City tourism with the centers of Erfurt, Weimar, Jena, Eisenach and Mühlhausen is experiencing dynamic growth. A total of around 9.2 million overnight stays were booked in 2016, compared to 8.3 million ten years earlier. Around 6% of the bookings were made by foreign guests. 2691:

gap, caused by the emigration of young women, especially in rural areas. Overall, there are 115 to 120 men per 100 women in the 25–40 age group ("family founders") which has negative consequences for the birth ratio. Furthermore, the population is getting older and older with some rural

6111:(1861–1925), Austrian philosopher, social reformer, architect, and esotericist, worked to establish various practical endeavors, including Waldorf education, biodynamic agriculture, and anthroposophical medicine, invited to work as an editor at the Goethe Matenadaran in Weimar 6845: 3346:

formed 7.6% of the population, while 71.6% of Thuringians were non-religious or adhere to other faiths. The highest Protestant concentrations are in the small villages of southern and western Thuringia, whereas the bigger cities are even more non-religious (up to 88% in

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there in the 19th century. The Thuringian primary school takes four years and most primary schools are all-day schools offering optional extracurricular activities in the afternoon. At the age of ten, pupils are separated according to aptitude and proceed to either the

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Agriculture and forestry have declined in importance over the decades. Nevertheless, they are more important than in most other areas of Germany, especially within rural regions. 54% of Thuringia's territory is in agricultural use. The fertile basins such as the large

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Meat production and processing is also an important activity, with swine, cattle, chickens and turkeys in focus. Furthermore, there are many milk and cheese producers, as well as laying hens. Trout and carp are traditionally bred in aquaculture in many villages.

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junction it is connected with the A9. Both highways were widened from four to six lanes (three each way) after 1990, including some extensive re-routing in the Eisenach and Jena areas. Furthermore, three new motorways were built during the 1990s and 2000s. The

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most of the branch lines were abandoned, reducing Thuringia's network by half compared to 1940. On the other hand, most of the main lines were refurbished after 1990, resulting in improved speed of travel. The most important railway lines at present are the

5431:, mined in the bordering Leipzig region. Since 2000, the importance of environmentally unfriendly lignite combustion has declined in favour of renewable energies, which reached an amount of 40% (in 2013), and more clean gas combustion, often carried out as 4527:) are highly industrialised, whereas there are fewer industrial companies in the northern and eastern parts of the Land. Traditional industries like production of glass, porcelain and toys collapsed during the economic crises between 1930 and 1990. 2643:

The current population is 2,120,237 (31 December 2020) with an annual rate of decrease of about 0.5%, which varies widely between the local regions. In 2012, 905,000 Thuringians lived in a municipality with more than 20,000 inhabitants, this is an

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the balance is positive. The international migration is fluctuating heavily. In 2009, the balance was +700, in 2010 +1,800, in 2011 +2,700 and in 2012 +4,800. The most important countries of origin of the Thuringia migrants from 2008 to 2012 were

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Environmental damage in Thuringia has been reduced to a large extent after 1990. The condition of forests, rivers and air was improved by modernizing factories, houses (decline of coal heating) and cars, and contaminated areas such as the former

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as weekly commuters. Nevertheless, the demographic transition in Thuringia leads to a lack of workers in some sectors. External immigration into Thuringia has been encouraged by the government since about 2010 to counter this problem.

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Environment and nature protection has been of growing importance and attention since 1990. Large areas, especially within the forested mountains, are protected as natural reserves, including Thuringia's first national park within the

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with 4,000 students is Thuringia's smallest university, specialising in creative subjects such as architecture and arts. It was founded in 1860 and came to prominence as Germany's leading art school during the inter-war period, the

4546:. Following the industrial revolution, the old iron, copper and silver mines declined because the competition from imported metal was too strong. On the other hand, the late 19th century brought new types of mines to Thuringia: the 4514:

factory is based today. The most important industrial branches today are engineering and metalworking, vehicle production and food industries. Especially the small and mid-sized towns in central and southwestern Thuringia (e.g.

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Forestry plays an important role in Thuringia because 32% of the Thuringian territory is forested. The most common trees are spruce, pine and beech. There are many wood and pulp-paper factories near the forested areas.

7168: 6388: 5800:(1483–1546), friar (Observant Augustinian), Catholic priest, professor of theology and seminal figure of the 16th-century movement in Christianity known later as the Protestant Reformation, educated in 6369: 5653: 5532:

Early-years education is quite common in Thuringia. Since the 1950s, nearly all children have been using the service, whereas early-years education is less developed in western Germany. Its inventor

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Migration plays an important role in Thuringia. The internal migration shows a strong tendency from rural areas towards the big cities. From 2008 to 2012, there was a net migration from Thuringia to

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municipalities recording more than 30% of over-65s (pensioners). This is a problem for the regional labour market, as there are twice as many people leaving as entering the job market annually.

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was the largest state in the region, persisting between 1131 and 1247. Afterwards the state known as Thuringia ceased to exist; nevertheless the term commonly described the region between the

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migrants) and about 750 Jews (mostly migrants from Russia) living in Thuringia. Furthermore, there are some Orthodox communities of Eastern European migrants and some traditional Protestant

6616: 5326:. Only the segment west of Erfurt of the Frankfurt-Dresden line will continue to be used by ICE trains after 2017, with an increased line speed of 200 km/h (currently 160 km/h). 796:

branch of the family, which subsequently subdivided the area into a number of smaller states, according to the Saxon tradition of dividing inheritance amongst male heirs. These were the "

6994: 5330:, which was completely rebuilt for this purpose in the 2000s (decade), will be the new connection between both ICE lines. The most important regional railway lines in Thuringia are the 7198: 5553:

exam after a further eight years and prepares for higher education, while the latter has a more vocational focus and finishes with exams after five or six years, comparable to the

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is the biggest amongst Thuringia's four universities and offers nearly every discipline. It was founded in 1558, and today has 21,000 students. The second-largest is the

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Health care in Thuringia is currently undergoing a concentration process. Many smaller hospitals in the rural towns are closing, whereas the bigger ones in centres like

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The 1981 census projected that Thuringia's population would reach 2,221,222 by 2011. The population counted in the 2011 census was 2,181,603, which is about 1.78% less.

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The GDP of Thuringia is below the national average, in line with the other former East German Lands. Until 2004, Thuringia was one of the weakest regions within the

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period, church membership was discouraged and has continued shrinking since the reunification in 1990. Today over two thirds of the population is non-religious. The

1121: 7575: 6223:(1891–1969), painter and printmaker, noted for his ruthless and harshly realistic depictions of Weimar society and the brutality of war, born in Untermhaus (today 855:, a leader of some non-peaceful groups of this sect, was active in this city. Within the borders of modern Thuringia the Roman Catholic faith only survived in the 6772: 5529:

school system. Most German school rankings attest that Thuringia has one of the most successful education systems in Germany, resulting in high-quality outcomes.

2728:(21 per 1000). Between Thuringia and the other German states, the balance is negative: In 2012, Thuringia lost 6,500 persons to other federal states, the most to 1280: 7465: 6987: 5624: 3249:* Average annual change in percent within the last three years (13 December 2009 to 31 December 2012), adjusted from incorporations and the 2011 Census results. 499:

gold medals had been won by Thuringian athletes as of 2014. Thuringia was favoured by or was the birthplace of three key intellectuals and leaders in the arts:

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during the GDR period, and meat producers are part of multinational companies. Traditional private peasant agriculture is an exception, as is organic farming.

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was suppressed as early as 1520; priests who remained loyal to it were driven away and churches and monasteries were largely destroyed, especially during the

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shows the lion of the Ludowingian Landgraves of 12th-century origin. The eight stars around it represent the eight former states which formed Thuringia. The

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would be natural. However, most of the plains have been cleared and are in intensive agricultural use while most of the forests are planted with spruce and

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As Germany's most central state, Thuringia is an important hub of transit traffic. The transportation infrastructure was in very poor condition after the

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Due to many centuries of intensive settlement, most of the area is shaped by human influence. The original natural vegetation of Thuringia is forest with

1284: 7792: 7782: 6793: 1019: 7602: 1445:, in the north-east, is warm and dry, with a mean annual temperature of 8.5 °C and mean precipitation of 450 mm; contrast this with wet, cool 6980: 6819: 6180:(1879–1940), Swiss German painter; his highly individual style was influenced by movements in art that included expressionism, cubism, and surrealism, 5318:. In 2017, a new high speed line will be opened, diverting long-distance services from these mid-19th century lines. Both ICE routes will then use the 4849: 2705:

year, so that the annual natural change of the Thuringian population is about −0.45%. In 2015 there were 17,934 births, the highest number since 1990.

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in the west. Together, they accounted for a significant part of the world's potash production in the mid-20th century. After the reunification, the

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by the A71 has been one of Germany's most expensive motorway segments with various tunnels (including Germany's longest road tunnel, the

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In Germany, the educational system is part of the sovereignty of the Länder; therefore each Land has its own school and college system.

3405: 6130:(1864–1920), sociologist, philosopher, and political economist, often cited as among the three founding creators of sociology, born in 5983:(1818–1883), philosopher, economist, social scientist, sociologist, historian, journalist, and revolutionary socialist, PhD awarded by 1907:

between the 11th and the 13th century under German rule. The population growth increased during the 18th century and stayed high until

359: 1375:– drains the south-west and west of the state. Furthermore, some small areas on the southern border are drained by tributaries of the 1001: 7183: 5819:(1759–1805), poet, philosopher, historian, and playwright; professor of history at the University of Jena before relocating to Weimar 5632: 3388: 2873: 2396: 558: 4216: 3205: 7421: 5331: 3479: 574: 7565: 6161:(1871–1956), German-American painter and leading exponent of Expressionism, also worked as a caricaturist and comic strip artist, 7391: 6074:(1840–1905), physicist, optical scientist, entrepreneur, and social reformer, laid the foundations of modern optics, co-owner of 5323: 3417: 2933: 2652:(including persons that already received German citizenship). The biggest groups of foreigners by citizenship are (as of 2012): 7772: 7451: 7376: 5945:"Vous êtes un homme. Quel âge avez-vous ? – Soixante ans. – Vous êtes bien conservé. Vous avez écrit des tragédies ?" 5487:

seed oils, refined carbohydrates and alcohol, which led to significant higher rates of obesity compared to the German average.

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complementing the motorway network. The upgrading of federal highways is prioritised in the federal trunk road programme 2015 (

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period. Since 1990, many billions of Euros have been invested to improve the condition of roads and railways within Thuringia.

4945: 2391: 1063: 6550: 6527: 5824: 3032: 679:. Their various lands formed the Free State of Thuringia, founded in 1920, together with some other small principalities. The 4031: 3610: 3504: 3372: 3102: 609: 542: 6200:(1886–1969), German-American architect, widely regarded as one of the pioneering masters of modern architecture, joined the 1449:, in the Thuringian Forest, where temperature averages only 4.4 °C and mean annual precipitation reaches 1300 mm. 91: 7431: 7176: 6722: 3240: 7411: 6668: 6265:(1923–2002), Israeli gun designer, best remembered as the designer and namesake of the Uzi submachine gun, born in Weimar 6211: 6139:(1864–1949), leading German composer of the late Romantic and early modern eras, director of the Weimar Court Orchestra ( 6118: 1223:

river emanates. The central and northern part of Thuringia is defined by the 3,000 km (1,200 sq mi) wide

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of the newly established state first convened in 1920 in Weimar. Its deputies were elected for three years according to

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with 7,000 students, founded in 1894, which offers many technical disciplines such as engineering and mathematics. The

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first mentioned the Thuringii around 400; during that period, the Thuringii were famous for their excellent horses.

516: 7386: 6761: 6690: 6151:(1866–1944), influential Russian painter and art theorist, credited with painting the first purely abstract works, 3384: 3137: 1336:, a hilly but in most parts non-forested region in the south. The far eastern region (east of White Elster) is the 769: 645: 5681:. Both focus on technology, in particular life sciences and optics at Jena and information technology at Ilmenau. 5521:

The Thuringian school system was developed after the reunification in 1990, combining some elements of the former

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has had the largest number of members in the state, adhered to by 20.8% of the population in 2018. Members of the

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emigration and low birth rates for decades. The wages in Thuringia are low compared to rich bordering Lands like

3848: 3814: 3392: 793: 6190:(1883–1969), architect, widely regarded as one of the pioneering masters of modern architecture, founder of the 1439:

mountains in all directions. It is Germany's driest area, with annual precipitation of only 400 to 500 mm.

1383:. There are no large natural lakes in Thuringia, but it does have some of Germany's biggest dams, including the 7544: 5419:

Thuringia is the only state without barge or ship waterways; its rivers are too small to be navigable to them.

3490: 3467: 3463: 5729:(1811–1886), Hungarian composer, virtuoso pianist, conductor, teacher and Franciscan tertiary, lived in Weimar 5576: 4916: 2684:

have the highest rates, whereas there are almost no migrants living in the most rural smaller municipalities.

7557: 7474: 5957: 5398: 1859: 1075: 884: 3067: 524: 79: 29: 7736: 7359: 6306: 5843: 5359: 4890: 3443: 3339: 3293: 341: 187: 5744:(1864–1949), composer of the late Romantic and early modern eras, director of the Weimar Court Orchestra ( 4325: 3644: 3508: 1399:

in the Thuringian Highlands. Thuringia is Germany's only state with no connection to navigable waterways.

6087:(1844–1900), philologist, philosopher, cultural critic, poet and composer, lived his last years in Weimar 5961: 5897: 4963: 4530:

Mining was important in Thuringia since the later Middle Ages, especially within the mining towns of the

3997: 1011: 888: 776:", never to become a part of Thuringia again. Most of the remaining Thuringia came under the rule of the 7746: 7156: 5894:(1472–1553), Renaissance painter and printmaker in woodcut and engraving, lived his last years in Weimar 7797: 7673: 7665: 7509: 5931: 5917: 5849: 5810: 5612: 5409: 4902: 1115: 907: 636:, but later research rejected the idea. Other historians argue that the Thuringians were allies of the 504: 22: 5755: 1189: 7802: 7696: 7281: 6210:(1886–1966), German-French, or Alsatian, sculptor, painter, poet and abstract artist, studied at the 5397:, used for charter flights to the Mediterranean and other holiday destinations. In private flights, 5394: 5303: 5005: 4258: 951: 699: 96: 5920:(1762–1836), physician, most eminent practical physician of his time in Germany, born in Langensalza 5611:, founded in 1392, has 5,000 students today and an emphasis on humanities and teacher training. The 4654:

The economic progress is quite different between the regions of Thuringia. The big cities along the

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are quite similar to the Thuringian ones, since they are also derived from the Ludowingian symbols.

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Tourism is an important branch of the economy. Thuringia has a number of well known destinations:

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is a symbol of East Germany's economy. According to the 2019 study by Forschungsinstitut Prognos,

7529: 7504: 5891: 5712: 5375: 5343: 4615: 3909: 3576: 3496: 3459: 3439: 840: 562: 369: 7726: 7691: 7316: 7053: 7047: 6910: 5816: 5661:(1400 students), a cooperative state college founded in 2016 through a merger of the colleges ( 4385:

is one of the most dynamic regions in Germany. It ranks at number 29 of all 401 German regions.

4293: 3746: 3500: 3327: 1863: 1086: 955: 931: 860: 832: 781: 215: 7321: 7200: 7100: 5657:) in Gera (500 students). The most recent institution of higher education in Thuringia is the 4870: 4486:

and medium-sized ones to dominate the manufacturing sector. Well-known industrial centres are

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river and completely surrounded by the following hill chains (clockwise from the north-west):

7534: 7331: 7296: 6250: 6102:(1851–1935), chemist, glass technologist, and the inventor of borosilicate glass, founder of 5761: 5717: 5371: 5187: 5183: 4308: 4273: 3186: 3083: 3078: 2665: 1851: 1208: 1098: 1055: 707: 692: 605: 594: 566: 500: 320: 7443: 6972: 6057: 706:

is a white-red bicolor, derived from the white and red stripes of the Ludowingian lion. The

7683: 7652: 7632: 7489: 7353: 7326: 7301: 7266: 7059: 5735:(1813–1883), composer, theatre director, polemicist, and conductor, sojourns in Weimar and 5608: 5516: 5106: 4607: 4303: 4278: 4243: 3963: 1831: 1146: 1042: 935: 915: 903: 785: 632:. Their origin is largely unknown. An older theory claims that they were successors of the 590: 520: 330: 223: 179: 7210: 7150: 7017: 4606:

mining was also important to cover the Soviet Union's need for this metal. The centre was

1800: 1126:) instead. The three districts that shared the former territory of Thuringia were Erfurt, 8: 7637: 7514: 7311: 6554: 6084: 5801: 5542: 5475: 5390:. Most regional and local lines have hourly service, but some run only every other hour. 5327: 5020: 4984: 4288: 2653: 1325: 1303:(983 m) is Thuringia's highest mountain. To the south-west, the Forest is followed up by 1292: 1193: 461:) from the late 19th century due to its broad, dense forest. Most of Thuringia is in the 5533: 3462:(AfD) have seen its first-ever first place finish in a state election. Die Linke in the 7767: 7083: 6940: 6114: 6094: 6008: 5984: 5965: 5863: 5783: 5600: 5247: 5016: 4524: 3678: 3455: 963: 923: 919: 911: 740: 719: 652: 534: 512: 508: 207: 196: 7291: 6293:(1928-2024), German-American physicist, co-laureate of the Nobel Prize in Physics 2000 6015: 5651:

in Erfurt (500 students) and the SRH College for nursing and allied medical subjects (

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TEAG Thüringer Energie AG in Erfurt, the largest electric utility company in Thuringia

4268: 1300: 7619: 7494: 7003: 6148: 5989: 5973:(1816–1888), maker of optical instruments commonly known for the company he founded, 5471: 5467: 5405: 5299: 5171: 5163: 5155: 5111: 4951: 4908: 4853: 4531: 3308: 3170: 1789: 1435: 1411: 1392: 1296: 1288: 1287:. South of the Thuringian Basin is the state's largest mountain range, marked by the 1268: 947: 797: 789: 724: 703: 672: 664: 546: 414: 84: 67: 6171:(1872–1950), French politician, three times Prime Minister of France, imprisoned in 5435:

in the municipal power stations. The most important forms of renewable energies are

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The unemployment rate stood at 5.9% in 2023 and was higher than the German average.

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Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland – Kirchemitgliederzahlen Stand 31. Dezember 2018

6332: 6230: 6158: 6029: 5992:(1821–1868), linguist, he attempted to reconstruct the Proto-Indo-European language 5448: 5159: 5058: 5050: 5031: 5009: 4922: 4857: 4655: 4419: 4389: 4283: 4253: 4248: 4238: 3221: 3048: 2661: 2657: 1880: 1446: 1419: 1341: 1224: 1082: 959: 750: 629: 488: 469: 108: 6268: 5053:

as an important east–west connection in central Germany and the main link between

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The present State of Thuringia was recreated with slightly altered borders during

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The German higher education system comprises two forms of academic institutions:

4462: 3343: 2688: 1807: 1364: 1015: 880: 876: 836: 792:. With the division of the house of Wettin in 1485, Thuringia went to the senior 777: 676: 538: 496: 54: 5900:(1744–1803), philosopher, theologian, poet, and literary critic, introduces the 5195: 1199:

The landscapes of Thuringia are quite diverse. The far north is occupied by the

984:, these small states merged into one state, called the Free State of Thuringia ( 7642: 7627: 7592: 7121: 6963: 6695: 6476: 6187: 6117:(1863–1957), Belgian painter, architect and interior designer, established the 6108: 5789: 5732: 5594: 5413: 4627: 4583: 1843: 1834:

have been remediated. Today's environmental problems are the salination of the

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and was expanded to include parts of Prussian Saxony, such as the areas around

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plain in the south. Eastern Thuringia, commonly described as the area east of

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From the northwest going clockwise; Thuringia borders on the German states of

7761: 7341: 7336: 7077: 6967: 6594: 6296: 6256: 6246: 6238: 6090: 6075: 6021: 6004: 5974: 5831: 5797: 5769: 5251: 5219: 5151: 5147: 4587: 4575: 4567: 4491: 4470: 4393: 4318: 4313: 3454:

Thuringia is notable for being the first and only state in Germany where the

3118: 2745: 1904: 1892: 1650: 1256: 1248: 1212: 1167: 1071: 1034: 927: 805: 711: 578: 492: 448: 134: 121: 6923: 5708: 5211: 4970: 4642:. Therefore, many Thuringians are working in other German Lands and even in 3181: 2668:(2,000). The number of foreigners varies between regions: the college towns 1415: 1244: 1094: 844: 688: 7041: 5537: 5444: 5432: 5387: 5283: 5223: 5179: 5143: 5027: 4535: 4520: 4373: 3875: 3380: 2645: 1376: 1163: 894: 761: 660: 570: 554: 444: 192: 6455:

Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder | Gemeinsames Statistikportal

6168: 5363: 5175: 3527: 1846:

and overfertilisation in agriculture, damaging the soil and small rivers.

7144: 7029: 6568: 6099: 6063: 5775: 5726: 5554: 5061:

as the main north–south route in eastern Germany, connecting Berlin with

4647: 4423: 3780: 3365: 3331: 2778: 2762: 2749: 2519: 1908: 1900: 1815: 1785: 1204: 989: 981: 848: 821: 801: 640:, came to central Europe together with them, and lived before in what is 586: 582: 550: 5564:

Thuringia is home to a K-12 international school in the city of Weimar,

5335: 5139: 5115: 4571: 1252: 906:

from 1795 to 1814, and the territory was included within the Napoleonic

7712: 7584: 6272: 6234: 6172: 6071: 6049: 5970: 5939: 5588: 5565: 5558: 5436: 5239: 5207: 5174:

is another west–east connection in the north of Thuringia running from

4551: 3507:(CDU) recorded small gains and came second with 24%. The newly-founded 3277: 2770: 2701: 1819: 1423: 1260: 1046: 1030: 922:

also acquired some Thuringian territory and administered it within the

825: 633: 5583:

is the largest university in Thuringia and one of the best in Germany.

4400: 1185: 7286: 6902: 6262: 6177: 6127: 6103: 6035: 5999: 5980: 5903: 5379: 5355: 5339: 5295: 5275: 5167: 5123: 5066: 4861: 4555: 4495: 4450: 4431: 4378: 4263: 3352: 3216: 1418:. The centre of Thuringia is eight kilometres south of the capital's 1337: 1236: 1216: 1135: 1107: 856: 809: 747: 736: 625: 480: 311: 234: 6093:(1848–1925), mathematician, logician, and philosopher, professor at 1796: 1345: 1014:, with a minimum voting age of 21. Between 1920 and 1932, under the 914:

confirmed these changes and the Thuringian states' inclusion in the

772:(1247–1264), the western half became independent under the name of " 7065: 6300: 6220: 6207: 6079: 5923: 5835: 5805: 5736: 5721: 5639:(3,000 students). In addition, there is a civil service college in 5347: 5291: 5271: 5235: 5135: 5074: 5046: 4876: 4841: 4667: 4516: 4503: 4499: 4435:

maize, rapeseed, wheat, barley and sugar beets in the crop sector.

3233: 3113: 2721: 2582: 1403: 1333: 1312: 349: 5720:(1685–1750), composer and musician of the Baroque period, born in 5711:(1661–1733), composer and organist of the Baroque period, born in 5310:

to Frankfurt while the latter is served hourly by ICE trains from

3330:, the most prominent Christian denomination in Thuringia has been 3130: 1081:

After being controlled briefly by the US following the end of the

7597: 7499: 7127: 7023: 6737:"Far-right AfD wins eastern state in Germany's regional election" 6215: 6201: 6191: 6181: 6162: 6152: 6122: 5678: 5617: 5526: 5440: 5428: 5383: 5307: 5255: 5191: 5166:

starts at the A71 south of Erfurt in Suhl and runs south towards

5131: 5119: 5098: 4643: 4639: 4603: 4547: 4543: 4442:

Most agricultural enterprises are large cooperatives, founded as

3025: 2926: 2782: 2758: 2729: 2681: 2624: 2498: 2435: 1827: 1811: 1407: 1360: 1320: 1276: 1228: 1175: 1139: 1102: 1006: 993: 680: 436: 410: 280: 154: 6451:"Bruttoinlandsprodukt, Bruttowertschöpfung | Statistikportal.de" 1899:

all tribes in what is now southern half of Eastern Germany. The

7539: 7245: 7225: 7115: 7071: 6914: 6723:"German far right wins first major election since World War II" 6131: 5935: 5686: 5682: 5550: 5495: 5315: 5311: 5279: 5263: 5259: 5102: 5086: 5082: 5062: 5054: 4955: 4936: 4894: 4845: 4659: 4559: 4454: 4361: 4337: 3060: 3010: 2911: 2774: 2766: 2754: 2741: 2733: 2725: 2709: 2677: 2669: 2561: 2540: 2477: 1912: 1891:

river. The main Slavic tribe in what is now Thuringia were the

1457: 1442: 1171: 1090: 997: 864: 754: 684: 531: 484: 452: 432: 420: 337: 316: 164: 6691:"Germany's far-right AfD: 'We have a clear mandate to govern'" 5647:

in Weimar (800 students) as well as two private colleges, the

5393:

A few small airports are in Thuringia. In public transport is

5114:

crosses the Land in southwest–northeast direction, connecting

3163: 2992: 2959: 1348:

river, a flat, fertile and densely settled agricultural area.

1232: 1033:

first gained real political power during the Weimar Republic.

7473: 7035: 7002: 6773:"Zukunftsatlas: Leipzig ist dynamischste Region Deutschlands" 6242: 5886: 5804:, translation of the New Testament from Greek into German at 5690: 5267: 5078: 5070: 4988: 4635: 4562:

mining districts were established around 1900. These are the

4466: 3518:

party in Germany since World War II to win a state election.

3446:. In 2017 the party got 22.7%, while in 2021 they got 24.0%. 3396: 3360: 3043: 2737: 2456: 1896: 1888: 1884: 1835: 1380: 1372: 1368: 1352: 1316: 1304: 1220: 1179: 902:

Some reordering of the Thuringian states occurred during the

773: 668: 462: 440: 6335: 4490:(a world centre for optical instruments with companies like 3442:(AfD), the party emerged as the largest in Thuringia in the 1879:

During the Middle Ages, Thuringia was at the border between

7240: 7235: 7230: 6359: 6356: 6338: 6224: 5695: 5674: 5491: 5287: 5127: 5094: 5090: 4663: 4611: 4595: 4539: 4511: 4487: 4458: 4382: 4355: 4349: 4343: 3503:

and the Free Democratic Party lost all of their seats. The

3473: 3348: 3148: 2977: 2944: 2717: 2713: 2673: 2603: 1916: 1839: 1356: 1200: 1131: 1127: 656: 637: 473: 428: 424: 6669:"Germany's far-right populist AfD: No gains, small losses" 6353: 1367:

and White Elster, drains the most part of Thuringia. The

1299:

in the south-east. Most of this range is forested and the

753:

tribe who occupied it around AD 300, Thuringia came under

6892: 6617:"Largest groups of foreign residents by 31 December 2023" 6347: 5813:(1749–1832), writer and statesman, went to live in Weimar 5685:

is a centre of Germany's horticultural research, whereas

5522: 5039: 4507: 3335: 1810:

as its predominant species, as can still be found in the

391: 6271:(1923–2011), Spanish writer and politician, deported to 5998:(1833–1897), composer and pianist, frequent sojourns at 5926:(1769–1821), French military and political leader, twin 1814:

mountains today. In the uplands, a mixture of beech and

891:, a defunct principality in the modern state's borders. 2712:

of +6,700 persons (33 per 1000 inhabitants), +1,800 to

1085:, from July 1945 the state of Thuringia came under the 727:, because a large amount of the territory is forested. 5466:

The water supply is granted by the big dams, like the

4558:

in the east of the Land started in the 1870s, and two

423:

is the capital and largest city. Other cities include

6846:"Federal Statistical Office Germany - GENESIS-Online" 6525: 6350: 6259:(1909–1951), Nazi SS officer, executed for war crimes 1215:

as most important river. The north-west includes the

675:, Thuringia had its own dynasty again, the Ernestine 455:. It has been known as "the green heart of Germany" ( 6477:"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab" 6344: 5322:, and the Berlin-Munich route will continue via the 5194:

in Saxony. Furthermore, there is a dense network of

5023:

is an important junction on the German rail network.

409:, officially the Free State of Thuringia, is one of 6794:"Arbeitslosenquote* in Thüringen von 2001 bis 2019" 6551:"Thüringen - Training Grounds for Olympic Athletes" 6341: 5105:, connecting Thuringia's most important cities. At 3371:The Protestant parishes of Thuringia belong to the 1219:, a hilly and sometimes forested region, where the 651:The Thuringian Realm existed until after 531. The 5914:(1769), served as General Superintendent in Weimar 5202:2015). Envisaged projects include upgrades of the 3411:EKD Protestant membership in 2011 (municipalities) 926:. The Thuringian duchies which became part of the 541:. The modern state was established in 1920 by the 5885:), theologian, philosopher and mystic, born near 5536:lived in Thuringia and founded the world's first 5478:, making a drinking water exporter of Thuringia. 4449:Thuringia's only wine-growing district is around 3534: 2695: 764:in 1130 AD. After the extinction of the reigning 589:. Thuringia was re-established in 1990 following 7778:NUTS 2 statistical regions of the European Union 7759: 5218:from Eisenach to Meiningen to improve access to 5214:'s connection to the national road network, the 3484: 2777:(+1,000), whereas the balance was negative with 1066:" of 30 January 1934, which replaced the German 1004:was simpler than those of its predecessors. The 879:first appearance anywhere in a German-ethnicity 717:Symbols of Thuringia in popular culture are the 28:"Thüringen" redirects here. For other uses, see 4614:in eastern Thuringia and the operating company 4510:started its car production in the 1920s and an 6526:Verein Fur Naturkunde, Kassel (30 July 2009). 5427:The traditional energy supply of Thuringia is 4621: 3377:Evangelical Church of Hesse Electorate-Waldeck 1351:There are two large rivers in Thuringia. The 1101:. Erfurt became the new capital of Thuringia. 800:", consisting, among others, of the states of 768:line of counts and landgraves in 1247 and the 7459: 7184: 6988: 4444:Landwirtschaftliche Produktionsgenossenschaft 4333:Furthermore, there are five urban districts: 3368:in Thuringia without any societal influence. 2870:List of towns and municipalities in Thuringia 2863: 1118:dissolved its states, and created districts ( 6636:Statistische Ämter des Bundes Und der Länder 6595:"World Weather Information Service - Erfurt" 6469: 6401: 6282: 6276: 6140: 5949: 5943: 5909: 5901: 5745: 5592: 3438:Thuringia is a stronghold for the far right 3423:Catholic membership in 2011 (municipalities) 2687:The Thuringian population has a significant 1410:is in Thuringia, within the municipality of 1119: 456: 46: 6938: 6820:"Arbeitslosenquote nach Bundesländern 2023" 5623:The polytechnics of Thuringia are based in 4412: 1279:. Within the Basin the smaller hill chains 1062:was formally abolished as a result of the " 735:For the earlier history of the region, see 610:Coat of arms of the landgraves of Thuringia 593:, slightly re-drawn, and became one of the 565:, and its borders were reformed, to become 7793:States and territories established in 1990 7783:States and territories established in 1920 7466: 7452: 7191: 7177: 6995: 6981: 5422: 2411:Significant foreign resident populations 1227:, a very fertile and flat area around the 1029:Thuringia was one of the states where the 969: 573:in 1949, but was dissolved in 1952 during 495:destination – half of Germany's 136 7004:States of the Federal Republic of Germany 2874:List of cities in Thuringia by population 2832: 2821: 1780: 5575: 5026: 5015: 5004: 4399: 4388: 4372: 4324: 4229:Thuringia is divided into 17 districts ( 3480:List of minister-presidents of Thuringia 3474:List of minister-presidents of Thuringia 1795: 1784: 1184: 893: 604: 600: 5673:Thuringia's leading research centre is 5451:. Furthermore, Thuringia hosts two big 5320:Erfurt–Leipzig/Halle high-speed railway 2851:Natural growth January–November 2017 = 2840:Natural growth January–November 2016 = 883:, within what today comprises Germany, 7788:1952 disestablishments in East Germany 7760: 6431: 6429: 6427: 5654:SRH Fachhochschule für Gesundheit Gera 4480: 4469:valley. Its production is marketed as 3514:The AfD in Thuringia became the first 2170: 1940: 1874: 1064:Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich 870: 254:16,171 km (6,244 sq mi) 7447: 7172: 6976: 6788: 6786: 6743:from the original on 1 September 2024 6703:from the original on 1 September 2024 6406: 6380: 6104:Jenaer Glaswerk Schott & Genossen 4191: 4168: 4145: 4122: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3373:Evangelical Church in Central Germany 2648:rate of 42% which continues to rise. 2638: 5960:(1770–1831), philosopher, author of 5332:Neudietendorf–Ritschenhausen railway 1903:movement led to the assimilation of 1074:. Thuringia was the location of the 898:Map of the Thuringian States in 1890 597:of the Federal Republic of Germany. 577:, and divided into the Districts of 6876:"Thüringer Landesamt für Statistik" 6671:. Deutsche Welle. 27 September 2021 6597:. World Meteorological Organization 6587: 6502:"Thüringer Landesamt für Statistik" 6424: 6212:Weimar Saxon-Grand Ducal Art School 6119:Weimar Saxon-Grand Ducal Art School 5324:Nuremberg–Erfurt high-speed railway 4566:in the north of the state, between 4224: 2788: 1391:on the River Saale, as well as the 1328:in the north, the flat and fertile 1307:river valley, dividing it from the 1049:won six deputies to the Thuringian 13: 6852:. 13 November 2018. Archived from 6783: 6683: 5581:Friedrich Schiller University Jena 3355:in the northwest and parts of the 2165: 1935: 14: 7814: 7204:Urban and rural districts in the 6886: 6287:art festival, Weimar, summer 1995 5499:provision because of overageing. 5457:Goldisthal Pumped Storage Station 4995: 4618:was under direct Soviet control. 4032:Marxist–Leninist Party of Germany 2392:Thüringer Landesamt für Statistik 1772:World Meteorological Organization 1397:Goldisthal Pumped Storage Station 859:district, which was ruled by the 831:Thuringia generally accepted the 537:was established around 631 AD by 7574: 7209: 7199: 7099: 6957: 6331: 6056: 6042: 6028: 6014: 5856: 5842: 5823: 5782: 5768: 5754: 5701: 5510: 5057:and south-west Germany, and the 5049:were built across the Land, the 5045:During the 1930s, the first two 4977: 4962: 4944: 4929: 4915: 4901: 4883: 4869: 3526: 3416: 3404: 3239: 3232: 3204: 3197: 3169: 3162: 3136: 3129: 3101: 3094: 3066: 3059: 3031: 3024: 2998: 2991: 2965: 2958: 2932: 2925: 2854: 2853: 2843: 2842: 2831: 2820: 2810: 2809: 2799: 2798: 2617: 2596: 2575: 2554: 2533: 2512: 2491: 2470: 2449: 2428: 1854:mountains, founded in 1997, the 1111:Eisenach, was ceded to Bavaria. 930:in 1871 during the Prussian-led 770:War of the Thuringian Succession 646:Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus 624:derives from the Germanic tribe 517:Ilmenau University of Technology 107: 90: 78: 6868: 6838: 6812: 6765: 6755: 6729: 6715: 6661: 6649: 6624: 6609: 5571: 5404:International hub airports are 3849:Action Party for Animal Welfare 3511:debuted in third place at 16%. 3383:region). Catholic dioceses are 2829:Deaths January–November 2017 = 2818:Deaths January–November 2016 = 2807:Births January–November 2017 = 2796:Births January–November 2016 = 1869: 1838:river, caused by discharges of 877:black-red-gold tricolour flag's 757:domination in the 6th century. 569:. Thuringia became part of the 6561: 6543: 6519: 6494: 6443: 6395: 6321: 5659:Duale Hochschule Gera-Eisenach 5645:College of Music "Franz Liszt" 5605:Technische Universität Ilmenau 5566:Thuringia International School 4852:(UNESCO World Heritage Site), 4848:(UNESCO World Heritage Site), 4844:(UNESCO World Heritage Site), 3491:2024 Thuringian state election 3468:2024 Thuringian state election 3464:2019 Thuringian state election 2696:Natural and spatial tendencies 2422:Population (31 December 2023) 1207:, a fertile floodplain around 1002:coat of arms of this new state 976:State of Thuringia (1920–1952) 958:and the two principalities of 204: • Governing parties 1: 7773:States of the Weimar Republic 7475:States of the Weimar Republic 6417: 6408:[ˈfʁaɪʃtaːtˈtyːʁɪŋən] 6237:, observer and discoverer of 5964:, extraordinary Professor at 5958:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 5875: 4582:on the Hessian border around 3485:September 2024 state election 2419:Population (31 December 2022) 1860:Thuringian Forest Nature Park 1157: 1076:Buchenwald concentration camp 671:river in the west. After the 6278:"Mère blafarde, tendre sœur" 5934:at the governor's palace in 5561:found elsewhere in Germany. 5502: 5000: 4757:Unemployment rate in % 3340:Protestant Church in Germany 3262:Religion in Thuringia - 2018 3212: 3177: 3144: 3109: 3074: 3039: 3006: 2973: 2940: 2907: 2724:(33 per 1000) and +1,300 to 1379:, itself a tributary of the 1152: 1000:became the new capital. The 910:organized in 1806. The 1815 867:and its immediate vicinity. 659:mountains in the north, the 525:Bauhaus University of Weimar 7: 6962:Geographic data related to 6621:German Statistical Office. 6085:Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche 5962:the Phenomenology of Spirit 5898:Johann Gottfried von Herder 5668: 5352:Sangerhausen–Erfurt railway 5298:. The former has an hourly 4622:General economic parameters 4598:took over the mines in the 3998:Ecological Democratic Party 3433: 3428: 3252: 3228: 3225: 3193: 3190: 3158: 3155: 3125: 3122: 3090: 3087: 3055: 3052: 3020: 3017: 2987: 2984: 2954: 2951: 2921: 2918: 1887:territories, marked by the 1723:Average precipitation days 1579:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1509:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1359:, with its tributaries the 1203:mountains, followed by the 1012:proportional representation 889:Principality of Reuss-Greiz 863:, and to a small degree in 784:, the nucleus of the later 557:, Thuringia came under the 458:das grüne Herz Deutschlands 435:. Thuringia is bordered by 10: 7819: 5932:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 5918:Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland 5850:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 5811:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 5549:. The former leads to the 5514: 5410:Berlin Brandenburg Airport 5401:is a further key airport. 4835: 4368: 4214: 4118: 3611:Christian Democratic Union 3525: 3509:Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance 3505:Christian Democratic Union 3488: 3477: 2867: 2864:Cities, towns and villages 1926: 1769: 1455: 1429: 1116:German Democratic Republic 973: 908:Confederation of the Rhine 734: 730: 695:joined Thuringia in 1945. 571:German Democratic Republic 505:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 30:Thüringen (disambiguation) 27: 23:Thuringia (disambiguation) 20: 7709: 7682: 7664: 7618: 7611: 7583: 7572: 7482: 7350: 7254: 7218: 7137: 7108: 7097: 7010: 6573:aussenlager-buchenwald.de 6277: 6214:, the predecessor of the 6121:, the predecessor of the 5613:Bauhaus University Weimar 5481: 5399:Leipzig–Altenburg Airport 5162:) and large bridges. The 4602:. Between 1950 and 1990, 4210: 4192:Registered voters/turnout 4187: 4164: 4141: 4089: 4067: 3950: 3923: 3862: 3645:Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht 3317: 3307: 3302: 3292: 3287: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3261: 2720:(14 per 1000), +1,400 to 2716:(19 per 1000), +1,400 to 2389: 1953:— 1722: 1648: 1578: 1508: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1422:, in the municipality of 952:Schwarzburg-Sondershausen 887:as the state flag of the 700:coat of arms of Thuringia 653:Landgraviate of Thuringia 628:, who emerged during the 491:makes it a well-equipped 479:Thuringia is home to the 387: 368: 358: 348: 327: 310: 302: 294: 289: 279: 271: 263: 258: 250: 245: 232: 221: 203: 185: 175: 170: 160: 150: 115: 106: 74: 65: 40: 7157:Württemberg-Hohenzollern 6893:Official government site 6569:"Buchenwald war überall" 6314: 6198:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe 5928:battle of Jena-Auerstedt 5665:) in Gera and Eisenach. 5649:Adam-Ries-Fachhochschule 5360:Gotha–Leinefelde railway 5328:Erfurt's central station 4891:Goethe–Schiller Monument 4413:Agriculture and forestry 3449: 3351:). Catholic regions are 1078:with multiple subcamps. 1039:Minister of the Interior 545:through a merger of the 44: 7206:Free State of Thuringia 6850:www-genesis.destatis.de 6506:statistik.thueringen.de 6303:), professional cyclist 5930:, 14 October 1806, met 5892:Lucas Cranach the Elder 5643:with 500 students, the 5525:school system with the 5453:pumped storage stations 5423:Energy and water supply 5286:from Halle/Leipzig via 4594:was abandoned, whereas 4578:at its centre, and the 3713:Social Democratic Party 3577:Alternative for Germany 3497:Alternative for Germany 3460:Alternative for Germany 3444:2021 national elections 3440:Alternative for Germany 1434:Thuringia's climate is 1371:– the headwater of the 1291:in the north-west, the 1190:Meuselbach-Schwarzmühle 970:Free State of Thuringia 663:river in the east, the 563:Allied-occupied Germany 487:. Its winter resort of 483:, Germany's best-known 303: • Per capita 275:130/km (340/sq mi) 42:Free State of Thuringia 7402:North Rhine-Westphalia 7397:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 7317:Schmalkalden-Meiningen 7054:North Rhine-Westphalia 7048:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 6402: 6377: 6283: 6141: 5950: 5944: 5910: 5902: 5817:Friedrich von Schiller 5746: 5593: 5584: 5234:for strengthening the 5200:Bundesverkehrswegeplan 5154:. The crossing of the 5035: 5034:at Anger (city centre) 5024: 5021:Erfurt Central Station 5013: 4550:surface mining around 4405: 4397: 4386: 4330: 4329:Districts of Thuringia 4294:Schmalkalden-Meiningen 3747:Alliance 90/The Greens 3328:Protestant Reformation 2894:Pop. 31 December 2020 1864:South Harz Nature Park 1856:Rhön Biosphere Reserve 1803: 1793: 1781:Nature and environment 1332:in the middle and the 1295:in the middle and the 1196: 1120: 1087:Soviet occupation zone 956:Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 932:unification of Germany 899: 851:found many adherents. 833:Protestant Reformation 782:Margraviate of Meissen 613: 575:administrative reforms 559:Soviet occupation zone 457: 298:€71.430 billion (2022) 47: 7332:Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis 6924:"Thuringia (Germany)" 6481:hdi.globaldatalab.org 6309:(1936–2019), engineer 6251:Sonneberg Observatory 5762:Johann Sebastian Bach 5718:Johann Sebastian Bach 5635:(2,500 students) and 5579: 5395:Erfurt–Weimar Airport 5030: 5019: 5008: 4403: 4392: 4376: 4328: 4309:Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis 3815:Free Democratic Party 3387:(most of Thuringia), 3187:Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis 1923:Historical population 1830:surface mines around 1799: 1788: 1355:, a tributary of the 1188: 1056:Nazi seizure of power 897: 667:in the south and the 608: 601:Etymology and symbols 501:Johann Sebastian Bach 329: • Summer ( 135:50.86111°N 11.05194°E 7525:Mecklenburg-Strelitz 7520:Mecklenburg-Schwerin 7407:Rhineland-Palatinate 7302:Saale-Holzland-Kreis 7060:Rhineland-Palatinate 6919:Thuringian flags at 6699:. 1 September 2024. 6557:on 22 February 2008. 6233:(1892–1968), German 5609:University of Erfurt 5517:Education in Germany 5416:in adjacent states. 5368:Halle–Kassel railway 4279:Saale-Holzland-Kreis 3964:Pirate Party Germany 3458:(Die Linke) and the 3391:(eastern parts) and 1311:in the west and the 1147:German reunification 1054:post. Following the 1043:coalition government 936:Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 916:German Confederation 904:German Mediatisation 841:German Peasants' War 591:German reunification 521:University of Erfurt 511:. The state has the 272: • Density 180:Landtag of Thuringia 21:For other uses, see 7312:Saalfeld-Rudolstadt 6926:. Fotw.vexillum.com 6856:on 13 November 2018 6403:Freistaat Thüringen 6382:[ˈtyːʁɪŋən] 5938:in the presence of 5476:Thuringian Highland 5376:Leipzig–Hof railway 5344:Weimar–Gera railway 5065:. The A4 runs from 4985:Friedenstein Palace 4481:Industry and mining 4289:Saalfeld-Rudolstadt 4146:Invalid/blank votes 3937:Bündnis Deutschland 3522: 3466:and the AfD in the 3399:in the very west). 2412: 1924: 1875:Demographic history 1293:Thuringian Highland 1194:Thuringian Highland 986:Freistaat Thüringen 871:Early modern period 861:Archbishop of Mainz 847:and elsewhere, the 760:Thuringia became a 683:territories around 470:left-bank tributary 131: / 48:Freistaat Thüringen 7427:Schleswig-Holstein 7084:Schleswig-Holstein 6903:Official Directory 6115:Henry van de Velde 6095:University of Jena 6009:University of Jena 5985:University of Jena 5966:University of Jena 5942:, 2 October 1808 ( 5924:Napoléon Bonaparte 5864:Friedrich Schiller 5631:(5,000 students), 5627:(4,500 students), 5601:University of Jena 5591:and polytechnics ( 5585: 5374:to Kassel and the 5248:Thuringian Railway 5036: 5025: 5014: 4406: 4398: 4387: 4331: 3521: 2639:Current population 2410: 1922: 1842:salt mines around 1804: 1794: 1197: 1138:Kreis was part of 964:Reuss Younger Line 924:Province of Saxony 920:Kingdom of Prussia 912:Congress of Vienna 900: 875:The modern German 741:Duchy of Thuringia 614: 535:Duchy of Thuringia 513:University of Jena 509:Friedrich Schiller 295: • Total 264: • Total 251: • Total 188:Minister-President 140:50.86111; 11.05194 7798:States of Germany 7755: 7754: 7705: 7704: 7441: 7440: 7367:Baden-Württemberg 7166: 7165: 7151:Württemberg-Baden 7018:Baden-Württemberg 6943:. Flaggenkunde.de 6939:Marcus Schmöger. 6725:. September 2024. 6658:EKD, January 2020 6529:A. Trinius (1898) 6275:, realization of 6149:Vassily Kandinsky 5990:August Schleicher 5472:Thuringian Forest 5468:Leibis-Lichte Dam 5406:Frankfurt Airport 5378:from Leipzig via 5156:Thuringian Forest 4909:Thuringian Forest 4854:Thuringian Forest 4833: 4832: 4574:in the east with 4532:Thuringian Forest 4222: 4221: 3322: 3321: 3247: 3246: 2636: 2635: 2404: 2403: 2385: 2384: 2155: 2154: 1919:) kept growing). 1801:Großer Inselsberg 1790:Thuringian Forest 1777: 1776: 1456:Climate data for 1404:geographic centre 1393:Leibis-Lichte Dam 1297:Franconian Forest 1289:Thuringian Forest 1269:Thuringian Forest 948:Saxe-Coburg-Gotha 837:Roman Catholicism 790:Kingdom of Saxony 704:flag of Thuringia 673:Treaty of Leipzig 665:Franconian Forest 547:Ernestine duchies 397: 396: 176: • Body 60: 7810: 7803:Former republics 7657: 7616: 7615: 7578: 7562: 7554: 7545:Schaumburg-Lippe 7468: 7461: 7454: 7445: 7444: 7356:of German states 7307:Saale-Orla-Kreis 7262:Altenburger Land 7213: 7203: 7193: 7186: 7179: 7170: 7169: 7103: 6997: 6990: 6983: 6974: 6973: 6961: 6960: 6952: 6950: 6948: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6907: 6880: 6879: 6872: 6866: 6865: 6863: 6861: 6842: 6836: 6835: 6833: 6831: 6816: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6805: 6790: 6781: 6780: 6769: 6763: 6759: 6753: 6752: 6750: 6748: 6733: 6727: 6726: 6719: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6687: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6676: 6665: 6659: 6653: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6628: 6622: 6620: 6613: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6602: 6591: 6585: 6584: 6582: 6580: 6565: 6559: 6558: 6553:. Archived from 6547: 6541: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6523: 6517: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6498: 6492: 6491: 6489: 6487: 6473: 6467: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6447: 6441: 6440: 6433: 6411: 6410: 6405: 6399: 6393: 6392: 6391: 6390: 6384: 6372: 6366: 6365: 6362: 6361: 6358: 6355: 6352: 6349: 6346: 6343: 6340: 6337: 6330: 6325: 6286: 6280: 6279: 6231:Cuno Hoffmeister 6159:Lyonel Feininger 6144: 6142:Hofkapellmeister 6060: 6046: 6032: 6018: 5977:, born in Weimar 5953: 5951:"Voilà un homme" 5947: 5913: 5911:Kritische Wälder 5907: 5884: 5880: 5877: 5860: 5846: 5827: 5786: 5772: 5758: 5749: 5747:Hofkapellmeister 5598: 5534:Friedrich Fröbel 5449:hydroelectricity 5196:federal highways 5170:in Bavaria. The 5160:Rennsteig Tunnel 5032:Erfurt Stadtbahn 5010:Bundesautobahn 4 4981: 4966: 4948: 4933: 4919: 4905: 4887: 4873: 4846:Classical Weimar 4677: 4676: 4570:in the west and 4420:Thuringian Basin 4284:Saale-Orla-Kreis 4239:Altenburger Land 4225:Local government 3530: 3523: 3520: 3420: 3408: 3259: 3258: 3243: 3236: 3222:Altenburger Land 3208: 3201: 3173: 3166: 3140: 3133: 3105: 3098: 3070: 3063: 3035: 3028: 3002: 2995: 2969: 2962: 2936: 2929: 2882: 2881: 2859: 2857: 2856: 2848: 2846: 2845: 2837: 2835: 2834: 2826: 2824: 2823: 2815: 2813: 2812: 2804: 2802: 2801: 2789:Vital statistics 2623: 2621: 2620: 2602: 2600: 2599: 2581: 2579: 2578: 2560: 2558: 2557: 2539: 2537: 2536: 2518: 2516: 2515: 2497: 2495: 2494: 2476: 2474: 2473: 2455: 2453: 2452: 2434: 2432: 2431: 2413: 2409: 2400: 2172: 2167: 2159: 2158: 1942: 1937: 1929: 1928: 1925: 1921: 1726: 1453: 1452: 1408:Federal Republic 1342:Altenburger Land 1225:Thuringian Basin 1125: 1105:, an exclave of 1083:Second World War 960:Reuss Elder Line 885:occurred in 1778 746:Named after the 630:Migration Period 460: 379: 334: 146: 145: 143: 142: 141: 136: 132: 129: 128: 127: 124: 111: 94: 82: 58: 50: 45: 38: 37: 35:State in Germany 16:State in Germany 7818: 7817: 7813: 7812: 7811: 7809: 7808: 7807: 7758: 7757: 7756: 7751: 7711: 7701: 7678: 7660: 7655: 7653:Weimar-Eisenach 7607: 7579: 7570: 7560: 7552: 7478: 7472: 7442: 7437: 7436: 7346: 7292:Kyffhäuserkreis 7255:Rural districts 7250: 7219:Urban districts 7214: 7197: 7167: 7162: 7133: 7104: 7095: 7006: 7001: 6958: 6946: 6944: 6929: 6927: 6922: 6905: 6889: 6884: 6883: 6874: 6873: 6869: 6859: 6857: 6844: 6843: 6839: 6829: 6827: 6818: 6817: 6813: 6803: 6801: 6792: 6791: 6784: 6771: 6770: 6766: 6760: 6756: 6746: 6744: 6735: 6734: 6730: 6721: 6720: 6716: 6706: 6704: 6689: 6688: 6684: 6674: 6672: 6667: 6666: 6662: 6654: 6650: 6640: 6638: 6630: 6629: 6625: 6615: 6614: 6610: 6600: 6598: 6593: 6592: 6588: 6578: 6576: 6567: 6566: 6562: 6549: 6548: 6544: 6534: 6532: 6524: 6520: 6510: 6508: 6500: 6499: 6495: 6485: 6483: 6475: 6474: 6470: 6460: 6458: 6449: 6448: 6444: 6435: 6434: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6414: 6400: 6396: 6386: 6385: 6368: 6334: 6328: 6327: 6326: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6291:Herbert Kroemer 6137:Richard Strauss 6076:Carl Zeiss Jena 6066: 6061: 6052: 6047: 6038: 6033: 6024: 6019: 5996:Johannes Brahms 5975:Carl Zeiss Jena 5882: 5878: 5872:Meister Eckhart 5866: 5861: 5852: 5847: 5838: 5836:Wartburg castle 5828: 5806:Wartburg castle 5792: 5787: 5778: 5773: 5764: 5759: 5742:Richard Strauss 5704: 5671: 5574: 5519: 5513: 5505: 5484: 5425: 5370:from Halle via 5362:from Erfurt to 5354:from Erfurt to 5346:from Erfurt to 5334:from Erfurt to 5003: 4998: 4991: 4982: 4973: 4967: 4958: 4949: 4940: 4934: 4925: 4920: 4911: 4906: 4897: 4888: 4879: 4874: 4842:Wartburg castle 4838: 4624: 4483: 4422:or the smaller 4415: 4371: 4323: 4269:Kyffhäuserkreis 4227: 3545: 3493: 3487: 3482: 3476: 3452: 3436: 3431: 3424: 3421: 3412: 3409: 3389:Dresden-Meissen 3344:Catholic Church 3324: 3323: 3315: 3309:Roman Catholics 3300: 3294:EKD Protestants 3285: 3255: 2876: 2866: 2852: 2841: 2830: 2819: 2808: 2797: 2791: 2698: 2641: 2618: 2616: 2597: 2595: 2576: 2574: 2555: 2553: 2534: 2532: 2513: 2511: 2492: 2490: 2471: 2469: 2450: 2448: 2429: 2427: 2406: 2394: 1877: 1872: 1783: 1778: 1724: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1432: 1301:Großer Beerberg 1285:Heilinger Höhen 1160: 1155: 1058:in Berlin, the 1016:Weimar Republic 980:In 1920, after 978: 972: 881:sovereign state 873: 744: 733: 603: 543:Weimar Republic 539:King Dagobert I 404: 403: 402: 377: 376: 328: 235:Bundestag seats 224:Bundesrat votes 139: 137: 133: 130: 125: 122: 120: 118: 117: 102: 101: 100: 99: 88: 87: 70: 61: 59: 52: 43: 36: 33: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7816: 7806: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7753: 7752: 7750: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7718: 7716: 7707: 7706: 7703: 7702: 7700: 7699: 7694: 7688: 7686: 7680: 7679: 7677: 7676: 7670: 7668: 7662: 7661: 7659: 7658: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7624: 7622: 7613: 7609: 7608: 7606: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7589: 7587: 7581: 7580: 7573: 7571: 7569: 7568: 7563: 7555: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7486: 7484: 7480: 7479: 7471: 7470: 7463: 7456: 7448: 7439: 7438: 7435: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7363: 7351: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7282:Hildburghausen 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7258: 7256: 7252: 7251: 7249: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7222: 7220: 7216: 7215: 7208:in Germany 7196: 7195: 7188: 7181: 7173: 7164: 7163: 7161: 7160: 7154: 7148: 7141: 7139: 7135: 7134: 7132: 7131: 7125: 7119: 7112: 7110: 7106: 7105: 7098: 7096: 7094: 7093: 7087: 7081: 7075: 7069: 7063: 7057: 7051: 7045: 7039: 7033: 7027: 7021: 7014: 7012: 7008: 7007: 7000: 6999: 6992: 6985: 6977: 6971: 6970: 6955: 6954: 6953: 6936: 6917: 6908: 6900: 6895: 6888: 6887:External links 6885: 6882: 6881: 6867: 6837: 6811: 6782: 6779:. 5 July 2019. 6764: 6754: 6728: 6714: 6696:Deutsche Welle 6682: 6660: 6648: 6623: 6619:. 24 May 2024. 6608: 6586: 6560: 6542: 6518: 6493: 6468: 6442: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6413: 6412: 6394: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6310: 6304: 6299:(born 1988 in 6294: 6288: 6266: 6260: 6254: 6239:variable stars 6228: 6218: 6205: 6195: 6188:Walter Gropius 6185: 6184:master, Weimar 6175: 6166: 6165:master, Weimar 6156: 6155:master, Weimar 6146: 6134: 6125: 6112: 6109:Rudolf Steiner 6106: 6097: 6088: 6082: 6069: 6068: 6067: 6062: 6055: 6053: 6048: 6041: 6039: 6034: 6027: 6025: 6020: 6013: 6002: 5993: 5987: 5978: 5968: 5955: 5921: 5915: 5895: 5889: 5869: 5868: 5867: 5862: 5855: 5853: 5848: 5841: 5839: 5829: 5822: 5814: 5808: 5795: 5794: 5793: 5790:Richard Wagner 5788: 5781: 5779: 5774: 5767: 5765: 5760: 5753: 5739: 5733:Richard Wagner 5730: 5724: 5715: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5677:, followed by 5670: 5667: 5663:Berufsakademie 5595:Fachhochschule 5573: 5570: 5512: 5509: 5504: 5501: 5483: 5480: 5461:Hohenwarte Dam 5443:, followed by 5424: 5421: 5414:Munich Airport 5206:from Gotha to 5002: 4999: 4997: 4996:Infrastructure 4994: 4993: 4992: 4983: 4976: 4974: 4968: 4961: 4959: 4950: 4943: 4941: 4935: 4928: 4926: 4921: 4914: 4912: 4907: 4900: 4898: 4889: 4882: 4880: 4875: 4868: 4850:Bauhaus Weimar 4837: 4834: 4831: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4818: 4815: 4812: 4809: 4806: 4803: 4800: 4797: 4794: 4791: 4788: 4785: 4782: 4779: 4776: 4773: 4770: 4767: 4764: 4761: 4758: 4754: 4753: 4750: 4747: 4744: 4741: 4738: 4735: 4732: 4729: 4726: 4723: 4720: 4717: 4714: 4711: 4708: 4705: 4702: 4699: 4696: 4693: 4690: 4687: 4684: 4681: 4628:European Union 4623: 4620: 4482: 4479: 4414: 4411: 4370: 4367: 4366: 4365: 4359: 4353: 4347: 4341: 4322: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4259:Hildburghausen 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4235: 4226: 4223: 4220: 4219: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4193: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4170: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4147: 4143: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4124: 4120: 4119: 4116: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4103: 4100: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4087: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4060: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4029: 4026: 4025: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4010: 4007: 4004: 4001: 3995: 3992: 3991: 3988: 3985: 3982: 3979: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3967: 3961: 3958: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3934: 3931: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3907: 3904: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3873: 3870: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3855: 3852: 3846: 3843: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3812: 3809: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3778: 3775: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3744: 3741: 3740: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3716: 3710: 3707: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3676: 3673: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3642: 3639: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3608: 3605: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3574: 3571: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3551: 3550: 3547: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3532: 3531: 3486: 3483: 3478:Main article: 3475: 3472: 3451: 3448: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3426: 3425: 3422: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3403: 3357:Rhön Mountains 3320: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3274: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3264: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3237: 3230: 3227: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3210: 3209: 3202: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3175: 3174: 3167: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3146: 3142: 3141: 3134: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3107: 3106: 3099: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3071: 3064: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3037: 3036: 3029: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3013: 3008: 3004: 3003: 2996: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2975: 2971: 2970: 2963: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2942: 2938: 2937: 2930: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2865: 2862: 2861: 2860: 2849: 2838: 2827: 2816: 2805: 2790: 2787: 2697: 2694: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2613: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2592: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2571: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2550: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2529: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2508: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2487: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2466: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2445: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2424: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2402: 2401: 2387: 2386: 2383: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2372: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2361: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2350: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2339: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2328: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2317: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2306: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2295: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2284: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2273: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2262: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2251: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2240: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2229: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2218: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2207: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2196: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2185: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2174: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2156: 2153: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2142: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2131: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2120: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2109: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2098: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2087: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2076: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2065: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2054: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2043: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2032: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2021: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2010: 2009: 2006: 2003: 1999: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1988: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1977: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1966: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1955: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1944: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1844:Unterbreizbach 1782: 1779: 1775: 1774: 1767: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1720: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1646: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1576: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1506: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1462: 1461: 1451: 1431: 1428: 1389:Hohenwarte Dam 1309:Rhön Mountains 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1068:federal system 1037:was appointed 992:voted to join 971: 968: 944:Saxe-Altenburg 940:Saxe-Meiningen 872: 869: 853:Thomas Müntzer 818:Saxe-Altenburg 814:Saxe-Meiningen 780:of the nearby 778:Wettin dynasty 732: 729: 602: 599: 497:Winter Olympic 466:drainage basin 400: 399: 398: 395: 394: 389: 385: 384: 373: 366: 365: 362: 356: 355: 352: 346: 345: 335: 325: 324: 314: 308: 307: 306:€33,656 (2022) 304: 300: 299: 296: 292: 291: 287: 286: 283: 277: 276: 273: 269: 268: 265: 261: 260: 256: 255: 252: 248: 247: 243: 242: 237: 230: 229: 226: 219: 218: 205: 201: 200: 190: 183: 182: 177: 173: 172: 168: 167: 162: 158: 157: 152: 148: 147: 113: 112: 104: 103: 95: 89: 83: 77: 76: 75: 72: 71: 66: 63: 62: 41: 34: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7815: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7765: 7763: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7708: 7698: 7697:Sondershausen 7695: 7693: 7690: 7689: 7687: 7685: 7681: 7675: 7672: 7671: 7669: 7667: 7663: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7625: 7623: 7621: 7617: 7614: 7610: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7590: 7588: 7586: 7582: 7577: 7567: 7564: 7559: 7556: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7487: 7485: 7481: 7476: 7469: 7464: 7462: 7457: 7455: 7450: 7449: 7446: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7422:Saxony-Anhalt 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7364: 7361: 7357: 7355: 7349: 7343: 7342:Weimarer Land 7340: 7338: 7337:Wartburgkreis 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7259: 7257: 7253: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7223: 7221: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7194: 7189: 7187: 7182: 7180: 7175: 7174: 7171: 7158: 7155: 7152: 7149: 7146: 7143: 7142: 7140: 7138:Former states 7136: 7129: 7126: 7123: 7120: 7117: 7114: 7113: 7111: 7107: 7102: 7091: 7088: 7085: 7082: 7079: 7078:Saxony-Anhalt 7076: 7073: 7070: 7067: 7064: 7061: 7058: 7055: 7052: 7049: 7046: 7043: 7040: 7037: 7034: 7031: 7028: 7025: 7022: 7019: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7009: 7005: 6998: 6993: 6991: 6986: 6984: 6979: 6978: 6975: 6969: 6968:OpenStreetMap 6965: 6956: 6942: 6937: 6925: 6921: 6920: 6918: 6916: 6912: 6909: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6890: 6877: 6871: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6841: 6825: 6821: 6815: 6799: 6795: 6789: 6787: 6778: 6774: 6768: 6762: 6758: 6742: 6738: 6732: 6724: 6718: 6702: 6698: 6697: 6692: 6686: 6670: 6664: 6657: 6652: 6637: 6633: 6632:"Bevölkerung" 6627: 6618: 6612: 6596: 6590: 6574: 6570: 6564: 6556: 6552: 6546: 6531: 6530: 6522: 6507: 6503: 6497: 6482: 6478: 6472: 6456: 6452: 6446: 6438: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6423: 6409: 6404: 6398: 6389: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6364: 6324: 6320: 6308: 6305: 6302: 6298: 6297:Marcel Kittel 6295: 6292: 6289: 6285: 6274: 6270: 6269:Jorge Semprún 6267: 6264: 6261: 6258: 6257:Werner Braune 6255: 6252: 6249:, founder of 6248: 6247:minor planets 6244: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6229: 6226: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6206: 6203: 6199: 6196: 6193: 6189: 6186: 6183: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6170: 6167: 6164: 6160: 6157: 6154: 6150: 6147: 6143: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6113: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6092: 6091:Gottlob Frege 6089: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6070: 6065: 6059: 6054: 6051: 6045: 6040: 6037: 6031: 6026: 6023: 6022:Ernst Haeckel 6017: 6012: 6011: 6010: 6006: 6005:Ernst Haeckel 6003: 6001: 5997: 5994: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5982: 5979: 5976: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5956: 5952: 5946: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5922: 5919: 5916: 5912: 5906: 5905: 5899: 5896: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5873: 5870: 5865: 5859: 5854: 5851: 5845: 5840: 5837: 5833: 5832:Martin Luther 5826: 5821: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5798:Martin Luther 5796: 5791: 5785: 5780: 5777: 5771: 5766: 5763: 5757: 5752: 5751: 5748: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5734: 5731: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5710: 5707: 5706: 5702:Personalities 5699: 5697: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5666: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5655: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5621: 5619: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5597: 5596: 5590: 5582: 5578: 5569: 5567: 5562: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5539: 5538:Kindergartens 5535: 5530: 5528: 5524: 5518: 5511:School system 5508: 5500: 5497: 5493: 5488: 5479: 5477: 5473: 5470:, within the 5469: 5464: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5402: 5400: 5396: 5391: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5306:service from 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5250:, connecting 5249: 5243: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5220:Bad Salzungen 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5184:Heiligenstadt 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5152:Saxony-Anhalt 5149: 5145: 5141: 5138:, Erfurt and 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5043: 5041: 5033: 5029: 5022: 5018: 5011: 5007: 4990: 4986: 4980: 4975: 4972: 4965: 4960: 4957: 4953: 4947: 4942: 4938: 4932: 4927: 4924: 4918: 4913: 4910: 4904: 4899: 4896: 4892: 4886: 4881: 4878: 4872: 4867: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4795: 4792: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4771: 4768: 4765: 4762: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4751: 4748: 4745: 4742: 4739: 4736: 4733: 4730: 4727: 4724: 4721: 4718: 4715: 4712: 4709: 4706: 4703: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4685: 4682: 4679: 4678: 4675: 4672: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4652: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4631: 4629: 4619: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4592:Südharzrevier 4589: 4588:Bad Salzungen 4585: 4581: 4577: 4576:Sondershausen 4573: 4569: 4568:Bischofferode 4565: 4564:Südharzrevier 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4528: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4478: 4474: 4472: 4471:Saale-Unstrut 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4447: 4445: 4440: 4436: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4410: 4402: 4396:manufacturing 4395: 4394:Opel Eisenach 4391: 4384: 4380: 4375: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4351: 4348: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4336: 4335: 4334: 4327: 4320: 4319:Weimarer Land 4317: 4315: 4314:Wartburgkreis 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4171: 4167: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4144: 4139: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4095: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4072: 4069: 4064: 4062: 4061: 4057: 4054: 4051: 4048: 4045: 4042: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4027: 4023: 4020: 4017: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3993: 3989: 3986: 3983: 3980: 3977: 3974: 3971: 3968: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3959: 3955: 3952: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3925: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3871: 3867: 3864: 3859: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3844: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3810: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3769: 3766: 3763: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3742: 3738: 3735: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3708: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3683: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3674: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3640: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3606: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3572: 3552: 3533: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3517: 3512: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3492: 3481: 3471: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3447: 3445: 3441: 3419: 3414: 3407: 3402: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3395:(Rhön around 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3367: 3366:Free churches 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3334:. During the 3333: 3329: 3312: 3310: 3306: 3297: 3295: 3291: 3282: 3279: 3275: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3250: 3242: 3238: 3235: 3231: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3200: 3196: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3165: 3161: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3132: 3128: 3120: 3119:Wartburgkreis 3117: 3115: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3097: 3093: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3062: 3058: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3027: 3023: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2994: 2990: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2961: 2957: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2928: 2924: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2883: 2880: 2875: 2871: 2850: 2839: 2828: 2817: 2806: 2795: 2794: 2793: 2786: 2784: 2781:(−2,800) and 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2765:(+1,100) and 2764: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2747: 2746:Saxony-Anhalt 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2703: 2693: 2690: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2649: 2647: 2631: 2628: 2626: 2615: 2614: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2594: 2593: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2573: 2572: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2552: 2551: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2531: 2530: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2510: 2509: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2489: 2488: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2468: 2467: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2447: 2446: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2426: 2425: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2414: 2408: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2373: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2362: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2351: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2340: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2318: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2307: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2296: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2285: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2274: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2263: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2252: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2241: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2230: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2219: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2208: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2197: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2169: 2164: 2161: 2160: 2157: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2143: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2132: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2121: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2099: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2088: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2077: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2066: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2055: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2044: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2022: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2011: 2007: 2004: 2001: 2000: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1989: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1967: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1956: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1939: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1927: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1905:Slavic people 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1802: 1798: 1791: 1787: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1721: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1652: 1651:precipitation 1647: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1577: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1507: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1437: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1249:Hohe Schrecke 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1168:Saxony-Anhalt 1165: 1150: 1148: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1124: 1123: 1117: 1114:In 1952, the 1112: 1110: 1109: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1072:unitary state 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1041:in the state 1040: 1036: 1035:Wilhelm Frick 1032: 1027: 1025: 1023: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1008: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 977: 967: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 928:German Empire 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 896: 892: 890: 886: 882: 878: 868: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 829: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 806:Saxe-Eisenach 803: 799: 798:Saxon duchies 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 758: 756: 752: 749: 742: 738: 728: 726: 722: 721: 715: 713: 712:flag of Hesse 709: 705: 701: 696: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 649: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 611: 607: 598: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 533: 528: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 493:winter sports 490: 486: 482: 477: 475: 471: 467: 464: 459: 454: 450: 449:Saxony-Anhalt 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 416: 412: 408: 393: 392:thueringen.de 390: 386: 383: 374: 371: 367: 363: 361: 357: 353: 351: 350:ISO 3166 code 347: 343: 339: 336: 332: 326: 322: 318: 315: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 288: 284: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 257: 253: 249: 244: 241: 238: 236: 233: • 231: 227: 225: 222: • 220: 217: 213: 209: 206: 202: 198: 194: 191: 189: 186: • 184: 181: 178: 174: 169: 166: 163: 159: 156: 153: 149: 144: 116:Coordinates: 114: 110: 105: 98: 93: 86: 81: 73: 69: 64: 56: 49: 39: 31: 24: 19: 7710:Unrecognized 7656:(until 1920) 7561:(until 1929) 7392:Lower Saxony 7352: 7205: 7130:(since 1949) 7124:(since 1949) 7118:(since 1990) 7092:(since 1990) 7089: 7086:(since 1949) 7080:(since 1990) 7074:(since 1990) 7068:(since 1957) 7062:(since 1949) 7056:(since 1949) 7050:(since 1990) 7044:(since 1949) 7042:Lower Saxony 7038:(since 1949) 7032:(since 1990) 7026:(since 1949) 7020:(since 1952) 6945:. Retrieved 6928:. Retrieved 6870: 6858:. Retrieved 6854:the original 6849: 6840: 6828:. Retrieved 6823: 6814: 6802:. Retrieved 6797: 6776: 6767: 6757: 6745:. Retrieved 6731: 6717: 6705:. Retrieved 6694: 6685: 6673:. Retrieved 6663: 6651: 6639:. Retrieved 6635: 6626: 6611: 6599:. Retrieved 6589: 6577:. Retrieved 6572: 6563: 6555:the original 6545: 6533:. Retrieved 6528: 6521: 6509:. Retrieved 6505: 6496: 6486:13 September 6484:. Retrieved 6480: 6471: 6459:. Retrieved 6454: 6445: 6397: 6323: 6307:Michael Roth 5713:Hohenkirchen 5672: 5662: 5652: 5637:Schmalkalden 5622: 5589:universities 5586: 5572:Universities 5563: 5531: 5520: 5506: 5489: 5485: 5465: 5445:solar energy 5433:cogeneration 5426: 5418: 5403: 5392: 5284:Saal Railway 5244: 5224:Schmalkalden 5199: 5180:Lower Saxony 5144:Sangerhausen 5044: 5037: 4952:Krämerbrücke 4839: 4673: 4653: 4632: 4625: 4599: 4591: 4579: 4563: 4536:Schmalkalden 4529: 4521:Schmalkalden 4484: 4475: 4448: 4441: 4437: 4416: 4407: 4332: 4230: 4228: 3910:Family Party 3876:Values Union 3541:Constituency 3513: 3494: 3453: 3437: 3381:Schmalkalden 3370: 3325: 3248: 3153:independent 3015:independent 2982:independent 2949:independent 2916:independent 2877: 2792: 2744:. Only with 2707: 2699: 2686: 2664:(2,100) and 2650: 2646:urbanization 2642: 2405: 1893:Sorbs proper 1878: 1870:Demographics 1848: 1824: 1805: 1653:mm (inches) 1460:(1971–2000) 1441: 1433: 1401: 1385:Bleiloch Dam 1350: 1198: 1164:Lower Saxony 1161: 1144: 1113: 1106: 1080: 1059: 1050: 1028: 1021: 1005: 985: 979: 901: 874: 843:of 1525. In 830: 762:landgraviate 759: 745: 718: 716: 708:coat of arms 697: 661:White Elster 650: 621: 617: 615: 555:World War II 529: 485:hiking trail 478: 445:Lower Saxony 419: 406: 405: 193:Bodo Ramelow 97:Coat of arms 18: 7747:Würzburg SR 7722:Bavarian SR 7684:Schwarzburg 7585:City-states 7566:Württemberg 7553:(from 1920) 7477:(1919–1933) 7377:Brandenburg 7159:(1949–1952) 7153:(1949–1952) 7147:(1949–1952) 7145:South Baden 7109:City-states 7030:Brandenburg 6941:"Thüringen" 6906:(in German) 6860:13 November 6830:11 February 6826:(in German) 6800:(in German) 6747:2 September 6707:1 September 6575:(in German) 6535:21 February 6457:(in German) 6100:Otto Schott 6064:Otto Schott 5883: 1328 5879: 1260 5830:Chamber of 5776:Franz Liszt 5727:Franz Liszt 5555:Hauptschule 5547:Regelschule 5210:to improve 5059:A9 motorway 5051:A4 motorway 4969:Oldtown of 4656:A4 motorway 4648:Switzerland 4600:Werrarevier 4580:Werrarevier 4424:Goldene Aue 4169:Total votes 4123:Valid votes 3781:Free Voters 3681:(Die Linke) 3332:Lutheranism 2779:Switzerland 2763:Afghanistan 2750:Brandenburg 2520:Afghanistan 2416:Nationality 2395: [ 1909:World War I 1901:Ostsiedlung 1281:Fahner Höhe 1273:Hörselberge 1265:Steigerwald 1205:Goldene Aue 1026:were held. 990:Saxe-Coburg 982:World War I 849:Anabaptists 822:Saxe-Coburg 802:Saxe-Weimar 766:Ludowingian 551:Saxe-Coburg 549:, save for 360:NUTS Region 240:19 (of 736) 138: / 7762:Categories 7732:Bottleneck 7713:separatist 7692:Rudolstadt 7648:Saxe-Gotha 7612:Until 1920 7297:Nordhausen 6804:2 February 6777:www.lvz.de 6675:31 October 6601:22 January 6418:References 6273:Buchenwald 6235:astronomer 6173:Buchenwald 6078:, born in 6072:Ernst Abbe 6050:Carl Zeiss 5971:Carl Zeiss 5940:Talleyrand 5881: – c. 5709:Georg Böhm 5633:Nordhausen 5559:Realschule 5515:See also: 5437:wind power 5372:Nordhausen 5240:Rudolstadt 5226:, and the 5212:Mühlhausen 5208:Leinefelde 5188:Nordhausen 4971:Mühlhausen 4552:Meuselwitz 4492:Carl Zeiss 4461:along the 4409:improved. 4274:Nordhausen 4231:Landkreise 3538:Party-list 3489:See also: 3375:or to the 3326:Since the 3182:Mühlhausen 3084:Nordhausen 3079:Nordhausen 2868:See also: 2771:Montenegro 2761:(+1,200), 2757:(+1,700), 2702:birth rate 2666:Ukrainians 1725:(≥ 1.0 mm) 1424:Rockhausen 1416:Mühlhausen 1261:Ettersberg 1245:Kyffhäuser 1209:Nordhausen 1158:Topography 1099:Nordhausen 1095:Mühlhausen 1047:Nazi Party 1045:after the 1031:Nazi Party 974:See also: 845:Mühlhausen 826:Saxe-Gotha 786:Electorate 693:Nordhausen 689:Mühlhausen 634:Hermunduri 595:new states 567:contiguous 523:, and the 382:12th of 16 285:Thuringian 259:Population 171:Government 123:50°51′40″N 7768:Thuringia 7727:Bremen SR 7715:movements 7643:Meiningen 7628:Altenburg 7550:Thuringia 7530:Oldenburg 7505:Brunswick 7432:Thuringia 7360:Full list 7354:Districts 7327:Sonneberg 7287:Ilm-Kreis 7267:Eichsfeld 7090:Thuringia 6964:Thuringia 6911:Thuringia 6378:Thüringen 6370:‹See Tfd› 6329:English: 6284:Kunstfest 6263:Uziel Gal 6178:Paul Klee 6169:Léon Blum 6145:) 1889–94 6128:Max Weber 6036:Max Weber 6000:Meiningen 5981:Karl Marx 5904:Zeitgeist 5543:Gymnasium 5503:Education 5380:Altenburg 5364:Göttingen 5356:Magdeburg 5340:Meiningen 5296:Nuremberg 5276:Frankfurt 5176:Göttingen 5168:Nuremberg 5124:Meiningen 5107:Hermsdorf 5067:Frankfurt 5047:motorways 5012:near Jena 5001:Transport 4862:Rennsteig 4608:Ronneburg 4556:Altenburg 4453:north of 4451:Bad Sulza 4432:Osterland 4428:Orlasenke 4379:Jen Tower 4304:Sonneberg 4264:Ilm-Kreis 4244:Eichsfeld 4203:1,655,343 4195:1,655,343 4180:1,218,190 4172:1,218,190 4134:1,188,486 4126:1,207,836 4102:1,188,486 4093:1,207,836 3966:(Piraten) 3912:(Familie) 3516:far-right 3353:Eichsfeld 3217:Altenburg 2891:District 2689:sex ratio 2660:(3,000), 2656:(3,100), 2378:2,126,846 2367:2,108,863 2356:2,120,237 2345:2,133,378 2334:2,143,145 2323:2,151,205 2312:2,158,128 2301:2,170,714 2290:2,156,759 2279:2,160,840 2268:2,170,460 2257:2,181,603 2246:2,235,025 2235:2,249,882 2224:2,267,763 2213:2,289,219 2202:2,311,140 2191:2,334,575 2180:2,355,280 2148:2,373,157 2137:2,392,040 2126:2,411,387 2115:2,431,255 2104:2,449,082 2093:2,462,836 2082:2,478,148 2071:2,491,119 2060:2,503,785 2049:2,517,776 2038:2,723,268 2027:2,730,368 2016:2,759,084 2005:2,737,865 1994:2,932,242 1983:2,160,692 1972:1,737,544 1961:1,435,115 1950:1,172,375 1832:Ronneburg 1792:in winter 1436:temperate 1420:Cathedral 1338:Osterland 1330:Orlasenke 1241:Windleite 1237:Hainleite 1217:Eichsfeld 1211:with the 1153:Geography 1149:in 1990. 1136:Altenburg 1108:Landkreis 1024:elections 996:instead. 857:Eichsfeld 810:Saxe-Jena 794:Ernestine 748:Thuringii 737:Thuringii 720:Bratwurst 626:Thuringii 622:Thüringen 618:Thuringia 616:The name 481:Rennsteig 411:Germany's 407:Thuringia 378:very high 312:Time zone 267:2,120,237 228:4 (of 69) 7412:Saarland 7322:Sömmerda 7066:Saarland 6824:Statista 6798:Statista 6741:Archived 6701:Archived 6301:Arnstadt 6281:for the 6221:Otto Dix 6208:Jean Arp 6204:, Weimar 6194:, Weimar 6080:Eisenach 5802:Eisenach 5737:Eisenach 5722:Eisenach 5669:Research 5527:Bavarian 5474:and the 5459:and the 5348:Chemnitz 5336:Würzburg 5292:Saalfeld 5282:and the 5272:Eisenach 5242:region. 5236:Saalfeld 5140:Sömmerda 5136:Arnstadt 5116:Würzburg 5075:Eisenach 4877:Wartburg 4671:school. 4668:Eisenach 4658:such as 4572:Roßleben 4534:such as 4517:Arnstadt 4506:, where 4504:Eisenach 4500:Jenoptik 4299:Sömmerda 4215:Source: 3679:The Left 3456:The Left 3434:National 3429:Politics 3280:or other 3267:religion 3253:Religion 3114:Eisenach 2952:110,731 2919:213,692 2897:Change* 2785:(−900). 2722:Eisenach 2654:Russians 2583:Bulgaria 2390:Source: 1881:Germanic 1862:and the 1770:Source: 1718:(19.74) 1649:Average 1414:next to 1395:and the 1387:and the 1334:Vogtland 1326:Holzland 1313:Grabfeld 1253:Schmücke 1142:Bezirk. 988:); only 755:Frankish 751:Germanic 723:and the 681:Prussian 553:. After 532:Frankish 208:The Left 197:The Left 126:11°3′7″E 7742:Rhenish 7737:Bavaria 7598:Hamburg 7558:Waldeck 7535:Prussia 7500:Bavaria 7372:Bavaria 7128:Hamburg 7024:Bavaria 6898:Tourism 6641:16 June 6579:27 June 6511:21 July 6461:31 July 6216:Bauhaus 6202:Bauhaus 6192:Bauhaus 6182:Bauhaus 6163:Bauhaus 6153:Bauhaus 6123:Bauhaus 5679:Ilmenau 5618:Bauhaus 5599:). The 5545:or the 5441:biomass 5429:lignite 5384:Zwickau 5308:Dresden 5256:Leipzig 5192:Leipzig 5132:Ilmenau 5120:Bavaria 5099:Dresden 4939:skyline 4923:Oberhof 4858:Oberhof 4836:Tourism 4644:Austria 4640:Bavaria 4604:uranium 4548:lignite 4544:Ilmenau 4525:Ohrdruf 4473:wines. 4369:Economy 4217:Results 3749:(Grüne) 3693:180,207 3684:157,641 3650:190,448 3625:397,927 3616:285,141 3591:408,011 3582:396,704 3359:around 3314: 3299: 3284: 3272:percent 3226:31,101 3191:35,799 3156:36,395 3123:41,970 3088:40,969 3053:45,273 3018:65,098 2985:92,126 2858:−10,213 2825:−25,644 2814:−16,641 2783:Austria 2759:Romania 2730:Bavaria 2682:Ilmenau 2625:Vietnam 2527:10,950 2506:14,195 2499:Romania 2485:14,780 2464:22,055 2443:34,180 2436:Ukraine 1897:unified 1852:Hainich 1828:Uranium 1812:Hainich 1713:(1.24) 1708:(1.48) 1703:(1.45) 1698:(1.59) 1693:(2.08) 1688:(2.46) 1683:(2.39) 1678:(2.16) 1673:(1.59) 1668:(1.40) 1663:(0.94) 1658:(0.97) 1644:(39.7) 1639:(29.3) 1634:(33.6) 1629:(41.2) 1624:(48.4) 1619:(53.6) 1614:(53.8) 1609:(50.4) 1604:(44.8) 1599:(37.0) 1594:(32.5) 1589:(26.8) 1584:(26.4) 1574:(54.3) 1569:(38.1) 1564:(43.5) 1559:(54.9) 1554:(64.9) 1549:(72.9) 1544:(72.5) 1539:(68.2) 1534:(63.5) 1529:(54.0) 1524:(46.0) 1519:(37.8) 1514:(36.0) 1447:Oberhof 1430:Climate 1406:of the 1361:Unstrut 1321:Loquitz 1277:Hainich 1229:Unstrut 1192:at the 1176:Bavaria 1140:Leipzig 1122:Bezirke 1103:Ostheim 1070:with a 1060:Landtag 1051:Landtag 1022:Landtag 1007:Landtag 994:Bavaria 731:History 677:Wettins 644:today. 642:Galicia 489:Oberhof 472:of the 437:Bavaria 388:Website 281:Demonym 161:Capital 155:Germany 151:Country 7633:Coburg 7620:Ernest 7603:Lübeck 7593:Bremen 7540:Saxony 7490:Anhalt 7483:States 7417:Saxony 7382:Bremen 7246:Weimar 7226:Erfurt 7122:Bremen 7116:Berlin 7072:Saxony 7011:States 6947:22 May 6930:22 May 6915:Curlie 6437:"Upps" 6374:German 6243:comets 6132:Erfurt 5936:Erfurt 5874:O.P. ( 5687:Weimar 5683:Erfurt 5625:Erfurt 5551:Abitur 5496:Erfurt 5482:Health 5455:: the 5366:, the 5358:, the 5350:, the 5342:, the 5316:Munich 5312:Berlin 5280:Kassel 5264:Erfurt 5260:Weimar 5103:Saxony 5087:Weimar 5083:Erfurt 5063:Munich 5055:Berlin 4956:Erfurt 4937:Erfurt 4895:Weimar 4660:Erfurt 4616:Wismut 4560:potash 4502:) and 4496:Schott 4455:Weimar 4362:Weimar 4338:Erfurt 4183:100.00 4175:100.00 4157:29,704 4149:10,354 4105:100.00 4096:100.00 4034:(MLPD) 3854:12,113 3851:(APfT) 3829:18,706 3820:13,582 3795:33,405 3786:15,371 3761:19,092 3752:38,289 3727:92,510 3718:73,088 3659:28,478 3501:Greens 3385:Erfurt 3229:−1.27 3194:−0.38 3159:−1.68 3126:−0.12 3091:−0.35 3056:−0.05 3021:+0.35 3011:Weimar 2988:−0.55 2955:+0.47 2922:+0.68 2912:Erfurt 2903:Image 2836:26,854 2803:17,008 2775:Kosovo 2767:Serbia 2755:Poland 2742:Berlin 2734:Saxony 2726:Weimar 2710:Erfurt 2678:Weimar 2670:Erfurt 2632:4,040 2622: 2611:4,715 2601: 2590:5,240 2580: 2569:5,260 2562:Turkey 2559: 2548:5,305 2541:Russia 2538: 2517: 2503:13,475 2496: 2482:14,255 2478:Poland 2475: 2461:16,435 2454: 2440:32,150 2433: 1997:+35.7% 1986:+24.4% 1975:+21.1% 1964:+22.4% 1913:Erfurt 1895:, who 1885:Slavic 1858:, the 1816:spruce 1465:Month 1458:Erfurt 1443:Artern 1412:Vogtei 1346:Pleiße 1344:along 1172:Saxony 1097:, and 1091:Erfurt 998:Weimar 918:; the 865:Erfurt 835:, and 824:, and 725:Forest 685:Erfurt 612:(1265) 579:Erfurt 519:, the 515:, the 507:, and 453:Saxony 451:, and 433:Weimar 421:Erfurt 415:states 372:(2018) 216:Greens 165:Erfurt 55:German 51: 7674:Reuss 7666:Reuss 7638:Gotha 7515:Lippe 7510:Hesse 7495:Baden 7387:Hesse 7277:Greiz 7272:Gotha 7036:Hesse 6315:Notes 5887:Gotha 5691:Gotha 5641:Gotha 5274:with 5268:Gotha 5252:Halle 5148:Halle 5142:with 5079:Gotha 5071:Hesse 4989:Gotha 4787:11.4 4784:11.2 4781:13.1 4778:15.6 4775:17.1 4772:16.7 4769:16.7 4766:15.9 4763:15.3 4760:15.4 4752:2023 4749:2022 4746:2021 4743:2020 4740:2019 4737:2018 4734:2017 4731:2016 4728:2015 4725:2014 4722:2013 4719:2012 4716:2011 4713:2010 4710:2009 4707:2008 4704:2007 4701:2006 4698:2005 4695:2004 4692:2003 4689:2002 4686:2001 4683:2000 4680:Year 4636:Hesse 4610:near 4584:Vacha 4554:near 4467:Saale 4358:(SHL) 4254:Greiz 4249:Gotha 4206:73.59 4198:73.59 4137:97.56 4129:99.15 4090:Total 4073:2,696 4065:Other 4037:1,342 4012:2,196 4003:2,389 4000:(ÖDP) 3969:3,718 3942:5,508 3915:5,722 3890:4,192 3881:6,780 3817:(FDP) 3715:(SPD) 3696:15.16 3687:13.05 3653:15.77 3647:(BSW) 3628:33.48 3619:23.61 3613:(CDU) 3594:34.33 3585:32.84 3579:(AfD) 3569:Seats 3563:Votes 3560:Seats 3554:Votes 3546:seats 3544:Total 3535:Party 3450:State 3397:Geisa 3393:Fulda 3361:Geisa 3303:20.8% 3288:71.6% 3049:Gotha 3044:Gotha 2888:City 2885:Rank 2847:8,636 2738:Hesse 2662:Turks 2658:Poles 2629:7,385 2587:5,320 2566:4,130 2545:4,340 2524:6,250 2457:Syria 2399:] 2381:+0.9% 2375:2022 2370:−0.5% 2364:2021 2359:−0.6% 2353:2020 2348:−0.5% 2342:2019 2337:−0.4% 2331:2018 2326:−0.3% 2320:2017 2315:−0.6% 2309:2016 2304:+0.6% 2298:2015 2293:−0.2% 2287:2014 2282:−0.4% 2276:2013 2271:−0.5% 2265:2012 2260:−2.4% 2254:2011 2249:−0.7% 2243:2010 2238:−0.8% 2232:2009 2227:−0.9% 2221:2008 2216:−0.9% 2210:2007 2205:−1.0% 2199:2006 2194:−0.9% 2188:2005 2183:−0.8% 2177:2004 2151:−0.8% 2145:2003 2140:−0.8% 2134:2002 2129:−0.8% 2123:2001 2118:−0.7% 2112:2000 2107:−0.6% 2101:1999 2096:−0.6% 2090:1998 2085:−0.5% 2079:1997 2074:−0.5% 2068:1996 2063:−0.6% 2057:1995 2052:−7.5% 2046:1994 2041:−0.3% 2035:1988 2030:−1.0% 2024:1980 2019:+0.8% 2013:1970 2008:−6.6% 2002:1960 1991:1950 1980:1910 1969:1890 1958:1864 1947:1834 1889:Saale 1836:Werra 1808:beech 1765:95.1 1744:10.0 1716:501.5 1504:Year 1381:Rhine 1373:Weser 1369:Werra 1353:Saale 1317:Saale 1305:Werra 1257:Finne 1221:Leine 1213:Helme 1180:Hesse 934:were 774:Hesse 669:Werra 463:Saale 441:Hesse 375:0.928 354:DE-TH 338:UTC+2 317:UTC+1 68:State 7241:Suhl 7236:Jena 7231:Gera 6949:2010 6932:2010 6862:2018 6832:2024 6806:2020 6749:2024 6709:2024 6677:2021 6643:2018 6603:2013 6581:2024 6537:2014 6513:2021 6488:2018 6463:2023 6245:and 6225:Gera 5696:Jena 5689:and 5675:Jena 5629:Jena 5557:and 5494:and 5492:Jena 5447:and 5439:and 5412:and 5386:and 5338:and 5290:and 5288:Jena 5278:and 5270:and 5258:via 5254:and 5232:B281 5230:and 5222:and 5204:B247 5186:and 5182:via 5146:and 5128:Suhl 5122:via 5095:Gera 5093:and 5091:Jena 5073:via 4829:5.9 4826:5.3 4823:5.6 4820:6.0 4817:5.3 4814:5.5 4811:6.1 4808:6.7 4805:7.4 4802:7.8 4799:8.2 4796:8.5 4793:8.8 4790:9.8 4666:and 4664:Jena 4646:and 4638:and 4612:Gera 4586:and 4542:and 4540:Suhl 4523:and 4512:Opel 4498:and 4488:Jena 4465:and 4459:Jena 4457:and 4430:and 4383:Jena 4377:The 4364:(WE) 4356:Suhl 4350:Jena 4344:Gera 4340:(EF) 4160:2.44 4152:0.85 4076:0.23 4049:0.05 4040:0.11 4015:0.18 4006:0.20 3981:0.04 3972:0.31 3945:0.46 3939:(BD) 3918:0.47 3893:0.35 3884:0.56 3878:(WU) 3857:1.00 3832:1.57 3823:1.12 3798:2.81 3789:1.27 3783:(FW) 3764:1.61 3755:3.17 3730:7.78 3721:6.05 3662:2.40 3495:The 3470:. 3349:Gera 3318:7.6% 3278:None 3149:Suhl 2978:Gera 2945:Jena 2900:CoA 2872:and 2748:and 2740:and 2718:Jena 2714:Gera 2700:The 2680:and 2674:Jena 2604:Iraq 2166:Pop. 2162:Year 1936:Pop. 1932:Year 1917:Jena 1915:and 1883:and 1820:pine 1762:7.6 1759:7.8 1756:6.9 1753:7.4 1750:8.3 1747:8.7 1741:8.5 1738:7.9 1735:8.3 1732:6.7 1729:7.0 1711:31.5 1706:37.5 1701:36.8 1696:40.5 1691:52.8 1686:62.5 1681:60.8 1676:54.8 1671:40.3 1666:35.5 1661:23.8 1656:24.7 1637:−1.5 1617:12.0 1612:12.1 1607:10.2 1587:−2.9 1582:−3.1 1572:12.4 1557:12.7 1552:18.3 1547:22.7 1542:22.5 1537:20.1 1532:17.5 1527:12.2 1501:Dec 1498:Nov 1495:Oct 1492:Sep 1489:Aug 1486:Jul 1483:Jun 1480:May 1477:Apr 1474:Mar 1471:Feb 1468:Jan 1402:The 1377:Main 1357:Elbe 1319:and 1283:and 1275:and 1201:Harz 1178:and 1132:Suhl 1130:and 1128:Gera 1020:six 962:and 788:and 739:and 710:and 698:The 691:and 657:Harz 638:Huns 587:Gera 585:and 583:Suhl 530:The 474:Elbe 468:, a 431:and 429:Gera 425:Jena 342:CEST 246:Area 85:Flag 6966:at 6913:at 5948:) ( 5908:in 5834:at 5523:GDR 5388:Hof 5382:to 5314:to 5300:ICE 5294:to 5228:B88 5216:B19 5190:to 5178:in 5172:A38 5164:A73 5150:in 5118:in 5112:A71 5101:in 5097:to 5069:in 5040:GDR 4954:in 4893:in 4860:or 4596:K+S 4508:BMW 4463:Ilm 4352:(J) 4346:(G) 4233:): 4046:617 3978:449 3705:–17 3671:+15 3603:+10 3549:+/– 3336:GDR 3213:10 1840:K+S 1642:4.3 1632:0.9 1627:5.1 1622:9.1 1602:7.1 1597:2.8 1592:0.3 1567:3.4 1562:6.4 1522:7.8 1517:3.2 1512:2.2 1365:Ilm 1340:or 1233:Dün 620:or 561:in 413:16 401:Map 370:HDI 364:DEG 331:DST 321:CET 290:GDP 212:SPD 7764:: 7362:) 6848:. 6822:. 6796:. 6785:^ 6775:. 6739:. 6693:. 6634:. 6571:. 6504:. 6479:. 6453:. 6426:^ 6376:: 6367:; 6354:dʒ 6241:, 5876:c. 5750:) 5698:. 5620:. 5463:. 5408:, 5304:IC 5266:, 5262:, 5134:, 5130:, 5126:, 5089:, 5085:, 5081:, 5077:, 4987:, 4856:, 4662:, 4538:, 4519:, 4494:, 4426:, 4114:–2 4111:88 4108:44 4099:44 3841:–5 3773:–5 3739:–2 3702:12 3668:15 3656:15 3637:+2 3634:23 3631:11 3622:12 3600:32 3597:29 3178:9 3145:8 3110:7 3075:6 3040:5 3007:4 2974:3 2941:2 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