1309:
battlefields. The pieces in the game represented real military units: cavalry, infantry, artillery, and various support units. As in chess, only a single piece could occupy a square, and the pieces moved square by square, either laterally or diagonally. Over normal terrain, infantry could move a maximum distance of eight squares, dragoons could move twelve squares, and light cavalry could move sixteen squares—intuitively mirroring the speed at which these units move in the real world. But terrain could impede movement: mountains were impassable, swamps slowed units down, rivers could only be crossed with the help of a special pontoon unit, etc. A player could only move one piece per turn, or one group of pieces if they were arranged in a rectangle. A piece could capture an enemy piece by moving into its square, just like in chess, but infantry and artillery pieces could also shoot enemy pieces, at a maximum ranges of two to three squares. Unlike chess, the pieces had orientation: for instance, an infantry piece could only shoot an enemy piece if they were facing it and flanking it. Hellwig's wargame could also simulate the fog of war to limited degree: while the players were arranging their pieces in their starting positions, they had the option of placing a screen across the board so that they could not observe their opponent's arrangement until the game started. Once the game was in progress, however, there was no hiding anything.
2723:, 2019) a piece of professional multiplayer wargaming software that is also sold on the commercial market as a single player product. Its primary focus is on allowing the simulation of operational or tactical level real world combat scenarios with real time input. The commercial version comes bundled with some scenarios (in addition to those sold as DLC), however the software's primary focus is the ability to create share one's own scenarios. The creation of a strategic level wargame is possible in the commercial version, however no such scenario has been bundled with the software. Its level of fidelity is represented down to the individual vehicle/infantry squad and it utilizes a regularly updated database of weapons, vehicles, satellites, and equipment used by nearly every nation on the planet from the end of World War 2 to the near future (including some hypothetical entries). Gameplay is a top down 2D map of the Earth, however you can stream your gameplay to
1351:
battles in real locations. The pieces could be moved across the map in a free-form manner, subject to terrain obstacles. The pieces, each of which represented some kind of army unit (an infantry battalion, a cavalry squadron, etc.), were little rectangular blocks made of lead. The pieces were painted either red or blue to indicate the faction it belonged to. The blue pieces were used to represent the
Prussian army and red was used to represent some foreign enemy—since then it has been the convention in military wargaming to use blue to represent the faction to which the players actually belong to. The game used dice to add a degree of randomness to combat. The scale of the map was 1:8000 and the pieces were made to the same proportions as the units they represented, such that each piece occupied the same relative space on the map as the corresponding unit did on the battlefield.
1283:
2989:"A player's decision level is strategic if his responsibility extends to allocating resources, possibly including economic and political resources as well as military forces, to fight and win an entire war. A player is making tactical-level decisions if he is most concerned about positioning relatively small numbers of men and weapons to apply violence directly to the enemy; that is, to fight battles. The operational level game is less easily described; here the player is concerned with maneuvering relatively large forces so that they can be positioned to win the battles they fight, and so that those battles can help win the war. In the sense of decision making, then, the level of the game reflects the scope of the players' decisions."
1313:
also added rules governing logistics, such as supply convoys and mobile bakeries, and the effects of weather and seasons, making this perhaps the first operational-level wargame. In 1806, an
Austrian named Johann Ferdinand Opiz developed a wargame aimed at both civilian and military markets. Like Hellwig's game, it used a modular grid-based board. But unlike Hellwig's game, Opiz's game used dice rolls to simulate the unpredictability of real warfare. This innovation was controversial at the time. Hellwig, who designed his wargame for both leisure as well as instruction, felt that introducing chance would spoil the fun.
1087:
all its mechanics. The gameplay is faster, as a computer can process calculations much faster than a human. Computer wargames often have more sophisticated mechanics than traditional wargames thanks to automation. Computer games tend to be cheaper than traditional wargames because, being software, they can be copied and distributed very efficiently. It's easier for a player to find opponents with a computer game: a computer game can use artificial intelligence to provide a virtual opponent, or connect him to another human player over the
Internet. For these reasons, computers are now the dominant medium for wargaming.
643:
scenarios. One challenge in the design of historical wargames is that the scenarios may be inherently unbalanced and present one side with an unwinnable situation. In such cases, the victory conditions may be adjusted for the disadvantaged side so that they can win simply by doing better than what happened historically. Some games simply concede that the scenario is imbalanced and urge players to switch sides and play again to compare their performance. It is easier to design a balanced scenario where all players have a fair chance of winning if it is fictionalized. Board wargames usually have a fixed scenario.
3155:"The first thought which presented itself to my mind was that the learning of my game ought not to be burdened with too many details if it was to fulfill its mission. I judged from the first that I should achieve my object in the quickest way if I took for its basis the game of chess, in favor with so many distinguished persons of all ranks. My idea was to adapt, as far as possible, the game of chess to my own game, in order so to interest amateurs that they would at least give mine a trial. experience confirmed the wisdom of my expectations, for chess players were the first to welcome my invention "
1358:. Reisswitz's manual provided tables that listed how far each unit type could move in a round according to the terrain it was crossing and whether it was marching, running, galloping, etc.; and accordingly the umpire used a ruler to move the pieces across the map. The game used dice to determine combat results and inflicted casualties, and the casualties inflicted by firearms and artillery decreased over distance. Unlike chess pieces, units in Reisswitz's game could suffer partial losses before being defeated, which were tracked on a sheet of paper (recreational gamers might call this "
3348:, p. 278: "During the wars of German unification, Prussian wargaming appears to have provided a significant advantage. How else can Prussiaβs lopsided victories be explained? Prussian forces were more often than not outnumbered, weapon advantages were mixed, and training methods were similar, though some think Prussia had an advantage in the education of staff officers. At this time, though, the Prussian military had a monopoly on second-generation wargaming and had integrated it into its staff education and its staff planning methods, especially at the higher levels."
1125:
and voice and resolving combat. Flow of play is simple: each turn, the units come up in a random order. Therefore, the more units an opponent has, the more chance he will be selected for the next turn. When a unit comes up, the commander specifies an order and if offensive action is being taken, a target, along with details about distance. The results of the order, base move distance and effect to target, are reported, and the unit is moved on the tabletop. All distance relationships are tracked on the tabletop. All record-keeping is tracked by the computer.
1104:
517:
2337:, 1983) β An internationally successful fantasy miniature wargame. The First Edition rules introduced innovative open unit design rules, however later editions eliminated the option to build custom units and make use of standard army lists mandatory. Warhammer was one of the first newly developed miniature wargames to enjoy popularity after role-playing games came to market in 1974. In fact, it is because of Roleplaying games becoming so popular, and people having too many models that were rarely used, that this was first published.
1429:
501:
1305:. Hellwig's wargame was the first true wargame because it attempted to be realistic enough to teach useful lessons in military strategy to future army officers. Hellwig was a college professor and many of his students were aristocrats destined for military service. But Hellwig also wanted to sell his wargame commercially as a recreational item. Hellwig chose to base his game on chess so as to make it attractive and accessible to chess players. Hellwig published a second edition of his rulebook in 1803.
956:
1366:
troops would interpret and carry out their orders. When the troops engaged the enemy on the map, the umpire rolled the dice, computed the effects, and removed defeated units the from map. The umpire also managed secret information so as to simulate the fog of war. The umpire placed pieces on the map only for those units which he judged both sides could see. He kept a mental track of where the hidden units were, and only placed their pieces on the map when he judged they came into view of the enemy.
1274:
574:
learning curve small. Recreational wargamers tend to have a lot of wargaming experience (it is usually considered a hardcore hobby), so learning a complicated new wargame is easy if it is similar enough to ones they've already played. By contrast, military officers typically have little or no wargaming experience. A second reason is that the technical data required to design an accurate and precise model, such as the performance characteristics of a fighter jet, is often classified.
562:
difficult for the designers to verify that their models are accurate. Secrecy also makes it harder to disseminate corrections if the wargame has already been delivered to the clients. Then there is the small player base. Whereas a commercial wargame might have thousands or even millions of players, professional wargames tend to have small player bases, which makes it harder for the designers to acquire feedback. Consequently, errors in professional wargame models tend to persist.
1535:. Such was the popularity of such titles that other authors were able to have published wargaming titles. This output of published wargaming titles from British authors coupled with the emergence at the same time of several manufacturers providing suitable wargame miniatures (e.g. Miniature Figurines, Hinchliffe, Peter Laing, Garrisson, Skytrex, Davco, Heroic & Ros) was responsible for the huge upsurge of popularity of the hobby in the late 1960s and into the 1970s.
849:, for instance, cannot realistically model the range of modern firearms, because miniature wargaming models are typically built to a scale between 1:64 and 1:120. At those scales, riflemen should be able to shoot each other from several meters away, which is longer than most game tables. If model soldiers could shoot each other from opposite ends of the table, without the need to maneuver, the game would be very monotonous. For example, the miniature wargame
3299:"In addition to establishing the general idea and the composition of the opposing forces, the umpire serves as an intermediary for virtually all actions in the game: all movements, all communications and all attacks channel through the umpire, in writing. The players transmit written orders, authored to their units in the persona of a commander, and for the most part the umpire enjoys significant leeway in deciding how these orders will be interpreted."
3169:"Infantry and artillery units may discharge their firearms instead of advancing on an enemy; if an infantry unit destroys an enemy with gunfire, that enemy is removed from the board but the infantry unit does not advance to occupy the vacated position. The efficacy of rifles rests largely on the orientation of the opposing unit: infantry units facing one another enjoy effectively immunity to one anotherβs gunfire, so only flanking fire had an effect."
2888:(US Naval War College), p. 4: "The uses the Perla (1990) definition, which describes war gaming as "...a warfare model or simulation whose operation does not involve the activities of actual military forces, and whose sequence of events affects and is, in turn, affected by the decisions made by players representing the opposing sides" (Perla, 1990, p. 164). By doing so, this differentiates a war game from a training exercise, which uses real forces."
1584:
3322:, p. 110: "General Karl von Mueffling (1775β1851), chief of the general staff (1821β29) in Prussia, exclaimed, "It's not a game at all! Itβs training for war. I shall recommend it enthusiastically to the whole army." He fulfilled that promise: a royal decree directed every regiment in the Prussian army to play the game regularly. By the end of the 1820s each Prussian regiment was purchasing with state funds materials for war gaming."
35:
899:
1893:
3387:"It seems that neither the British nor the Americans ever quite accepted the full range of wargaming's potential value prior to the end of World War II. The single, and stellar, exception to this assessment is the development and application of wargaming at the U.S. Naval War College. In 1894, under newly appointed President Captain Henry Taylor, gaming became an integral and permanent part of the course of study for all students."
4476:
1335:
63:
1096:
2592:, 1996) β not the first wargame to break out from hexes, and still presented in a 2-dimensional format, Close Combat nonetheless uniquely addressed factors such as individual morale and reluctance to carry out orders. The original title led to 5 very successful sequels for the general public, as well as being developed into a training tool for military use only. Close Combat stemmed from an early attempt to translate the
1608:(1954) by an American named Charles S. Roberts. What distinguished this wargame from previous ones is that it was mass-produced and all the necessary materials for play were bundled together in a box. Previous wargames were often just a rulebook and required players to obtain the other materials themselves. The game was played on a pre-fabricated board with a fixed layout, which is why it was called a board game.
2975:"A player's decision level is strategic if his responsibility extends to allocating resources, possibly including economic and political resources as well as military forces, to fight and win an entire war. A player is making tactical-level decisions if he is most concerned about positioning relatively small numbers of men and weapons to apply violence directly to the enemy; that is, to fight battles."
2695:, 2002) β a grand strategy wargame series that is focused on World War 2. Player may act as any reasonably sized nation at the time, influencing international politics, economic and military development, and can control battlefields on both strategic and operational levels using combined arms. Frequently used to entertain and simulate alternative history scenarios as well as recreate historical events.
841:, so that it may realistically simulate how topography, distance, and time affect warfare. Scale is usually expressed as a ratio, e.g. a scale of 1:1000 indicates that 1 cm on the game map represents 10 m (1,000 cm). In miniature wargaming, scale is more often expressed as the height of a model of a human measured from the base of its feet up to the eyes or top of the head (e.g. 28mm).
3285:: "In these early attempts the landscape had been forced into squares and triangles, with rivers, seas, villages, mountains, valleys and so on pushed out of their natural shapes and into straight lines. In the same way movements of troops, the representation of troop types, the effect of firepower, were also severely modified in such a way that a realistic picture of events failed to be produced."
2937:: "Finally, those who design, manufacture, and market games in the commercial world are obliged to pay attention to users' demands, such as ease of play and creating a good interface between player and game. Their counterparts working in, or for, the military, are not nearly as affected by these concerns. On occasion this can lead to bad games that people simply do not want to play."
1129:
and counters are presented to the user who can then manipulate these, more-or-less as if he were playing the physical game, and send a saved file off to his opponent, who can review what has been done without having to duplicate everything on his physical set-up of the game, and respond. Some allow for both players to get on-line and see each other's moves in real-time.
1393:. Many credited Prussia's victory to its wargaming tradition. The Prussian army did not have any significant advantage in weaponry, numbers, or troop training, but it was the only army in the world that practiced wargaming. Civilians and military forces around the world now took a keen interest in the German military wargames, which foreigners referred to as
2913:: "Unlike those in the wargaming hobby, professional wargamers work in a relatively closed society. One organization's games are not freely available for all to try, critique, and modify. Professional wargame designers may document their games (usually in classified publications), but they seldom describe the design process they employed to create them."
3207:"Although Venturini replaced the wargame board with a map, he still imposed a one-inch square grid over that map, and he imagined each square of the grid to be two thousand paces (Schritte) across, which if we assume a German military pace of rough thirty inches, means his game employs a scale around 1:60,000, or a bit shy of one mile per square."
2925:: "One is the need to satisfy the requirements of many different user organizations each of which does not wish to buy the game off the shelf but actively attempts to pull it in its own direction. Often the outcome is great complexity and compromises that end up, like the famous camel that was created by a committee, by satisfying nobody."
761:
pleases the players, so in most recreational wargames the emphasis is on verisimilitude, i.e. the satisfactory appearance of realism. In any case, no wargame can be perfectly realistic. A wargame's design must make trade-offs between realism, playability, and fun, and function within the constraints of its medium.
3273:"...the grid imposed on the wargames of Hellwig and Venturini significantly limited the capacity of these systems to represent the position of troops realistically. Effectively, in a board wargame divided into squares of a scale mile across, there is only one position that troops within a mileβs range could hold."
660:, the scenario is a single battle. The basic unit of command is an individual soldier or small group of soldiers. The time span of the scenario is in the order of minutes. At this level, the specific capabilities of the soldiers and their armaments are described in detail. An example of a tactical-level games is
3219:: "Venturini increases the variety of terrain, takes into account seasons and weather, vastly increases the sorts of entrenchments and fortifications that combatants might construct, and adds significant, but not necessarily exciting, detail to the feeding, equipping and support of forces in the field."
1365:
Reisswitz's game also used an umpire. The players did not directly control the pieces on the game map. Rather, they wrote orders for their virtual troops on pieces of paper, which they submitted to the umpire. The umpire then moved the pieces across the game map according to how he judged the virtual
1128:
Remote computer assisted wargames can be considered as extensions to the concept of play-by-email gaming, however the presentation and actual capabilities are completely different. They have been designed to replicate the look and feel of existing board or miniatures wargames on the computer. The map
1124:
Local computer assisted wargames are mostly not designed toward recreating the battlefield inside computer memory, but employing the computer to play the role of game master by storing game rules and unit characteristics, tracking unit status and positions or distances, animating the game with sounds
924:
Miniature wargaming can be more expensive and time-consuming than other forms of wargaming. Furthermore, most manufacturers do not sell ready-to-play models, they sell boxes of model parts, which the players are expected to assemble and paint themselves. This requires skill, time, and money, but many
920:
is a form of wargaming where units on the battlefield are represented by miniature models, as opposed to abstract pieces such as wooden blocks or plastic counters. Likewise, the battlefield itself is represented by model terrain, as opposed to a flat board or map; naval wargames are often played on a
816:
typically represent decidedly more concrete and internally quite complex entities (companies, battalions, etc.), with detailed interior state (stat blocks and tables of troop numbers, equipment, operational readiness, artillery charts, etc.), often with convoluted rules governing how they operate and
642:
describes the circumstances of the specific conflict being simulated, from the layout of the terrain to the exact composition of the fighting forces to the victory conditions of the players. Historical wargames often re-enact historical battles. Alternatively, the game may provide fictional "what-if"
2029:
rather than just a game in that forces could be used to depict any number of actual tactical situations rather than one specific scenario. Pioneered several ground-breaking features, such as use of various types of weapons fire to reflect battlefield conditions. Also created new level of realism in
1636:
Board wargames were more popular than miniature wargames. One reason was that assembling a playset for miniature wargaming was expensive, time-consuming, and require artisanal skill. Another reason was that board wargames could be played by correspondence. Board wargames were usually grid-based, or
1471:
was designed for a large field of play, such as a lawn or the floor of a large room. An infantryman could move up to one foot per turn, and a cavalryman could move up to two feet per turn. To measure these distances, players used a two-foot long piece of string. Wells was also the first wargamer to
1316:
A criticism of the chess-like wargames of
Hellwig, Venturini, and Opiz was that the pieces were constrained to move across a grid in chess-like fashion. Only a single piece could occupy a square, even if that square represented a square mile; and the pieces had to move square by square, their exact
1312:
Hellwig's wargame was a commercial success, and inspired other inventors to develop their own chess-like wargames. In 1796, another
Prussian named Johann Georg Julius Venturini invented his own wargame, inspired by Hellwig's game. Venturini's game was played on an even larger grid. Venturini's game
855:
solves this problem by reducing a rifle's range to 24 inches, a sub-machine gun's range to 12 inches, and a pistol's range to 6 inches. Even if these ranges are not realistic, their proportions make intuitive sense (a rifle's range is longer than a sub-machine gun, due to the differing ammunitions)
2618:
preceded it), but a groundbreaking game series featuring simultaneous order resolution, complete orders of battle for numerous nationalities, with three titles based on the original game engine. As of 2006, a campaign layer is in testing as well as a revised game engine to be released before 2007.
1350:
presented to the
Prussian General Staff a highly realistic wargame that he and his father had developed over the years. Instead of a chess-like grid, this game was played on accurate paper maps of the kind the Prussian army used. This allowed the game to model terrain naturally and better simulate
1205:
In some early PBM systems, six sided dice rolling was simulated by designating a specific stock and a future date and once that date passed, the players would determine an action's outcome using the sales in hundreds value for specific stocks on a specific date and then dividing the NYSE published
1086:
Computer wargames have many advantages over traditional wargames. In a computer game, all the routine procedures and calculations are automated. The player needs only to make strategic and tactical decisions. The learning curve for the player is smaller, as the game can be played without mastering
820:
This makes wargames difficult to learn, as it can be difficult to simply begin playing without already understanding a great deal about how to do so. Even experienced wargamers usually play with their rulebook on hand, because the rules for most wargames are too complex to fully memorize. For many
798:
of the evolving strategic state of the board, wargames contrarily tend to have very sophisticated rules as a matter of their commitment to representing the concrete realities of (various kinds of) warfare. Generally speaking, the more realistic a wargame seeks to be, the more complicated its rules
569:
Commercial wargames are under more pressure to deliver an enjoyable experience for the players, who expect a user-friendly interface, a reasonable learning curve, exciting gameplay, and so forth. By contrast, military organizations tend to see wargaming as a tool and a chore, and players are often
760:
A wargame must simulate warfare to a reasonable degree of realism, though what counts as sufficient realism depends on the players. Military wargames need to be highly realistic because their purpose is to prepare officers for real warfare. Recreational wargames only need to be as realistic as it
1369:
Earlier wargames had fixed victory conditions, such as occupying the enemy's fortress. By contrast, Reisswitz's wargame was open-ended. The umpire decided what the victory conditions were, if there were to be any, and they typically resembled the goals an actual army in battle might aim for. The
1254:
computer games still had a decent amount of popularity, and many started explicitly supporting the sending of saved-game files through email (instead of needing to find the file to send to the opponent by hand). As with all types of video games, the rise in home networking solutions and
Internet
875:
Military wargames often use referees to manage secret information. The players may be forced to sit in separate rooms, and communicate their orders with the referee in the game room, who in turn reports back only the information he judges the players should know. Some recreational wargames use a
811:
in Go have no properties, behaviours, or state on their own, and only potentially represent, relative to other stones, elements of a larger board position, providing an extremely abstract strategic model in which the determinant of victory is a generalisation of territorial control and influence
1466:
did not use dice or computation to resolve fights. For artillery attacks, players used spring-loaded toy cannons which fired little wooden cylinders to physically knock over enemy models. As for infantry and cavalry, they could only engage in hand-to-hand combat (even if the figurines exhibited
1308:
As in chess, Hellwig's game was played on a grid of squares, but it was a much larger grid, and the squares were color-coded to represent different types of terrain: mountains, swamp, water, trenches, etc. The layout of the terrain was not fixed, which allowed players to create their own custom
573:
Professional wargames that are arbitrated by an umpire or the players themselves (manual wargames) tend to have simple models and computations compared to recreational wargames. Umpires may even be allowed to make arbitrary decisions using their own expertise. One reason for this is to keep the
1132:
These systems are generally set up so that while one can play the game, the program has no knowledge of the rules, and cannot enforce them. The human players must have a knowledge of the rules themselves. The idea is to promote the playing of the games (by making play against a remote opponent
824:
One way to solve the problem of complexity is to use a referee who has the discretion to arbitrate events, using whatever tools and knowledge they deem fit. This solution is popular with military instructors because it allows them to apply their own expertise when they use wargames to instruct
1495:
hobby was to network players across
America. At the time, the miniature wargaming community was minuscule, and players struggled to find each other. In 1956, Scruby organized the first miniature wargaming convention in America, which was attended by just fourteen people. From 1957 to 1962, he
1475:
Wells' rulebook, however, failed to invigorate the miniature wargaming community. A possible reason was the two World Wars, which de-glamorized war and caused shortages of tin and lead that made model soldiers expensive. Another reason may have been the lack of magazines or clubs dedicated to
561:
Military organizations are typically secretive about their current wargames, and this makes designing a professional wargame a challenge. The data the designers require, such as the performance characteristics of weapons or the locations of military bases, are often classified, which makes it
1380:
The
Prussian king and the General Staff officially endorsed Reisswitz's wargame, and by the end of the decade every German regiment had bought materials for it. This was thus the first wargame to be widely adopted by a military as a serious tool for training and research. Over the years, the
777:
is the process by which a given wargame is proven to be realistic. For historical wargames, this usually means being able to accurately recreate a certain historical battle. Validating military wargames is sometimes tricky as they are typically used to simulate hypothetical future scenarios.
844:
Military wargames typically aim to model time and space as realistically as is feasible, so everything in the simulation conforms to a single scale. Recreational wargame designers, by contrast, tend to use abstract scaling techniques to make their wargames easier to learn and play. Tabletop
565:
Although commercial wargame designers study consumer trends and listen to player feedback, their products are usually designed and sold with a take-it-or-leave-it approach. Professional wargames, by contrast, are typically commissioned by the military that plans to use them. If a wargame is
1054:, a card game about tactical combat in World War II published by Avalon Hill in 1983. The abstractness is harnessed in the game by having the deck produce random terrain, and chances to fire, and the like, simulating uncertainty as to the local conditions (nature of the terrain, etc.).
553:
Recreational wargames can cover a wide variety of subjects, from pre-historic to modern β even fantasy or sci-fi combat. Games which do not include modern armaments and tactics are of limited interest to the military, though wargames covering famous historical battles can interest
2465:(Battlefront Miniatures, 2002) β Popular World War II wargame at 15mm (1:100) scale, currently focusing on the European and Mediterean theatres. Splits into three time periods (Early War 1939β41, Mid War 1942β43 and Late War 1944β45) to bring some balance and historical matchups.
2760:, 1984) β initially conceived as a board game, it has created a brand that now includes various different boardgames (tactical as well as strategic), miniature game rules, a role-playing game, computer games, flip-book games (by Nova Games) as well as novels and a TV series.
3140:"To the avid miniature wargamer, board gaming must have appeared crude, aesthetically dull and confining in the rigidity of its rules; to the unrepentant board wargamer, miniature gaming looked expensive, labor-intensive and contentious in its latitude toward system."
1060:
Also, card driven games (CDGs), first introduced in 1993, use a deck of (custom) cards to drive most elements of the game, such as unit movement (activation) and random events. These are, however, distinctly board games, the deck is merely one of the most important
2094:(Avalon Hill, 1974) β The first serious attempt to model World War II in Europe in its entirety, including (in a limited way) the economic and industrial production of the nations involved. It has seen numerous versions and editions, and is currently available as
2635:β (Major I. L. Holdridge, 2003 for v4) β commercial version of βTacOpsCav 4β, an officially issued standard training device of the US Army. It is a simulation of contemporary and near-future tactical, ground, combat between the modern armed forces of the world.
634:
has wizards and dragons, but the combat is mostly based on medieval warfare (spearmen, archers, knights, etc.). Some are also set in a hypothetical future or counterfactual past, to simulate, for example, a "World War Three" or rebellion of colonists on Mars.
2303:, 1971) β An extension and distillation of rules previously published in various periodicals. While mostly about historical medieval combat, it had an addendum that covered fantasy elements. Major elements of this game were adopted by the role-playing game
2281:(H.G. Wells, 1913) β The first popular published wargame rules. Includes the common miniature wargaming mechanics of dice rolling, range, line of sight, and moving in alternate turns. This game earned Wells the title "The Father of Miniature Wargaming".
745:
is a computer program that serves as a platform for users to create and share their own wargame of a hypothetical real world conflict (ranging from the tactical to the strategic level) using its database of units that range from World War 2 to the near
985:
is built into the game by representing units with upright wooden blocks that are marked on only one face, which is oriented towards the player who owns the block. The opponent cannot see the markings from his position. The first such block wargame was
1401:
manual in
English, based on the system of Wilhelm von Tschischwitz, was published in 1872 for the British army and received a royal endorsement. The world's first recreational wargaming club was the University Kriegspiel Club, founded in 1873 at
806:
only have a few rules determining their behaviour, such as how and when they are allowed to move or capture based on their type and board location, providing a highly abstracted model of warfare which represents troop composition and positioning.
1317:
location within a square being immaterial. The grid also forced the terrain into unnatural forms, such as rivers that flowed in straight lines and bent at right angles. This lack of realism meant that no army took these wargames seriously.
2657:
scale simulation set as a "Cold War Gone Hot" themed game in both multiplayer and singleplayer environments. Players construct customized armies through use of a deck system comprising land vehicles, infantry, and helicopters from several
1686:β After H.G. Wells, he did the most to make miniature wargaming a respectable hobby. He also popularized miniatures wargaming with a cheaper production process for miniature figures, publishing the first miniature wargaming magazine, the
627:
depicts a fictional world in which the combatants wield fictional or anachronistic armaments, but it should be similar enough to some historical era of warfare such that the combatants fight in a familiar and credible way. For instance,
2709:) β a historical real-time strategy series with real-time tactical combat and supply simulation. Campaigning takes place on a single continuous map where players can zoom between the 3D tactical map and the 2D strategy map at any time.
828:
Another way to address complexity is to use a computer to automate some or all of the routine procedures. Video games can be both sophisticated and easy to learn, which is why computer wargames are more popular than tabletop wargames.
2901:: "Much of the data that goes into the programs is classified: as a result, checking on whether it is correct is difficult, and errors, once they have crept in, tend to stay. Secrecy also makes it hard to update the games as needed."
764:
Fantasy wargames arguably stretch the definition of wargaming by representing fictional or anachronistic armaments, but they may still be called wargames if they resemble real warfare to the satisfaction of the players. For example,
1004:
Because of their nature, cards are well suited for abstract games, as opposed to the simulation aspects of wargames. Traditional card games are not considered wargames even when nominally about the same subject (such as the game
3336:"In the aftermath of the 1870-1871 Franco-Prussian War, European and world military opinion suddenly became enamored of things German, including Kriegsspiel, to the use of which many experts attributed the German victories."
492:, wargaming was widely adopted by military officers in other countries. Civilian enthusiasts also played wargames for fun, but this was a niche hobby until the development of consumer electronic wargames in the 1990s.
594:
A wargame is adversarial. There must be at least two opposing sides whose players react intelligently to each other's decisions, though there are wargames with solitaire rules to govern the actions of the non-player
2214:β (Nova Games, 1981) the most successful of Milton Bradley's (1984) 'GameMaster' line in an attempt to bring wargaming into the mainstream by appealing to non-wargamers through simplicity and attractive components.
460:
Generally, activities where the participants actually perform mock combat actions (e.g. friendly warships firing dummy rounds at each other) are not considered wargames. Some writers may refer to a military's
3471:"Unlike many earlier war games for the home, which amounted to little more than a set of rules and the occasional map, Tactics came with all the miniature tanks, infantry, and planes need to play in its box."
1370:
emphasis was on the experience of decision-making and strategic thinking, not on competition. As Reisswitz himself wrote: "The winning or losing, in the sense of a card or board game, does not come into it."
2158:(1985) have become the most prolific series of wargames, including 3 add-on modules for the former, and 12 for the latter, with additional Historical modules and Deluxe modules also having been released.
566:
commissioned by several clients, then the designer will have to juggle their competing demands. This can lead to great complexity, high development costs, and a compromised product that satisfies nobody.
3457:
See James Dunnigan's Foreword to Donald Featherstone's Lost Tales, published 2009. Dunnigan clearly places Featherstone in his role as a key propagator of wargaming as a hobby and tool for professionals.
2347:(Games Workshop, 1987) β A futuristic wargame featuring rival armies with different fighting styles. This wargame has very conceptual artwork suggesting a post-apocalyptic neo-gothic universe with heavy
1041:. The first was fairly popular in wargaming circles, and is a light system of naval combat, though again not depicting any 'real' situation (players may operate ships from opposing navies side-by-side).
821:
people, the complexity also makes wargames difficult to enjoy, but some players enjoy high realism, so finding a balance between realism and simplicity is tricky when it comes to recreational wargames.
582:
The exact definition of "wargame" varies from one writer to the next and one organization to the next. To prevent confusion, this section will establish the general definition employed by this article.
2242:β (GDW, 1983) is a multi-player game of World War I aerial combat over the Western Front during 1917 and 1918 with an extremely easy to play mechanism but allow the development of complex strategies.
2267:(S. Low, Marston, 1898) β The first published miniature wargame. A 26-page rule set limited to naval miniature battles. It came in a crate measuring 4 ft. X 4 ft. X 2 ft. Written by
943:
is played on a board that has a more-or-less fixed layout and is supplied by the game's manufacturer. This is in contrast to customizable playing fields made with modular components, such as in
3259::"A secondary intention was to give a pleasant entertainment to a person who did not need such instruction through a game in which nothing depends on chance but on the direction of the player."
856:
and thus preserve some verisimilitude, all the while compressing the battle to fit the confines of the table. Additionally, the ranges are multiples of 6, which makes them easier to remember.
623:
accurately depicts a real historical era of warfare. Among recreational wargamers, the most popular historical era is World War 2. Professional military wargamers prefer the modern era. A
673:, the scenario is a military campaign, and the basic unit of command is a large group of soldiers. At this level, the outcomes of battles are usually determined by a simple computation.
885:
The fog of war is easy to simulate in a computer wargame, as a virtual environment is free of the physical constraints of a tabletop game. The computer itself can serve as the referee.
680:, the scenario is an entire war. The player addresses higher-level concerns such as economics, research, and diplomacy. The time span of the game is in the order of months or years.
488:
in the early 19th-century, and eventually the Prussian military adopted wargaming as a tool for training their officers and developing doctrine. After Prussia defeated France in the
2666:
nations and manage logistics such as fuel and ammunition while on the battlefield. There is no cohesive campaign, the game instead taking place in several hypothetical conflicts.
2562:, 1994) β probably the most widely popular computer game that is recognizably a traditional wargame. It spawned several sequels, some of which explored different subject matter.
2351:
themes. Unarguably the most profitable miniature wargame ever , it has popularized competitive tournament gameplay in large, international events sanctioned by Games Workshop.
2843:
Approximate. Miniature wargames typically express their scales in terms of the height of a human figurine in millimeters. 1:64 roughly corresponds to 28mm, and 1:120 to 15mm.
1247:
saw a shift of people playing board wargames from play-by-mail (PBM) to play-by-email (PBEM) or play-by-web (PBW). The mechanics were the same, merely the medium was faster.
2423:, 2004) β An inexpensive, simple wargame that has been successfully mass marketed to both younger wargamers and adults. As miniature wargaming is often an expensive hobby,
619:
that is based on some historical era of warfare so as to establish what armaments, unit types, and doctrines the combatants may wield and the environment they fight in. A
1500:, through which wargamers could publish their rules and share game reports. It had less than two hundred subscribers, but it did establish a steadily growing community.
319:
2542:, respectively, featuring a cartoony aesthetic and grid based gameplay. Intelligent Systems would subsequently adapt the traditional wargaming formula into the popular
1083:
The term "wargame" is rarely used in the video gaming hobby; the term "strategy game" is preferred. "Computer wargame" distinguishes a game from a "tabletop wargame".
1024:. It does not simulate how any actual nuclear exchange would happen, but it is still structured unlike most card games because of the way it deals with its subject.
817:
interact, and furthermore the global state of the game is often governed by extensive non-local rules representing exigencies like seasonal weather or supply lines.
2317:
used two six-sided dice to resolve combat. Previous fantasy miniature wargames had been written, but this was the first one published. Drawing on the popularity of
864:
In real warfare, commanders have incomplete information about their enemy and the battlespace. A wargame that conceals some information from the player is called a
825:
students. The drawback of this approach is that the referee must be very knowledgeable in warfare and impartial, else they may issue unrealistic or unfair rulings.
324:
872:
wargame has no secret information. Most recreational wargames are open wargames. A closed wargame can simulate the espionage and reconnaissance aspects of war.
2961:: "Unlike abstract games of strategy, all wargames have a setting, which determines the armaments of the combatants and the environment in which they deploy."
2365:, 1990) β Radically minimalist rules differentiate this game from other notable miniature wargames. A number of systems have been strongly influenced by DBA.
967:
shows how a player may only know the strength and unit type of their own forces, creating a fog of war element that does not exist in most tabletop wargames.
1637:
else designed in some way that moves could be explained in writing in simple terms. This was not possible with the free-form nature of miniature wargames.
921:
floor because they tend to require more space than a tabletop. Most miniature wargaming is recreational because issues of scale get in the way of realism.
651:
A wargame's level of war determines to the scope of the scenario, the basic unit of command, and the degree to which lower level processes are abstracted.
1057:
Dan Verssen Games is a specialist designer and publisher of card games for several genres, including air combat and World War II and modern land combat.
4184:
Dorca Bis Alejo, "El Hobby de los soldados en miniatura, el wargame, el rol, el modelismo y el coleccionismo." primera ediciΓ³n: 23 de agosto de 2008,
4900:
602:. Some writers use the term "live wargames" to refer to games that use actual troops in the field, but this article shall instead refer to these as
5101:
1702:β Known as the "Father of modern board wargaming", designed the first modern wargame, as well as the company most identified with modern wargames (
3045:
1121:
as regards to wargaming. Two different categories can be distinguished: local computer assisted wargames and remote computer assisted wargames.
558:. As professional wargames are used to prepare officers for actual warfare, there is naturally a strong emphasis on realism and current events.
4398:; Is the Net breathing new life into an endangered hobby--or just postponing the inevitable?," by Andrew Leonard, Salon Magazine, May 29, 1998.
4376:
1542:
published what was the first ruleset for a miniature wargame set in the medieval period. These rules were a major inspiration for Gary Gygax's
2441:(Corvus Belli, 2005) is a tabletop wargame in which sci-fi themed with 28mm scale metal miniatures are used to simulate futuristic skirmishes.
2289:(John C. Candler, 1964) β First period-specific historical miniature wargame. Also the first in a long line of Napoleonic miniature wargames.
3521:
1507:
began writing an influential series of books on wargaming, which represented the first mainstream published contribution to wargaming since
441:, or to study the nature of potential conflicts. Many wargames re-create specific historic battles, and can cover either whole wars, or any
1965:β (1954) a classic multi-player game from the "golden age" of wargames in which strategy is exercised off the game board as well as on it.
1467:
firearms). When two infantry units fought in close quarters, the units would suffer non-random losses determined by their relative sizes.
3609:
925:
players like the opportunity to show off their artistic skills. Miniature wargaming is often as much about artistry as it is about play.
1347:
666:, in which players use miniature figurines to represent individual soldiers, and move them around on a scale model of the battlefield.
2676:β a wargame set in different time periods, with a turn based map, and a real time battle component, featured on the television series
3644:
1414:
in 1882, both heavily inspired by Prussian wargames. In 1894, the US Naval War College made wargaming a regular tool of instruction.
2405:-inspired miniatures game featuring steam-powered robots fighting under the direction of powerful wizards. Also has a sister game,
1156:
3897:
3876:
3019:
1202:
Wargames were played remotely through the mail, with players sending lists of moves, or orders, to each other through the mail.
4825:
3652:
329:
4051:
2252:β (Avalon Hill, 1994) this game started the Card-Driven wargame movement, which is very influential in current wargame design.
4893:
4815:
4301:
4270:
4137:
3995:
3837:
3675:
3598:
2603:
1567:. Earlier miniature wargames were designed to be played using generic models that could be bought from any manufacturer, but
1476:
miniature wargames. Miniature wargaming was seen as a niche within the larger hobby of making and collecting model soldiers.
433:
in which two or more players command opposing armed forces in a simulation of an armed conflict. Wargaming may be played for
309:
1779:
and the most prolific print wargame designer in history. His designs included many firsts in wargaming, including the first
5094:
4699:
771:
has wizards and dragons, but the bulk of the armaments are taken from medieval warfare (spearmen, knights, archers, etc.).
4995:
2515:
2089:
2042:, 1972) β The first wargame to use wooden blocks with labels to provide a fog of war and four possible steps of strength.
412:
4423:
1282:
1045:
was not as successful, but is a look at the constant design and development of new types of tanks during World War II.
3654:
Taktisches Kriegs-Spiel oder Anleitung zu einer mechanischen Vorrichtung um taktische Manoeuvres sinnlich darzustellen
704:
is an operational-level professional wargame developed in the 1960s by the US Army for research into guerilla warfare.
4954:
4820:
4343:
4249:
4209:
4189:
4151:
4123:
4107:
4088:
4071:
4047:
3948:
3917:
3910:
Playing at the World: A History of Simulating Wars, People and Fantastic Adventures, from Chess to Role-playing Games
3856:
3818:
3795:
3761:
3742:
2819:
1932:
729:
314:
1571:
setting featured original characters with distinctive visual designs, and their models were produced exclusively by
5380:
4886:
4460:
5087:
4863:
4539:
3000:
2741:
2614:
2186:, it is arguably the most successful tactical space combat system that does not rely on miniatures (published by
1354:
The game modeled the capabilities of the units realistically using data gathered by the Prussian army during the
1302:
356:
173:
4959:
4810:
4773:
4743:
4588:
4112:
1914:
1693:
1504:
878:
465:
as "live wargames", but certain institutions such as the US Navy do not accept this. Likewise, activities like
304:
208:
1389:
Prussian wargaming attracted little attention outside Prussia until 1870, when Prussia defeated France in the
4678:
4198:
4062:
3409:
3021:
Tacspiel War-Game Procedures and Rules of Play for Guerrilla/Counterguerrilla Operations [RAC-TP-223]
2671:
2511:
1786:
711:
were a series of strategic-level professional wargames that sought to predict the outcome of the Vietnam War.
2774:, 1982) β initially printed as a board game, it quickly evolved to incorporate elements of miniatures games.
1769:), one of the first major competitors to Avalon Hill, and himself a prolific wargame designer and innovator.
1472:
use scale models of buildings, trees, and other terrain features to create a three-dimensional battlefield.
996:(previously named Gamma Two Games), depicting the campaign surrounding the Battle of the Plains of Abraham.
4672:
4232:
4219:
2699:
2128:. With 4 maps and 1000+ counters, it is credited with being the first "monster" wargame (by famed designer
1812:
1231:
Reality Simulations, Inc. still runs a number of PBM games, such as Duel2 (formerly known as Duelmasters),
286:
3934:. Translated by H. O. S. Heistand. Washington D.C.: US Government Printing Office. 1898. pp. 233β289.
2162:
also sets the record for sheer volume of playing components, with thousands of official counters and 60+ "
5296:
5286:
5236:
4805:
4666:
4551:
4098:
4057:
2559:
2428:
2380:
1731:
1177:
1020:, a 'tongue-in-cheek game of the end of the world', first published in 1966 and still published today by
509:
445:, battles, or lower-level engagements within them. Many simulate land combat, but there are wargames for
299:
183:
5354:
3810:
2824:
2714:
2479:
1381:
Prussians developed new variations of Reisswitz's system to incorporate new technologies and doctrine.
741:
384:
379:
24:
5068:
4778:
4642:
2115:
2071:
1834:
1224:
262:
28:
5231:
4841:
2328:
2121:
1910:
1856:
1776:
1736:
1118:
1112:
813:
341:
3927:
598:
A wargame does not involve the use of actual troops and armaments. This definition is used by the
4909:
3698:"Models of war 1770β1830: the birth of wargames and the trade-off between realism and simplicity"
3517:
2362:
2225:
2077:
1903:
1747:
1726:
1713:
1423:
1028:
1016:
630:
603:
462:
405:
3102:"...the discretion of the umpire may be subject to all manner of conscious or unconscious bias."
2455:
bricks as miniatures and scenery and gained popularity mostly due to the looseness of the rules.
2379:, 2001) β Innovative game popularizing the combat dial, pre-painted plastic miniatures, and the
1997:(Avalon Hill, 1958) β the first modern era wargame intended to model an actual historical event.
5269:
5137:
4557:
4494:
4448:
4416:
2420:
2356:
2187:
1951:
537:
533:
374:
96:
84:
3959:
3620:
5349:
5344:
5221:
5157:
5021:
4366:
2319:
2305:
2237:
2154:
2007:
1805:
1550:
1074:
1048:
The most successful card wargame (as a card game and as a wargame) would almost certainly be
982:
902:
851:
434:
1954:
will show the variety of titles, the following games are notable for the reasons indicated:
1448:
developed codified rules for playing with toy soldiers, which he published in a book titled
5142:
5127:
5037:
5016:
4985:
3545:
2852:
An M1 Garand has an effective range of 457m, which corresponds to 3.8m at a scale of 1:120.
2247:
2047:
1626:
1561:
produced what was the first miniature wargame designed to be used with proprietary models:
599:
547:
543:
521:
505:
4388:
3632:
8:
4624:
4545:
4499:
3659:
Tactical War Game - or, instruction to a mechanical device to simulate tactical maneuvers
2804:
2771:
2692:
2640:
2583:
2503:
2323:, this game featured the novelties of combat magic and fantastic creatures as combatants.
2163:
2059:
2054:
2022:
1676:
1651:
1492:
1455:
1390:
1251:
1210:
944:
917:
912:
489:
244:
178:
143:
3639:
Instructions for the Representation of Military Maneuvres with the Kriegsspiel Apparatus
1831:β wrote rule sets for Napoleonic and World War II wargames and also on military history.
1615:, the first firm that specialized in commercial wargames. In 1958, Avalon Hill released
1103:
5319:
5226:
5169:
5063:
4949:
4600:
3888:
3867:
3586:
3039:
2814:
2572:β (Strategic Simulations, Inc., 1995) β an early tactical wargame on the same scale as
2436:
2229:
2171:
1699:
398:
220:
116:
79:
39:
20:
4289:
Philip Sabin: Simulating War. Studying Conflict Simulation through Games, London 2012.
2725:
2180:, 1978) one of the older still actively played and published wargames today; based on
546:
is a wargame that is used by a military as a serious tool for training or research. A
5375:
5251:
5011:
4851:
4606:
4409:
4339:
4297:
4266:
4245:
4205:
4185:
4147:
4133:
4119:
4103:
4084:
4067:
4043:
4035:
3991:
3944:
3913:
3852:
3833:
3814:
3791:
3757:
3738:
3671:
3594:
3028:
2609:
2195:
2137:
2018:
1992:
1845:
1780:
1616:
1484:
1403:
1197:
1185:
1078:
846:
715:
695:
587:
A wargame simulates an armed conflict, be it a battle, a campaign, or an entire war.
454:
442:
438:
351:
226:
5246:
5189:
4933:
4509:
4350:
Terry Wise's Introduction to Battlegaming including his unpublished wargaming rules
4158:
Tank Battles in Miniature: Wargamers' Guide to the Western Desert Campaign, 1940β42
3719:
3709:
2809:
2757:
2746:β (Nova Games, 1980) β this flip-book system is a simulation of aerial dogfighting.
2523:
2342:
2294:
2177:
1960:
1852:
1799:β Designer of several miniatures and board wargames who went on to co-create (with
1671:
1563:
1544:
767:
725:
is tactical-level recreational wargame that simulates World War 1 aerial dogfights.
656:
555:
516:
466:
138:
111:
3714:
3697:
3587:"On Wargaming: How Wargames Have Shaped History and How They May Shape the Future"
2578:, which led to two sequels, and a complete revision of the title for free release.
1428:
1107:
A computer-assisted wargame sponsored by the US Air National Guard (February 2015)
808:
5334:
5291:
5274:
5241:
5179:
4980:
4928:
4688:
4654:
4514:
4465:
3772:
2799:
2779:
2678:
2539:
2398:
2209:
2099:
1817:
1355:
1050:
1007:
708:
446:
274:
148:
3427:
500:
4758:
4748:
4718:
4693:
4683:
4660:
4395:
3634:
Anleitung zur Darstellung militairische Manover mit dem Apparat des Kriegsspiel
2686:
2567:
2553:
2507:
2334:
2039:
1875:
1762:
1754:
1603:
1588:
1572:
1558:
1373:
In the English-speaking world, Reisswitz's wargame and its variants are called
1215:
1021:
993:
964:
955:
787:
591:
do not simulate armed conflict and thus fall outside the scope of this article.
280:
3788:
It's All a Game: The History of Board Games from Monopoly to Settlers of Catan
3526:
1255:
access has also meant that networked games are now common and easy to set up.
1137:
issues) by ensuring that the players have access to the actual physical game.
5369:
5324:
5261:
5110:
4856:
4753:
4648:
4504:
4382:
2794:
2706:
2646:
2493:
2460:
2406:
2201:
2125:
1869:
1828:
1796:
1758:
1597:
1362:
tracking"). The game also had some rules that modeled morale and exhaustion.
1273:
1219:
1150:
978:
972:
940:
934:
690:
662:
450:
430:
268:
133:
128:
1716:), co writer of WRG Ancients in 1969 and of DBA the innovative 1990 ruleset.
4763:
4733:
4728:
4636:
4630:
3932:
Selected Professional Papers Translated from European Military Publications
3668:
Peter Perla's The Art of Wargaming: A Guide for Professionals and Hobbyists
2720:
2621:
2594:
2574:
2300:
2147:
2129:
1839:
1800:
1772:
1232:
1140:
The four main programs that can be used to play a number of games each are
256:
250:
189:
4878:
2873:: "To be a wargame, in our sense of the word, the game must be realistic."
1987:(Parker Brothers, 1959) β Widely accepted as the first mainstream wargame.
5174:
5164:
5079:
4923:
4768:
4612:
4582:
4576:
4454:
4254:
4093:
4076:
2663:
2544:
2535:
2370:
2276:
2081:
2013:
1980:
1859:
and introduced many advanced graphics design elements to wargame designs.
1766:
1709:
1703:
1683:
1666:
1661:
1612:
1480:
1450:
1445:
1437:
1432:
1329:
1243:
Since e-mail is faster than the standard postal service, the rise of the
988:
803:
791:
232:
202:
4365:
Erik Lin-Greenberg, Reid B.C. Pauly, and Jacquelyn G. Schneider. 2021. β
2271:. As only a handful of these games survive, they are highly collectible.
5279:
5196:
5119:
4738:
4618:
4258:
3724:
3686:
3617:
Board Games Studies: International Journal for the Study of Board Games
2751:
2392:
1970:
1917: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1742:
1488:
1406:
in England. In the United States, Charles Adiel Lewis Totten published
478:
238:
4391:, By Clive Gilbert and Kevin Allen, BBC News Magazine, 24 August 2007.
2619:
CM's genesis was also as a failed attempt by Avalon Hill to translate
5339:
5213:
5152:
5132:
4594:
2589:
2414:
2402:
2268:
2182:
2107:
1539:
1134:
1033:
795:
470:
214:
3610:"Eine Anleitung zur Anleitung. Das Takstische Kriegsspiel 1812-1824"
2084:, 1976) β the definitive game of Age of Sail warfare for many years.
1892:
898:
5329:
5184:
5147:
4723:
2765:
2650:
2527:
2519:
2499:
2470:
2446:
2348:
1696:β Known in the UK as the "co-father" of modern miniature wargaming.
1359:
1334:
1244:
1164:
is available for purchase, while the other three are offered free.
1095:
62:
4040:
The Complete Wargames Handbook: How to Play, Design, and Find Them
2409:, which features large monstrous creatures in the place of robots.
1206:
sales in hundreds by six, using the remainder as the dice result.
719:
is a strategic-level computer wargame set in the mid-20th century.
34:
4846:
3531:
2654:
2376:
2219:
1583:
1343:
1298:
485:
474:
346:
3557:
A reprint is available from the History of Wargaming Project at
2200:(Avalon Hill, 1981) β pioneered the use of "point to point" or "
1548:(1971), which in turn became the basis for the roleplaying game
42:
by the red player against an island defended by the green player
3990:, Special Interest Model Books; New edition (31 December 1998)
2630:
2431:
have opened the miniature wargaming hobby to a new demographic.
2387:
has inspired numerous collectible, skirmish miniature wargames.
1462:
had very simple rules to make it fun and accessible to anyone.
876:
referee too, often referring to them as "the GameMaster" (e.g.
19:"Wargamer" and "wargaming" redirect here. For the website, see
2062:
where game pieces depicted a single soldier. An adaptation of
1338:
A reconstruction of the wargame developed in 1824 by Reisswitz
3149:
In a letter from Hellwig, dated 26 September 1801, quoted in
2232:
combat, in which each game piece represented a single person.
1180:, making it accessible to any computer that can run a modern
3569:
A reprint is available from history of Wargaming Project at
2612:, 2000) β not the first 3D tactical wargame (titles such as
2066:
also became one of the first multi-player computer wargames.
1975:(Avalon Hill, 1958) β the wargame that launched Avalon Hill.
1496:
self-published the world's first wargaming magazine, titled
1454:(1913). This is widely remembered as the first rulebook for
5201:
4401:
2659:
2452:
4353:
4315:
4305:
4235:
4222:
3570:
3558:
3001:"The "Four Levels" of Wargaming: A New Scope on the Hobby"
3890:
War Gamers' Handbook: A Guide for Professional War Gamers
2531:
1181:
3495:
1775:β considered "The Dean of Modern Wargaming", founder of
5058:
4389:
Dice against the Nazis: Propaganda aimed to reduce fear
4195:
Dorca Alejo, "My Toy Soldiers & Me" Second edition.
550:
is one played for fun, often in a competitive context.
1757:β A co-founder of Game Designers Workshop (along with
1263:
1117:
In the recent years, programs have been developed for
4385:, by Dr. Brett Holman, PhD in History, 5 August 2007.
4231:, Ward Lock Ltd, London, 1980, reprinted 2009 by the
4218:, Ward Lock Ltd, London, 1980, reprinted 2008 by the
3849:
Tabletop Wargames: A Designers' and Writers' Handbook
2510:) β a series of turn-based wargames released for the
1133:
easier), while supporting the industry (and reducing
570:
bluntly obliged to use whatever is provided to them.
4329:
Airfix magazine Guides: American Civil War Wargaming
3752:
Pat Harrigan; Matthew G. Kirschenbaum, eds. (2016).
3751:
3481:
3445:
2881:
2879:
794:
even simpler, with the complexity of these games an
3631:Georg Heinrich Rudolf Johann von Reisswitz (1824).
1291:
The playing field and pieces from Hellwig's wargame
1031:(a board wargame company) produced two card games,
3846:
3410:"Make It Do β Metal Shortages During World War II"
3111:
3058:
1602:The first successful commercial board wargame was
477:are classified as physical sports. Wargaming is a
2876:
2120:(Martial Enterprises, 1974) Later republished by
1578:
5367:
4314:, reprinted by the History of Wargaming Project
1825:, and other games in the Axis and Allies Series.
3367:
3365:
3027:. Research Analysis Corporation. Archived from
2784:β (Avalon Hill, 1983) β A popular card wargame.
1099:The US Navy Electronic Warfare Simulator (1958)
698:that simulates land battles during World War 2.
495:
4367:Wargaming for International Relations Research
4304:reprinted by the History of Wargaming Project
3941:The Complete Wargames Handbook Revised Edition
3539:
3428:"History of the British Model Soldier Society"
3017:
1592:(1954) was the first successful board wargame.
1483:began making inexpensive miniature models for
733:is a fantasy wargame whose rules are based on
457:as well as many that combine various domains.
16:Strategy game that realistically simulates war
5095:
4894:
4417:
4284:Airfix magazine Guides: World War 2 Wargaming
4009:Military Modelling Guide to Siege War Gaming
3866:Perla, Peter P.; Barrett, Raymond T. (1985).
3234:
2998:
2102:, and as a far more complex descendant game,
406:
4352:Printed by the History of Wargaming Project
4277:Airfix magazine Guides: Napoleonic Wargaming
4172:War Games Through the Ages Vol. 2 1420β1783
4102:, Hippocrene Books, Inc. New York, NY 1980.
4016:Military Modelling Guide to Solo War Gaming
3865:
3362:
3123:
2548:series of tactical role-playing video games.
1664:β Pioneer in miniature wargaming, author of
1503:Around the same time in the United Kingdom,
1410:in 1880, and William R. Livermore published
1235:, and Forgotten Realms: War of the Avatars.
907:, a miniature wargame set during World War 2
4908:
4371:European Journal of International Relations
4179:War Games Through the Ages Vol. 3 1792β1859
3754:Zones of Control: Perspectives on Wargaming
3735:The Evolution of Fantasy Role-Playing Games
3044:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1633:became the most widely-played wargame yet.
1397:(the German word for "wargame"). The first
437:, to train military officers in the art of
5109:
5102:
5088:
4901:
4887:
4424:
4410:
4338:, Model and Allied Publishing (MAP) 1972.
4204:, Model and Allied Publishing (MAP) 1970.
4081:The Comprehensive Guide to Board Wargaming
3666:Peter P. Perla (2012) . John Curry (ed.).
2166:" not counting Deluxe and Historical maps.
1377:, which is the German word for "wargame".
1348:Georg Heinrich Rudolf Johann von Reisswitz
413:
399:
4030:Airfix magazine Guides: Ancient Wargaming
3869:An Introduction to Wargaming and its Uses
3830:Die Auftritte des Krieges sinnlich machen
3827:
3723:
3713:
3695:
3650:
3630:
3308:
3282:
3240:
3178:
3085:
3018:Lawrence J. Dondero; et al. (1966).
1933:Learn how and when to remove this message
1238:
4229:Sprawling Wargames multiplayer Wargaming
3926:
3907:
3771:Johann Christian Ludwig Hellwig (1803).
3371:
3294:
3268:
3216:
3202:
3190:
3164:
3150:
3135:
3097:
2958:
1878:β Former baseball player and commentator
1621:, which was a retooling of the rules of
1582:
1427:
1333:
1102:
1094:
954:
897:
515:
499:
33:
4002:Military Modelling Guide to War Gaming
3847:Rick Priestley; John Lambshead (2016).
3804:
3785:
3770:
3607:
3584:
3466:
3345:
3251:
3228:
2934:
2922:
2898:
2286:Miniature Wargames du temps de Napoleon
2017:by Avalon Hill in 1970. The very first
1720:
1645:
610:
5368:
4826:Society of Twentieth Century Wargamers
4146:, Sportshelf & Soccer Assoc 1969.
3807:Wargames: From Gladiators to Gigabytes
3732:
3619:(in German) (3): 59β78. Archived from
3357:
2733:
1670:. His usual companion in wargames was
1417:
330:Society of Twentieth Century Wargamers
5083:
4882:
4816:International Federation of Wargaming
4405:
3886:
3828:Nohr, Rolf F.; BΓΆhme, Stefan (2009).
3684:
3665:
3382:
3331:
2984:
2970:
2910:
2030:reflecting tactical armored vehicles.
2011:Magazine game, 1969); re-released as
1491:. Scruby's major contribution to the
1320:
1191:
310:International Federation of Wargaming
4083:, Arthur Baker Limited London 1977.
3957:
3938:
3670:. The History of Wargaming Project.
3651:George Leopold von Reiswitz (1812).
3319:
3070:
2866:
1915:adding citations to reliable sources
1886:
1458:(for terrestrial armies, at least).
1090:
812:projection. Contrarily, in wargames
4996:Rise and Decline of the Third Reich
4379:, Time Magazine, December 14, 1942.
4018:, Special Interest Model Books 1989
4011:, Special Interest Model Books 1990
4004:, Special Interest Model Books 1987
3903:from the original on July 28, 2018.
3882:from the original on March 5, 2020.
2090:Rise and Decline of the Third Reich
1882:
1384:
1264:Early Prussian wargames (1780β1806)
837:Every wargame must have a sense of
161:
13:
4474:
4396:Return of the hex-crazed wargamers
3975:
3482:Harrigan & Kirschenbaum (2016)
3446:Harrigan & Kirschenbaum (2016)
2224:β (Victory Games, 1983) the first
1863:
1849:, and other well-received designs.
1625:, and was based on the historical
1297:The first wargame was invented in
14:
5392:
4821:International Wargames Federation
4116:Featherstone's Complete Wargaming
3851:. Pen & Sword Books Limited.
3832:. Appelhans-Verlag Braunschweig.
2820:International Wargames Federation
2264:Rules for the Jane Naval War Game
2021:. The game pioneered the use of "
1640:
1218:, was an early PBM game in 1970.
484:Modern wargaming was invented in
315:International Wargames Federation
5017:Eclipse: New Dawn for the Galaxy
4461:Western Approaches Tactical Unit
3645:translation by Bill Leeson, 1989
3493:
3112:Priestley & Lambshead (2016)
3059:Priestley & Lambshead (2016)
1891:
1479:In 1955, a California man named
1408:Strategos, the American War Game
1281:
1272:
750:
61:
4864:World Boardgaming Championships
4118:, David & Charles UK 1989.
3593:(43). Naval War College Press.
3585:Matthew B. Caffrey Jr. (2019).
3578:
3563:
3551:
3510:
3487:
3474:
3460:
3451:
3438:
3420:
3402:
3390:
3376:
3351:
3339:
3325:
3313:
3302:
3288:
3276:
3262:
3245:
3222:
3210:
3196:
3184:
3172:
3158:
3143:
3129:
3117:
3105:
3091:
3079:
3064:
3052:
3011:
2992:
2978:
2846:
2837:
1902:needs additional citations for
1654:, who with his father invented
1303:Johann Christian Ludwig Hellwig
1168:is in turn an outgrowth of the
694:is a tactical-level historical
646:
357:World Boardgaming Championships
4811:Game Manufacturers Association
4244:, Naval Institute Press 1990.
3073:The Complete Wargames Handbook
2999:James Johnson (30 June 2014).
2964:
2952:
2940:
2928:
2916:
2904:
2891:
2869:The Complete Wargames Handbook
2860:
2256:
1579:Board wargaming (1954βpresent)
1424:History of miniature wargaming
879:Warhammer 40,000: Rogue Trader
305:Game Manufacturers Association
38:A board wargame displaying an
1:
4336:Introduction to Battle Gaming
4063:The Complete Book of Wargames
3715:10.1080/01916599.2017.1366928
2512:Nintendo Entertainment System
2485:
2025:" and PanzerBlitz was a game
859:
781:
4806:Castle & Crusade Society
4431:
4233:History of Wargaming Project
4220:History of Wargaming Project
4216:Napoleonic Wargaming For Fun
4050:This is available online at
3608:Phillip von Hilgers (2000).
2830:
2429:collectible miniatures games
2381:collectible miniatures games
1184:, while the other three are
893:
496:Professional vs recreational
300:Castle & Crusade Society
7:
5297:Collectible miniatures game
5287:Constructible strategy game
4552:Julius von Verdy du Vernois
4359:
4202:Battle! Practical Wargaming
4099:The Best of Board Wargaming
4066:, Simon and Schuster 1980.
3805:Martin van Creveld (2013).
2788:
2560:Strategic Simulations, Inc.
1068:
790:are relatively simple, and
683:
577:
510:US Marine Corps War College
184:Julius von Verdy du Vernois
72:
10:
5397:
5355:Tabletop role-playing game
3939:James F. Dunnigan (1992).
3811:Cambridge University Press
3733:Michael J. Tresca (2011).
3124:Perla & Barrett (1985)
2825:List of wargame publishers
2715:Command: Modern Operations
2598:boardgame to the computer.
2480:List of miniature wargames
1945:
1611:Roberts later founded the
1595:
1421:
1327:
1258:
1195:
1110:
1072:
1014:An early card wargame was
970:
932:
910:
755:
742:Command: Modern Operations
531:
528:) in play at CSW Expo 2009
385:List of wargame publishers
380:List of miniature wargames
25:Wargaming (disambiguation)
18:
5312:
5260:
5212:
5118:
5069:Hobby Games: The 100 Best
5046:
5030:
5004:
4968:
4942:
4916:
4834:
4798:
4791:
4709:
4567:
4530:
4523:
4485:
4472:
4439:
4296:, Hippocrene Books, 1974
4054:(verified December 2011).
4023:Know The Game: War Gaming
3887:Shawn Burns, ed. (2013).
3702:History of European Ideas
3496:"Wargames Research Group"
2116:La Bataille de la Moskowa
2072:Wooden Ships and Iron Men
2052:(SPI, 1973) β along with
1751:, and best selling author
1690:, and community building.
1511:. Titles included :
1225:Middle-Earth Play-By-Mail
320:Johnny Reb Gaming Society
29:War game (disambiguation)
5232:Dedicated deck card game
4842:Charles S. Roberts Award
3980:
3964:Naval War College Review
3896:. US Naval War College.
3786:Tristan Donovan (2017).
2329:Warhammer Fantasy Battle
2152:(Avalon Hill, 1977) and
2122:Games Designers Workshop
2096:John Prados' Third Reich
1613:Avalon Hill Game Company
1529:Battles with Model Tanks
1435:and his friends playing
1412:The American Kriegsspiel
1119:computer-assisted gaming
1113:Computer-assisted gaming
950:
928:
888:
832:
768:Warhammer Fantasy Battle
463:field training exercises
342:Charles S. Roberts Award
5381:Military historiography
4910:Grand strategy wargames
3988:Wargaming World War Two
3696:Paul Schuurman (2017).
3179:Nohr & BΓΆhme (2009)
2451:is a wargame that uses
2363:Wargames Research Group
2226:solitaire board wargame
2204:" in tactical wargames.
2078:Battleline Publications
1714:Wargames Research Group
1228:is still active today.
1029:Battleline Publications
999:
631:Warhammer Age of Sigmar
5270:Abstract strategy game
5138:Cooperative board game
4558:William McCarty Little
4495:Recreational wargaming
4479:
4449:Professional wargaming
4331:, P.Stephens Ltd 1977.
4279:, P.Stephens Ltd 1974.
4032:, P.Stephens Ltd 1975.
3527:"Peter Cushing (1956)"
2421:Milton Bradley Company
2357:De Bellis Antiquitatis
2311:Dungeons & Dragons
2306:Dungeons & Dragons
2188:Amarillo Design Bureau
2008:Strategy & Tactics
1823:Conquest of the Empire
1806:Dungeons & Dragons
1593:
1551:Dungeons & Dragons
1441:
1339:
1239:E-mail and traditional
1108:
1100:
968:
908:
615:A wargame must have a
538:Recreational wargaming
534:Professional wargaming
529:
513:
375:List of board wargames
325:Naval Wargames Society
97:Grand strategy wargame
85:Recreational wargaming
43:
23:. For other uses, see
5350:Social deduction game
5345:Paper-and-pencil game
5222:Collectible card game
5158:Cross and circle game
5022:Star Trek: Ascendancy
4478:
4286:, P.Stephens Ltd 1976
4263:Wargaming for Leaders
4160:, P.Stephens Ltd 1973
4025:, EP Publishing 1978.
3908:Jon Peterson (2012).
3034:on February 14, 2017.
2320:The Lord of the Rings
2155:Advanced Squad Leader
1586:
1431:
1337:
1106:
1098:
1075:Wargame (video games)
958:
901:
519:
503:
197:20th century Pioneers
168:19th century pioneers
37:
5143:Deduction board game
5128:Adventure board game
5038:Computer Third Reich
4955:History of the World
4917:Abstract board games
4312:With Pike and Musket
4265:, McGraw-Hill 2009.
4242:The Art of Wargaming
4177:Donald Featherstone
4170:Donald Featherstone
4163:Donald Featherstone
4156:Donald Featherstone
4142:Donald Featherstone
4128:Donald Featherstone
3958:Vego, Milan (2012).
3685:H. G. Wells (1913).
3546:The General Magazine
3396:H. G. Wells (1913).
2886:War Gamer's Handbook
2164:geomorphic mapboards
2023:geomorphic mapboards
1911:improve this article
1732:Terrible Swift Sword
1721:Designers/developers
1646:Wargaming as a hobby
1627:Battle of Gettysburg
1222:Hall-of-Fame member
1176:) project, and uses
611:Setting and scenario
600:US Naval War College
548:recreational wargame
544:professional wargame
522:recreational wargame
506:professional wargame
5237:Shedding-type games
4546:Georg von Reisswitz
4500:Miniature wargaming
4294:Practical wargaming
4113:Donald Featherstone
3960:"German War Gaming"
3928:"Foreign War Games"
3414:www.sarahsundin.com
3005:www.beastsofwar.com
2805:Miniature wargaming
2772:Steve Jackson Games
2734:Unique game systems
2693:Paradox Interactive
2641:Wargame: Red Dragon
2504:Intelligent Systems
2060:Man to Man wargames
1677:Three Men in a Boat
1652:Georg von Reisswitz
1569:Warhammer Fantasy's
1557:From 1983 to 2015,
1505:Donald Featherstone
1498:The War Game Digest
1493:miniature wargaming
1456:miniature wargaming
1444:The English writer
1418:Miniature wargaming
1391:Franco-Prussian War
1346:army officer named
1252:turn-based strategy
1211:Nuclear Destruction
945:miniature wargaming
918:Miniature wargaming
913:Miniature wargaming
556:military historians
490:Franco-Prussian War
179:Georg von Reisswitz
144:Miniature wargaming
107:Operational wargame
49:Part of a series on
5227:Deck-building game
5170:Running-fight game
5064:Tabletop Simulator
4950:Age of Renaissance
4601:Charles S. Roberts
4480:
4377:Sport: Little Wars
4165:War Game Campaigns
4144:Advanced War Games
3943:. William Morrow.
3912:. Unreason Press.
3641:] (in German).
3591:The Newport Papers
3548:, Volume 27, No. 5
3432:www.bmssonline.com
2947:Wargaming Handbook
2815:Business war games
2508:Kuju Entertainment
2172:Star Fleet Battles
1952:comprehensive list
1700:Charles S. Roberts
1594:
1533:Skirmish Wargaming
1485:miniature wargames
1442:
1340:
1192:Play-by-mail (PBM)
1109:
1101:
1027:In the late 1970s
969:
909:
847:miniature wargames
621:historical setting
530:
514:
439:strategic thinking
221:Charles S. Roberts
80:Military wargaming
44:
40:amphibious assault
21:Wargamer (website)
5363:
5362:
5252:Trick-taking game
5077:
5076:
5012:Twilight Imperium
4969:Detailed wargames
4943:World epoch games
4876:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4852:Origins Game Fair
4787:
4786:
4673:Larry Harris, Jr.
4607:Allan B. Calhamer
4302:978-0-88254-271-3
4271:978-0-07-159688-6
4138:978-1-4092-1676-6
3996:978-1-85486-000-2
3839:978-3-941737-02-0
3677:978-1-4716-2242-7
3600:978-1-935352-65-5
3480:Jon Peterson, in
3444:Jon Peterson, in
3071:Dunnigan (1992),
2949:(MoD 2017), p. 21
2867:Dunnigan (1992),
2610:Big Time Software
2196:Storm Over Arnhem
2142:(GMT Games, 1992)
1943:
1942:
1935:
1781:tactical wargames
1712:β Co-founder of (
1564:Warhammer Fantasy
1525:Wargame Campaigns
1517:Advanced Wargames
1404:Oxford University
1198:Play-by-mail game
1186:Microsoft Windows
1091:Computer-assisted
1079:Wargame (hacking)
796:emergent property
730:Star Wars: X-Wing
716:Hearts of Iron IV
696:miniature wargame
671:operational level
589:Business wargames
423:
422:
352:Origins Game Fair
287:Larry Harris, Jr.
227:Allan B. Calhamer
139:Computer wargames
102:Strategic wargame
5388:
5247:Tarot card games
5190:Chinese dominoes
5104:
5097:
5090:
5081:
5080:
5005:Space "4x" games
4903:
4896:
4889:
4880:
4879:
4796:
4795:
4625:Redmond Simonsen
4589:Don Featherstone
4528:
4527:
4510:Computer wargame
4477:
4426:
4419:
4412:
4403:
4402:
4310:C.F. Wesencraft
4292:C.F. Wesencraft
3971:
3954:
3935:
3923:
3904:
3902:
3895:
3883:
3881:
3874:
3862:
3843:
3824:
3801:
3782:
3767:
3748:
3729:
3727:
3717:
3692:
3681:
3662:
3642:
3627:
3625:
3614:
3604:
3573:
3567:
3561:
3555:
3549:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3491:
3485:
3478:
3472:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3449:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3406:
3400:
3394:
3388:
3380:
3374:
3369:
3360:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3309:Reisswitz (1824)
3306:
3300:
3292:
3286:
3283:Reisswitz (1824)
3280:
3274:
3266:
3260:
3249:
3243:
3241:Schuurman (2017)
3238:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3214:
3208:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3162:
3156:
3147:
3141:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3095:
3089:
3086:Schuurman (2017)
3083:
3077:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3043:
3035:
3033:
3026:
3015:
3009:
3008:
2996:
2990:
2982:
2976:
2968:
2962:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2895:
2889:
2883:
2874:
2864:
2853:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2810:Tactical wargame
2625:to the computer.
2524:Game Boy Advance
2343:Warhammer 40,000
2178:Task Force Games
2019:tactical wargame
1938:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1918:
1895:
1887:
1883:Notable examples
1855:β Co-founder of
1853:Redmond Simonsen
1735:, and worked at
1694:Don Featherstone
1672:Jerome K. Jerome
1385:Worldwide spread
1285:
1276:
467:capture the flag
415:
408:
401:
245:Redmond Simonsen
209:Don Featherstone
112:Tactical wargame
65:
46:
45:
5396:
5395:
5391:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5385:
5366:
5365:
5364:
5359:
5335:Icehouse pieces
5308:
5292:Miniatures game
5275:Connection game
5256:
5208:
5180:Tile-based game
5114:
5108:
5078:
5073:
5042:
5026:
5000:
4981:Empires in Arms
4964:
4938:
4929:Axis and Allies
4912:
4907:
4877:
4868:
4830:
4783:
4711:
4705:
4700:Gilbert Roberts
4689:Stephen V. Cole
4655:S. Craig Taylor
4569:
4563:
4532:
4519:
4515:Naval wargaming
4487:
4481:
4475:
4470:
4466:Sigma war games
4441:
4435:
4430:
4362:
4324:, Penguin 1970.
4227:Paddy Griffith
4214:Paddy Griffith
4094:Nicholas Palmer
4077:Nicholas Palmer
4014:Stuart Asquith
4007:Stuart Asquith
4000:Stuart Asquith
3986:Stuart Asquith
3983:
3978:
3976:Further reading
3951:
3920:
3900:
3893:
3879:
3872:
3859:
3840:
3821:
3798:
3774:Das Kriegsspiel
3764:
3745:
3678:
3661:]. GΓ€dicke.
3623:
3612:
3601:
3581:
3576:
3568:
3564:
3556:
3552:
3544:
3540:
3525:
3522:Wayback Machine
3515:
3511:
3501:
3499:
3492:
3488:
3479:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3456:
3452:
3443:
3439:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3416:. 11 July 2011.
3408:
3407:
3403:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3372:Peterson (2012)
3370:
3363:
3356:
3352:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3318:
3314:
3307:
3303:
3298:
3295:Peterson (2012)
3293:
3289:
3281:
3277:
3272:
3269:Peterson (2012)
3267:
3263:
3255:
3250:
3246:
3239:
3235:
3227:
3223:
3217:Peterson (2012)
3215:
3211:
3206:
3203:Peterson (2012)
3201:
3197:
3191:Heistand (1898)
3189:
3185:
3181:, p. 50-58
3177:
3173:
3168:
3165:Peterson (2012)
3163:
3159:
3154:
3151:Heistand (1898)
3148:
3144:
3139:
3136:Peterson (2012)
3134:
3130:
3122:
3118:
3114:, p. 29-31
3110:
3106:
3101:
3098:Peterson (2012)
3096:
3092:
3084:
3080:
3069:
3065:
3057:
3053:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3024:
3016:
3012:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2959:Peterson (2012)
2957:
2953:
2945:
2941:
2933:
2929:
2921:
2917:
2909:
2905:
2896:
2892:
2884:
2877:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2800:Naval wargaming
2791:
2736:
2679:Time Commanders
2649:, 2014) β a 3D
2615:Muzzle Velocity
2488:
2399:Privateer Press
2259:
2210:Axis and Allies
2106:, published by
2100:Avalanche Press
2002:Tactical Game 3
1948:
1939:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1908:
1896:
1885:
1866:
1864:Notable players
1818:Axis and Allies
1723:
1688:War Game Digest
1648:
1643:
1600:
1581:
1426:
1420:
1387:
1356:Napoleonic Wars
1332:
1326:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1266:
1261:
1241:
1200:
1194:
1115:
1093:
1081:
1073:Main articles:
1071:
1043:Armor Supremacy
1039:Armor Supremacy
1002:
979:block wargaming
975:
953:
937:
931:
915:
896:
891:
862:
835:
784:
758:
753:
709:Sigma war games
686:
678:strategic level
649:
625:fantasy setting
613:
604:field exercises
580:
540:
532:Main articles:
498:
419:
390:
389:
370:
362:
361:
275:S. Craig Taylor
164:
154:
153:
149:Naval wargaming
75:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5394:
5384:
5383:
5378:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5316:
5314:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5306:
5301:
5300:
5299:
5289:
5284:
5283:
5282:
5277:
5266:
5264:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5218:
5216:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5205:
5204:
5194:
5193:
5192:
5187:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5124:
5122:
5116:
5115:
5111:Tabletop games
5107:
5106:
5099:
5092:
5084:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5050:
5048:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5040:
5034:
5032:
5031:Computer games
5028:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5008:
5006:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4998:
4993:
4991:World War Two:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4972:
4970:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4946:
4944:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4920:
4918:
4914:
4913:
4906:
4905:
4898:
4891:
4883:
4874:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4849:
4844:
4838:
4836:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4802:
4800:
4793:
4789:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4781:
4776:
4774:Martin Wallace
4771:
4766:
4761:
4759:Mark Simonitch
4756:
4751:
4749:Rick Priestley
4746:
4744:Joseph Miranda
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4719:Craig Besinque
4715:
4713:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4703:
4697:
4694:Greg Costikyan
4691:
4686:
4684:Frank Chadwick
4681:
4676:
4670:
4667:Marc W. Miller
4664:
4661:Paddy Griffith
4658:
4652:
4646:
4640:
4634:
4628:
4622:
4616:
4610:
4604:
4598:
4592:
4586:
4580:
4573:
4571:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4555:
4549:
4543:
4540:Johann Hellwig
4536:
4534:
4525:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4491:
4489:
4483:
4482:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4451:
4445:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4429:
4428:
4421:
4414:
4406:
4400:
4399:
4392:
4386:
4380:
4374:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4346:
4332:
4325:
4320:Andrew Wilson
4318:
4308:
4290:
4287:
4282:Bruce Quarrie
4280:
4275:Bruce Quarrie
4273:
4261:, Robert Kurz
4252:
4238:
4225:
4212:
4196:
4193:
4182:
4181:, S. Paul 1975
4175:
4174:, S. Paul 1974
4168:
4167:, S. Paul 1970
4161:
4154:
4140:
4126:
4110:
4091:
4074:
4055:
4042:, Quill 1992.
4033:
4026:
4019:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3955:
3949:
3936:
3924:
3918:
3905:
3884:
3863:
3857:
3844:
3838:
3825:
3819:
3802:
3796:
3783:
3768:
3762:
3749:
3743:
3730:
3708:(5): 442β455.
3693:
3682:
3676:
3663:
3648:
3628:
3626:on 2009-07-10.
3605:
3599:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3562:
3550:
3538:
3509:
3494:Phil, Barker.
3486:
3473:
3469:, p. 101:
3467:Donovan (2017)
3459:
3450:
3437:
3419:
3401:
3389:
3375:
3361:
3350:
3346:Caffrey (2019)
3338:
3324:
3312:
3301:
3287:
3275:
3261:
3254:, p. iii:
3252:Hellwig (1803)
3244:
3233:
3229:Creveld (2013)
3221:
3209:
3195:
3183:
3171:
3157:
3142:
3128:
3116:
3104:
3090:
3078:
3063:
3051:
3010:
2991:
2977:
2963:
2951:
2939:
2935:Creveld (2013)
2927:
2923:Creveld (2013)
2915:
2903:
2899:Creveld (2013)
2890:
2875:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2845:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2775:
2761:
2747:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2729:for a 3D view.
2710:
2696:
2687:Hearts of Iron
2682:
2667:
2636:
2626:
2604:Combat Mission
2599:
2579:
2568:Steel Panthers
2563:
2554:Panzer General
2549:
2487:
2484:
2476:
2475:
2466:
2456:
2442:
2432:
2410:
2388:
2366:
2352:
2338:
2335:Games Workshop
2324:
2290:
2282:
2272:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2243:
2233:
2215:
2205:
2191:
2167:
2143:
2133:
2111:
2104:A World At War
2085:
2067:
2043:
2040:Columbia Games
2031:
1998:
1988:
1976:
1966:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1899:
1897:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1876:Curt Schilling
1873:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1850:
1837:β Designer of
1832:
1826:
1815:β Designer of
1810:
1803:) and publish
1794:
1784:
1770:
1755:Frank Chadwick
1752:
1745:β Designer of
1740:
1729:β Designer of
1722:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1707:
1697:
1691:
1681:
1659:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1641:Notable people
1639:
1596:Main article:
1580:
1577:
1573:Games Workshop
1559:Games Workshop
1521:Solo Wargaming
1422:Main article:
1419:
1416:
1386:
1383:
1328:Main article:
1325:
1319:
1290:
1289:
1280:
1279:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1250:At this time,
1240:
1237:
1216:Flying Buffalo
1196:Main article:
1193:
1190:
1111:Main article:
1092:
1089:
1070:
1067:
1022:Flying Buffalo
1001:
998:
994:Columbia Games
971:Main article:
965:Columbia Games
952:
949:
933:Main article:
930:
927:
911:Main article:
895:
892:
890:
887:
861:
858:
834:
831:
788:rules of chess
783:
780:
757:
754:
752:
749:
748:
747:
738:
726:
720:
712:
705:
699:
685:
682:
657:tactical level
648:
645:
612:
609:
608:
607:
596:
592:
579:
576:
497:
494:
421:
420:
418:
417:
410:
403:
395:
392:
391:
388:
387:
382:
377:
371:
368:
367:
364:
363:
360:
359:
354:
349:
344:
338:
337:
333:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
296:
295:
291:
290:
284:
281:Paddy Griffith
278:
272:
266:
260:
254:
248:
242:
236:
230:
224:
218:
212:
206:
199:
198:
194:
193:
187:
181:
176:
174:Johann Hellwig
170:
169:
165:
160:
159:
156:
155:
152:
151:
146:
141:
136:
134:Board wargames
131:
125:
124:
120:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
93:
92:
88:
87:
82:
76:
71:
70:
67:
66:
58:
57:
51:
50:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5393:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5325:Matching game
5323:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5311:
5305:
5302:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5263:
5262:Strategy game
5259:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5215:
5211:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5198:
5195:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5121:
5117:
5112:
5105:
5100:
5098:
5093:
5091:
5086:
5085:
5082:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5045:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5029:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5003:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4986:War and Peace
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4967:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4904:
4899:
4897:
4892:
4890:
4885:
4884:
4881:
4865:
4862:
4858:
4857:Origins Award
4855:
4854:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4833:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4797:
4794:
4792:Organizations
4790:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4754:Andy Chambers
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4708:
4701:
4698:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4679:Don Greenwood
4677:
4674:
4671:
4668:
4665:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4653:
4650:
4649:Tom Dalgliesh
4647:
4644:
4641:
4638:
4635:
4632:
4629:
4626:
4623:
4620:
4617:
4614:
4611:
4608:
4605:
4602:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4590:
4587:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4566:
4559:
4556:
4553:
4550:
4547:
4544:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4529:
4526:
4522:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4505:Board wargame
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4484:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4438:
4434:
4427:
4422:
4420:
4415:
4413:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4397:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4363:
4355:
4351:
4348:Terence Wise
4347:
4345:
4344:0-85344-014-X
4341:
4337:
4334:Terence Wise
4333:
4330:
4327:Terence Wise
4326:
4323:
4319:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4285:
4281:
4278:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4250:0-87021-050-5
4247:
4243:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4211:
4210:0-85344-034-4
4207:
4203:
4200:
4199:Charles Grant
4197:
4194:
4191:
4190:99920-1-701-5
4187:
4183:
4180:
4176:
4173:
4169:
4166:
4162:
4159:
4155:
4153:
4152:0-392-00441-0
4149:
4145:
4141:
4139:
4135:
4132:, Lulu 2008,
4131:
4127:
4125:
4124:0-7153-9262-X
4121:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4108:0-88254-525-6
4105:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4089:0-213-16646-1
4086:
4082:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4072:0-671-25374-3
4069:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4048:0-688-10368-5
4045:
4041:
4037:
4034:
4031:
4027:
4024:
4020:
4017:
4013:
4010:
4006:
4003:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3956:
3952:
3950:0-688-10368-5
3946:
3942:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3919:9780615642048
3915:
3911:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3891:
3885:
3878:
3871:
3870:
3864:
3860:
3858:9781783831487
3854:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3835:
3831:
3826:
3822:
3820:9781107036956
3816:
3812:
3808:
3803:
3799:
3797:9781250082732
3793:
3790:. Macmillan.
3789:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3775:
3769:
3765:
3763:9780262033992
3759:
3756:. MIT Press.
3755:
3750:
3746:
3744:9780786460090
3740:
3737:. McFarland.
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3694:
3690:
3689:
3683:
3679:
3673:
3669:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3655:
3649:
3646:
3640:
3636:
3635:
3629:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3606:
3602:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3583:
3582:
3572:
3566:
3560:
3554:
3547:
3542:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3513:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3477:
3468:
3463:
3454:
3447:
3441:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3415:
3411:
3405:
3399:
3393:
3384:
3379:
3373:
3368:
3366:
3359:
3358:Tresca (2011)
3354:
3347:
3342:
3333:
3328:
3321:
3316:
3310:
3305:
3296:
3291:
3284:
3279:
3270:
3265:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3242:
3237:
3231:, p. 146
3230:
3225:
3218:
3213:
3204:
3199:
3193:, p. 240
3192:
3187:
3180:
3175:
3166:
3161:
3152:
3146:
3137:
3132:
3125:
3120:
3113:
3108:
3099:
3094:
3088:, p. 443
3087:
3082:
3076:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3055:
3047:
3041:
3030:
3023:
3022:
3014:
3006:
3002:
2995:
2986:
2981:
2972:
2967:
2960:
2955:
2948:
2943:
2936:
2931:
2924:
2919:
2912:
2907:
2900:
2894:
2887:
2882:
2880:
2872:
2870:
2863:
2859:
2849:
2840:
2836:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2795:Air wargaming
2793:
2792:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2737:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2708:
2707:Longbow Games
2704:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2647:Eugen Systems
2644:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2461:Flames of War
2457:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2248:We the People
2244:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2203:
2202:area movement
2199:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2126:Clash of Arms
2123:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1937:
1934:
1926:
1923:December 2014
1916:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1900:This section
1898:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1870:Peter Cushing
1868:
1867:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1829:Bruce Quarrie
1827:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1797:E. Gary Gygax
1795:
1792:
1788:
1787:Charles Grant
1785:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1759:Loren Wiseman
1756:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1638:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1599:
1598:Board wargame
1591:
1590:
1585:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1382:
1378:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1336:
1331:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1284:
1275:
1256:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1236:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1220:Origins Award
1217:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1114:
1105:
1097:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1066:
1065:of the game.
1064:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1010:
1009:
997:
995:
991:
990:
984:
980:
974:
973:Block wargame
966:
962:
961:Julius Caesar
957:
948:
946:
942:
941:board wargame
936:
935:Board wargame
926:
922:
919:
914:
906:
905:
900:
886:
883:
881:
880:
873:
871:
867:
857:
854:
853:
848:
842:
840:
830:
826:
822:
818:
815:
810:
805:
802:For example,
800:
797:
793:
789:
779:
776:
772:
770:
769:
762:
751:Design issues
744:
743:
739:
736:
732:
731:
727:
724:
721:
718:
717:
713:
710:
706:
703:
700:
697:
693:
692:
691:Flames of War
688:
687:
681:
679:
674:
672:
667:
665:
664:
663:Flames of War
659:
658:
652:
644:
641:
636:
633:
632:
626:
622:
618:
605:
601:
597:
593:
590:
586:
585:
584:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
557:
551:
549:
545:
539:
535:
527:
523:
518:
511:
507:
502:
493:
491:
487:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
431:strategy game
428:
416:
411:
409:
404:
402:
397:
396:
394:
393:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
372:
366:
365:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
339:
335:
334:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
297:
293:
292:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
273:
270:
269:Tom Dalgliesh
267:
264:
261:
258:
255:
252:
249:
246:
243:
240:
237:
234:
231:
228:
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
200:
196:
195:
191:
188:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
171:
167:
166:
163:
158:
157:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
129:Air wargaming
127:
126:
122:
121:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
94:
90:
89:
86:
83:
81:
78:
77:
74:
69:
68:
64:
60:
59:
56:
53:
52:
48:
47:
41:
36:
30:
26:
22:
5303:
5053:
4990:
4975:
4960:Civilization
4764:Jerry Taylor
4734:James M. Day
4729:Richard Borg
4637:Richard Berg
4631:Jim Dunnigan
4486:Recreational
4453:
4440:Professional
4432:
4370:
4349:
4335:
4328:
4321:
4311:
4293:
4283:
4276:
4262:
4241:
4240:Peter Perla
4228:
4215:
4201:
4178:
4171:
4164:
4157:
4143:
4129:
4115:
4097:
4080:
4061:
4039:
4036:Jim Dunnigan
4029:
4028:Phil Barker
4022:
4021:Phil Barker
4015:
4008:
4001:
3987:
3967:
3963:
3940:
3931:
3909:
3889:
3868:
3848:
3829:
3806:
3787:
3778:
3773:
3753:
3734:
3705:
3701:
3687:
3667:
3658:
3653:
3638:
3633:
3621:the original
3616:
3590:
3579:Bibliography
3571:wargaming.co
3565:
3559:wargaming.co
3553:
3541:
3530:
3518:Ghostarchive
3516:Archived at
3512:
3500:. Retrieved
3489:
3484:, p. 15
3476:
3462:
3453:
3448:, p. 19
3440:
3431:
3422:
3413:
3404:
3397:
3392:
3383:Perla (1990)
3378:
3353:
3341:
3332:Perla (1990)
3327:
3315:
3304:
3290:
3278:
3264:
3256:
3247:
3236:
3224:
3212:
3198:
3186:
3174:
3160:
3145:
3131:
3119:
3107:
3093:
3081:
3072:
3066:
3061:, p. 12
3054:
3029:the original
3020:
3013:
3004:
2994:
2985:Perla (1990)
2980:
2971:Perla (1990)
2966:
2954:
2946:
2942:
2930:
2918:
2911:Perla (1990)
2906:
2893:
2885:
2868:
2862:
2848:
2839:
2778:
2777:
2764:
2763:
2750:
2749:
2740:
2739:
2724:
2721:Warfare Sims
2713:
2712:
2700:
2698:
2685:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2669:
2639:
2638:
2629:
2628:
2622:Squad Leader
2620:
2613:
2602:
2601:
2595:Squad Leader
2593:
2584:Close Combat
2582:
2581:
2575:Squad Leader
2573:
2566:
2565:
2552:
2551:
2543:
2492:
2491:
2477:
2469:
2468:
2459:
2458:
2445:
2444:
2435:
2434:
2424:
2413:
2412:
2401:, 2003) β A
2391:
2390:
2384:
2377:WizKids Inc.
2369:
2368:
2355:
2354:
2341:
2340:
2327:
2326:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2301:Guidon Games
2293:
2292:
2285:
2284:
2275:
2274:
2263:
2262:
2246:
2245:
2236:
2235:
2218:
2217:
2208:
2207:
2194:
2193:
2181:
2170:
2169:
2159:
2153:
2148:Squad Leader
2146:
2145:
2136:
2135:
2130:Richard Berg
2114:
2113:
2103:
2095:
2088:
2087:
2070:
2069:
2063:
2058:, the first
2053:
2046:
2045:
2034:
2033:
2026:
2012:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1991:
1990:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1969:
1968:
1959:
1958:
1949:
1929:
1920:
1909:Please help
1904:verification
1901:
1844:
1840:Squad Leader
1838:
1822:
1816:
1813:Larry Harris
1804:
1801:Dave Arneson
1790:
1789:β Author of
1773:Jim Dunnigan
1746:
1730:
1727:Richard Berg
1687:
1675:
1665:
1655:
1635:
1630:
1622:
1617:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1587:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1497:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1449:
1443:
1436:
1411:
1407:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1353:
1341:
1321:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1296:
1249:
1242:
1233:Hyborian War
1230:
1223:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1162:Aide de Camp
1161:
1155:
1149:
1145:
1142:Aide de Camp
1141:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1085:
1082:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1049:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1015:
1013:
1006:
1003:
987:
976:
960:
938:
923:
916:
903:
884:
877:
874:
869:
865:
863:
850:
843:
838:
836:
827:
823:
819:
804:chess pieces
801:
786:Whereas the
785:
774:
773:
766:
763:
759:
740:
735:Wings of War
734:
728:
723:Wings of War
722:
714:
701:
689:
677:
675:
670:
668:
661:
655:
653:
650:
647:Level of war
639:
638:A wargame's
637:
629:
624:
620:
616:
614:
588:
581:
572:
568:
564:
560:
552:
541:
526:Here I Stand
525:
512:(April 2019)
483:
459:
426:
424:
257:Richard Berg
251:Jim Dunnigan
190:Fred T. Jane
106:
101:
91:Level of War
54:
5175:Tables game
5165:Legacy game
4976:Napoleonic:
4769:Dan Verssen
4702:(1900β1986)
4696:(born 1959)
4675:(born 1948)
4669:(born 1947)
4663:(1947β2010)
4657:(1946β2012)
4651:(born 1945)
4645:(1945β2015)
4639:(1943β2019)
4633:(born 1943)
4627:(1942β2005)
4621:(1938β2008)
4615:(born 1932)
4613:Phil Barker
4609:(1931β2013)
4603:(1930β2010)
4597:(1926β2000)
4591:(1918β2013)
4585:(1916β1988)
4583:Jack Scruby
4579:(1866β1946)
4577:H. G. Wells
4560:(1845β1915)
4554:(1832β1910)
4548:(1794β1827)
4542:(1743β1831)
4455:Kriegsspiel
4255:Mark Herman
4058:Jon Freeman
3779:The Wargame
3725:1765/101998
3688:Little Wars
3502:7 September
3398:Little Wars
3320:Vego (2012)
3126:, p. 9
2742:Ace of Aces
2664:Warsaw Pact
2545:Fire Emblem
2385:Mage Knight
2371:Mage Knight
2277:Little Wars
2082:Avalon Hill
2035:Quebec 1759
2014:PanzerBlitz
1791:The Wargame
1767:Rich Banner
1763:Marc Miller
1710:Phil Barker
1704:Avalon Hill
1684:Jack Scruby
1667:Little Wars
1656:Kriegsspiel
1509:Little Wars
1481:Jack Scruby
1469:Little Wars
1464:Little Wars
1460:Little Wars
1451:Little Wars
1446:H. G. Wells
1438:Little Wars
1433:H. G. Wells
1399:Kriegsspiel
1395:Kriegsspiel
1375:Kriegsspiel
1342:In 1824, a
1330:Kriegsspiel
1322:Kriegsspiel
1301:in 1780 by
1017:Nuclear War
989:Quebec 1759
904:Bolt Action
852:Bolt Action
792:those of Go
289:(born 1948)
283:(1947β2010)
277:(1946β2012)
271:(born 1945)
265:(1945β2015)
259:(1943-2019)
253:(born 1943)
247:(1942β2005)
241:(1938β2008)
235:(born 1932)
233:Phil Barker
229:(1931β2013)
223:(1930β2010)
217:(1926β2000)
211:(1918β2013)
205:(1866β1946)
203:H. G. Wells
192:(1865β1916)
186:(1832β1910)
5370:Categories
5280:Tafl games
5197:Train game
5120:Board game
4739:Mike McVey
4619:Gary Gygax
4322:War Gaming
4259:Mark Frost
2752:BattleTech
2393:Warmachine
2230:man to man
2228:depicting
1993:Gettysburg
1971:Tactics II
1846:Johnny Reb
1743:Larry Bond
1662:H.G. Wells
1631:Gettysburg
1618:Gettysburg
1489:type metal
1188:programs.
1146:Cyberboard
983:Fog of War
959:A game of
860:Fog of war
782:Complexity
775:Validation
479:mind sport
451:air combat
435:recreation
239:Gary Gygax
5340:Piecepack
5320:Dice game
5214:Card game
5153:Race game
5133:Amerigame
4934:Diplomacy
4779:Matt Ward
4643:John Hill
4595:Tony Bath
4488:wargaming
4442:wargaming
4383:War games
4130:War Games
3040:cite book
2831:Footnotes
2672:Total War
2590:Microsoft
2478:See also
2425:Heroscape
2415:Heroscape
2403:steampunk
2315:Chainmail
2309:. Unlike
2295:Chainmail
2269:Fred Jane
2257:Miniature
2183:Star Trek
2108:GMT Games
1961:Diplomacy
1835:John Hill
1545:Chainmail
1540:Tony Bath
1538:In 1956,
1513:War Games
1214:, by the
1172:(Virtual
1135:copyright
1034:Naval War
894:Miniature
868:game. An
471:paintball
443:campaigns
263:John Hill
215:Tony Bath
5376:Wargames
5330:Megagame
5242:Patience
5185:Dominoes
5148:Eurogame
5059:4x games
4724:Ty Bomba
4433:Wargames
4360:Articles
4192:, 212 p.
3898:Archived
3877:Archived
3520:and the
3075:, p. 268
2789:See also
2780:Up Front
2766:Car Wars
2701:Hegemony
2651:regiment
2528:GameCube
2520:Game Boy
2500:Nintendo
2486:Computer
2471:Malifaux
2447:BrikWars
2437:Infinity
2427:and the
2349:dystopic
2238:Blue Max
1950:While a
1515:(1962),
1360:hitpoint
1344:Prussian
1245:Internet
1069:Computer
1063:elements
1051:Up Front
814:counters
702:TACSPIEL
684:Examples
640:scenario
595:side(s).
578:Overview
117:Skirmish
55:Wargames
5304:Wargame
5113:by type
5054:Wargame
5047:Related
4847:Gen Con
4712:century
4570:century
4533:century
4052:hyw.com
3532:YouTube
2871:, p. 13
2726:Tacview
2655:brigade
2506:, with
2220:Ambush!
2080:, 1974
2064:Sniper!
2048:Sniper!
1872:β Actor
1748:Harpoon
1623:Tactics
1605:Tactics
1589:Tactics
1487:out of
1299:Prussia
1259:History
756:Realism
746:future.
676:At the
669:At the
654:At the
617:setting
508:at the
486:Prussia
475:Airsoft
427:wargame
347:Gen Con
4835:Events
4799:Groups
4524:People
4342:
4300:
4269:
4248:
4208:
4188:
4150:
4136:
4122:
4106:
4087:
4070:
4046:
3994:
3947:
3916:
3855:
3836:
3817:
3794:
3781:].
3760:
3741:
3674:
3597:
3257:trans.
2631:TacOps
2540:Switch
2407:Hordes
2055:Patrol
2027:system
1765:, and
1680:fame).
1324:(1824)
1166:Vassal
1157:ZunTzu
1151:Vassal
981:, the
866:closed
809:Stones
473:, and
453:, and
336:Events
294:Groups
162:People
123:Genres
5313:Other
3981:Books
3901:(PDF)
3894:(PDF)
3880:(PDF)
3873:(PDF)
3777:[
3657:[
3637:[
3624:(PDF)
3613:(PDF)
3498:. WRG
3032:(PDF)
3025:(PDF)
2098:from
1946:Board
963:from
951:Block
929:Board
889:Types
839:scale
833:Scale
799:are.
455:cyber
447:naval
429:is a
369:Lists
73:Types
5202:18XX
4924:Risk
4710:21st
4568:20th
4531:19th
4354:link
4340:ISBN
4316:link
4306:link
4298:ISBN
4267:ISBN
4246:ISBN
4236:link
4223:link
4206:ISBN
4186:ISBN
4148:ISBN
4134:ISBN
4120:ISBN
4104:ISBN
4085:ISBN
4068:ISBN
4044:ISBN
3992:ISBN
3970:(4).
3945:ISBN
3914:ISBN
3853:ISBN
3834:ISBN
3815:ISBN
3792:ISBN
3758:ISBN
3739:ISBN
3672:ISBN
3595:ISBN
3504:2013
3046:link
2758:FASA
2662:and
2660:NATO
2538:and
2516:SNES
2502:and
2494:Wars
2453:Lego
2138:SPQR
2124:and
1982:Risk
1674:(of
1178:Java
1170:VASL
1154:and
1077:and
1037:and
1000:Card
870:open
707:The
536:and
27:and
4369:.β
3720:hdl
3710:doi
2770:β (
2756:β (
2719:β (
2705:β (
2691:β (
2653:or
2645:β (
2608:β (
2588:β (
2558:β (
2532:Wii
2498:β (
2176:β (
2160:ASL
1913:by
1857:SPI
1777:SPI
1737:SPI
1182:JVM
1174:ASL
1011:).
1008:War
992:by
977:In
882:).
5372::
4257:,
4096:,
4079:,
4060:,
4038:,
3968:65
3966:.
3962:.
3930:.
3875:.
3813:.
3809:.
3718:.
3706:43
3704:.
3700:.
3615:.
3589:.
3529:.
3524::
3430:.
3412:.
3364:^
3042:}}
3038:{{
3003:.
2878:^
2536:DS
2534:,
2530:,
2526:,
2522:,
2518:,
2514:,
2482:.
2383:.
2313:,
2190:).
2132:.)
1843:,
1821:,
1761:,
1706:).
1629:.
1575:.
1554:.
1531:,
1527:,
1523:,
1519:,
1160:.
1148:,
1144:,
947:.
939:A
542:A
520:A
504:A
481:.
469:,
449:,
425:A
5103:e
5096:t
5089:v
4902:e
4895:t
4888:v
4425:e
4418:t
4411:v
4394:"
4373:.
3953:.
3922:.
3861:.
3842:.
3823:.
3800:.
3766:.
3747:.
3728:.
3722::
3712::
3691:.
3680:.
3647:)
3643:(
3603:.
3535:.
3506:.
3434:.
3385::
3334::
3297::
3271::
3205::
3167::
3153::
3138::
3100::
3048:)
3007:.
2987::
2973::
2897:"
2419:(
2397:(
2375:(
2361:(
2333:(
2299:(
2110:.
2076:(
2038:(
2005:(
1936:)
1930:(
1925:)
1921:(
1907:.
1809:.
1793:.
1783:.
1739:.
1658:.
737:.
606:.
524:(
414:e
407:t
400:v
31:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.