365:
36:
20:
1272:
427:
573:
1287:
316:
1069:
157:
466:
729:
2922:
451:
858:
897:
2224:
1037:
227:
1144:
403:. They were formed between 14,000 and 70,000 years before the present. The deposited debris can be traced back to the origin by both the nature of the materials released and the continuous path of debris release. Some paths extend more than 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) distant from the point at which the ice floes originally broke free.
1814:; Broecker, Wallace; Labeyrie, Laurent; McManus, Jerry; Andrews, John; Huon, Sylvain; Jantschik, Ruediger; Clasen, Silke; Simet, Christine; Tedesco, Kathy; Klas, Mieczyslawa; Bonani, Georges; Ivy, Susan (1992). "Evidence for massive discharges of icebergs into the North Atlantic ocean during the last glacial period".
545:
is 30 by 38 kilometres (19 mi Ă 24 mi) (and up to 100 metres or 330 feet thick). Their sources can be identified by locating the bedrock from which they were separated; several rafts from Poland and
Alberta were determined to have been transported over 300 kilometres (190 mi) from
441:
floats until the volume of its ice-rafted debris exceeds 5% of the volume of the iceberg. Therefore, a correlation between the iceberg size and the boulder size can be established. For example, a 1.5-metre-diameter (5 ft) boulder can be carried by a 3-metre-high (10 ft) iceberg and could be
1857:
Tripatia, Aradhna K.; Eagleb, Robert A.; Mortonc, Andrew; Dowdeswelld, Julian A.; Atkinsone, Katie L.; Bahéf, Yannick; Dawbera, Caroline F.; Khadung, Emma; Shawa, Ruth M.H.; Shorttleh, Oliver; Thanabalasundarami, Lavaniya (2007). "Evidence for glaciation in the
Northern Hemisphere back to 44 Ma from
422:
state). Ice-rafted debris is deposited when the iceberg strands on the shore and subsequently melts, or drops out of the ice floe as it melts. Hence all erratic deposits are deposited below the actual high water level of the lake; however, the measured altitude of ice-rafted debris can be used to
343:
channels and similar data. Erratic distributions and glacial till properties allow for identification of the source rock from which they derive, which confirms the flow direction, particularly when the erratic source outcrop is unique to a limited locality. Erratic materials may be transported by
554:
In geology an erratic is any material which is not native to the immediate locale but has been transported from elsewhere. The most common examples of erratics are associated with glacial transport, either by direct glacier-borne transport or by ice rafting. However, other erratics have been
521:. Megablocks can be so large that they are mistaken for bedrock until underlying glacial or fluvial sediments are identified by drilling or excavation. Such erratic megablocks greater than 1 square kilometre (250 acres) in area and 30 metres (98 ft) in thickness can be found on the
2078:
Edward B. Evenson, Patrick A. Burkhart, John C. Gosse, Gregory S. Baker, Dan
Jackofsky, Andres Meglioli, Ian Dalziel, Stefan Kraus, Richard B. Alley, Claudio Berti; "Enigmatic boulder trains, supraglacial rock avalanches, and the origin of "Darwin's boulders", Tierra del Fuego;
512:
are referred to as glacial floes, rafts (schollen) or erratic megablocks. Erratic megablocks have typical length to thickness ratios on the order of 100 to 1. These megablocks may be found partially exposed or completely buried by till and are clearly
580:
During the 18th century, erratics were deemed a major geological paradox. Geologists identify erratics by studying the rocks surrounding the position of the erratic and the rock of the erratic itself. Erratics were once considered evidence of a
289:
Restricted areal extents â the boulder fields tend to have limited areal extent; the boulders cluster together, consistent with the boulders landing on the surface of the glacier and subsequently deposited on top of the glacial
180:
ice, and have been lodged in a prominent position in the glacier valleys or have been scattered over hills and plains. And examination of their mineralogical character leads the identification of their sources...". In
559:
holdfasts, which have been documented to transport rocks up to 40 centimetres (16 in) in diameter, rocks entangled in the roots of drifting logs, and even in transport of stones accumulated in the stomachs of
352:
Glacial ice entrains debris of varying sizes from small particles to extremely large masses of rock. This debris is transported to the coast by glacier ice and released during the production, drift and melting of
1893:
Davisa, Niole K.; Locke III, William W.; Pierce, Kenneth L.; Finkel, Robert C. (May 2006). "Glacial Lake
Musselshell: Late Wisconsin slackwater on the Laurentide ice margin in central Montana, USA".
634:
or rockfalls initially dropped the rocks on top of glacial ice. The glaciers continued to move, carrying the rocks with them. When the ice melted, the erratics were left in their present locations.
686:
the subjects of special study, and Goethe, Charpentier as well as
Schimper had even arrived at the conclusion that the erratic blocks of alpine rocks scattered over the slopes and summits of the
256:
transport occurs when the glacier undercuts a rock face, which fails by avalanche onto the upper surface of the glacier. The characteristics of rock avalancheâsupraglacial transport includes:
1724:
Evenson, Edward B.; Burkhart, Patrick A.; Gosse, John C.; Baker, Gregory S.; Jackofsky, Dan; Meglioli, Andres; Dalziel, Ian; Kraus, Stefan; Alley, Richard B.; Berti, Claudio (December 2009).
120:. Erratics released by ice rafts that were stranded and subsequently melted, dropping their load, allow characterization of the high-water marks for transient floods in areas like temporary
1359:
is a large glacial erratic boulder of granite gneiss, formed in the
Proterozoic (Precambrian) era, 1.2 billion to 800 million years ago. It is estimated to weigh â17,300 tons.
887:
is the largest erratic boulder in the glaciation area of North Europe. Height 7 m, circumference 48.2 m, a volume of 930 m and a mass of approx 2,500 tonnes
323:(rock debris) that forms a dark line along the upper surface of the glacier. The inclusion of the moraine illustrates how land-based rocks and sediment are carried by ice.
93:
Geologists identify erratics by studying the rocks surrounding the position of the erratic and the composition of the erratic itself. Erratics are significant because:
597:
406:
The location and altitude of ice-rafted boulders relative to the modern landscape has been used to identify the highest level of water in proglacial lakes (e.g.
1461:, then the erratics are deposited where the ice finally releases its debris load. One of the more unusual examples is found far from its origin in Idaho at
357:. The rate of debris release by ice depends upon the size of the ice mass in which it is carried as well as the temperature of the ocean through which the
2235:
2046:
805:
1487:
199:/Scouring â debris in the basal ice scrapes along the bed, polishing and gouging the underlying rocks, similar to sandpaper on wood, producing smaller
607:
saw glaciers as a possible solution as early as 1788. However, the idea of ice ages and glaciation as a geological force took a while to be accepted.
2262:
508:
Large erratics consisting of slabs of bedrock that have been lifted and transported by glacier ice to subsequently be stranded above thin glacial or
501:
474:
1409:
286:
Surficial positioning of the boulders â the boulders are positioned on the surface of glacial deposits, as opposed to partially or totally buried.
1266:
1245:
327:
Erratics provide an important tool in characterizing the directions of glacier flows, which are routinely reconstructed used on a combination of
2708:
262:
Monolithologic composition â a cluster of boulders of similar composition are frequently found in close proximity. Commingling of the multiple
1955:
Paduan, Jennifer B.; Clague, David A.; Davis, Alicé S. (2007-11-28). "Erratic continental rocks on volcanic seamounts off the US west coast".
1295:
2702:
696:
published extensively on geologic phenomena including the distribution of erratic boulders. In his accounts written during the voyage of
715:. Recent research suggests that they are more likely the result of glacial ice flows carrying the boulders to their current locations.
819:
is a deposit of rocks of many sizes. These deposits stretch in a narrow belt for about 600 kilometres (370 mi) from
Alberta's
112:, which allows quantification of the extent of glacial flooding resulting from ice dam failures which release the waters stored in
35:
970:
458:
with overground volume 930 cubic metres (1,220 cu yd) (weight approximately 2,500 metric tons or 2,800 short tons) in
2636:
2612:
2600:
1532:
283:
Great size â the size distribution of the boulders tends to be skewed toward larger boulders than those produced subglacially.
2255:
2028:
442:
found stranded at higher elevations than a 2-metre (7 ft) boulder, which requires a 4-metre-high (13 ft) iceberg.
19:
74:("to wander"), are carried by glacial ice, often over distances of hundreds of kilometres. Erratics can range in size from
2642:
873:
97:
They can be transported by glaciers, and are thereby one of a series of indicators which mark the path of prehistoric
2882:
2228:
1737:
655:
2872:
2575:
2248:
663:
1726:"Enigmatic boulder trains, supraglacial rock avalanches, and the origin of "Darwin's boulders," Tierra del Fuego"
1462:
212:
Ice thrusting â the glacier freezes to its bed, moving large sheets of frozen sediment at its base along with it.
1763:"The last British Ice Sheet: A review of the evidence utilised in the compilation of the Glacial Map of Britain"
2569:
1998:
758:
344:
multiple glacier flows prior to their deposition, which can complicate the reconstruction of the glacial flow.
2055:
1271:
770:
646:(v. 1, 1830) provided an early description of the erratic which is consistent with the modern understanding.
2303:
830:
1089:
853:
280:. The sides of boulders are roughly planar, suggesting that some surfaces may be original fracture planes.
2666:
1420:. Threatened by quarrying operations, it was moved to Litchfield Park in downtown Fitchburg in 1929â1930.
222:
formation. This provides smaller debris, which is ground into the glacial basal material, to become till.
2812:
2539:
2094:
1669:
1348:, believed to have been carried to the site by a glacier that picked up the rock 15,000 years ago near
602:
234:
185:, an erratic is material moved by geologic forces from one location to another, usually by a glacier.
2946:
2877:
2533:
2308:
1989:
David Roger
Oldroyd, "Thoughts about climate, glaciation and carving the Earth's surface", ch. 7 in,
1395:
1128:
1029:
144:
1605:
2832:
2624:
2563:
1497:
1445:
1413:
849:
816:
799:
2194:
375:. Although transported by a glacier, this boulder is not a true erratic because it is of the same
2581:
1386:
1219:. The rock has been the subject of controversy because of an allegedly racist face painted on it.
934:
675:
426:
143:, these can be correlated with ocean temperatures and levels to better understand and calibrate
2714:
2618:
2557:
2545:
2343:
1424:
1376:
1366:
960:
509:
63:
1244:, is a glacial erratic found on the mountain high above the village. Located on the slopes of
2857:
2792:
2690:
2468:
2422:
2283:
1592:
1457:
If glacial ice is "rafted" by a flood such as that created when the ice dam broke during the
1345:
642:
615:
was one of the first scientists to recognize glaciers as a major force in shaping the earth.
293:
Orientations â the boulders may be close enough that original fracture planes can be matched.
206:
1871:
296:
Locations of the boulder trains â the boulders appear in rows, trains or clusters along the
176:
describes as: "large masses of rock, often as big as a house, that have been transported by
2867:
2822:
2660:
2338:
2293:
2288:
1964:
1902:
1867:
1823:
1774:
1673:
1630:
1544:
1512:
1438:
1356:
1299:
1276:
750:
619:
618:
In the 19th century, many scientists came to favor erratics as evidence for the end of the
572:
1619:
Bell, Robin E. (27 April 2008). "The role of subglacial water in ice-sheet mass balance".
1469:. The park includes a 40-short-ton (36 t) specimen, the largest erratic found in the
845:
585:, but in the 19th century scientists gradually came to accept that erratics pointed to an
8:
2817:
2606:
2517:
1502:
1466:
1405:
1349:
1341:
987:
824:
671:
1968:
1906:
1827:
1778:
1677:
1634:
1548:
2897:
2892:
2827:
2114:
1839:
1691:
1160:
983:
838:
704:
419:
372:
277:
196:
2381:
2110:
1941:
2925:
2902:
2797:
2483:
2371:
2170:
2118:
1994:
1621:
1470:
1401:
1323:
1249:
1152:
917:
522:
400:
270:
253:
245:
165:
1786:
1695:
1009:
192:
resulting from the movement of ice. Glaciers erode by multiple processes including:
2432:
2106:
1972:
1937:
1914:
1910:
1875:
1843:
1831:
1811:
1782:
1741:
1681:
1638:
1570:
1552:
1253:
1241:
943:
708:
407:
301:
297:
173:
161:
66:
to the area in which it rests. Erratics, which take their name from the Latin word
2010:
1574:
1379:
is noteworthy for having granite hills covered in numerous small glacial erratics.
703:, Darwin observed a number of large erratic boulders of notable size south of the
650:
was the first to scientifically propose that the Earth had been subject to a past
2771:
2740:
2672:
2654:
2391:
2313:
2298:
1976:
1458:
1362:
1331:
1199:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1164:
1132:
820:
783:
766:
274:
113:
83:
1365:, a 5,000-short-ton (4,500 t) glacial erratic the size of a large house in
833:
gets its name from a coastal erratic the size of a garage found on the beach at
364:
172:
The term "erratic" is commonly used to refer to erratic blocks, which geologist
2907:
2776:
2735:
2132:
2048:
Early discoverers XXII, Goethe-Discoverer of the ice age. Journal of glaciology
1879:
1556:
1482:
1216:
1191:
1061:
924:; length about 40 m, width about 30 m, height 12 m, weight about 36,000 tonnes.
693:
687:
582:
478:
396:
392:
139:-region glacial movements for periods prior to record retention. Also known as
98:
59:
1431:
erratics, particularly along the moraine running eastâwest from McNeil Canyon.
69:
2940:
2887:
2852:
2684:
2678:
2648:
2630:
2551:
2493:
2442:
2427:
2386:
1928:
Talbot, Christopher J. (April 1999). "Ice ages and nuclear waste isolation".
1492:
1417:
1382:
1372:
1317:
1298:, perched on the edge of a cliff near the summit of South Bubble mountain in
1068:
1021:
834:
812:, was described as "glacial" in origin by Reverend William Bleasdell in 1872.
647:
637:
156:
117:
2156:
1658:"theory for ice-till interactions and sediment entrainment beneath glaciers"
1286:
465:
315:
240:
Evidence supports another possibility for the creation of erratics as well:
2837:
2802:
2323:
2318:
1212:
938:
667:
612:
608:
542:
518:
482:
431:
209:â pieces of bedrock are cracked off by glaciers, producing larger erratics.
200:
2240:
1015:
2862:
2847:
2842:
2696:
2488:
2376:
2333:
1686:
1657:
1507:
1434:
1237:
1024:, LimbaĆŸi municipality. Believed to have separated from a glacier in the
995:
905:
728:
590:
388:
368:
263:
109:
2766:
2745:
2478:
2437:
2328:
1746:
1725:
1309:
1229:
1136:
991:
712:
697:
593:
514:
415:
230:
121:
1760:
964:
371:, a 400-metric-ton (440-short-ton) boulder on the Waterville Plateau,
1835:
1391:
1233:
1148:
1117:
1057:
631:
627:
376:
340:
249:
241:
140:
132:
55:
40:
28:
1642:
861:
Glacial erratic in Green
Timbers Urban Forest, in Surrey, BC, Canada
437:
This is accomplished by recognizing that on a fresh-water lake, the
218:â layers of rock are spalled off the rocks below the glacier during
2750:
2458:
1761:
Evans, David J.A.; Chris D. Clark; Wishart A. Mitchell (May 2005).
1313:
1195:
1099:
1073:
1053:
913:
762:
561:
490:
486:
455:
450:
358:
219:
215:
1535:[Greenhouse effect and ice ages: historical perspective].
1139:, has fifteen steps carved in its side to enable it to be climbed.
273:
transported rocks tend to be rough and irregular, with no sign of
266:
normally present throughout the glaciated basin, has not occurred.
2807:
2417:
2407:
1448:
is located at the base of Mount
Wachusett, on the northwest side.
1335:
1175:
1121:
1093:
955:
951:
921:
884:
880:
809:
791:
787:
754:
737:
679:
651:
623:
586:
534:
530:
459:
438:
411:
380:
354:
336:
328:
320:
189:
182:
177:
128:
102:
87:
79:
1856:
896:
496:. The erratic is an angular, 20-foot-high (6.1 m) piece of
2223:
2035:
Volume 145, Issue 368, July 1887. Accessed on 25 February 2008.
1428:
1077:
1041:
1025:
795:
757:
glacial sediments can be found on the beach and in the park at
733:
659:
538:
526:
497:
470:
136:
75:
24:
1398:
landed in 1620. It is an important symbol in American history.
1036:
226:
2463:
2366:
1762:
1303:
1280:
1143:
909:
332:
44:
1809:
732:
Example of mixed erratics. The boulder in the foreground is
319:
Two small icebergs at right clearly retain fragments of the
2473:
1892:
1533:"Effet de serre et glaciations, une perspective historique"
1330:-covered erratic the size of a two-car garage, is found on
1327:
947:
683:
654:. In the same year, he was elected a foreign member of the
556:
493:
1441:
is noteworthy for being perched on three smaller boulders.
857:
852:, British Columbia, described as a glacial erratic on the
2195:"Soulbury stone: White lines 'horrific' and 'an eyesore'"
1723:
101:. Their lithographic origin can be traced to the parent
1991:
Thinking about the Earth: A History of Ideas in Geology
1416:. It was carried by the last glaciation from central
1408:
boulder that was originally located at the summit of
1188:
are one of England's finest sets of glacial erratics.
1344:, a boulder weighing 570 short tons (520 t) in
1488:Glacial erratic boulders of the Puget Sound region
105:, allowing for confirmation of the ice flow route.
1954:
2938:
2213:, Enslow Publishers, Hillside, New Jersey, 1979.
1167:. It is the largest erratic block in the county.
736:. The boulder on the other side of the fence is
1267:Category:Glacial erratics of Washington (state)
485:lobe. The ground surface is covered by glacial
2709:Withrow Moraine and Jameson Lake Drumlin Field
2083:; Volume 19 Issue 12 (December 2009); pp. 4â10
2015:, Volume 1; Sir Charles Lyell - Geology - 1830
611:(1788â1859), a Swiss engineer, naturalist and
16:Piece of rock that has been moved by a glacier
2256:
2171:"On the Bradford District's Western Boundary"
2023:
2021:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
502:WrangellâSt. Elias National Park and Preserve
2703:Two Creeks Buried Forest State Natural Area
2270:
2157:"Glacial erratic - Coronation Park, Crosby"
2099:Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society
1850:
1773:(3â4). Copyright © 2005 Elsevier B.V: 253.
753:erratics eroded from unconsolidated 270 Ma
2263:
2249:
2018:
1921:
1805:
1803:
1702:
131:melting in the ocean can be used to track
2092:
1886:
1858:ice-rafted debris in the Greenland Sea".
1745:
1685:
1649:
1563:
723:
626:) 10,000 years ago, rather than a flood.
1754:
1285:
1270:
1142:
1067:
1035:
895:
856:
727:
711:and attributed them to ice rafting from
576:Erratic rocks on Estonian northern coast
571:
477:in August 1996, the westernmost part of
464:
449:
425:
395:show a series of layers (referred to as
363:
314:
310:
225:
155:
151:
34:
18:
2044:
1800:
1612:
1524:
1452:
1290:The Glen Rock, in Glen Rock, New Jersey
500:. Bering Glacier, Alaska flows through
383:. Note the glacial till below the rock.
244:onto the upper surface of the glacier (
2939:
2637:Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail
2601:Chippewa Moraine State Recreation Area
2038:
1927:
1655:
1569:
1124:; unearthed in a field nearby in 1898.
976:
549:
2244:
1151:, Northumberland, is the height of a
1116:The Crosby Erratic, Coronation Park,
946:, found during dredging of the river
423:estimate the lake surface elevation.
347:
2133:"LauÄu(Lauchu) stones - vidlauci.lv"
2095:"On Modern Glacial Action in Canada"
2029:The Authorship of the Glacial Theory
1618:
1530:
1423:The northern portion of the town of
971:Glacial erratics on and around RĂŒgen
879:Ehalkivi (Sunset Glow Boulder) near
2643:Ice Age National Scientific Reserve
1860:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1223:
1215:, situated on the foreshore of the
874:Glacial erratic boulders of Estonia
798:. It is the largest erratic in the
589:in Earth's past. Among others, the
541:. One erratic megablock located in
300:as opposed to being located on the
13:
1936:(3â4). Elsevier Science: 177â192.
1211:Jim Crow Rock, glacial erratic in
1040:LauÄu Stone in Vidzeme coastline,
690:had been moved there by glaciers.
379:as the underlying, till-blanketed
14:
2958:
2631:Horicon Marsh State Wildlife Area
2217:
2111:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1872.028.01-02.45
1993:, Harvard University Press, 1996
1738:The Geological Society of America
1312:, the largest exposed boulder in
1131:, at the county boundary between
1105:
656:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
445:
391:period lying on the floor of the
2921:
2920:
2576:Origin of the Oak Ridges Moraine
2222:
2093:Bleasdell, Rev. William (1872).
1260:
1008:NÄ«cgale Great Stone, located in
304:or in the general glacial field.
2209:Imbrie, J. & K. P. Imbrie.
2187:
2163:
2149:
2125:
2086:
2072:
2004:
1983:
1948:
1901:(3â4). Elsevier B.V.: 330â345.
1866:(1â2). Elsevier B.V.: 112â122.
1787:10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.01.001
1662:Journal of Geophysical Research
1463:Erratic Rock State Natural Site
1020:LauÄu stone, located in LauÄi,
1014:Brodu quarry stone, located in
823:Valley to the southwest of the
469:Area exposed by the retreat of
188:Erratics are formed by glacial
2639:, Idaho, Oregon and Washington
1915:10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.07.021
759:Hallett Cove Conservation Park
1:
2883:HuelmoâMascardi Cold Reversal
2175:www.bradfordhistorical.org.uk
1942:10.1016/S0013-7952(99)00005-8
1518:
1056:, one of national symbols of
2304:Glacial history of Minnesota
1977:10.1016/j.margeo.2007.07.007
1427:has a large number of large
1047:
831:White Rock, British Columbia
744:
555:identified as the result of
414:) and temporary lakes (e.g.
145:models of the global climate
7:
2667:Kettle Moraine State Forest
2570:Lion's Head Provincial Park
1531:Bard, Edouard (June 2004).
1476:
1205:
837:, right at the border with
718:
489:deposited as lodgement and
430:Angular glacial erratic on
108:They can be transported by
62:differing from the type of
39:Glacial erratic boulder in
10:
2963:
2813:Penultimate Glacial Period
2540:Big Rock (glacial erratic)
1880:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.09.045
1670:American Geophysical Union
1557:10.1016/j.crte.2004.02.005
1264:
1110:
928:
891:
871:
867:
846:Green Timbers Urban Forest
658:. Prior to this proposal,
567:
235:Cape Cod National Seashore
216:Glacially induced spalling
164:of the Okanogan Lobe. The
2916:
2878:Late Glacial Interstadial
2785:
2759:
2728:
2657:, Minnesota and Wisconsin
2591:
2534:Arrowhead Provincial Park
2526:
2510:
2451:
2400:
2359:
2352:
2309:List of prehistoric lakes
2276:
2045:Cameron, Dorothy (1964).
1537:Comptes Rendus Geoscience
1129:Great Stone of Fourstones
1083:
1002:
900:Kukkarokivi in March 2013
777:
160:Multiple erratics on the
2833:Holocene glacial retreat
2625:Glacial Lakes State Park
2564:Foothills Erratics Train
1498:List of individual rocks
1446:Princeton, Massachusetts
1414:Fitchburg, Massachusetts
817:Foothills Erratics Train
800:Foothills Erratics Train
678:and others had made the
596:, jurist and theologian
387:Sediments from the late
86:(16,500 metric tons) in
2873:BĂžllingâAllerĂžd warming
2613:Devil's Lake State Park
2582:Ovayok Territorial Park
2271:Continental glaciations
1872:2008E&PSL.265..112T
1387:Plymouth, Massachusetts
935:Colossus of Ostermunzel
920:. It is the largest in
676:Karl Friedrich Schimper
598:Bernhard Friedrich Kuhn
2715:Yosemite National Park
2619:Glacial Lake Wisconsin
2558:Eskers Provincial Park
2546:Cypress Hills (Canada)
2344:Timeline of glaciation
1656:Rempel, A. W. (2008).
1600:Cite journal requires
1425:Waterville, Washington
1377:Yosemite National Park
1367:Madison, New Hampshire
1291:
1283:
1248:, the stone overlooks
1156:
1080:
1044:
901:
862:
741:
724:Glacier-borne erratics
577:
510:fluvioglacial deposits
505:
462:
434:
384:
324:
237:
169:
168:are in the background.
68:
47:
32:
23:Glacial erratics from
2858:Quaternary glaciation
2793:Quaternary glaciation
2691:Mill Bluff State Park
2655:Interstate State Park
2469:Giant current ripples
2284:Cordilleran ice sheet
2231:at Wikimedia Commons
2033:North American review
2012:Principles of Geology
1767:Earth-Science Reviews
1575:"Textbook of geology"
1571:Geikie, Sir Archibald
1346:Glen Rock, New Jersey
1289:
1274:
1147:The Drake Stone near
1146:
1071:
1039:
986:, located in central
899:
860:
731:
643:Principles of Geology
575:
517:, since they overlay
468:
453:
429:
367:
318:
311:Glacier-borne erratic
229:
159:
152:Formation of erratics
38:
22:
2868:Wisconsin glaciation
2823:Last Glacial Maximum
2339:Post-glacial rebound
2294:Last Glacial Maximum
2289:Laurentide ice sheet
2236:Royal Alberta Museum
1687:10.1029/2007JF000870
1513:Willamette Meteorite
1453:Flood-borne erratics
1439:Kinnelon, New Jersey
1357:Montebello, New York
1300:Acadia National Park
1277:Acadia National Park
630:have suggested that
620:Last Glacial Maximum
127:Erratics dropped by
2853:Pre-Illinoian Stage
2818:Last Glacial Period
2607:Coteau des Prairies
2518:Greenland ice sheet
1969:2007MGeol.246....1P
1930:Engineering Geology
1907:2006Geomo..75..330D
1828:1992Natur.360..245B
1779:2005ESRv...70..253E
1678:2008JGRF..113.1013R
1635:2008NatGe...1..297B
1549:2004CRGeo.336..603B
1503:Jasper conglomerate
1467:McMinnville, Oregon
1406:porphyritic granite
1350:Peekskill, New York
977:Republic of Ireland
954:in 1999; oldest in
908:, located close to
769:locations, such as
672:Jean de Charpentier
550:Nonglacial erratics
2898:4.2 kiloyear event
2893:8.2 kiloyear event
2828:Mousterian Pluvial
2560:, British Columbia
1747:10.1130/GSATG72A.1
1292:
1284:
1170:The Merton Stone,
1161:The Hitching Stone
1157:
1081:
1045:
990:, is covered with
984:Clonfinlough Stone
902:
863:
742:
705:Strait of Magellan
578:
506:
463:
435:
385:
348:Ice-rafted erratic
325:
238:
170:
48:
33:
31:in the Netherlands
2934:
2933:
2903:Piora Oscillation
2863:Sangamonian Stage
2724:
2723:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2227:Media related to
1822:(6401): 245â249.
1812:Heinrich, Hartmut
1629:(5802): 297â304.
1622:Nature Geoscience
1471:Willamette Valley
1402:Rollstone Boulder
1324:Fantastic Erratic
1250:Carlingford Lough
1153:double-decker bus
918:Southwest Finland
806:Bleasdell Boulder
564:during foraging.
523:Canadian Prairies
401:ice-rafted debris
269:Angularity â the
166:Cascade Mountains
2954:
2947:Glacial erratics
2924:
2923:
2524:
2523:
2449:
2448:
2433:Terminal moraine
2357:
2356:
2265:
2258:
2251:
2242:
2241:
2229:Glacial erratics
2226:
2203:
2202:
2201:. 16 April 2016.
2191:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2105:(1â2): 392â396.
2090:
2084:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2060:
2054:. Archived from
2053:
2042:
2036:
2025:
2016:
2008:
2002:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1836:10.1038/360245a0
1807:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1721:
1700:
1699:
1689:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1603:
1598:
1596:
1588:
1586:erratic glacier.
1583:
1582:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1543:(7â8): 603â638.
1528:
1444:Balance Rock in
1254:Cooley Peninsula
1242:Northern Ireland
1224:Northern Ireland
1030:Southern Finland
944:Der Alte Schwede
767:South Australian
709:Tierra del Fuego
606:
454:Glacial erratic
408:Lake Musselshell
399:) which contain
302:terminal moraine
298:lateral moraines
174:Archibald Geikie
162:terminal moraine
114:proglacial lakes
99:glacier movement
2962:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2912:
2798:Illinoian Stage
2781:
2772:Lambert Glacier
2755:
2741:Killary Harbour
2720:
2673:Lake Bonneville
2593:
2587:
2522:
2498:
2447:
2396:
2392:U-shaped valley
2382:Roche moutonnée
2348:
2314:Proglacial lake
2299:Canadian Shield
2272:
2269:
2220:
2206:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2179:
2177:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2141:
2139:
2137:www.vidlauci.lv
2131:
2130:
2126:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2073:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2043:
2039:
2026:
2019:
2009:
2005:
1988:
1984:
1953:
1949:
1926:
1922:
1891:
1887:
1855:
1851:
1808:
1801:
1791:
1789:
1759:
1755:
1722:
1703:
1654:
1650:
1643:10.1038/ngeo186
1617:
1613:
1601:
1599:
1590:
1589:
1580:
1578:
1568:
1564:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1479:
1459:Missoula floods
1455:
1363:Madison Boulder
1355:Indian Rock in
1332:Cougar Mountain
1269:
1263:
1226:
1208:
1200:Buckinghamshire
1186:Yorkshire Dales
1182:Norber erratics
1165:North Yorkshire
1133:North Yorkshire
1113:
1108:
1086:
1050:
1005:
979:
931:
894:
876:
870:
821:Athabasca River
780:
765:, and in other
747:
726:
721:
600:
570:
552:
475:Steller Glacier
448:
397:Heinrich layers
350:
313:
242:rock avalanches
154:
52:glacial erratic
17:
12:
11:
5:
2960:
2950:
2949:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2908:Little Ice Age
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2777:Ross Ice Shelf
2774:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2736:Hardangerfjord
2732:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2661:Kelleys Island
2658:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2609:, South Dakota
2604:
2597:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2548:, Saskatchewan
2543:
2537:
2530:
2528:
2521:
2520:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2455:
2453:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2372:Glacial striae
2369:
2363:
2361:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2219:
2218:External links
2216:
2215:
2214:
2205:
2204:
2186:
2162:
2159:. Geograph UK.
2148:
2124:
2085:
2071:
2037:
2017:
2003:
1982:
1957:Marine Geology
1947:
1920:
1885:
1849:
1810:Bond, Gerard;
1799:
1753:
1701:
1648:
1611:
1602:|journal=
1562:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1483:Balancing rock
1478:
1475:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1442:
1432:
1421:
1410:Rollstone Hill
1399:
1385:, the site in
1380:
1370:
1360:
1353:
1339:
1321:
1307:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1217:Firth of Clyde
1207:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1192:Soulbury Stone
1189:
1178:
1168:
1141:
1140:
1125:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1106:United Kingdom
1104:
1103:
1102:
1096:
1085:
1082:
1066:
1065:
1049:
1046:
1034:
1033:
1018:
1012:
1010:NÄ«cgale Parish
1004:
1001:
1000:
999:
978:
975:
974:
973:
968:
967:, Lower Saxony
961:Giebichenstein
958:
941:
930:
927:
926:
925:
893:
890:
889:
888:
872:Main article:
869:
866:
865:
864:
842:
828:
813:
803:
779:
776:
775:
774:
761:just south of
746:
743:
725:
722:
720:
717:
694:Charles Darwin
688:Jura Mountains
583:biblical flood
569:
566:
551:
548:
546:their source.
479:Bering Glacier
447:
446:Large erratics
444:
393:North Atlantic
349:
346:
312:
309:
308:
307:
306:
305:
294:
291:
287:
284:
281:
271:supraglacially
267:
224:
223:
213:
210:
204:
153:
150:
149:
148:
125:
106:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2959:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2927:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2888:Younger Dryas
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2685:Lake Missoula
2683:
2680:
2679:Lake Lahontan
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2649:Ice Age Trail
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2590:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2552:Eramosa River
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:North America
2509:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2443:Veiki moraine
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2428:Rogen moraine
2426:
2424:
2423:Pulju moraine
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2413:Erratic block
2411:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2387:Tunnel valley
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2266:
2261:
2259:
2254:
2252:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2225:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2158:
2152:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2061:on 2019-12-15
2057:
2050:
2049:
2041:
2034:
2030:
2027:E.P. Evans: "
2024:
2022:
2014:
2013:
2007:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1895:Geomorphology
1889:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1804:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1615:
1607:
1594:
1587:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1539:(in French).
1538:
1534:
1527:
1523:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1493:Grannie stone
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1465:just outside
1464:
1460:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1418:New Hampshire
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1389:on which the
1388:
1384:
1383:Plymouth Rock
1381:
1378:
1374:
1373:Olmsted Point
1371:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1318:Massachusetts
1315:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1282:
1278:
1275:Bubble Rock,
1273:
1268:
1261:United States
1255:
1251:
1247:
1246:Slieve Martin
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1194:, located in
1193:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1101:
1098:Devil Stone,
1097:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1079:
1075:
1072:Devil Stone,
1070:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1043:
1038:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1022:Skulte parish
1019:
1017:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1006:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
980:
972:
969:
966:
962:
959:
957:
953:
949:
945:
942:
940:
936:
933:
932:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
904:
903:
898:
886:
882:
878:
877:
875:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
840:
836:
835:Semiahmoo Bay
832:
829:
826:
822:
818:
814:
811:
807:
804:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
782:
781:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
749:
748:
739:
735:
730:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
701:
695:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
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638:Charles Lyell
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2838:Oldest Dryas
2808:Interstadial
2803:Interglacial
2786:Time periods
2717:, California
2711:, Washington
2452:Glacifluvial
2412:
2401:Depositional
2324:Lake Chicago
2319:Lake Agassiz
2221:
2210:
2198:
2189:
2178:. Retrieved
2174:
2165:
2151:
2140:. Retrieved
2136:
2127:
2102:
2098:
2088:
2080:
2074:
2063:. Retrieved
2056:the original
2047:
2040:
2032:
2011:
2006:
1990:
1985:
1960:
1956:
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1933:
1929:
1923:
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1815:
1792:10 September
1790:. Retrieved
1770:
1766:
1756:
1733:
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1665:
1661:
1651:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1593:cite journal
1585:
1579:. Retrieved
1565:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1456:
1404:, a 110-ton
1390:
1213:Hunters Quay
939:Lower Saxony
854:city website
771:Inman Valley
699:
692:
641:
636:
617:
613:glaciologist
609:Ignaz Venetz
579:
553:
543:Saskatchewan
519:glacial till
507:
436:
432:Lembert Dome
405:
386:
351:
326:
254:supraglacial
246:supraglacial
239:
201:glacial till
187:
171:
92:
67:
51:
49:
2848:Pleistocene
2843:Older Dryas
2705:, Wisconsin
2697:Oneida Lake
2693:, Wisconsin
2669:, Wisconsin
2651:, Wisconsin
2645:, Wisconsin
2633:, Wisconsin
2627:, Minnesota
2621:, Wisconsin
2615:, Wisconsin
2603:, Wisconsin
2489:Outwash fan
2484:Kettle hole
2377:Ribbon lake
2334:Teays River
1577:. Macmillan
1508:Sunday Rock
1435:Tripod Rock
1296:Bubble Rock
1238:County Down
1032:and Russia.
906:Kukkarokivi
844:Boulder in
808:, southern
664:de Saussure
601: [
410:in central
389:Pleistocene
369:Yeager Rock
264:lithologies
190:ice erosion
110:ice rafting
64:rock native
2767:Antarctica
2760:Antarctica
2746:Monte Rosa
2699:, New York
2479:Kame delta
2438:Till plain
2329:Lake Tight
2180:2018-06-02
2142:2021-07-04
2065:2016-03-18
1999:0674883829
1963:(1): 1â8.
1672:: F01013.
1581:2009-12-12
1519:References
1310:Doane Rock
1265:See also:
1230:Cloughmore
1137:Lancashire
992:Bronze Age
916:island in
839:Washington
713:Antarctica
632:landslides
628:Geologists
594:politician
420:Washington
416:Lake Lewis
373:Washington
275:subglacial
231:Doane Rock
141:dropstones
122:Lake Lewis
58:deposited
2687:, Montana
2584:, Nunavut
2578:, Ontario
2572:, Ontario
2566:, Alberta
2554:, Ontario
2542:, Alberta
2536:, Ontario
2360:Erosional
2353:Landforms
2119:129757092
2081:GSA Today
1730:GSA Today
1392:Mayflower
1342:Glen Rock
1234:Rostrevor
1149:Harbottle
1118:Liverpool
1062:AnykĆĄÄiai
1058:Lithuania
1048:Lithuania
1016:JÄkabpils
745:Australia
698:HMS
562:pinnipeds
377:lithology
341:meltwater
250:avalanche
133:Antarctic
78:to large
56:glacially
43:(Eryri),
41:Snowdonia
29:Schokland
2941:Category
2926:Category
2751:Svalbard
2681:, Nevada
2459:Diluvium
2211:Ice Ages
1740:: 4â10.
1696:11082114
1573:(1882).
1477:See also
1396:Pilgrims
1314:Cape Cod
1252:and the
1206:Scotland
1196:Soulbury
1100:Kashubia
1074:Kashubia
1054:Puntukas
1028:area of
998:carvings
996:medieval
914:Ruissalo
825:province
784:Big Rock
763:Adelaide
719:Examples
680:glaciers
491:ablation
487:sediment
483:piedmont
456:Ehalkivi
361:passes.
359:ice floe
355:icebergs
337:drumlins
329:moraines
278:abrasion
248:). Rock
220:ice lens
207:Plucking
197:Abrasion
129:icebergs
116:such as
84:Big Rock
82:such as
80:boulders
2729:Eurasia
2418:Moraine
2408:Drumlin
2277:General
1965:Bibcode
1903:Bibcode
1868:Bibcode
1844:4339371
1824:Bibcode
1775:Bibcode
1674:Bibcode
1668:(113).
1631:Bibcode
1545:Bibcode
1336:Seattle
1232:, near
1184:in the
1176:Norfolk
1122:England
1111:England
1094:Tychowo
1090:TrygĆaw
1060:, near
988:Ireland
965:Stöckse
956:Germany
952:Hamburg
929:Germany
922:Finland
912:at the
892:Finland
885:Estonia
881:Letipea
868:Estonia
810:Ontario
792:Alberta
788:Okotoks
755:Permian
751:Exhumed
738:granite
682:of the
652:ice age
624:ice age
587:ice age
568:History
535:Denmark
531:England
460:Estonia
439:iceberg
412:Montana
381:bedrock
321:moraine
183:geology
178:glacier
103:bedrock
88:Alberta
76:pebbles
2675:, Utah
2663:, Ohio
2594:States
2592:United
2527:Canada
2494:Sandur
2117:
1997:
1842:
1816:Nature
1736:(12).
1694:
1429:basalt
1172:Merton
1084:Poland
1078:Poland
1042:Latvia
1026:Vyborg
1003:Latvia
850:Surrey
796:Canada
778:Canada
734:basalt
700:Beagle
668:Venetz
660:Goethe
539:Sweden
527:Poland
498:gneiss
471:Alaska
333:eskers
290:drift.
137:Arctic
70:errare
25:Norway
2464:Esker
2367:Fjord
2115:S2CID
2059:(PDF)
2052:(PDF)
1840:S2CID
1692:S2CID
1334:near
1304:Maine
1281:Maine
950:near
910:Turku
786:near
605:]
591:Swiss
233:, at
54:is a
45:Wales
2474:Kame
1995:ISBN
1794:2013
1606:help
1328:fern
1326:, a
1180:The
1135:and
1127:The
1064:city
994:and
982:The
948:Elbe
815:The
684:Alps
557:kelp
537:and
494:till
135:and
60:rock
2199:BBC
2107:doi
2031:",
1973:doi
1961:246
1938:doi
1911:doi
1876:doi
1864:265
1832:doi
1820:360
1783:doi
1742:doi
1682:doi
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