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62:. The voltage is typically low, on the order of a few volts in the case of small demonstration models, but large research generators can produce hundreds of volts, and some systems have multiple generators in series to produce an even larger voltage. They are unusual in that they can source tremendous electric current, some more than a million
560:
around the circuit. Although the integrand of the line integral is time-independent, because the
Faraday disc that forms part of the boundary of line integral is moving, the full-time derivative is non-zero and returns the correct value for calculating the electromotive force. Alternatively, the disc
428:
A drum-type homopolar generator has a magnetic field (B) that radiates radially from the center of the drum and induces voltage (V) down the length of the drum. A conducting drum spun from above in the field of a "loudspeaker" type of magnet that has one pole in the center of the drum and the other
580:
vector. In geometrical terms, this means that the force is at right-angles to both the velocity (azimuthal) and the magnetic flux (axial), which is therefore in a radial direction. The radial movement of the electrons in the disc produces a charge separation between the center of the disc and its
182:
The
Faraday disc was primarily inefficient due to counterflows of current. While current flow was induced directly underneath the magnet, the current would circulate backwards in regions outside the influence of the magnetic field. This counterflow limits the power output to the pickup wires, and
235:
by a metallic belt. Each disc had a field that was the opposite of the other, so that the flow of current was from the one shaft to the disc edge, across the belt to the other disc edge and to the second shaft. This would have greatly reduced the frictional losses caused by sliding contacts by
465:"Since cosmical clouds of ionized gas are generally magnetized, their motion produces induced electric fields For example the motion of the magnetized interplanetary plasma produces electric fields that are essential for the production of aurora and magnetic storms"
183:
induces waste heating of the copper disc. Later homopolar generators would solve this problem by using an array of magnets arranged around the disc perimeter to maintain a steady field around the circumference, and eliminate areas where counterflow could occur.
396:
streamer touching the edge of the disk or drum, using specialized low work function carbon in vertical strips. This would have the advantage of very low resistance within a current range possibly up to thousands of amps without the liquid metal contact.
468:".. the rotation of a conductor in a magnetic field produces an electric field in the system at rest. This phenomenon is well known from laboratory experiments and is usually called 'homopolar ' or 'unipolar' induction.
294:
Similar devices of even larger size are designed and built by Parker
Kinetic Designs (formerly OIME Research & Development) of Austin. They have produced devices for a variety of roles, from powering
716:
J.W. Blamey, P.O. Carden, L.U. Hibbard, E.K. Inall, R.A. Marshall and Sir Mark
Oliphant, 'The large homopolar generator at Canberra: initial tests', Nature, 195 (1962), pp. 113–114.
654:
Losty, H.H.W & Lewis, D.L. (1973) Homopolar
Machines. Philosophical Transactions for the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 275 (1248), 69-75
568:
is more easily used to explain the machine's behaviour. This law, formulated thirty years after
Faraday's death, states that the force on an electron is proportional to the
738:
335:
with one electrical contact near the axis and the other near the periphery. It has been used for generating very high currents at low voltages in applications such as
168:. It was very inefficient and was not used as a practical power source, but it showed the possibility of generating electric power using magnetism, and led the way for
199:
Long after the original
Faraday disc had been abandoned as a practical generator, a modified version combining the magnet and disc in a single rotating part (the
520:
negative charges are driven towards center of the rotating disk, so that a voltage shows up between its center and its rim, with the negative pole at the center.
1173:
236:
allowing both electrical pickups to interface with the shafts of the two disks rather than at the shaft and a high-speed rim. Later, patents were awarded to
1214:", Center for Electromechanics, University of Texas, Austin, Jul. 1980. (also published in: Electrical Machines and Electromechanics, 6:109–127, 1981.)
253:
1487:
272:
303:(for space launches) to a variety of weapons designs. Industrial designs of 10 MJ were introduced for a variety of roles, including electrical welding.
1154:, "Unipolar Induction: A Case Study of the Interaction between Science and Technology," Annals of Science, Volume 38, pp. 155–189 (1981).
437:
Unipolar inductors occur in astrophysics where a conductor rotates through a magnetic field, for example, the movement of the highly conductive
225:
was interested in the
Faraday disc and conducted work with homopolar generators, and eventually patented an improved version of the device in
1482:
267:
to store mechanical energy that could be quickly dumped into an experimental apparatus. An early example of this sort of device was built by
207:
is reserved for this configuration. One of the earliest patents on the general type of homopolar generators was attained by A. F. Delafield,
1236:
263:
Homopolar generators underwent a renaissance in the 1950s as a source of pulsed power storage. These devices used heavy disks as a form of
70:. Also, the homopolar generator is unique in that no other rotary electric machine can produce DC without using rectifiers or commutators.
252:, was in widespread use during the beginning of the 20th century. Much of the development done in homopolar generators was patented by
231:. Tesla's "Dynamo Electric Machine" patent describes an arrangement of two parallel discs with separate, parallel shafts, joined like
1315:
404:, the generator works regardless of whether the magnet is fixed to the stator or rotates with the disc. Before the discovery of the
700:
287:
experimentation from 1962 until it was disassembled in 1986. Oliphant's construction was capable of supplying currents of up to 2
429:
pole surrounding the drum could use conducting ball bearings at the top and bottom of the drum to pick up the generated current.
561:
can be reduced to a conductive ring along the disc's circumference with a single metal spoke connecting the ring to the axle.
1094:
899:
Hubble Space
Telescope Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph Search for an Atmosphere on Callisto: A Jovian Unipolar Inductor
354:
In contrast to other types of generators, the output voltage never changes polarity. The charge separation results from the
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42:. A potential difference is created between the center of the disc and the rim (or ends of the cylinder) with an
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752:(1963) 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press. See sec. 1.3.1. Induced electric field in uniformly moving matter.
276:
105:
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370:, which results in large losses at the low voltages generated. Some of these losses can be reduced by using
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Canberra : Research School of
Physical Sciences and Engineering, Australian National University.
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comprising an electrically conductive disc or cylinder rotating in a plane perpendicular to a uniform
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that depends on the direction of rotation and the orientation of the field. It is also known as a
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of the rotor is used to accumulate energy over a long period and then release it in a short time.
325:
94:
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169:
39:
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1191:
The Homopolar Handbook : A Definitive Guide to Faraday Disk and N-Machine Technologies
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Establishment of a Lunar Unipolar Generator and Associated Shock and Wake by the Solar Wind
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35:
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8:
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on the free charges in the disk. The motion is azimuthal and the field is axial, so the
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782:" (On the origin of cosmic radiation)" Comptes Rendus, 204, pp.1180–1181 (1937)
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1002:" (1979) Kosmicheskie Issledovaniia, vol. 17, Jan.–Feb. 1979, pp. 93–10
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438:
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348:
1228:, April 1916, pp. 624–626, Scanned article available via Google Books:
454:
1378:
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626:
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145:
512:
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696:". The Electrical Engineer, N.Y., Sept. 2, 1891. (Also available at tesla.hu,
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544:. This law, in its modern form, states that the full-time derivative of the
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rim, and if the circuit is completed an electric current will be produced.
382:) as the "brush", to provide essentially uninterrupted electrical contact.
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222:
1363:
1212:
Parameter Selection for Homopolar Generators Used as Pulsed Energy Stores
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477:
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19:
1100:
1072:
Magnetic Fields: A Comprehensive Theoretical Treatise for Practical Use
954:
Astrophysics and Space Science', vol. 36, Aug. 1975, pp. 177–204.
481:
442:
413:
108: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
966:
A force – free field theory of solar flares I. Unipolar sunspots
867:(ISSN 0004-640X), vol. 144, no. 1–2, May 1988, pp. 73–84.
844:
Unipolar Induction of a Magnetized Accretion Disk around a Black Hole
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83:
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Working principle of a homopolar generator: due to Lorentz force F
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Unipolar Induction in the Moon and a Lunar Limb Shock Mechanism
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is radial. The electrical contacts are usually made through a "
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288:
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of energy and was used as an extremely high-current source for
232:
213:. Other early patents for homopolar generators were awarded to
157:
136:
66:, because the homopolar generator can be made to have very low
1193:. Washington, DC, U.S.A.: Integrity Research Institute, 2001.
983:
Electric current in a unipolar sunspot with an untwisted field
552:
in the circuit, which in turn drives an electric current. The
1358:
1258:", Department of Physics, University of Maryland, 2005. (PDF)
1255:
The Unipolar Generator: A Demonstration of Special Relativity
861:
Cosmic electric currents and the generalized Bennett relation
501:
472:
Unipolar inductors have been associated with the aurorae on
148:
during his experiments in 1831. It is frequently called the
1230:
https://books.google.com/books?id=hCYDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA624
1176: : the first 50 years of the pioneer school at the ANU
827:
Theory of electron-positron showers in double radio sources
493:
393:
989:(ISSN 0094-8276), vol. 17, Nov. 1990, pp. 2273–2276.
379:
1000:
Unipolar induction effects in the Venusian magnetic tail
769:(ISSN 0032-0633), vol. 31, Oct. 1983, p. 1187–1198
763:
Aurora on Uranus – A Faraday disc dynamo mechanism
556:
that defines the magnetic flux can be rewritten as a
1488:
Institute of Physics Michael Faraday Medal and Prize
588:
273:
Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering
950:
Sheath-limited unipolar induction in the solar wind
432:
797:Spin up in RX J0806+15: the shortest period binary
186:
400:If the magnetic field is provided by a permanent
1528:
833:, Part 1, vol. 262, Nov. 1, 1982, p. 87–99
801:Monthly Notice of the Royal Astronomical Society
248:, developed by the Scottish electrical engineer
761:Hill, T. W.; Dessler, A. J.; Rassbach, M. E., "
144:The first homopolar generator was developed by
931:Schwartz, K.; Sonett, C. P.; Colburn, D. S., "
244:for their work with homopolar generators. The
1483:Royal Society of London Michael Faraday Prize
1309:
347:research. In pulsed energy applications, the
156:in his honor. It was the beginning of modern
1210:Richard A. Marshall and William F. Weldon, "
729:, Integrity Research Institute, 1994, pg. 45
385:A recent suggested modification is to use a
306:
1049:. Integrity Research Institute. p. 7.
23:Faraday disk, the first homopolar generator
16:Type of direct current electrical generator
1316:
1302:
374:or other easily liquefied metal or alloy (
748:Hannes Alfvén and Carl-Gunne Fälthammar,
124:Learn how and when to remove this message
1069:
905:, Volume 581, Issue 1, pp. L51–L54
803:, Volume 343, Issue 1, pp. L10–L14
511:
315:
190:
135:
18:
1287:Untried Homopolar Generator Experiments
1252:Richard E. Berg and Carroll O. Alley, "
1159:Electrodynamics from Ampere to Einstein
1103:, Department of Physics and Astronomy,
1011:
195:The remains of the ANU 500 MJ generator
1529:
1044:
780:Sur l'origine de la radiation cosmique
663:
423:
416:was inexplicable and was known as the
311:
1408:
1297:
1171:Trevor Ophel and John Jenkin, (1996)
1134:". Tech Musings, October, 1997. (PDF)
1125:". Tech Musings, October, 1997. (PDF)
1113:
972:, Volume 5, Issue 1, pp. 77–83.
536:. This machine can be analysed using
1430:Royal Institution Christmas Lectures
1271:. farside.ph.utexas.edu, 2006-02-16.
814:Dynamo Model of Double Radio Sources
548:through a closed circuit induces an
203:) was developed. Sometimes the name
106:adding citations to reliable sources
77:
1323:
981:Osherovich, V. A.; Garcia, H. A., "
884:, vol. 156, pp. 59–78 (1969).
825:Burns, M. L.; Lovelace, R. V. E., "
73:
13:
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970:Chinese Astronomy and Astrophysics
14:
1553:
1218:
1161:, Oxford University Press, 2000,
914:"Sonett, C. P.; Colburn, D. S., "
876:Goldreich, P.; Lynden-Bell, D., "
1511:
1510:
1493:Faraday Medal (electrochemistry)
1436:The Chemical History of a Candle
1226:Construction of Unipolar Dynamos
1070:Knoepfel, Heinz (11 July 2008).
1045:Valone, Thomas (November 1994).
1020:(3rd ed.). Wiley. pp.
664:Valone, Thomas (November 1994).
591:
433:Astrophysical unipolar inductors
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187:Homopolar generator development
93:needs additional citations for
1369:Faraday's laws of electrolysis
1122:Shattering the homopolar myths
878:Io, a jovian unipolar inductor
865:Astrophysics and Space Science
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277:Australian National University
1:
1463:Faraday Building (Manchester)
1394:Faraday's ice pail experiment
1240:". Homopolar Welding, UT-CEM.
642:
1131:Understanding Faraday's Disk
1096:Electromagnetic Field Theory
1012:Jackson, John David (1998).
987:Geophysical Research Letters
667:The Homopolar Handbook, pg 1
528:, the Faraday disc converts
320:Basic Faraday disc generator
7:
1277:5K10.80 Homopolar Generator
1263:Magnetohydrodynamic theory
850:, vol. 29, p. 153–157
767:Planetary and Space Science
584:
10:
1558:
1339:Faraday's law of induction
922:, vol. 216, 340–343.
693:Notes on a Unipolar Dynamo
632:Faraday's law of induction
507:
324:This device consists of a
1506:
1498:Faraday Lectureship Prize
1445:
1422:
1384:Faraday-efficiency effect
1331:
1279:; Lecture Demonstrations.
1246:K2-64: Unipolar generator
1224:Popular Science Monthly,
1139:Classical Electrodynamics
1016:Classical Electrodynamics
903:The Astrophysical Journal
542:electromagnetic induction
307:Description and operation
1516:Category:Michael Faraday
1453:Michael Faraday Memorial
750:Cosmical Electrodynamics
727:"The Homopolar Handbook"
451:Cosmical Electrodynamics
1268:The homopolar generator
1141:, Wiley, 3rd ed. 1998,
1261:Richard Fitzpatrick, "
1074:. Wiley. p. 324.
1047:The Homopolar Handbook
521:
502:Venusian magnetic tail
389:contact supplied by a
321:
279:. It stored up to 500
196:
164:which operate using a
141:
24:
1537:Electrical generators
893:Strobel, Darrell F.;
831:Astrophysical Journal
515:
459:Carl-Gunne Fälthammar
319:
194:
162:electrical generators
139:
40:static magnetic field
22:
1281:". physics.brown.edu
1137:John David Jackson,
102:improve this article
36:electrical generator
1284:William J. Beaty, "
1249:". physics.umd.edu.
1237:Homopolar Generator
998:Eroshenko, E. G., "
550:electromotive force
441:in a cosmic body's
424:Drum-type generator
391:negative resistance
360:electromotive force
312:Disc-type generator
228:U.S. patent 406,968
210:U.S. patent 278,516
205:homopolar generator
177:alternating current
68:internal resistance
44:electrical polarity
29:homopolar generator
1399:Faraday efficiency
1157:Olivier Darrigol,
1114:General references
1105:Uppsala University
842:Shatskii, A. A., "
812:Lovelace, R.V.E. "
703:2011-05-17 at the
612:Electric generator
522:
496:, the Solar Wind,
322:
197:
142:
48:unipolar generator
25:
1524:
1523:
1478:IET Faraday Medal
1174:Fire in the belly
964:Yang, Hai-Shou, "
848:Astronomy Letters
637:Wimshurst machine
566:Lorentz force law
538:Faraday's own law
534:electrical energy
490:Jupiter Io system
449:. In their book,
410:Lorentz force law
269:Sir Mark Oliphant
215:S. Z. De Ferranti
175:dynamos and then
160:— that is,
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133:
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52:acyclic generator
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1468:Faraday (crater)
1458:Faraday Building
1404:Electrochemistry
1354:Faraday constant
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1234:Robert Hebner, "
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1128:Don Lancaster, "
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1099:, 2nd ed. by
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1081:9783527617425
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1056:9780964107014
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978:
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939:, Vol. 1, p.7
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882:Astrophys. J.
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599:Energy portal
594:
589:
582:
579:
578:magnetic flux
575:
571:
570:cross product
567:
562:
559:
558:line integral
555:
551:
547:
546:magnetic flux
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
514:
505:
503:
500:, and in the
499:
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455:Hannes Alfvén
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356:Lorentz force
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327:
318:
304:
302:
301:linear motors
298:
292:
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270:
266:
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259:
258:R. Eickemeyer
255:
251:
250:George Forbes
247:
246:Forbes dynamo
243:
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179:alternators.
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154:Faraday wheel
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91:This section
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37:
34:
30:
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1409:Faraday disc
1389:Faraday wave
1349:Faraday cage
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650:
563:
523:
478:binary stars
471:
450:
445:through its
436:
427:
399:
384:
353:
341:electrolysis
323:
293:
262:
245:
223:Nikola Tesla
221:separately.
219:C. Batchelor
204:
200:
198:
181:
153:
150:Faraday disc
149:
143:
140:Faraday disc
120:
111:
100:Please help
95:verification
92:
60:Faraday disc
59:
55:
51:
47:
28:
26:
1364:Faraday cup
482:black holes
289:megaamperes
285:synchrotron
56:disk dynamo
1531:Categories
846:", (2003)
643:References
443:ionosphere
414:phenomenon
326:conducting
281:megajoules
242:E. Thomson
170:commutated
985:" (1990)
952:" (1975)
918:" (1967)
901:" (2002)
880:" (1969)
863:" (1988)
829:" (1982)
799:" (2003)
765:" (1983)
524:Like all
368:slip ring
114:June 2018
1423:Lectures
1290:". 1996.
1107:, Sweden
1101:Bo Thidé
937:The Moon
701:Archived
585:See also
576:and the
574:velocity
498:sunspots
486:galaxies
408:and the
406:electron
329:flywheel
297:railguns
265:flywheel
1446:Related
1332:Physics
1186:. (PDF)
572:of its
526:dynamos
508:Physics
461:write:
376:gallium
372:mercury
345:railgun
337:welding
271:at the
233:pulleys
158:dynamos
64:amperes
1197:
1182:
1165:
1145:
1078:
1053:
1028:
1024:–211.
920:Nature
895:et al.
793:et al.
674:
492:, the
488:, the
474:Uranus
439:plasma
412:, the
402:magnet
387:plasma
291:(MA).
1359:Farad
935:" in
366:" or
364:brush
201:rotor
58:, or
31:is a
1195:ISBN
1180:ISBN
1163:ISBN
1143:ISBN
1076:ISBN
1051:ISBN
1026:ISBN
672:ISBN
564:The
494:Moon
457:and
394:neon
343:and
256:and
240:and
217:and
1265:",
1022:208
897:, "
795:, "
540:of
532:to
380:NaK
299:to
152:or
104:by
1533::
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670:.
504:.
484:,
480:,
476:,
453:,
420:.
378:,
339:,
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54:,
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33:DC
27:A
1317:e
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1243:"
1084:.
1059:.
1034:.
816:"
707:)
680:.
518:L
127:)
121:(
116:)
112:(
98:.
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