619:
1062:
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282:
537:" in which the productively bilingual party to a communication switches languages in the course of that communication. Receptively bilingual persons, especially children, may rapidly achieve oral fluency by spending extended time in situations where they are required to speak the language that they theretofore understood only passively. Until both generations achieve oral fluency, not all definitions of bilingualism accurately characterize the family as a whole, but the linguistic differences between the family's generations often constitute little or no impairment to the family's functionality. Receptive bilingualism in one language as exhibited by a speaker of another language, or even as exhibited by most speakers of that language, is not the same as
1086:
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to their children. If their children are likewise receptively bilingual but productively
English-monolingual, throughout the conversation the parents will speak their native language and the children will speak English. If their children are productively bilingual, however, those children may answer in their parents' native language, in English, or in a combination of both languages, varying their choice of language depending on factors such as the communication's content, context or emotional intensity and the presence or absence of third-party speakers of one language or the other. The third alternative represents the phenomenon of "
89:
1466:
664:
Consequently, descriptive empirical studies of languages are usually carried out using only native speakers. This view is, however, slightly problematic, particularly as many non-native speakers demonstrably not only successfully engage with and in their non-native language societies, but in fact may become culturally and even linguistically important contributors (as, for example, writers, politicians, media personalities and performing artists) in their non-native language. In recent years, linguistic research has focused attention on the use of widely known world languages, such as
English, as a
1591:
Microsoft
Translator machine translation service and the Microsoft Language Platform service, along with platform extensibility to enable anyone to add translation services into MAT. Microsoft engineers and inventors of MAT Jan A. Nelson and Camerum Lerum have continued to drive the development of the tools, working with third parties and standards bodies to ensure that broad availability of multilingual app development is provided. With the release of Windows 10, MAT is now delivering support for cross-platform development for Universal Windows Platform apps as well as for iOS and Android apps.
117:
1454:
717:. More recently, however, this claim has come under strong criticism with repeated failures to replicate. Yet, many prior studies do not reliably quantify samples of bilinguals under investigation. An emerging perspective is that studies on bilingual and multilingual cognitive abilities need to account for validated and granular quantifications of language experience in order to identify boundary conditions of possible cognitive effects. Second language acquisition results in a lexical deficit due to second language acquisition and bilingualism results in decreased verbal fluency.
562:, learners receive literacy instruction in their native language until they acquire a "threshold" literacy proficiency. Some researchers use age three as the age when a child has basic communicative competence in their first language (Kessler, 1984). Children may go through a process of sequential acquisition if they migrate at a young age to a country where a different language is spoken, or if the child exclusively speaks his or her heritage language at home until he or she is immersed in a school setting where instruction is offered in a different language.
1498:
773:) without first understanding the culture and history of the region in which that language evolved, as a practical matter an in-depth familiarity with multiple cultures is a prerequisite for high-level multilingualism. This knowledge of cultures individually and comparatively can form an important part of both what one considers one's identity to be and what others consider that identity to be. Some studies have found that groups of multilingual individuals get higher average scores on tests for certain personality traits such as cultural
954:
978:
2002:"Until I am free to write bilingually and to switch codes without having always to translate, while I still have to speak English or Spanish when I would rather speak Spanglish, and as long as I have to accommodate the English speakers rather than having them accommodate me, my tongue will be illegitimate. I will no longer be made to feel ashamed of existing. I will have my voice: Indian, Spanish, white. I will have my serpent's tongue – my woman's voice, my sexual voice, my poet's voice. I will overcome the tradition of silence".
47:
1442:
1510:
1002:
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914:
2070:
62:
1302:, which involves swapping between languages. In many cases, code-switching allows speakers to participate in more than one cultural group or environment. Code-switching may also function as a strategy where proficiency is lacking. Such strategies are common if the vocabulary of one of the languages is not very elaborated for certain fields, or if the speakers have not developed proficiency in certain lexical domains, as in the case of immigrant languages.
1237:) and a protected minority language that is limited in terms of the distribution of speakers within the country. This tendency is especially pronounced when, even though the local language is widely spoken, there is a reasonable assumption that all citizens speak the predominant state tongue (e.g., English in Quebec vs. all of Canada; Spanish in Catalonia vs. all of Spain). This phenomenon can also occur in border regions with many cross-border contacts.
7750:
785:, which claims that the language people speak influences the way they see the world, can be interpreted to mean that individuals who speak multiple languages have a broader, more diverse view of the world, even when speaking only one language at a time. Some bilinguals feel that their personality changes depending on which language they are speaking; thus multilingualism is said to create multiple personalities. Xiao-lei Wang states in her book
1435:) were in common use. Most Czechs and Slovaks understand both languages, although they would use only one of them (their respective mother tongue) when speaking. For example, in Czechoslovakia, it was common to hear two people talking on television each speaking a different language without any difficulty understanding each other. This bilingualism still exists nowadays, although it has started to deteriorate since Czechoslovakia split up.
890:
1095:
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491:, then, is not universal either, but varies from culture to culture and even from time to time within a given culture. Language teachers know how to predict the differences between pronunciations or constructions in different languages, but they might be less clear about the differences between rhetoric, that is, in the way they use language to accomplish various purposes, particularly in writing.
789:: "Languages used by speakers with one or more than one language are used not just to represent a unitary self, but to enact different kinds of selves, and different linguistic contexts create different kinds of self-expression and experiences for the same person." However, there has been little rigorous research done on this topic and it is difficult to define "personality" in this context.
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Parents might say that the point is to prepare children for the workplace and that a grasp of
English is more use than sums or history. Yet by year five, the children taught in Kom outperformed English-medium children even in English. Perhaps this is because they gain a better grasp of the mechanics of reading and writing when they are learning the skills in a language they understand.
878:
735:
with an individual's salary, the productivity of firms, and the gross domestic production (GDP); the authors state that
Switzerland's GDP is augmented by 10% by multilingualism. A study in the United States by O. Agirdag found that bilingualism has substantial economic benefits, as bilingual people were found to earn around $ 3,000 more per year in salary than monolinguals.
748:
useful cognitive distance from automatic processes, promoting analytical thought and reducing unthinking, emotional reaction. Therefore, those who speak two languages have better critical thinking and decision-making skills. A study published a year later found that switching to a second language seems to exempt bilinguals from social norms and constraints, such as
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mother tongue in the workplace thanks to the presence of other immigrants in that workplace who come from the same place. Kovacs (2004) describes this phenomenon in
Australia with Finnish immigrants in the construction industry who spoke Finnish during working hours. Although foreign languages may be used in the workplace, English is still a key working skill.
586:
languages made for two competing aims. The belief was that the two languages were mutually exclusive and that learning a second required unlearning elements and dynamics of the first to accommodate the second. The evidence for this perspective relied on the fact that some errors in acquiring the second language were related to the rules of the first language.
171:; but many read and write in one language. Being multilingual is advantageous for people wanting to participate in trade, globalization and cultural openness. Owing to the ease of access to information facilitated by the Internet, individuals' exposure to multiple languages has become increasingly possible. People who speak several languages are also called
1646:, it is not unusual for one to speak two or more languages, albeit with varying degrees of fluency. Some are proficient in several Chinese varieties, given the linguistic diversity of the ethnic Chinese community in both countries. In Singapore, bilingualism is embraced in the education system with English as the medium of instruction and the official
483:
rhetoric and sequences of thought that violate the expectations of the native reader. Foreign students who have mastered syntactic structures have still demonstrated an inability to compose adequate themes, term papers, theses, and dissertations. Robert B. Kaplan describes two key words that affect people when they learn a second language.
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1133:(English and French). In some states, particular languages may be associated with particular regions in the state (e.g., Canada) or with particular ethnicities (e.g., Malaysia and Singapore). When all speakers are multilingual, linguists classify the community according to the functional distribution of the languages involved:
1675:
660:(L1). The first language (sometimes also referred to as the mother tongue) is acquired without formal education, by mechanisms heavily disputed. Children acquiring two languages in this way are called simultaneous bilinguals. Even in the case of simultaneous bilinguals, one language usually dominates over the other.
1193:: a region is called ambilingual if this functional distribution is not observed. In a typical ambilingual area it is nearly impossible to predict which language will be used in a given setting. True ambilingualism is rare. Ambilingual tendencies can be found in small states with multiple heritages, like
1118:. Multilingualism was common in the past: in early times, when most people were members of small language communities, it was necessary to know two or more languages for trade or any other dealings outside one's town or village, and this holds good today in places of high linguistic diversity such as
734:
Bilinguals might have important labor market advantages over monolingual individuals as bilingual people can carry out duties that monolinguals cannot, such as interacting with customers who only speak a minority language. A study in
Switzerland has found that multilingualism is positively correlated
572:
The phases children go through during sequential acquisition are less linear than for simultaneous acquisition and can vary greatly among children. Sequential acquisition is a more complex and lengthier process, although there is no indication that non-language-delayed children end up less proficient
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who do not speak
English as a native language but who have children who do speak English natively, usually in part because those children's education has been conducted in English; while the immigrant parents can understand both their native language and English, they speak only their native language
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to discourage national feelings. Many small independent nations' schoolchildren are today compelled to learn multiple languages because of international interactions. For example, in
Finland, all children are required to learn at least three languages: the two national languages (Finnish and Swedish)
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English is a commonly taught second language at schools, so it is also the most common choice for two speakers, whose native languages are different. However, some languages are so close to each other that it is generally more common when meeting to use their mother tongue rather than
English. These
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A localized system has been adapted or converted for a particular locale (other than the one it was originally developed for), including the language of the user interface, input, and display, and features such as time/date display and currency; but each instance of the system only supports a single
756:
and its variations. Participants in this study chose the utilitarian option more often in the Fat Man dilemma when it was presented in a foreign language. For the related Switch Track dilemma, however, the use of a foreign language presented no significant influence on the choices participants made.
725:
Bilingual and multilingual individuals are shown to have superior auditory processing abilities compared to monolingual individuals. Several investigations have compared auditory processing abilities of monolingual and bilingual individuals using tasks such as gap detection, temporal ordering, pitch
597:, including a better ability to analyze abstract visual patterns. Students who receive bidirectional bilingual instruction where equal proficiency in both languages is required will perform at an even higher level. Examples of such programs include international and multi-national education schools.
301:
The definition of multilingualism is a subject of debate in the same way as that of language fluency. At one end of the linguistic continuum, multilingualism may be defined as the mastery of more than one language. The speaker would have knowledge of and control over the languages equivalent to that
3500:
Ramírez, J., Pasta, D., Yuen, S., Ramey, D. & D. Billings. 1991. Final report: Longitudinal study of structured English immersion strategy, early-exit and late-exit bilingual education programs for language-minority children: Volume II (prepared for the U.S. Department of Education). San Mateo,
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Research demonstrates that children learn more when they are taught in their mother tongue than they do when they are taught in any other language. In a study of children in the first three years in 12 schools in Cameroon, those taught in Kom did better than those taught in English in all subjects.
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in France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Monaco, Andorra, and Switzerland; and to a co-official extent in Canada, as well as much of Francophone Africa including Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo,
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In Africa, knowledge of English is important not only for multinational companies but also in the fields of engineering, chemistry, electricity and aeronautics. A study directed by Hill and van Zyl (2002) shows that in South Africa young black engineers used English most often for communication and
1554:
Multilingualised software supports multiple languages for display and input simultaneously, but generally has a single user interface language. Support for other locale features like time, date, number and currency formats may vary as the system tends towards full internationalization. Generally, a
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This code-switching appears in many forms. If a speaker has a positive attitude towards both languages and towards code-switching, many switches can be found, even within the same sentence. If however, the speaker is reluctant to use code-switching, as in the case of a lack of proficiency, he might
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between 40 and 70. Christopher was born in 1962, and he was diagnosed with brain damage approximately six months after his birth. Despite being institutionalized because he was unable to take care of himself, Christopher had a verbal IQ of 89, could speak English with no impairment, and could learn
1880:
In multilingual countries such as Belgium (Dutch, French, and German), Finland (Finnish and Swedish), Switzerland (German, French, Italian, and Romansh), Luxembourg (Luxembourgish, French, and German), Spain (Spanish, Catalan, Basque, and Galician), and Malta (Maltese, English, and Italian), it is
1610:
According to Hewitt (2008) entrepreneurs in London from Poland, China, and Turkey tend to use English for communication with customers, suppliers, and banks but their native languages for work tasks and other social purposes. Even in English-speaking countries, immigrants can often still use their
1290:
Whenever two people meet, negotiations take place. If they want to express solidarity and sympathy, they tend to seek common features in their behavior. If speakers wish to express distance towards or even dislike of the person they are speaking to, the reverse is true, and differences are sought.
585:
Research has found that the development of competence in the native language serves as a foundation of proficiency that can be transposed to the second language – the common underlying proficiency hypothesis. Cummins' work sought to overcome the perception propagated in the 1960s that learning two
701:
There is no evidence for a bilingual advantage in executive function and there is a small bilingual disadvantage in verbal fluency. Some initial reports concluded that people who use more than one language have been reported to be more adept at language learning compared to monolinguals, and this
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communities and has been the subject of substantial academic study. The most important factor in spontaneous, total L1 loss appears to be age; in the absence of neurological dysfunction or injury, only young children typically are at risk of forgetting their native language and switching to a new
747:
disappeared when choices are presented in a second language. As human reasoning is shaped by two distinct modes of thought: one that is systematic, analytical and cognition-intensive, and another that is fast, unconscious and emotionally charged, it was believed that a second language provides a
589:
Another new development that has influenced the linguistic argument for bilingual literacy is the length of time necessary to acquire a second language. Previously, children were believed to have the ability to learn a language within a year, but today, researchers believe that within and across
576:
A coordinate model posits that equal time should be spent in separate instruction of the native language and the community language. The native language class, however, focuses on basic literacy while the community language class focuses on listening and speaking skills. Being bilingual does not
1911:
has led to an increasingly multilingual population. Europe has become an excellent model to observe this newly diversified culture. The expansion of the European Union with its open labour market has provided opportunities both for well-trained professionals and unskilled workers to move to new
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class, students commonly face difficulties in thinking in the target language because they are influenced by their native language and cultural patterns. Robert B. Kaplan believes that in second language classes, foreign students' papers may seem out of focus because the foreign student employs
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The Multilingual App Toolkit (MAT) was first released in concert with the release of Windows 8 as a way to provide developers a set of free tooling that enabled adding languages to their apps with just a few clicks, in large part due to the integration of a free, unlimited license to both the
663:
In linguistics, first language acquisition is closely related to the concept of a "native speaker". According to a view widely held by linguists, a native speaker of a given language has in some respects a level of skill that a second (or subsequent) language learner cannot easily accomplish.
838:
capacities or certain abilities far in excess of what would usually be considered normal, occasionally including a prodigious capacity for languages. Savant syndrome is almost always associated with an increased memory capacity of some sort, which can, for certain savants, aid in storing and
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pattern recognition etc. In general, results of studies have reported superior performance among bilingual and multilingual individuals. Furthermore, among bilingual individuals, one's level of proficiency in one's second language was also reported to influence auditory processing abilities.
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1558:
An internationalized system is equipped for use in a range of locales, allowing for the co-existence of several languages and character sets in user interfaces and displays. In particular, a system may not be considered internationalized in the fullest sense unless the interface language is
1541:
With emerging markets and expanding international cooperation, business users expect to be able to use software and applications in their own language. Multilingualisation (or "m17n", where "17" stands for 17 omitted letters) of computer systems can be considered part of a continuum between
1686:
1685:
675:. It has been documented that, under certain conditions, individuals may lose their L1 language proficiency completely, after switching to the exclusive use of another language, and effectively "become native" in a language that was once secondary after the L1 undergoes total attrition.
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can communicate with each other speaking their respective languages, while few can speak both (people used to these situations often adjust their language, avoiding words that are not found in the other language or that can be misunderstood). Using different languages is usually called
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countries to seek employment. Political changes and turmoil have also led to migration and the creation of new and more complex multilingual workplaces. In most wealthy and secure countries, immigrants are found mostly in low-paid jobs but also, increasingly, in high-status positions.
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Musilová, Květa (2003). "Vývojové tendence v komunikaci Čechů a Slováků po rozdělení ČSFR" [Developmental trends in communication between Czechs and Slovaks after the division of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic]. In Lotko, Edvard; Fiala, Jiří.; Hádková, Marie (eds.).
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in the United Kingdom, United States of America, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, South Africa, Kenya, Nigeria, India, Antigua and Barbuda,The Bahamas, Barbados, Beliz, Botswana, Dominica, Eswatini, Fiji, the Gambia, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Zambia, Zimbabwe and
5730:
Czech, Polish and Slovak linguistic and literary contexts: a collection of papers from an international professional seminar organized on the occasion of the 70th anniversary of Prof. Edvard Lotek PhD CSc, At the Faculty of Arts of Palacký University in Olomouc on 20 February
1187:) and colloquial Arabic. However, as time has passed, Arabic speakers have developed what some have deemed "Middle Arabic" or "Common Arabic", somewhere between the two extremes. Because of this diversification of the language, the concept of spectroglossia has been suggested.
464:. European schools generally offer secondary language classes for their students early on, due to the interconnectedness among neighboring countries with different languages. Most European students now study at least two foreign languages, a process strongly encouraged by the
1389:
Bilingual interaction can even take place without speakers switching between languages or fusing them together. In certain areas, it is not uncommon for speakers to use a different language within the same conversation. This phenomenon is found, amongst other places, in
1713:
in Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Egypt, Sudan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, Iraq, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, and Oman; and to a co-official extent in Mali, Chad, Somalia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Zanzibar, and the
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multilingual people), but they cannot necessarily write in any language they speak. More specifically, bilingual and trilingual people are those in comparable situations involving two or three languages, respectively. A multilingual person is generally referred to as a
5726:České, polské a slovenské jazykové a literární souvislosti: sborník referátů z mezinárodního odborného semináře uspořádaného u příležitosti sedmdesátin prof. PhDr. Edvarda Lotka, CSc., na filozofické fakultě univerzity Palackého v Olomouci dne 20. února 2002
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of the new language is similar to those of the languages already spoken. On the other hand, students may also experience negative transfer – interference from languages learned at an earlier stage of development while learning a new language later in life.
569:, the native language and the community language are simultaneously taught. The advantage is literacy in two languages as the outcome. However, the teacher must be well-versed in both languages and also in techniques for teaching a second language.
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with standard Finnish and Swedish). In other cases, prolonged influence of languages on each other may have the effect of changing one or both of them to the point a new, non-creole language is born. For example, many linguists believe that the
1243:: if more than one language can be heard in a small area, but the large majority of speakers are monolinguals, who have little contact with speakers from neighboring ethnic groups, an area is called 'bipart-lingual'. An example of this is the
527:
Receptive bilinguals are those who can understand a second language but who cannot speak it or whose abilities to speak it are inhibited by psychological barriers. Receptive bilingualism is frequently encountered among adult immigrants to the
1930:
is. If a song is not written in a common tongue, then it is usually written in whatever is the predominant language in the musician's country of origin, or in another widely recognized language, such as English, German, Spanish, or French.
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and German) are well-known examples. Some writers limit diglossia to situations where the languages are closely related and could be considered dialects of each other. This can also be observed in Scotland where, in formal situations,
435:—a mechanism that enables a learner to recreate correctly the rules and certain other characteristics of language used by surrounding speakers. This device, according to Chomsky, wears out over time, and is not normally available by
4829:
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549:
and is determined by subjective or intersubjective factors such as the respective languages' prevalence in the life history (including family upbringing, educational setting, and ambient culture) of the person or persons.
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refers to the notion that monolingual solutions are essential to the realization of functional bilingualism, with multilingual solutions ultimately leading to monolingualism. The theory is based on the observation of the
1485:
1671:
1089:
The name of a train found in South India written in four languages: Kannada, Hindi, Tamil, and English. Boards like this are common on trains that pass through two or more states where the languages spoken are
646:
A multilingual person is someone who can communicate in more than one language actively (through speaking, writing, or signing). Multilingual people can logically speak any language they write in (aside from
475:, there is a difference in the rate of learning of English morphology, syntax and phonology based upon differences in age, but the order of acquisition in second language learning does not change with age.
6510:
6541:
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Paap, Kenneth R.; Johnson, Hunter A.; Sawi, Oliver (August 2015). "Bilingual advantages in executive functioning either do not exist or are restricted to very specific and undetermined circumstances".
513:
also supports the acquisition of new languages. It helps the development of new languages by forming connections from one language to another. Second language acquisition results in a lexical deficit.
1009:, international arrivals area. Text in English, French, and Chinese is a permanent feature of this sign, while the right panel of the sign is a video screen that rotates through additional languages.
793:
wrote: "What is seen as a change in personality is most probably simply a shift in attitudes and behaviors that correspond to a shift in situation or context, independent of language." However, the
1329:
develop. A pidgin is a fusion of two or more languages that is grammatically simplified but can be understood by native speakers of any of the original languages. Some pidgins develop into "real"
687:, around the age of 12, total loss of a native language is not typical, although it is still possible for speakers to experience diminished expressive capacity if the language is never practiced.
3180:
1748:
545:, namely a consequence of objectively high lexical and grammatical similarities between the languages themselves (e.g., Norwegian and Swedish), whereas the former is a property of one or more
1735:
1723:
618:
1587:), so almost all commercial software is initially available in an English version, and multilingual versions, if any, may be produced as alternative options based on the English original.
656:, a term that may also refer to people who learn multiple languages as a hobby. Multilingual speakers have acquired and maintained at least one language during childhood, the so-called
593:
An interesting outcome of studies during the early 1990s, however, confirmed that students who do complete bilingual instruction perform better academically. These students exhibit more
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is the preferred language of choice. A similar phenomenon is also observed in Arabic-speaking regions. The effects of diglossia can be seen in the difference between written Arabic (
6484:
1623:
since the 1990s, Asian companies have lately used different English language tests to evaluate job applicants, and the standards for these tests continue to be raised. Meanwhile,
214:). Some commercial software is initially available in an English version, and multilingual versions, if any, may be produced as alternative options based on the English original.
5314:
1739:
Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Tunisia, Niger, Rwanda, Seychelles, and Togo.
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6760:
3495:
Final Report: Longitudinal study of structured English immersion strategy, early-exit and late-exit bilingual education programs for language-minority children: Volume I
668:
or a shared common language of professional and commercial communities. In lingua franca situations, most speakers of the common language are functionally multilingual.
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documentation. However, Afrikaans and other local languages were also used to explain particular concepts to workers in order to ensure understanding and cooperation.
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process, which also includes adaptations such as units and date conversion. Many software applications are available in several languages, ranging from a handful (the
249:
which mix together two or more languages with the expectation that the reader will understand both; the existence of separate sacred and vernacular languages (such as
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of a native speaker. At the opposite end of the spectrum would be people who know enough phrases to get around as a tourist using the alternate language. Since 1992,
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1992:
explained the author's existential sense of obligation to write multilingual literature. An often quoted passage, from her collection of stories and essays entitled
638:
386:, sometimes results in majority bilingualism even when the countries in question have just one domestic official language. This occurs especially in regions such as
4735:
Kumar K, Raghavan S, Kalaiah M (2020). "A comparison of temporal processing and spectral processing abilities of monolingual, bilingual and multilingual children".
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809:
Many polyglots know up to five or six languages, but the frequency of polyglotism drops off sharply past this point. Those who know more languages than five or six—
5503:"On Language Savants and the Structure of the Mind Review of: The Mind of a Savant: Language Learning and Modularity by Neil Smith and Ianthi-Maria Tsimpli, 1995"
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were formed because a population speaking a single Occitano-Romance language was divided by the political spheres of influence of France and Spain, respectively.
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In multilingual societies, not all speakers need to be multilingual. Some states can have multilingual policies and recognize several official languages, such as
7176:
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4273:
6533:
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Bialystok E, Craik FI, Grady C, Chau W, Ishii R, Gunji A, Pantev C (2005). "Effect of bilingualism on cognitive control in the Simon task: evidence from MEG".
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752:. In 2014, another study showed that people using a foreign language are more likely to make utilitarian decisions when faced with moral dilemmas, such as the
5118:"The effect of multilingualism, socio-biographical, and situational factors on communicative anxiety and foreign language anxiety of mature language learners"
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and therefore allow a more serene discussion than a language learned by a child and to that respect more or less bound to a child's perception of the world.
5068:
3358:
1142:: if there is a structural-functional distribution of the languages involved, the society is termed 'diglossic'. Typical diglossic areas are those areas in
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subsequent languages with apparent ease. This facility with language and communication is considered to be unusual for most diagnosed with savant syndrome.
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Schmid, Monika S.; Dusseldorp, Elise (2010). "Quantitative analyses in a multivariate study of language attrition: The impact of extralinguistic factors".
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hypothesis, which states that a language shapes our vision of the world, may suggest that a language learned by a grown-up may have much fewer emotional
1619:
Many Asian companies, due to increasing globalization, have recently been focusing more and more on their employees' English proficiency. Especially in
6756:
Tvåspråkighet och skriftlig framställning : en undersökning av tvåspråkiga elevers uppsatser i den finlandssvenska grundskolan / Christina Korkman
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pronunciation. Cyrillic and Latin writing scripts are official in Montenegrin and Serbian, while Latin is exclusively official in Bosnian and Croatian.
4512:"Bilingual experience and resting-state brain connectivity: Impacts of L2 age of acquisition and social diversity of language use on control networks"
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6224:
1969:
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The reverse phenomenon, where people who know more than one language end up losing command of some or all of their additional languages, is called
6311:
6152:
5543:
4867:
Boaz Keysar; Sayuri L. Hayakawa; Sun Gyu An (18 April 2012). "The Foreign-Language Effect: Thinking in a Foreign Tongue Reduces Decision Biases".
1423:, although everyday contact is fairly rare because of the distance between the two respective communities. Another example is the former state of
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4198:
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Note that the terms given above all refer to situations describing only two languages. In cases of an unspecified number of languages, the terms
4651:
3635:"Covert bilingualism and symbolic competence: Analytical reflections on negotiating insider/outsider positionality in Swedish speech situations"
3513:
Wallesch, Claus W. (1990). "An early detailed description of aphasia in a deaf-mute: Anton leischner's "die 'aphasie' der taubstummen" (1943)".
7274:
6999:
1568:
709:
Individuals who are highly proficient in two or more languages have been reported to have a certain very marginally enhanced or no different
6333:
2448:
1229:
and Arabic or Hebrew. Ambilingualism also can manifest in specific regions of larger states that have both a dominant state language (be it
997:(Madras). Almost all railway stations in India have signs like these in three or more languages (English, Hindi and the local language(s)).
6480:
1306:
knowingly or unknowingly try to camouflage his attempt by converting elements of one language into elements of the other language through
5612:
En- eller tvåspråkiga lösningar?: diskursanalys om användning av begreppet 'den taxellska paradoxen' i Vasabladets debattinlägg 2013–2018
5284:
5045:
4782:
1497:
828:, in a general sense, may refer to any individual with a natural or innate talent for a particular field; however, people diagnosed with
6273:
3730:"Is there a bilingual advantage on interference-control tasks? A multiverse meta-analysis of global reaction time and interference cost"
2583:
1776:
in Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine; and to a co-official extent in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Kyrgyzstan, and Israel.
765:
Because it is difficult or impossible to master many of the high-level semantic aspects of a language (including but not limited to its
5361:
5306:
2419:
2224:
872:
630:, New York City, who knows Latin, Greek, Spanish, French, German, and Japanese, studies a book on Chinese. A former medical student at
487:
in the popular, rather than the logician's sense of the word, is the basis of rhetoric, evolved out of a culture; it is not universal.
3928:
Bialystok E, Martin MM (2004). "Attention and inhibition in bilingual children: evidence from the dimensional change card sort task".
3075:
1441:
315:
In addition, there is no consistent definition of what constitutes a distinct language. For instance, scholars often disagree whether
6788:
3425:
2289:
6818:
6764:
5617:
Monolingual or bilingual solutions?: discourse analysis on the use of the term 'Taxell's paradox' in Vasabladet's debates 2013–2018
1994:
5909:
Platt, John T. (December 1977). "A model for polyglossia and multilingualism (with special reference to Singapore and Malaysia)".
3453:
Collier, Virginia P. (1992). "A Synthesis of Studies Examining Long-Term Language Minority Student Data on Academic Achievement".
3194:
2749:
1061:
7196:
3574:
2773:"Perceived effectiveness of language acquisition in the process of multilingual upbringing by parents of different nationalities"
1584:
813:
suggests eleven or more, while Usman W. Chohan suggests six to eight (depending on proficiency) or more—are sometimes classed as
372:
and one foreign language (usually English). Many Finnish schoolchildren also study further languages, such as German or Russian.
211:
5887:
4969:
Costa, Albert; Foucart, Alice; Hayakawa, Sayuri; Aparici, Melina; Apesteguia, Jose; Heafner, Joy; Keysar, Boaz (23 April 2014).
7224:
7140:
6973:
6810:
Med rätt att välja : språkval och språkstrategier i språkligt blandade hushåll i Helsingfors / Catharina Lojander- Visapää
2203:
1921:
2188:. Travelling across four states and doing extensive research, he spent twenty five years making this multilingual dictionary.
281:
6850:
6743:
6725:
6702:
6640:
6606:
6444:
6403:
6283:
5973:
5864:
5597:
5507:
5261:
5228:
5150:
5125:
4812:
3614:
3233:
3110:
Bylund, Emanuel; Antfolk, Jan; Abrahamsson, Niclas; Olstad, Anne Marte Haug; Norrman, Gunnar; Lehtonen, Minna (1 June 2023).
3058:
2819:
2725:
2569:
2534:
2274:
1543:
203:
121:
6458:
2678:
323:. Furthermore, what is considered a language can change, often for purely political reasons. One example is the creation of
199:
People who speak more than one language have been reported to be better at language learning when compared to monolinguals.
188:(L1). The first language (sometimes also referred to as the mother tongue) is usually acquired without formal education, by
7692:
7650:
6950:
6060:
4120:
2958:
2386:
2136:, and other indigenous languages related to the Latino experience. Contemporary multilingual Latino American poets include
696:
419:
306:
has argued that most multilingual speakers fall somewhere between minimal and maximal definitions. Cook calls these people
51:
5990:
5817:
4071:
3335:
3284:
1034:
7707:
7313:
6871:
5620:
3268:
1476:
1292:
1222:
234:("pertaining to languages"). The phenomenon of multilingualism is as old as the very existence of different languages.
4224:
3222:"One Language or Two? Home Language or Not? Some Answers to Questions about Bilingualism in Language-Delayed Children"
7308:
5738:
5355:
5203:
3403:
2229:
922:
2881:
7671:
7454:
6922:
2328:
1904:, there has been an increase in knowledge of Tatar among the natively Russian-speaking population of the republic.
4023:
2049:
American novelists who use foreign languages (outside of their own cultural heritage) for literary effect include
1085:
6887:
5678:(1980). "Sometimes I'll start a sentence in Spanish y termino en español": toward a typology of code-switching".
5099:
3350:
2309:
2304:
1282:
for practical and social reasons, despite the positive characteristics associated with mutual language learning.
1226:
1130:
1054:
1006:
861:
743:
A study in 2012 has shown that using a foreign language reduces decision-making biases. It was surmised that the
454:
suggests, there would only be relative, not categorical, differences between the two types of language learning.
155:, either by an individual speaker or by a group of speakers. It is believed that multilingual speakers outnumber
17:
4400:"Describing bilinguals: A systematic review of labels and descriptions used in the literature between 2005–2015"
757:
The authors of this study surmised that a foreign language lacks the emotional impact of one's native language.
460:
quotes research finding that the earlier children learn a second language, the better off they are, in terms of
7780:
5653:
4511:
2473:
1853:
1600:
6563:
7775:
7687:
7429:
7303:
7186:
7076:
6733:
4595:"Engaging proactive control: Influences of diverse language experiences using insights from machine learning"
4252:
1472:
1194:
332:
4830:"The long-term effects of bilingualism on children of immigration: student bilingualism and future earnings"
4150:
Lehtonen, Minna; Soveri, Anna; Laine, Aini; Järvenpää, Janica; de Bruin, Angela; Antfolk, Jan (April 2018).
3863:
Lehtonen, Minna; Soveri, Anna; Laine, Aini; Järvenpää, Janica; de Bruin, Angela; Antfolk, Jan (April 2018).
1266:
7171:
7071:
6906:
6250:
1628:
382:
In many countries, bilingualism occurs through international relations, which, with English being a global
192:
about which scholars disagree. Children acquiring two languages natively from these early years are called
6216:
5787:
2862:
7727:
7697:
7519:
6959:
4342:
2911:
2650:
1150:
is used in informal, usually oral, contexts, while the state language is used in more formal situations.
744:
522:
432:
415:
439:, which he uses to explain the poor results some adolescents and adults have when learning aspects of a
7740:
7564:
7145:
7135:
7130:
7035:
6303:
4678:"Bilingualism as a gradient measure modulates functional connectivity of language and control networks"
4151:
3497:(prepared for the U.S. Department of Education). San Mateo, CA: Aguirre International. No. 300-87-0156.
3112:"Does bilingualism come with linguistic costs? A meta-analytic review of the bilingual lexical deficit"
2352:
1936:
1555:
multilingual system is intended for use in a specific locale, whilst allowing for multilingual content.
1050:
834:
are specifically individuals with significant mental disabilities who demonstrate certain profound and
818:
684:
196:. It is common for young simultaneous bilinguals to be more proficient in one language than the other.
31:
3778:
2081:
7785:
7009:
7004:
6994:
6716:
6436:
4912:"Second language as an exemption from sociocultural norms. Emotion-Related Language Choice revisited"
4594:
2294:
2149:
2034:
606:
566:
193:
55:
7770:
7155:
7150:
6943:
2269:
2264:
2234:
2007:
1408:
379:, schoolchildren may routinely learn multiple languages based on where they reside in the country.
125:
82:
6481:"82-year-old Kerala man's Dictionary is in the four Dravidian languages. 25 long years to compile"
4445:
Beatty-Martínez AL, Navarro-Torres CA, Dussias PE, Bajo MT, Guzzardo Tamargo RE, Kroll JF (2020).
4152:"Is bilingualism associated with enhanced executive functioning in adults? A meta-analytic review"
3865:"Is bilingualism associated with enhanced executive functioning in adults? A meta-analytic review"
3779:"Is bilingualism associated with enhanced executive functioning in adults? A meta-analytic review"
7484:
7112:
7014:
2707:
2441:
2015:
1934:
The bilingual song cycles "there..." and "Sing, Poetry" on the 2011 contemporary classical album
559:
324:
5423:"Comparing the intelligence profiles of savant and nonsavant individuals with autistic disorder"
88:
7479:
7234:
5244:
Grosjean, François (1996). "Living with two languages and two cultures". In I. Parasnis (ed.).
2323:
2259:
1896:
and others, are also multilingual. Moreover, with the beginning of the compulsory study of the
1184:
1069:, Palawan, Philippines that prohibits foot washing. Text is written in six languages: English,
821:, for example, was an Italian priest reputed to have spoken anywhere from 30 to 72 languages.
538:
340:
303:
109:
7339:
5502:
5280:
5037:
4778:
1491:
A multilingual sign in Singapore's four official languages: English, Chinese, Tamil, and Malay
7574:
7254:
7209:
3494:
3051:
With Different Eyes: Insights into Teaching Language Minority Students Across the Disciplines
2559:
2299:
2214:
1985:
1881:
common to see people who have mastered two or even three of their country's chief languages.
1861:
1849:
1819:
1564:
1362:
840:
782:
749:
594:
160:
116:
6395:
5768:. 18th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems – ICEIS 2016. p. 196.
5196:
The Multilingual Mind: Issues Discussed By, For, and About People Living with Many Languages
4447:"Interactional context mediates the consequences of bilingualism for language and cognition"
2980:
Fathman, Ann (1975). "The Relationship Between Age and Second Language Productive Ability".
2649:
2411:
2046:
that leaves Spanish words and phrases untranslated (though italicized) throughout the text.
1977:
7474:
7409:
7349:
7259:
7239:
7107:
7061:
7056:
6385:
5957:
5332:
4982:
4923:
4530:
2168:, a fourth standard drop-out, who compiled a multilingual dictionary connecting four major
2165:
2022:
1981:
1908:
1837:
1580:
1218:
844:
407:
360:
250:
207:
189:
181:
7434:
3388:
3046:
1126:. Linguist Ekkehard Wolff estimates that 50% of the population of Africa is multilingual.
790:
510:
245:
in textual sources, which can provide notes in a different language from the source text;
241:, which represent the same message in more than one language. Historical examples include
8:
7529:
7394:
7249:
7066:
6936:
5386:
Miller, LK (1999). "The savant syndrome: Intellectual impairment and exceptional skill".
5176:
3047:"Writing and Language Socialization Across Cultures: Some Implications for the classroom"
2169:
1742:
1732:
in Greece, Cyprus, southern Albania, Italy (in Calabria and Salento) and parts of Turkey.
1632:
930:
847:
described a man, named Christopher, who learned sixteen languages even with a non-verbal
710:
4986:
4927:
3144:
2564:. Springer Series in Language and Communication. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 4.
573:
than simultaneous bilinguals, so long as they receive adequate input in both languages.
7614:
7244:
6676:
6651:
6198:
6101:
6041:
5934:
5926:
5705:
5524:
5478:
5453:
5142:
5091:
5013:
4970:
4946:
4911:
4892:
4849:
4760:
4717:
4638:
4617:
4555:
4534:
4487:
4466:
4446:
4427:
4365:
4323:
4265:
4190:
4089:
3996:
3953:
3910:
3864:
3835:
3817:
3683:
3198:
3031:
2993:
2792:
2741:
2198:
2133:
2043:
1952:
1799:
1420:
1399:
1379:
1119:
672:
411:
364:
246:
242:
74:
6901:
6120:
4510:
Gullifer JW, Chai XJ, Whitford V, Pivneva I, Baum S, Klein D, Titone D (August 2018).
4399:
3578:
7599:
7287:
7204:
7102:
6867:
6846:
6822:
6768:
6739:
6721:
6698:
6681:
6636:
6612:
6602:
6450:
6440:
6399:
6279:
6171:
6144:
6140:
6105:
6045:
6033:
5969:
5938:
5856:
5763:
5744:
5734:
5709:
5593:
5575:
Wolff, Ekkehard (2000). Language and Society. In: Bernd Heine and Derek Nurse (Eds.)
5562:
5528:
5483:
5422:
5403:
5351:
5257:
5224:
5199:
5018:
5000:
4951:
4884:
4808:
4764:
4752:
4721:
4709:
4694:
4677:
4643:
4625:
4560:
4542:
4492:
4474:
4431:
4419:
4369:
4315:
4257:
4182:
4093:
3988:
3984:
3945:
3941:
3902:
3894:
3809:
3759:
3751:
3714:
3610:
3470:
3417:
3409:
3399:
3264:
3168:
3149:
3131:
3054:
2997:
2815:
2796:
2772:
2721:
2631:
2575:
2565:
2540:
2530:
2249:
2161:
2101:
1989:
1829:
1171:
1155:
1147:
1070:
1026:
977:
953:
942:
938:
918:
631:
613:
495:
352:
328:
286:
38:
5965:
5454:"The savant syndrome: an extraordinary condition. A synopsis: past, present, future"
5146:
5095:
4853:
4327:
4269:
4000:
3687:
2717:
1940:
consist of musical settings of Russian poems with their English self-translation by
1844:, Croatian and Serbian were considered as Western and Eastern variants of a common,
46:
7754:
7712:
7702:
7594:
7524:
7514:
7499:
7374:
7334:
7229:
7040:
6830:
6776:
6671:
6663:
6507:"83-YO Kerala School Dropout Creates Unique Dictionary in 4 South Indian Languages"
6391:
6136:
6093:
6025:
5961:
5918:
5695:
5687:
5558:
5516:
5473:
5465:
5434:
5395:
5343:
5249:
5134:
5083:
5008:
4990:
4941:
4931:
4896:
4876:
4841:
4744:
4699:
4689:
4633:
4609:
4550:
4526:
4482:
4458:
4411:
4357:
4307:
4247:
4239:
4194:
4174:
4166:
4079:
4050:
3980:
3957:
3937:
3914:
3884:
3876:
3821:
3801:
3793:
3741:
3710:
3675:
3646:
3561:
in a population where even illiterate people reaped the benefits of being bilingual
3522:
3466:
3462:
3331:
3327:
3229:
3139:
3123:
3027:
2989:
2784:
2713:
2621:
2244:
2137:
1945:
1857:
1833:
1825:
1795:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1717:
1395:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1279:
1271:
1176:
1115:
1078:
1074:
1046:
1030:
986:
962:
958:
934:
703:
356:
348:
320:
308:
294:
290:
270:
266:
141:
137:
97:
70:
5840:
5117:
4748:
3545:"Speaking a second language delays dementias, even in the illiterate, study finds"
3018:
Kaplan, Robert B. (1966). "Cultural thought patterns in intercultural education".
2788:
7722:
7569:
7469:
7464:
7439:
7389:
7364:
7344:
6861:
6630:
6430:
5691:
5438:
5288:
5253:
5138:
5087:
4995:
4936:
4845:
4786:
4311:
3701:
Bylund, Emanuel (2009). "Maturational Constraints and First Language Attrition".
2442:"Europeans and their languages, a survey co-ordinated by the European Commission"
2239:
2219:
2185:
2145:
2125:
2109:
2050:
2039:
1811:
1791:
1432:
1415:
linguist Reitze Jonkman. To a certain extent, this situation also exists between
1403:
1330:
1159:
1099:
1066:
1038:
1018:
906:
830:
794:
778:
753:
479:
451:
440:
395:
258:
133:
129:
78:
7504:
6070:
5765:
An Evaluation of the Challenges of Multilingualism in Data Warehouse Development
5333:"Word grammar, cognitive linguistics, and second language learning and teaching"
3777:
Lehtonen M, Soveri A, Laine A, Järvenpää J, de Bruin A, Antfolk J (April 2018).
1720:
in China, Taiwan, Singapore, and to a co-official extent in Malaysia and Brunei.
7609:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7509:
7424:
7354:
7181:
5520:
5399:
3746:
3729:
3127:
2181:
2105:
1941:
1897:
1845:
1815:
1807:
1755:
1729:
1699:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1358:
1299:
1210:
1180:
1163:
982:
902:
657:
534:
465:
398:, but the phenomenon has also been expanding into some non-Germanic countries.
316:
238:
185:
168:
105:
101:
7359:
6928:
6029:
5922:
5809:
4415:
4361:
4084:
3607:
Babel No More: The Search for the World's Most Extraordinary Language Learners
3526:
3394:. In Padilla, Amado M.; Fairchild, Halford H.; Valadez, Concepcion M. (eds.).
3292:
1001:
498:– the process by which it becomes easier to learn additional languages if the
7764:
7717:
7589:
7554:
7494:
7414:
7379:
7282:
7214:
7086:
7081:
6826:
6772:
6711:
6616:
6454:
6148:
6037:
5860:
5675:
5347:
5004:
4880:
4629:
4621:
4546:
4538:
4478:
4470:
4423:
4243:
3898:
3755:
3679:
3531:
a congenitally deaf-mute trilingual (sign language, Czech and German) patient
3474:
3315:
3135:
3111:
3001:
2579:
2544:
2117:
2011:
1968:
Multilingual stories, essays, and novels are often written by immigrants and
1927:
1647:
1214:
1206:
913:
839:
retrieving knowledge of different languages. In 1991, for example, linguists
835:
810:
665:
627:
529:
461:
383:
6834:
6808:
6780:
6754:
6097:
5748:
5610:
4343:"Characterizing the social diversity of bilingualism using language entropy"
3651:
3634:
3413:
2499:
1926:
It is extremely common for music to be written in whatever the contemporary
226:
in the English language occurred in the 1830s. The word is a combination of
7629:
7604:
7584:
7559:
7489:
7459:
7449:
7444:
6720:(especially chapter ten: "Speaking in many tongues"), Penguin Books, 2012 (
6685:
6426:
6381:
6084:
Gunnarsson, Britt-Louise (2014). "Multilingualism in European Workplaces".
6016:
Gunnarsson, Britt-Louise (March 2013). "Multilingualism in the Workplace".
5487:
5469:
5022:
4955:
4888:
4756:
4713:
4647:
4564:
4496:
4319:
4261:
4186:
3992:
3949:
3906:
3813:
3763:
3728:
Donnelly, Seamus; Brooks, Patricia J.; Homer, Bruce D. (27 February 2019).
3153:
2635:
2141:
1572:
1412:
428:
254:
202:
Multilingualism in computing can be considered part of a continuum between
5407:
2561:
The Sun is Feminine: A Study on Language Acquisition in Bilingual Children
1314:(literally, mail that is black) in French, instead of the proper word for
7624:
7619:
7534:
7369:
2834:
2679:"The Impact of Multilingualism on Global Education and Language Learning"
2626:
2609:
1726:
in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, and Belgium.
1620:
1576:
1391:
1278:
in environments such as schools is subordinated to the majority language
798:
425:
387:
336:
156:
6717:
The World until Yesterday: What Can We Learn from Traditional Societies?
6202:
4444:
4223:
de Bruin, Angela; Treccani, Barbara; Della Sala, Sergio (January 2015).
2069:
1459:
Mongolian, Chagatai, Chinese, Tibetan, and Manchu sign in Chengde, China
61:
37:"Trilingual" redirects here. For the alleged early medieval heresy, see
7666:
7579:
7419:
7399:
7384:
6667:
6380:
Pérez, Rolando (2020). "The Bilingualisms of Latino/a Literatures". In
6189:
Harvey, Carol J. (1978). "Macaronic Techniques in Anglo-Norman Verse".
6175:
5930:
4866:
4704:
4613:
4462:
4178:
4170:
3889:
3880:
3805:
3797:
2028:
1865:
1841:
1334:
623:
503:
344:
5700:
5458:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
4791:
The Papers of the International Association of Hyperpolyglots (HYPIA).
4225:"Cognitive Advantage in Bilingualism: An Example of Publication Bias?"
1818:
times, these were considered to be two different dialects of a common
1338:
1285:
577:
necessarily mean that one can speak, for example, English and French.
237:
Today, evidence of multilingualism in an area includes things such as
7404:
6735:
Issues in Promoting Multilingualism. Teaching – Learning – Assessment
6432:
The FSG book of twentieth-century Latin American poetry: an anthology
6366:
Thinking in Uno and Reading en Otro: Codeswitching in American Novels
4055:
4038:
3260:
2936:
Santrock, John W. (2008). Bilingualism and Second-Language Learning.
2209:
2173:
2113:
2054:
1901:
1873:
1643:
1346:
1315:
1202:
1138:
1042:
970:
679:
457:
447:
210:, software development nearly always uses it (but not in the case of
184:
and maintained at least one language during childhood, the so-called
164:
93:
6334:"Hispanic Heritage Month: Recommending Latin American Women Authors"
5643:
1860:, however, these are still considered standardized varieties of one
683:
one. Once they pass an age that seems to correlate closely with the
7749:
6564:"The Man Who Wrote A Dictionary In Four Languages – Silver Talkies"
4451:
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
3421:
2850:
2254:
1893:
1885:
1840:: standardized in the 19th century and throughout the existence of
1639:
1516:
1342:
1198:
894:
714:
648:
488:
473:
The Relationship Between Age and Second Language Productive Ability
269:); and the frequency of linguistic borrowings and other results of
152:
66:
6738:. Warsaw: Foundation for the Development of the Education System.
6247:"Second Generation Stories | Literature by Children of Immigrants"
5810:"Jan Nelson (Microsoft): The Multilingual App Toolkit Version 3.0"
4793:
Social Science Research Network (SSRN). Accessed 15 February 2021.
2032:, the author does not offer translations of non-English passages.
450:, rather than a language acquisition device, as the school led by
7318:
5733:] (in Czech). Olomouc: Palacký University. pp. 223–229.
5340:
Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics and Second Language Acquisition
5307:"Are You A Hyperpolyglot?: the secrets of language superlearners"
5295:
Social Science Research Network (SSRN). Accessed 7 February 2021.
4903:
4803:
Grin, François; Sfreddo, Claudio; Vaillancourt, François (2013).
3285:"Developing Native Language Literacy in Language Minority Adults"
2177:
2129:
2121:
1973:
1869:
1427:, where two closely related and mutually intelligible languages (
1275:
1244:
1225:
and English, or southern Israel, where locals tend to speak both
1167:
994:
946:
898:
889:
774:
499:
436:
391:
262:
6246:
6168:
Troika, Russia's Westerly Poetry in Three Orchestral Song Cycles
4676:
Sulpizio S, Maschio ND, Mauro GD, Fedeli D, Abutalebi J (2020).
1745:
in Portugal, Brazil, Angola, Mozambique and São Tomé e Príncipe.
1094:
6917:
6364:
5779:
3169:"Receptive bilingual children's use of language in interaction"
2866:
1889:
1710:
1534:
1383:
1354:
1326:
1307:
1151:
1143:
770:
6534:"For Keralites, door opens to three other Dravidian languages"
5952:
Lim, Lisa (2012). "English and Multilingualism in Singapore".
3109:
2116:
is common within a single poem or throughout a book of poems.
1529:
1217:, as well as in communities with high rates of deafness, like
69:, Serbia, written in the four official languages of the city:
6221:
Pew Research Center's Social & Demographic Trends Project
4909:
4834:
International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism
2912:"English as a second language: Who in Europe speaks it best?"
2777:
International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism
1695:
1624:
1350:
1291:
This mechanism also extends to language, as described by the
1123:
1022:
990:
966:
926:
766:
484:
376:
6652:"The bilingual adaptation: How minds accommodate experience"
5544:"Linguistic modularity? A case study of a 'Savant' linguist"
4149:
3862:
3776:
2379:
A Global Perspective on Bilingualism and Bilingual Education
1013:
949:(English is also one of Hong Kong's two official languages).
285:
A bilingual "no trespassing" sign at a construction site in
4968:
4509:
1583:, software development nearly always uses it (but see also
1103:
882:
634:, he passes two hours a day studying languages as a hobby."
368:
6815:
Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland
6806:
6761:
Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland
6275:
Crossing Borderlands: Composition and Postcolonial Studies
6272:
Lunsford, Andrea A.; Ouzgane, Lahoucine (1 January 2004).
5843:[Australian Finns on the verge of language shift]
4675:
4222:
2712:(1 ed.). Wiley (published 2013). pp. 2526–2531.
1479:
in Haifa in 2009 uses Hebrew, Arabic, English, and Russian
993:) name board at the Tirusulam suburban railway station in
877:
7646:
European Association for the Teaching of Academic Writing
6789:"Are You Another Person When You Speak Another Language?"
6123:
The Last Lingua Franca: English Until the Return of Babel
5648:
2120:
is also written in Portuguese and can include phrases in
1107:
881:
Croatian-Italian bilingual plate on a public building in
2940:(pp. 330–335). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1868:
dialect, with the biggest distinction being between the
1694:
A Welsh Government video of an English medium school in
1179:
is used. However, in informal situations in many areas,
494:
People who learn multiple languages may also experience
5246:
Cultural and Language Diversity and the Deaf Experience
4802:
3970:
2100:
Multilingual poetry is prevalent in the United States'
1706:
Languages that are used in multiple countries include:
1571:) to dozens for the most popular applications (such as
848:
590:
academic settings, the period is closer to five years.
375:
In some large nations with multiple languages, such as
4039:"Does Bilingualism Delay the Development of Dementia?"
1563:
Translating the user interface is usually part of the
420:
Simultaneous bilingualism § Bilingual acquisition
319:
is a language in its own right or merely a dialect of
167:
claim to speak at least one language other than their
7738:
6069:] (PhD Science thesis) (in Tatar). Archived from
4779:
The New Economy and Languages: HYPIA in Neoliberalism
3486:
3484:
3179:. The Japanese Society for Language Sciences: 46–66.
2951:"Most EU students learn two foreign languages: Study"
2938:
A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development (4th ed.)
1951:
Songs with lyrics in multiple languages are known as
1447:
Japanese, English, and Russian sign in Northern Japan
6863:
Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education
5223:. Briston, United Kingdom: Multilingualism Matters.
4734:
4457:(6). American Psychological Association: 1022–1047.
4121:"The Bitter Fight Over the Benefits of Bilingualism"
3493:
Ramírez J., S. Yuen, D. Ramey & D. Pasta. 1991.
1197:, which has a combined Franco-Germanic heritage, or
541:
of languages; the latter is a property of a pair of
3727:
3316:"Language choice, education and community identity"
3257:
Second Language Acquisition: An Introductory Course
2882:"Foreign Languages in Finland's Educational System"
2764:
2603:
2601:
2551:
1286:
Interaction between speakers of different languages
5590:Arabic Culture Through Its Language and Literature
5542:Smith, Neil; Tsimpli, Ianthi Maria (August 1991).
3481:
2607:
2504:Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia
1515:A sign in Morocco uses Arabic, Berber (written in
1025:, Philippines. Three or four languages are shown:
622:"Pvt. Lloyd A. Taylor, 21-year-old transportation
65:A multilingual sign outside the mayor's office in
6752:
6058:
5841:"Australiansuomalaiset kielenvaihdon kynnyksellä"
5193:
4910:Gawinkowska M, Paradowski MB, Bilewicz M (2013).
4253:20.500.11820/1c7d702a-90a7-484d-9d2a-d5841d4a1f49
3398:. California: Sage Publications. pp. 47–59.
1758:in the Netherlands, Belgium, Aruba, and Suriname.
1631:, amid calls for this to improve in time for the
1221:, where historically most inhabitants spoke both
363:. Another example is the historical dismissal of
7762:
5221:Growing up with three languages: Birth to eleven
3858:
3856:
3665:
3320:International Journal of Educational Development
2610:"The bilingual advantage in novel word learning"
2598:
1503:Urdu, Hindi, and English on a road sign in India
945:and English, which are common languages used by
787:Growing up with Three Languages: Birth to Eleven
30:"Bilingual" redirects here. For other uses, see
6958:
6599:Multilingualism: language, power, and knowledge
6297:
6295:
6271:
5780:"The New Reynell Developmental Language Scales"
5069:"Multilingualism, empathy, and multicompetence"
4981:(4). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e94842.
4297:
3927:
3448:
3446:
3076:"Can a second language help you learn a third?"
2770:
1386:and also has borrowings from Slavic languages.
1110:in the three widely spoken languages in the UAE
605:"Polyglot" redirects here. For other uses, see
5888:"9 of the world's most multilingual countries"
5248:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 20–37.
5040:[Polysystem repertoire and identity].
4592:
4340:
3389:"Language and cognition in bilingual children"
3382:
3380:
3105:
3103:
3101:
2812:Second Language Learning and Language Teaching
6944:
6628:
6390:. Oxford University Press. pp. 281–306.
5674:
5198:. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers.
5168:
5066:
4016:"How the Brain Benefits from Being Bilingual"
3853:
3770:
1770:in Italy, Switzerland, San Marino, and Malta.
1605:
804:
6369:(Thesis). Texas AM International University.
6292:
6059:Khabibrakhmanovna, Sharipova Nailya (2004).
5761:
5541:
4143:
4112:
4030:
3628:
3626:
3443:
2839:The Oxford Companion to the English Language
2518:
2385:, Carnegie Mellon University, archived from
2283:
1310:. This results in speakers using terms like
5275:
5273:
4602:Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
4216:
4072:"How a second language can boost the brain"
3501:CA: Aguirre International. No. 300-87-0156.
3377:
3098:
3049:. In Peitzman, Faye; Gadda, George (eds.).
2863:"Writing With English As A Second Language"
2706:Chapelle, Carol A., ed. (30 January 2013).
1065:Multilingual message at a public toilet in
6951:
6937:
6731:
6083:
6015:
4397:
3572:
3396:Bilingual education: issues and strategies
3195:"Ethnologue report for language code: spa"
2225:List of multilingual countries and regions
1114:Widespread multilingualism is one form of
873:List of multilingual countries and regions
6859:
6675:
6649:
6629:Bhatia, Tej; Ritchie, William C. (2004).
5699:
5477:
5326:
5324:
5304:
5012:
4994:
4945:
4935:
4703:
4693:
4637:
4554:
4486:
4251:
4083:
4054:
3888:
3745:
3650:
3623:
3143:
3013:
3011:
2625:
2557:
2290:European Commissioner for Multilingualism
2014:with translations, as in her early works
516:
6819:Society of Swedish Literature in Finland
6765:Society of Swedish Literature in Finland
6302:Fowler, Yara Rodrigues (17 April 2019).
5722:
5608:
5451:
5342:. New York: Routledge. pp. 99–123.
5338:. In Peter Robinson; Nick Ellis (eds.).
5270:
5243:
5076:International Journal of Multilingualism
5035:
4771:
4291:
4036:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3512:
3166:
3073:
2930:
2879:
2705:
2524:
1995:Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza
1666:
1627:ranks 53rd out of 100 countries in 2019
1528:
1093:
1084:
1060:
1012:
1000:
976:
952:
912:
888:
876:
706:. Current meta-analyses find no effect.
617:
280:
115:
87:
60:
56:South Africa's twelve official languages
45:
6840:
6786:
6425:
6119:Maxwell, Christine (26 November 2012).
6118:
6024:. Cambridge University Press: 162–189.
5641:
5115:
4827:
4805:Economics of the multilingual workplace
4043:Journal of European Psychology Students
3542:
3452:
3313:
2979:
2709:The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics
1698:, where introducing a second language (
1585:Non-English-based programming languages
1033:("deguchi" or "chūkǒu", respectively),
553:
471:Based on the research in Ann Fathman's
212:non-English-based programming languages
14:
7763:
7225:Generative second-language acquisition
6596:
6301:
6188:
5838:
5619:] (Bachelor thesis) (in Swedish).
5385:
5330:
5321:
5038:"Polysystem, Repertoire und Identität"
4593:Gullifer JW, Titone D (October 2020).
4531:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.04.037
4069:
4013:
3700:
3386:
3017:
3008:
2914:. Europe Language Jobs. 31 July 2018.
2865:. Foreign-Language.org. Archived from
2694:The world has always been multilingual
2409:
2375:
2204:Childhood Bilingualism Research Centre
1922:List of multilingual bands and artists
1477:Ministry of Immigration and Absorption
126:four national languages of Switzerland
6932:
6692:
6531:
6396:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190691202.013.31
6387:The Oxford Handbook of Latino Studies
6379:
6165:
6155:from the original on 1 February 2023.
5908:
5820:from the original on 16 December 2015
5790:from the original on 22 December 2015
5508:International Journal of Bilingualism
5500:
5420:
5367:from the original on 25 November 2020
5317:from the original on 2 February 2012.
5126:International Journal of Bilingualism
4657:from the original on 28 November 2021
4574:from the original on 28 November 2021
4379:from the original on 28 November 2021
4204:from the original on 21 December 2020
4131:from the original on 11 February 2016
3604:
3593:
3361:from the original on 23 February 2019
3183:from the original on 22 January 2022.
3167:Nakamura, Janice (1 September 2019).
3080:Psychology Today: Life as a Bilingual
3044:
3038:
2841:, Oxford University Press 1992. p.894
2275:Spanish language in the United States
1782:in Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan.
1638:Within multiracial countries such as
1544:internationalization and localization
204:internationalization and localization
7693:Bilingualism: Language and Cognition
6314:from the original on 7 December 2020
6253:from the original on 29 October 2020
6227:from the original on 4 November 2020
6018:Annual Review of Applied Linguistics
5867:from the original on 6 February 2023
5642:Finnilä, Heidi (12 September 2014).
5592:, Kegan Paul International, London,
5218:
5174:
4404:Bilingualism: Language and Cognition
4350:Bilingualism: Language and Cognition
4118:
3632:
3461:(1–2). Informa UK Limited: 187–212.
3254:
3219:
2809:
2752:from the original on 22 October 2017
2676:
2527:Introduction to language development
2525:Kennison, Shelia M. (30 July 2013).
2454:from the original on 5 February 2016
2064:
2053:, who uses untranslated Spanish and
729:
697:Cognitive effects of multilingualism
690:
367:as a Russian dialect by the Russian
110:four official languages of Singapore
52:Constitutional Court of South Africa
6860:Baker, Colin; Prys, Sylvia (1998).
6807:Catharina Lojander-Visapää (2001),
6697:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
6344:from the original on 21 August 2021
5954:Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics
5951:
5885:
5577:African Languages – An Introduction
5501:Bates, Elizabeth (September 1997).
5452:Treffert, Darold A. (27 May 2009).
5305:Steinmetz, Katy (30 January 2012).
5194:Tokuhama-Espinosa, T., ed. (2003).
4100:from the original on 5 January 2019
3351:"The perils of learning in English"
2957:. 28 September 2009. Archived from
2880:Korhonen, Muusa (22 January 2022).
2480:from the original on 28 August 2010
2474:"The importance of multilingualism"
1349:), while others simply evolve into
781:and social initiative. The idea of
720:
222:The first recorded use of the word
173:
24:
7708:Journal of Second Language Writing
6590:
6574:from the original on 31 March 2022
6544:from the original on 31 March 2022
6513:from the original on 31 March 2022
6487:from the original on 31 March 2022
5646:[About Taxell's paradox].
5623:from the original on 9 August 2022
5579:, 317. Cambridge University Press.
5156:from the original on 9 August 2017
4737:International Journal of Audiology
4279:from the original on 22 April 2020
3573:Krzeminska, Marta (19 July 2016).
3543:Aleccia, JoNel (6 November 2013).
3086:from the original on 26 April 2023
3053:. Addison-Wesley. pp. 43–56.
3032:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1966.tb00804.x
2994:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1975.tb00244.x
2586:from the original on 26 March 2023
2529:. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications.
2422:from the original on 26 March 2023
1559:selectable by the user at runtime.
1293:communication accommodation theory
941:of Macau, while at the bottom are
25:
7797:
6881:
6461:from the original on 6 April 2023
6362:
5898:from the original on 25 May 2023.
5293:Linguistic Anthropology eJournal.
5048:from the original on 12 June 2021
3734:Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
3338:from the original on 19 July 2020
3116:Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
2918:from the original on 5 April 2023
2892:from the original on 6 April 2023
2614:Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
2608:Kaushanskaya M, Marian V (2009).
2230:Multilingualism and globalization
2160:The 2021 Indian documentary film
866:
678:This is most commonly seen among
600:
54:, with text written in eleven of
7748:
7672:L2 Syntactic Complexity Analyzer
6916:
6635:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
6556:
6532:Sajit, C. p. (30 October 2020).
6525:
6499:
6473:
6419:
6373:
6356:
6326:
6278:. University of Pittsburgh Pre.
6265:
6239:
6209:
6182:
6159:
6141:10.1111/j.1467-971x.2012.01784.x
6112:
6077:
6052:
5656:from the original on 17 May 2022
4971:"Your Morals Depend on Language"
4695:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116306
4014:Kluger, Jeffrey (18 July 2013).
3985:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.09.044
3942:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2004.00351.x
3715:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2009.00521.x
3431:from the original on 1 July 2022
3197:. Ethnologue.com. Archived from
2068:
1508:
1496:
1484:
1464:
1452:
1440:
1017:Multilingual sign at an exit of
6787:Kramsch, Claire (3 June 2011).
6650:Bialystok, Ellen (March 2017).
6009:
5988:
5982:
5966:10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0373
5945:
5902:
5879:
5832:
5802:
5772:
5762:Dedić, N.; Stanier, C. (2016).
5755:
5716:
5668:
5635:
5602:
5582:
5569:
5535:
5494:
5445:
5414:
5379:
5298:
5237:
5212:
5187:
5109:
5060:
5029:
4962:
4860:
4821:
4796:
4728:
4669:
4586:
4503:
4438:
4398:Surrain S, Luk G (March 2019).
4391:
4334:
4063:
4007:
3964:
3921:
3828:
3721:
3694:
3659:
3566:
3536:
3506:
3307:
3277:
3248:
3213:
3187:
3160:
3074:Pavlenko, Aneta (2 June 2015).
3067:
2973:
2943:
2904:
2873:
2855:
2844:
2828:
2803:
2771:Paradowski MB, Bator A (2016).
2734:
2718:10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0511
2699:
2670:
2345:
2310:Languages of the European Union
2305:Language legislation in Belgium
1980:, a major figure in the fields
1227:Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language
1223:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language
1007:Vancouver International Airport
862:Neuroscience of multilingualism
855:
343:dialects; after the breakup of
4341:Gullifer JW, Titone D (2020).
3467:10.1080/15235882.1992.10162633
3332:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2004.08.004
2642:
2492:
2466:
2434:
2403:
2369:
2112:between English, Spanish, and
2026:. However, in her later novel
1856:its own official language. In
1702:) has boosted the exam results
1601:Languages used on the Internet
1579:, etc.). Due to the status of
760:
702:idea persisted in part due to
637:This picture was taken during
401:
13:
1:
7187:Good language learner studies
6217:"Second-Generation Americans"
4749:10.1080/14992027.2020.1720921
4119:Yong, Ed (10 February 2016).
3314:Trudell, Barbara (May 2005).
2789:10.1080/13670050.2016.1203858
2742:"Multi-competence definition"
2651:"multilingual, adj. & n."
2416:Linguistic Society of America
2362:
1958:
1650:taught as a second language.
1361:, which remains more or less
1298:Some multilingual people use
1205:, which fuse the cultures of
738:
333:Eastern Herzegovinian dialect
276:
7172:Language learning strategies
6907:Resources in other libraries
6632:The Handbook of Bilingualism
5692:10.1515/ling.1980.18.7-8.581
5563:10.1016/0024-3841(91)90034-3
5439:10.1016/j.intell.2003.11.002
5254:10.1017/CBO9781139163804.003
5139:10.1177/13670069070110040301
5088:10.1080/14790718.2012.714380
5067:Dewaele, J.; Li Wei (2012).
5042:Grazer Linguistische Studien
4996:10.1371/journal.pone.0094842
4937:10.1371/journal.pone.0081225
4846:10.1080/13670050.2013.816264
4312:10.1016/j.cortex.2015.04.014
3173:Studies in Language Sciences
2317:
2164:traces the life and work of
1629:EF English Proficiency Index
1524:
151:is the use of more than one
122:Swiss federal administration
7:
7728:The Modern Language Journal
6960:Second-language acquisition
6338:The New York Public Library
5044:(in German). 39–40: 71–90.
2376:Tucker, G. Richard (1999),
2191:
1594:
1411:, a term introduced by the
580:
523:Passive speakers (language)
433:language acquisition device
431:in what he calls the human
416:Second-language acquisition
180:Multilingual speakers have
92:A stenciled danger sign in
10:
7802:
7146:Willingness to communicate
7136:Critical period hypothesis
7131:Language-learning aptitude
6753:Christina Korkman (1995),
6732:Komorowska, Hanna (2011).
6435:(1st ed.). New York:
5886:Lew, Josh (28 June 2014).
5521:10.1177/136700699700100204
5400:10.1037/0033-2909.125.1.31
3747:10.3758/s13423-019-01567-z
3575:"The cult of the polyglot"
3455:Bilingual Research Journal
3128:10.3758/s13423-022-02136-7
2410:Valdés, Guadalupe (2012).
2353:critical period hypothesis
1970:second generation American
1963:
1919:
1804:Arabic dialectic continuum
1606:English-speaking countries
1598:
1049:, such signs cater to the
923:Hong Kong-Macau Ferry Pier
870:
859:
819:Giuseppe Caspar Mezzofanti
805:Hyperpolyglots and savants
694:
611:
604:
520:
446:If language learning is a
405:
217:
36:
32:Bilingual (disambiguation)
29:
7680:
7659:
7638:
7327:
7296:
7273:
7195:
7164:
7121:
7095:
7049:
7023:
6987:
6966:
6902:Resources in your library
6841:Romaine, Suzanne (1995).
6693:Burck, Charlotte (2007).
6067:Bilingualism in Tatarstan
6030:10.1017/S0267190513000123
5923:10.1017/s0047404500005066
5281:"Who Is a Hyperpolyglot?"
5279:Chohan, Usman W. (2021).
4777:Chohan, Usman W. (2021).
4416:10.1017/S1366728917000682
4362:10.1017/s1366728919000026
4085:10.1146/knowable-112918-1
3633:Hult, Francis M. (2014).
3527:10.1080/02687039008248790
2656:Oxford English Dictionary
2295:European Day of Languages
2284:Legislation and movements
2060:
2035:The House on Mango Street
1787:language groups include:
1662:
1653:
1051:growing number of Koreans
607:Polyglot (disambiguation)
567:simultaneous bilingualism
120:The logo and name of the
27:Use of multiple languages
7177:Communication strategies
7156:Metalinguistic awareness
7151:Foreign language anxiety
6866:. Multilingual Matters.
6817:(in Swedish), Helsinki:
6793:Berkeley Language Center
6763:(in Swedish), Helsinki:
6623:(in English and Italian)
6304:"Top 10 bilingual books"
6062:Dvuyazıçiye v Tatarstane
5348:10.4324/9780203938560-13
5331:Hudson, Richard (2008).
4881:10.1177/0956797611432178
4244:10.1177/0956797614557866
3680:10.1177/0267658309337641
3668:Second Language Research
2338:
2270:One person, one language
2265:The Multilingual Library
2235:Official multilingualism
2008:Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie
1915:
1409:non-convergent discourse
424:One view is that of the
163:. More than half of all
7113:Word lists by frequency
6363:Munoz, Mary Elizabeth.
6098:10.1515/multi-2014-0002
5644:"Taxell om sin paradox"
5609:Valkonen, Eero (2020).
5287:6 February 2021 at the
5036:Halwachs, D.W. (1993).
4785:28 January 2022 at the
3605:Erard, Michael (2012).
3255:Gass, Susan M. (2008).
2506:. Thefreedictionary.com
2476:. multilingualism.org.
2447:. European Commission.
2155:
2006:Multilingual novels by
1888:ethnic groups, such as
1854:proclaimed and codified
1852:, each successor state
1614:
1077:, Chinese, Korean, and
909:are official languages.
560:sequential bilingualism
206:. Due to the status of
194:simultaneous bilinguals
7235:Interaction hypothesis
7220:Dynamic Systems Theory
6656:Psychological Bulletin
6597:Valore, Paolo (2011).
6437:Farrar, Straus, Giroux
5995:National Library Board
5470:10.1098/rstb.2008.0326
5388:Psychological Bulletin
4159:Psychological Bulletin
4070:Skibba, Ramin (2018).
3869:Psychological Bulletin
3786:Psychological Bulletin
3387:Hakuta, Kenji (1990).
3045:Gadda, George (1994).
2558:Taeschner, T. (1983).
2324:Multilingual education
2260:Multilingual education
2004:
1764:in Sweden and Finland.
1703:
1538:
1471:A sign at the Israeli
1378:is a complex blend of
1263:are more appropriate.
1185:Modern Standard Arabic
1111:
1091:
1082:
1058:
1010:
998:
974:
950:
910:
886:
713:, and older onset for
643:
539:mutual intelligibility
517:Receptive bilingualism
298:
145:
113:
85:
58:
7781:Sociology of language
7255:Processability theory
7210:Comprehensible output
6979:Common misconceptions
6845:. Oxford: Blackwell.
6166:Kogan, Julia (2013).
5997:. Singapore Infopedia
5588:M.H. Bakalla (1984),
5177:"Life as a Bilingual"
4869:Psychological Science
4232:Psychological Science
3652:10.1093/applin/amt003
2988:(2). Wiley: 245–253.
2810:Cook, Vivian (2008).
2300:English-only movement
2215:Economics of language
2000:
1986:Postcolonial Feminism
1920:Further information:
1862:pluricentric language
1850:breakup of Yugoslavia
1820:Czechoslovak language
1693:
1569:most spoken languages
1565:software localization
1532:
1363:mutually intelligible
1097:
1088:
1081:, from top to bottom.
1064:
1016:
1005:Multilingual sign at
1004:
980:
957:A caution message in
956:
916:
892:
880:
871:Further information:
783:linguistic relativity
750:political correctness
621:
595:cognitive flexibility
284:
255:common forms of Latin
119:
91:
64:
49:
7776:Language acquisition
7265:Skill-based theories
7260:Order of acquisition
7240:Interface hypothesis
7123:Individual variation
7108:Linguistic universal
7062:Contrastive rhetoric
7057:Contrastive analysis
6925:at Wikimedia Commons
6509:. 31 December 2020.
5894:. Dotdash Meredith.
5175:Grosjean, François.
5116:Dewaele, J. (2007).
4828:Agirdag, O. (2014).
4037:Atkinson AL (2016).
3490:The Ramírez report:
3357:. 21 February 2019.
2814:. Hodder Education.
2627:10.3758/PBR.16.4.705
2166:Njattyela Sreedharan
2150:Guillermo Gómez-Peña
2023:Half of a Yellow Sun
1982:Third World Feminism
1848:language. After the
1581:English in computing
1537:and English keyboard
1473:Ministry of Interior
1261:multipart-lingualism
981:The three-language (
901:. In Brussels, both
893:A bilingual sign in
845:Ianthi-Maria Tsimpli
554:Order of acquisition
408:Language acquisition
347:, it was split into
331:on the basis of the
208:English in computing
96:written in English,
50:The frontage of the
7688:Applied Linguistics
7660:Computational tools
7328:Notable researchers
7250:Noticing hypothesis
7067:Error (linguistics)
6695:Multilingual Living
6601:. Pisa: Edistudio.
6223:. 7 February 2013.
6125:by Nicholas Ostler"
5911:Language in Society
5839:Kovács, M. (2004).
5464:(1522): 1351–1357.
4987:2014PLoSO...994842C
4928:2013PLoSO...881225G
3639:Applied Linguistics
3581:on 6 September 2016
3295:on 24 February 2019
2392:on 15 December 2019
2170:Dravidian languages
2010:display phrases in
1633:2020 Tokyo Olympics
1394:. Most speakers of
394:, as well as among
7245:Interface position
7096:Linguistic factors
7000:Classroom research
6668:10.1037/bul0000099
5991:"Bilingual Policy"
5105:on 9 October 2013.
4614:10.1037/xge0000933
4463:10.1037/xlm0000770
4171:10.1037/bul0000142
3881:10.1037/bul0000142
3798:10.1037/bul0000142
3220:Weitzman, Elaine.
2961:on 13 January 2012
2886:The New Federalist
2677:King, Lid (2018).
2199:Cultural diversity
2080:. You can help by
2044:Chicano literature
1978:Gloria E. Anzaldúa
1704:
1539:
1380:Middle High German
1120:Sub-Saharan Africa
1112:
1092:
1083:
1059:
1041:("chulgu"). While
1011:
999:
975:
951:
939:official languages
911:
887:
711:executive function
673:language attrition
644:
412:Language education
299:
161:world's population
146:
114:
86:
59:
7736:
7735:
7698:Language Learning
7288:Input enhancement
7205:Competition model
7103:Language transfer
7036:Heritage language
6921:Media related to
6888:Library resources
6852:978-0-631-19539-9
6745:978-83-62634-19-4
6726:978-0-141-02448-6
6704:978-0-230-55433-7
6642:978-0-631-22735-9
6608:978-88-7036-809-3
6568:silvertalkies.com
6446:978-0-374-10024-7
6405:978-0-19-069120-2
6285:978-0-8229-7253-2
6191:L'Esprit Créateur
5975:978-1-4051-9473-0
5786:. 22 April 2011.
5598:978-0-7103-0027-0
5421:Bolte, S (2004).
5263:978-0-521-45477-3
5230:978-1-8476-9106-4
5219:Wang, X. (2008).
4814:978-0-415-85106-0
4076:Knowable Magazine
3703:Language Learning
3616:978-1-4516-2825-8
3060:978-0-8013-1282-3
3020:Language Learning
2982:Language Learning
2869:on 21 April 2015.
2821:978-0-340-95876-6
2727:978-1-4051-9473-0
2571:978-3-642-48329-5
2536:978-1-4129-9606-8
2412:"Multilingualism"
2250:Linguistic rights
2162:Dreaming of Words
2102:Latino literature
2098:
2097:
2042:is an example of
1990:Latino philosophy
1907:Continued global
1691:
1241:Bipart-lingualism
1219:Martha's Vineyard
1148:regional language
929:. At the top are
919:multilingual sign
897:, the capital of
791:François Grosjean
730:Economic benefits
691:Cognitive ability
642:
632:Temple University
614:List of polyglots
496:positive transfer
448:cognitive process
329:standard language
287:Helsinki, Finland
39:Trilingual heresy
16:(Redirected from
7793:
7786:Neurolinguistics
7753:
7752:
7744:
7703:Language Testing
7275:In the classroom
7230:Input hypothesis
7050:Learner language
7041:Multi-competence
6953:
6946:
6939:
6930:
6929:
6920:
6877:
6856:
6837:
6803:
6801:
6799:
6783:
6749:
6708:
6689:
6679:
6646:
6624:
6620:
6584:
6583:
6581:
6579:
6560:
6554:
6553:
6551:
6549:
6529:
6523:
6522:
6520:
6518:
6503:
6497:
6496:
6494:
6492:
6477:
6471:
6470:
6468:
6466:
6423:
6417:
6416:
6414:
6412:
6377:
6371:
6370:
6360:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6349:
6330:
6324:
6323:
6321:
6319:
6299:
6290:
6289:
6269:
6263:
6262:
6260:
6258:
6243:
6237:
6236:
6234:
6232:
6213:
6207:
6206:
6186:
6180:
6179:
6163:
6157:
6156:
6116:
6110:
6109:
6081:
6075:
6074:
6073:on 5 March 2016.
6056:
6050:
6049:
6013:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6002:
5986:
5980:
5979:
5949:
5943:
5942:
5906:
5900:
5899:
5883:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5846:
5836:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5825:
5816:. 23 June 2014.
5806:
5800:
5799:
5797:
5795:
5776:
5770:
5769:
5759:
5753:
5752:
5720:
5714:
5713:
5703:
5686:(7/8): 581–618.
5672:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5661:
5639:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5628:
5606:
5600:
5586:
5580:
5573:
5567:
5566:
5548:
5539:
5533:
5532:
5498:
5492:
5491:
5481:
5449:
5443:
5442:
5418:
5412:
5411:
5383:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5372:
5366:
5337:
5328:
5319:
5318:
5302:
5296:
5277:
5268:
5267:
5241:
5235:
5234:
5216:
5210:
5209:
5191:
5185:
5184:
5181:Psychology Today
5172:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5155:
5122:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5098:. Archived from
5073:
5064:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5053:
5033:
5027:
5026:
5016:
4998:
4966:
4960:
4959:
4949:
4939:
4907:
4901:
4900:
4864:
4858:
4857:
4825:
4819:
4818:
4800:
4794:
4775:
4769:
4768:
4732:
4726:
4725:
4707:
4697:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4656:
4641:
4599:
4590:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4573:
4558:
4519:Neuropsychologia
4516:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4490:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4378:
4347:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4278:
4255:
4229:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4203:
4156:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4087:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4056:10.5334/jeps.375
4034:
4028:
4027:
4026:on 21 July 2013.
4022:. Archived from
4011:
4005:
4004:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3892:
3860:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3783:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3749:
3740:(4): 1122–1147.
3725:
3719:
3718:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3630:
3621:
3620:
3602:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3577:. Archived from
3570:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3556:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3510:
3504:
3488:
3479:
3478:
3450:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3430:
3393:
3384:
3375:
3374:
3368:
3366:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3291:. Archived from
3281:
3275:
3274:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3232:. Archived from
3230:The Hanen Centre
3217:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3201:on 18 April 2010
3191:
3185:
3184:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3147:
3107:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3015:
3006:
3005:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2947:
2941:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2859:
2853:
2848:
2842:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2689:
2683:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2653:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2629:
2605:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2453:
2446:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2391:
2384:
2373:
2356:
2349:
2245:Interlinguistics
2138:Giannina Braschi
2093:
2090:
2072:
2065:
2057:in his fiction.
1948:, respectively.
1946:Vladimir Nabokov
1858:sociolinguistics
1692:
1512:
1500:
1488:
1468:
1456:
1444:
1372:Catalan language
1368:Occitan language
1331:creole languages
1267:Taxell's paradox
1116:language contact
1031:Mandarin Chinese
937:, which are the
721:Auditory ability
704:publication bias
636:
293:, lower text in
271:language contact
267:Jewish languages
159:speakers in the
21:
7801:
7800:
7796:
7795:
7794:
7792:
7791:
7790:
7771:Multilingualism
7761:
7760:
7759:
7747:
7739:
7737:
7732:
7723:TESOL Quarterly
7676:
7655:
7634:
7323:
7292:
7269:
7191:
7160:
7117:
7091:
7077:Error treatment
7045:
7031:Multilingualism
7019:
6983:
6962:
6957:
6923:Multilingualism
6913:
6912:
6911:
6896:
6895:
6893:Multilingualism
6891:
6884:
6874:
6853:
6797:
6795:
6746:
6705:
6643:
6622:
6609:
6593:
6591:Further reading
6588:
6587:
6577:
6575:
6562:
6561:
6557:
6547:
6545:
6530:
6526:
6516:
6514:
6505:
6504:
6500:
6490:
6488:
6479:
6478:
6474:
6464:
6462:
6447:
6424:
6420:
6410:
6408:
6406:
6378:
6374:
6361:
6357:
6347:
6345:
6332:
6331:
6327:
6317:
6315:
6300:
6293:
6286:
6270:
6266:
6256:
6254:
6245:
6244:
6240:
6230:
6228:
6215:
6214:
6210:
6187:
6183:
6164:
6160:
6129:World Englishes
6117:
6113:
6082:
6078:
6057:
6053:
6014:
6010:
6000:
5998:
5987:
5983:
5976:
5950:
5946:
5907:
5903:
5884:
5880:
5870:
5868:
5844:
5837:
5833:
5823:
5821:
5808:
5807:
5803:
5793:
5791:
5778:
5777:
5773:
5760:
5756:
5741:
5721:
5717:
5673:
5669:
5659:
5657:
5640:
5636:
5626:
5624:
5607:
5603:
5587:
5583:
5574:
5570:
5546:
5540:
5536:
5499:
5495:
5450:
5446:
5419:
5415:
5384:
5380:
5370:
5368:
5364:
5358:
5335:
5329:
5322:
5303:
5299:
5289:Wayback Machine
5278:
5271:
5264:
5242:
5238:
5231:
5217:
5213:
5206:
5192:
5188:
5173:
5169:
5159:
5157:
5153:
5120:
5114:
5110:
5102:
5071:
5065:
5061:
5051:
5049:
5034:
5030:
4967:
4963:
4908:
4904:
4865:
4861:
4826:
4822:
4815:
4807:. : Routledge.
4801:
4797:
4787:Wayback Machine
4776:
4772:
4733:
4729:
4674:
4670:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4597:
4591:
4587:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4514:
4508:
4504:
4443:
4439:
4396:
4392:
4382:
4380:
4376:
4345:
4339:
4335:
4296:
4292:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4227:
4221:
4217:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4154:
4148:
4144:
4134:
4132:
4117:
4113:
4103:
4101:
4068:
4064:
4035:
4031:
4012:
4008:
3969:
3965:
3926:
3922:
3861:
3854:
3844:
3842:
3840:psycnet.apa.org
3834:
3833:
3829:
3781:
3775:
3771:
3726:
3722:
3699:
3695:
3664:
3660:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3603:
3594:
3584:
3582:
3571:
3567:
3554:
3552:
3541:
3537:
3511:
3507:
3489:
3482:
3451:
3444:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3406:
3391:
3385:
3378:
3364:
3362:
3349:
3341:
3339:
3312:
3308:
3298:
3296:
3289:ericdigests.org
3283:
3282:
3278:
3271:
3253:
3249:
3239:
3237:
3218:
3214:
3204:
3202:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3165:
3161:
3108:
3099:
3089:
3087:
3072:
3068:
3061:
3043:
3039:
3016:
3009:
2978:
2974:
2964:
2962:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2935:
2931:
2921:
2919:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2895:
2893:
2878:
2874:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2849:
2845:
2833:
2829:
2822:
2808:
2804:
2769:
2765:
2755:
2753:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2728:
2704:
2700:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2671:
2661:
2659:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2606:
2599:
2589:
2587:
2572:
2556:
2552:
2537:
2523:
2519:
2509:
2507:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2483:
2481:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2425:
2423:
2408:
2404:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2320:
2314:
2286:
2279:
2240:Plurilingualism
2220:Linguapax Prize
2194:
2158:
2146:Sandra Cisneros
2110:translanguaging
2094:
2088:
2085:
2078:needs expansion
2063:
2051:Cormac McCarthy
2040:Sandra Cisneros
2017:Purple Hibiscus
1966:
1961:
1953:macaronic verse
1924:
1918:
1864:, all based on
1667:
1665:
1656:
1617:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1504:
1501:
1492:
1489:
1480:
1469:
1460:
1457:
1448:
1445:
1288:
1067:Puerto Princesa
1057:in the country.
1045:themselves are
1019:SM Mall of Asia
875:
869:
864:
858:
831:savant syndrome
807:
779:open-mindedness
763:
754:trolley problem
741:
732:
723:
699:
693:
685:critical period
635:
616:
610:
603:
583:
556:
525:
519:
511:Translanguaging
480:second language
452:Stephen Krashen
441:second language
422:
406:Main articles:
404:
335:to function as
309:multi-competent
289:(upper text in
279:
247:macaronic texts
239:bilingual signs
220:
149:Multilingualism
83:Pannonian Rusyn
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Multilinguality
15:
12:
11:
5:
7799:
7789:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7758:
7757:
7734:
7733:
7731:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7684:
7682:
7678:
7677:
7675:
7674:
7669:
7663:
7661:
7657:
7656:
7654:
7653:
7648:
7642:
7640:
7636:
7635:
7633:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7575:Silva-Corvalan
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7475:Larsen-Freeman
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7331:
7329:
7325:
7324:
7322:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7300:
7298:
7297:Aptitude tests
7294:
7293:
7291:
7290:
7285:
7279:
7277:
7271:
7270:
7268:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7201:
7199:
7197:SLA hypotheses
7193:
7192:
7190:
7189:
7184:
7182:Code-switching
7179:
7174:
7168:
7166:
7162:
7161:
7159:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7127:
7125:
7119:
7118:
7116:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7099:
7097:
7093:
7092:
7090:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7072:Error analysis
7069:
7064:
7059:
7053:
7051:
7047:
7046:
7044:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7027:
7025:
7021:
7020:
7018:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6991:
6989:
6985:
6984:
6982:
6981:
6976:
6970:
6968:
6964:
6963:
6956:
6955:
6948:
6941:
6933:
6927:
6926:
6910:
6909:
6904:
6898:
6897:
6886:
6885:
6883:
6882:External links
6880:
6879:
6878:
6873:978-1853593628
6872:
6857:
6851:
6838:
6804:
6784:
6750:
6744:
6729:
6709:
6703:
6690:
6662:(3): 233–262.
6647:
6641:
6626:
6607:
6592:
6589:
6586:
6585:
6555:
6524:
6498:
6472:
6445:
6429:, ed. (2011).
6418:
6404:
6372:
6355:
6325:
6291:
6284:
6264:
6238:
6208:
6181:
6158:
6135:(4): 559–561.
6111:
6092:(1–2): 11–33.
6076:
6051:
6008:
5981:
5974:
5944:
5917:(3): 361–378.
5901:
5878:
5855:(2): 200–223.
5851:(in Finnish).
5831:
5801:
5784:oro.open.ac.uk
5771:
5754:
5739:
5715:
5667:
5652:(in Swedish).
5634:
5601:
5581:
5568:
5557:(4): 315–351.
5534:
5515:(2): 163–179.
5493:
5444:
5413:
5378:
5356:
5320:
5297:
5269:
5262:
5236:
5229:
5211:
5204:
5186:
5167:
5133:(4): 391–409.
5108:
5082:(4): 352–366.
5059:
5028:
4961:
4902:
4875:(6): 661–668.
4859:
4840:(4): 449–464.
4820:
4813:
4795:
4770:
4743:(7): 501–505.
4727:
4668:
4608:(3): 414–430.
4585:
4502:
4437:
4410:(2): 401–415.
4390:
4356:(2): 283–294.
4333:
4290:
4215:
4165:(4): 394–425.
4142:
4111:
4062:
4029:
4006:
3963:
3920:
3875:(4): 394–425.
3852:
3827:
3792:(4): 394–425.
3769:
3720:
3709:(3): 687–715.
3693:
3658:
3622:
3615:
3609:. Free Press.
3592:
3565:
3551:. NBCUniversal
3535:
3521:(5): 511–518.
3505:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3480:
3442:
3404:
3376:
3326:(3): 237–251.
3306:
3276:
3270:978-0805854985
3269:
3247:
3236:on 30 May 2009
3212:
3186:
3159:
3122:(3): 897–913.
3097:
3066:
3059:
3037:
3007:
2972:
2942:
2929:
2903:
2872:
2854:
2843:
2827:
2820:
2802:
2763:
2733:
2726:
2698:
2669:
2641:
2620:(4): 705–710.
2597:
2570:
2550:
2535:
2517:
2491:
2465:
2433:
2402:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2206:(in Hong Kong)
2201:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2157:
2154:
2106:code-switching
2096:
2095:
2075:
2073:
2062:
2059:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1942:Joseph Brodsky
1917:
1914:
1898:Tatar language
1878:
1877:
1846:Serbo-Croatian
1823:
1805:
1802:
1784:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1746:
1740:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1664:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1616:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1599:Main article:
1596:
1593:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1533:Dual-language
1526:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1483:
1481:
1470:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1439:
1425:Czechoslovakia
1359:Helsinki slang
1300:code-switching
1287:
1284:
1257:omnilingualism
1249:
1248:
1238:
1211:Chinese people
1191:Ambilingualism
1188:
1106:) sign in the
1102:, English and
1098:A trilingual (
885:/Pola (Istria)
868:
867:In communities
865:
860:Main article:
857:
854:
815:hyperpolyglots
806:
803:
762:
759:
745:framing effect
740:
737:
731:
728:
722:
719:
695:Main article:
692:
689:
658:first language
602:
601:In individuals
599:
582:
579:
555:
552:
535:code-switching
521:Main article:
518:
515:
466:European Union
403:
400:
325:Serbo-Croatian
278:
275:
230:("many") and -
219:
216:
186:first language
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7798:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7768:
7766:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7745:
7742:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7718:TESOL Journal
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7685:
7683:
7679:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7664:
7662:
7658:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7643:
7641:
7637:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7530:Myers-Scotton
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7332:
7330:
7326:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7301:
7299:
7295:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7283:Focus on form
7281:
7280:
7278:
7276:
7272:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7215:Connectionism
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7202:
7200:
7198:
7194:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7169:
7167:
7163:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7128:
7126:
7124:
7120:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7100:
7098:
7094:
7088:
7087:Silent period
7085:
7083:
7082:Interlanguage
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7054:
7052:
7048:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7028:
7026:
7022:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6992:
6990:
6986:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6971:
6969:
6965:
6961:
6954:
6949:
6947:
6942:
6940:
6935:
6934:
6931:
6924:
6919:
6915:
6914:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6875:
6869:
6865:
6864:
6858:
6854:
6848:
6844:
6839:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6816:
6812:
6811:
6805:
6794:
6790:
6785:
6782:
6778:
6774:
6770:
6766:
6762:
6758:
6757:
6751:
6747:
6741:
6737:
6736:
6730:
6727:
6723:
6719:
6718:
6713:
6712:Jared Diamond
6710:
6706:
6700:
6696:
6691:
6687:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6669:
6665:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6648:
6644:
6638:
6634:
6633:
6627:
6618:
6614:
6610:
6604:
6600:
6595:
6594:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6559:
6543:
6539:
6535:
6528:
6512:
6508:
6502:
6486:
6482:
6476:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6442:
6438:
6434:
6433:
6428:
6427:Stavans, Ilan
6422:
6407:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6388:
6383:
6382:Stavans, Ilan
6376:
6368:
6367:
6359:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6329:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6298:
6296:
6287:
6281:
6277:
6276:
6268:
6252:
6248:
6242:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6212:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6185:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6162:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6124:
6115:
6107:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6080:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6063:
6055:
6047:
6043:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6012:
5996:
5992:
5989:Sim, Cheryl.
5985:
5977:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5948:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5905:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5882:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5842:
5835:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5805:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5775:
5767:
5766:
5758:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5740:80-244-0628-4
5736:
5732:
5727:
5719:
5711:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5676:Poplack Shana
5671:
5655:
5651:
5650:
5645:
5638:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5613:
5605:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5585:
5578:
5572:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5545:
5538:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5509:
5504:
5497:
5489:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5448:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5417:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5382:
5363:
5359:
5357:9780805853513
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5334:
5327:
5325:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5301:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5276:
5274:
5265:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5240:
5232:
5226:
5222:
5215:
5207:
5205:9780897899185
5201:
5197:
5190:
5182:
5178:
5171:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5127:
5119:
5112:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5070:
5063:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5032:
5024:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4965:
4957:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4922:(12): e8122.
4921:
4917:
4913:
4906:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4863:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4824:
4816:
4810:
4806:
4799:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4774:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4731:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4672:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4596:
4589:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4513:
4506:
4498:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4441:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4394:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4344:
4337:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4294:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
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4245:
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4238:(1): 99–107.
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3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
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3959:
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3936:(3): 325–39.
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3891:
3886:
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3836:"APA PsycNet"
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3405:0-8039-3638-9
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3355:The Economist
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3026:(1–2): 1–20.
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2118:Latino poetry
2115:
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2107:
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2092:
2083:
2079:
2076:This section
2074:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2058:
2056:
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2045:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2031:
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2025:
2024:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2003:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1956:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1928:lingua franca
1923:
1913:
1910:
1905:
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1701:
1697:
1660:
1651:
1649:
1648:mother tongue
1645:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1602:
1592:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1573:office suites
1570:
1566:
1557:
1553:
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1547:
1545:
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1519:), and French
1518:
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1317:
1313:
1312:courrier noir
1309:
1303:
1301:
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1283:
1281:
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1076:
1072:
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1052:
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1037:("exit") and
1036:
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1024:
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1008:
1003:
996:
992:
988:
984:
979:
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891:
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863:
853:
850:
846:
842:
837:
833:
832:
827:
822:
820:
816:
812:
811:Michael Erard
802:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
758:
755:
751:
746:
736:
727:
718:
716:
712:
707:
705:
698:
688:
686:
681:
676:
674:
669:
667:
666:lingua franca
661:
659:
655:
650:
640:
633:
629:
628:Mitchel Field
625:
620:
615:
608:
598:
596:
591:
587:
578:
574:
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568:
563:
561:
551:
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544:
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531:
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512:
508:
505:
501:
497:
492:
490:
486:
481:
476:
474:
469:
467:
463:
462:pronunciation
459:
455:
453:
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
427:
421:
417:
413:
409:
399:
397:
396:Germanophones
393:
389:
385:
384:lingua franca
380:
378:
373:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
339:for numerous
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
313:
311:
310:
305:
296:
292:
288:
283:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
235:
233:
229:
225:
215:
213:
209:
205:
200:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
178:
176:
175:
170:
169:mother tongue
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
118:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
90:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
63:
57:
53:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
7639:Associations
7030:
6892:
6862:
6843:Bilingualism
6842:
6809:
6796:. Retrieved
6792:
6755:
6734:
6715:
6694:
6659:
6655:
6631:
6598:
6576:. Retrieved
6567:
6558:
6546:. Retrieved
6537:
6527:
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6501:
6489:. Retrieved
6475:
6463:. Retrieved
6431:
6421:
6409:. Retrieved
6386:
6375:
6365:
6358:
6346:. Retrieved
6337:
6328:
6316:. Retrieved
6308:the Guardian
6307:
6274:
6267:
6255:. Retrieved
6241:
6229:. Retrieved
6220:
6211:
6197:(1): 70–81.
6194:
6190:
6184:
6167:
6161:
6132:
6128:
6122:
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6089:
6085:
6079:
6071:the original
6066:
6061:
6054:
6021:
6017:
6011:
5999:. Retrieved
5994:
5984:
5958:Wiley Online
5953:
5947:
5914:
5910:
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5869:. Retrieved
5852:
5848:
5834:
5822:. Retrieved
5813:
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5783:
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5764:
5757:
5729:
5725:
5718:
5683:
5679:
5670:
5658:. Retrieved
5647:
5637:
5625:. Retrieved
5616:
5611:
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5589:
5584:
5576:
5571:
5554:
5550:
5537:
5512:
5506:
5496:
5461:
5457:
5447:
5430:
5427:Intelligence
5426:
5416:
5394:(1): 31–46.
5391:
5387:
5381:
5369:. Retrieved
5339:
5310:
5300:
5292:
5245:
5239:
5220:
5214:
5195:
5189:
5180:
5170:
5158:. Retrieved
5130:
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5100:the original
5079:
5075:
5062:
5050:. Retrieved
5041:
5031:
4978:
4974:
4964:
4919:
4915:
4905:
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4868:
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4740:
4736:
4730:
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4659:. Retrieved
4605:
4601:
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4576:. Retrieved
4522:
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4450:
4440:
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4393:
4381:. Retrieved
4353:
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4299:
4293:
4281:. Retrieved
4235:
4231:
4218:
4206:. Retrieved
4162:
4158:
4145:
4133:. Retrieved
4125:The Atlantic
4124:
4114:
4102:. Retrieved
4075:
4065:
4049:(1): 43–50.
4046:
4042:
4032:
4024:the original
4019:
4009:
3979:(1): 40–49.
3976:
3972:
3966:
3933:
3929:
3923:
3872:
3868:
3843:. Retrieved
3839:
3830:
3789:
3785:
3772:
3737:
3733:
3723:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3671:
3667:
3661:
3645:(1): 63–81.
3642:
3638:
3606:
3583:. Retrieved
3579:the original
3568:
3560:
3555:26 September
3553:. Retrieved
3548:
3538:
3530:
3518:
3514:
3508:
3458:
3454:
3433:. Retrieved
3395:
3370:
3363:. Retrieved
3354:
3340:. Retrieved
3323:
3319:
3309:
3297:. Retrieved
3293:the original
3288:
3279:
3256:
3250:
3238:. Retrieved
3234:the original
3225:
3215:
3203:. Retrieved
3199:the original
3189:
3176:
3172:
3162:
3119:
3115:
3088:. Retrieved
3079:
3069:
3050:
3040:
3023:
3019:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2963:. Retrieved
2959:the original
2954:
2945:
2937:
2932:
2920:. Retrieved
2906:
2894:. Retrieved
2885:
2875:
2867:the original
2857:
2846:
2838:
2830:
2811:
2805:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2754:. Retrieved
2745:
2736:
2708:
2701:
2693:
2686:. Retrieved
2672:
2660:. Retrieved
2655:
2644:
2617:
2613:
2588:. Retrieved
2560:
2553:
2526:
2520:
2508:. Retrieved
2503:
2494:
2484:16 September
2482:. Retrieved
2468:
2456:. Retrieved
2436:
2424:. Retrieved
2415:
2405:
2394:, retrieved
2387:the original
2378:
2371:
2347:
2159:
2142:Ana Castillo
2099:
2089:October 2023
2086:
2082:adding to it
2077:
2048:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2016:
2005:
2001:
1993:
1967:
1950:
1935:
1933:
1925:
1906:
1883:
1879:
1816:Czechoslovak
1785:
1705:
1657:
1637:
1618:
1609:
1589:
1577:web browsers
1562:
1540:
1388:
1324:
1319:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1289:
1274:language in
1265:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1250:
1240:
1234:
1230:
1190:
1137:
1128:
1113:
856:Neuroscience
829:
825:
823:
814:
808:
799:connotations
786:
764:
742:
733:
724:
708:
700:
677:
670:
662:
653:
645:
639:World War II
592:
588:
584:
575:
571:
564:
557:
546:
542:
526:
509:
493:
477:
472:
470:
456:
445:
429:Noam Chomsky
423:
381:
374:
341:South Slavic
314:
307:
300:
251:Church Latin
236:
231:
227:
224:multilingual
223:
221:
201:
198:
179:
172:
148:
147:
43:
7410:Ervin-Tripp
6086:Multilingua
5824:21 December
5794:21 December
5680:Linguistics
5371:24 February
4705:10037/18728
4661:28 November
4578:28 November
4525:: 123–134.
4383:28 November
4306:: 265–278.
4179:10810/26594
4135:11 February
3890:10810/26594
3806:10810/26594
3674:: 125–160.
3585:7 September
3549:NBCNews.com
3515:Aphasiology
3365:24 February
3348:; cited in
3299:24 February
3090:7 September
2922:22 December
2835:A.J. Aitken
2783:(6): 1–19.
2688:30 December
2662:30 December
2458:15 November
2426:7 September
1884:Many minor
1838:Montenegrin
1621:South Korea
1392:Scandinavia
1318:in French,
1253:polyglossia
1047:anglophones
795:Sapir–Whorf
761:Personality
402:Acquisition
388:Scandinavia
361:Montenegrin
304:Vivian Cook
157:monolingual
7765:Categories
7667:Coh-Metrix
7500:MacWhinney
7165:Strategies
7141:Motivation
6835:Q113529982
6781:Q113529945
6411:4 November
6348:4 November
6318:4 November
6257:4 November
6231:4 November
6176:B005USB24A
5892:Treehugger
5701:10315/2506
5433:(2): 121.
4688:: 116306.
4682:NeuroImage
4283:6 December
4208:23 January
3973:NeuroImage
3342:6 December
2896:22 January
2500:"Polyglot"
2363:References
2029:Americanah
1959:Literature
1866:Shtokavian
1842:Yugoslavia
1743:Portuguese
1335:Papiamento
1325:Sometimes
1195:Luxembourg
1090:different.
1055:foreigners
1053:and other
931:Portuguese
841:Neil Smith
836:prodigious
739:Psychology
624:dispatcher
612:See also:
504:vocabulary
345:Yugoslavia
277:Definition
190:mechanisms
7755:Languages
7610:VanPatten
7425:van Geert
7345:Bialystok
7340:Argüelles
7010:Phonology
7005:Education
6995:Attrition
6988:Subfields
6827:0039-6842
6773:0039-6842
6617:863307786
6538:The Hindu
6455:650212679
6149:0883-2919
6106:144233073
6046:145761597
6038:0267-1905
6001:31 August
5939:145669949
5861:0042-6806
5849:Virittäjä
5710:201699959
5529:142262640
5005:1932-6203
4765:211037029
4722:204837800
4630:0096-3445
4622:1939-2222
4547:0028-3932
4539:1873-3514
4479:0278-7393
4471:1939-1285
4432:149426763
4424:1366-7289
4370:150591937
4104:4 January
4094:189556357
3899:1939-1455
3756:1531-5320
3475:1523-5882
3261:Routledge
3226:hanen.org
3136:1531-5320
3002:0023-8333
2797:148407626
2580:858927749
2545:830837502
2329:In Africa
2318:Education
2210:Digraphia
2174:Malayalam
2114:Spanglish
2055:Spanglish
1998:, states:
1972:authors.
1909:diversity
1902:Tatarstan
1874:Ijekavian
1814:: during
1800:Norwegian
1644:Singapore
1525:Computing
1421:Afrikaans
1400:Norwegian
1357:(such as
1347:Singapore
1333:(such as
1316:blackmail
1203:Singapore
1139:Diglossia
1043:Filipinos
971:Bangalore
969:found in
824:The term
680:immigrant
543:languages
458:Rod Ellis
365:Ukrainian
174:polyglots
165:Europeans
94:Singapore
75:Hungarian
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