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different principles. The simplest mappae mundi were diagrams meant to preserve and illustrate classical learning easily. The zonal maps should be viewed as a kind of teaching aid—easily reproduced and designed to reinforce the idea of the Earth's sphericity and climate zones. T-O maps were designed to schematically illustrate the three land masses of the world as it was known to the Romans and their medieval
European heirs.
709:
757:
order of God’s creation. Using regular geometric forms like circles and triangles which are also regarded as religiously perfect, they created a coherent planispheric system. This quite basically presents the known world in its real geographic appearance which is visible in the so-called
Vatican Map of Isidor (776), the world maps of Beatus of Liebana’s
337:, unlike zonal maps, illustrate only the habitable portion of the world known to medieval Europeans, limiting their perspective to a relatively small portion of the Earth's Northern Hemisphere. The landmass was illustrated as a circle (an "O") divided into three portions by a "T". These three divisions were the continents of
756:
In her study, Brigitte
Englisch shows that the medieval world maps (the mappae mundi) both from their concept and in their concrete practice are founded on a systematically geometric projection of the known world. The basis of this projection, however, is not geographical surveying but the harmonious
407:
The "complex" or "great" world maps are the most famous mappae mundi. Although most employ a modified T-O scheme, they are considerably more detailed than their smaller T-O cousins. These maps show coastal details, mountains, rivers, cities, towns and provinces. Some include figures and stories from
728:
To modern eyes, mappae mundi can look superficially primitive and inaccurate. However, mappae mundi were never meant to be used as navigational charts and they make no pretence of showing the relative areas of land and water. Rather, mappae mundi were schematic and were meant to illustrate
287:
Of these, only the two temperate zones at middle latitudes were believed to be inhabitable, and the known world was contained entirely within the northern temperate zone's
Eastern Hemisphere. As most surviving zonal maps are found illustrating
732:
The larger mappae mundi have the space and detail to illustrate further concepts, such as the cardinal directions, distant lands, Bible stories, history, mythology, flora, fauna and exotic races. In their fullest form, such as the
789:. During the late Middle Ages and with the coming of the Renaissance, western Europeans became reacquainted with the work of many ancient Greek scholars. In the field of geography and map-making, the coordinate system which
349:. The popularity of the Macrobian maps and the combination of T-O style continents on some of the larger Macrobian spheres illustrate that Earth's sphericity continued to be understood among scholars during the Middle Ages.
408:
history, the Bible and classical mythology. Also shown on some maps are exotic plants, beasts and races known to medieval scholars only through Roman and Greek texts. Prior to its destruction in World War II, the
799:
became extremely influential. Over time maps influenced by these new ideas displaced the older traditions of mappae mundi. The last examples of the tradition, including the massive map of
179:
140:. Such maps range in size and complexity from simple schematic maps 25 millimetres (1 inch) or less across to elaborate wall maps, the largest of which to survive to modern times, the
371:
represent a sort of amalgam of the zonal and T-O maps by illustrating the three known continents separated by an equatorial ocean from a fourth unknown land, often called
1249:: Digital Editions of Early Medieval Maps of the World, edit. Martin Foys, Heather Wacha, et al. (Philadelphia, PA: Schoenberg Institute of Manuscript Studies, 2018):
167:
are known to have survived from the Middle Ages. Of these, some 900 are found illustrating manuscript books and the remainder exist as stand-alone documents.
412:
at 3.5 m (11 ft 6 in) across was the largest surviving mappa mundi. Today that honour is held by the surviving centre portion of the
761:(8th century), the Anglo-Saxon Map (ca. 1000), the Sawley map, the Psalter map, or the large mappae mundi of the 13th century (Hereford/Ebstorf).
1198:
399:" are believed to derive from a single (now lost) original which was used to illustrate the missions of the twelve apostles of Jesus Christ.
1020:. Vol. 1: Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1241:
1163:
1128:
1101:
1078:
1051:
915:
260:. Their purpose was to illustrate the concept that the world is a sphere with latitudinal climate zones, most often the five
1271:
786:
316:
are merely circles divided into five parallel zones, but several larger zonal maps with much more detail have survived.
1182:
1025:
987:
948:
550:
70:
48:
41:
769:
In the central Middle Ages a new type of map developed as an aid to navigating the
Mediterranean Sea. Known as "
971:
803:, may be seen as hybrids, incorporating Portolan-style coastlines into the frame of a traditional mappa mundi.
1140:"'In Its Extraordinary Arrangement': Hugh of Saint Victor, the History of Salvation, and the World Map of
420:, the Psalter map and the Henry of Mainz map. The somewhat later mappae mundi that accompany the popular
1006:
416:
which is 147 cm across and 175 cm top to bottom. Other important maps in this group are the
1115:. Orbis mediaevalis. Vorstellungswelten des Mittelalters (in German). Vol. 3. Berlin: Akademie.
417:
312:), this type of map is sometimes called "Macrobian". In their simplest and most common form, Zonal
35:
1214:
126:
52:
1175:
Fines terrae: die Enden der Erde und der vierte
Kontinent auf den mittelalterlichen Weltkarten
847:
738:
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413:
89:
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8:
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649:
474:
257:
94:
1113:
Ordo orbis terrae: Die
Weltsicht in den Mappae mundi des frühen und hohen Mittelalters
144:, was around 3.5 m (11 ft 6 in) in diameter. The term derives from the
1178:
1159:
1124:
1097:
1074:
1047:
1021:
993:
983:
925:
911:
773:", these maps are characterized by extremely accurate coastlines with criss-crossing
616:
377:. Fourteen large quadripartite maps are found illustrating different manuscripts of
1151:
1116:
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842:
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308:
199:
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688:
428:
should probably be viewed as degenerate forms of the earlier complex maps.
357:
245:
are sometimes considered a fifth type, called "transitional mappae mundi".
1120:
1199:
Modern
Medieval Map Myths: The Flat World, Ancient Sea-Kings, and Dragons
897:
820:
749:
734:
584:
409:
334:
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137:
1250:
1246:
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227:
Medieval world maps which share some characteristics of traditional
1148:
Restoration
Through Contemplation: New Approaches to the Victorines
1063:
The
Measure of Reality: Quantification in Western Europe, 1250-1600
744:
573:
556:
29.5 cm × 20.5 cm (11.6 in × 8.1 in)
1228:
Cornell University: Persuasive Cartography: The PJ Mode Collection
708:
610:
3.56 m × 3.58 m (11.7 ft × 11.7 ft)
1220:
1090:
Mapping Time and Space: how medieval mapmakers viewed their world
630:
14.2 cm × 9.5 cm (5.6 in × 3.7 in)
604:
598:
236:
83:
578:
84 cm × 72 cm (2.76 ft × 2.36 ft)
1217:
held at the American Geographical Society Library, UW Milwaukee
468:
29 cm × 23 cm (11.4 in × 9.1 in)
346:
342:
297:
694:
2.4 m × 2.4 m (7.9 ft × 7.9 ft)
517:
21 cm × 17 cm (8.3 in × 6.7 in)
752:
of about 1235; the original was destroyed by wartime bombing.
741:
maps, they become minor encyclopedias of medieval knowledge.
264:
1226:
More information and Mappa mundi images can be found at the
1177:. MGH Schriften (in German). Vol. 36. Hannover: Hahn.
463:
338:
1150:. Cursor Mundi. Vol. 39. Brepols. pp. 123–146.
949:"Focus sur... La Mappa mundi d'Albi - Site Médiathèques"
810:
155:
149:
231:but contain elements from other sources, including
534:, Vatican City. Reg. Lat. 123, fol. 143 v.–144 r.
1258:
1172:
194:come in several distinct varieties, including:
363:
1146:. In Edstam, Torsten; Porwoll, Robert (eds.).
902:. Cambridge: Boydell & Brewer. p. 2.
182:Diagram illustrating the major categories of
1016:. In Harley, J. B.; Woodward, David (eds.).
700:
1065:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
71:Learn how and when to remove this message
1173:von den Brincken, Anna-Dorothee (1992).
1110:
1004:
895:
777:. A particularly famous example is the
743:
707:
177:
170:
82:
34:This article includes a list of general
1137:
764:
759:Commentary on the Apocalypse of St John
1259:
1060:
1041:
356:depicts the Earth divided between the
1087:
1046:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
965:
938:J. B. Harley (1987); Volume I' p. 357
886:J. B. Harley (1987); Volume I, p. 286
108:
899:The Mappae Mundi of Medieval Iceland
896:Kedwards, Dale (18 September 2020).
20:
16:Medieval European maps of the world
13:
1242:Art Detective Podcast, 22 Mar 2017
1215:1452 Mappamundi by Giovanni Leardo
1035:
319:
216:Quadripartite maps (including the
40:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1283:
1251:https://sims2.digitalmappa.org/36
1192:
551:Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
827:
813:
787:Bibliothèque nationale de France
25:
1223:Digital Mappa Mundi exploration
402:
1204:Detailed Fra Mauro Mappa Mundi
972:Johns Hopkins University Press
941:
932:
889:
880:
431:Complex mappae mundi include:
1:
959:
641:
589:
564:
497:
494:The Anglo-Saxon or Cotton map
473:The so-called Vatican map of
454:
248:
198:Zonal maps (sometimes called
1206:1459/60 at bottom of article
1156:10.1484/M.CURSOR-EB.5.122084
462:Médiathèque Pierre-Amalric,
364:Quadripartite or Beatus maps
277:the equatorial tropical zone
205:Tripartite maps (including "
7:
1111:Englisch, Brigitte (2002).
1042:Barber, Peter, ed. (2005).
806:
487:Lat. 6018, fol. 64 v.–65 r.
451:The Albi or Merovingian map
280:the southern temperate zone
274:the northern temperate zone
10:
1288:
1272:Historic maps of the world
1253:. DOI: 10.21231/ef21-ev82.
1061:Crosby, Alfred W. (1996).
1018:The History of Cartography
323:
655:1.5 m (4.9 ft)
418:Cotton or Anglo-Saxon map
235:and maps associated with
1138:Rudolph, Conrad (2016).
1071:10.1017/CBO9781107050518
1005:Woodward, David (1987).
968:The World Map, 1300-1492
873:
603:destroyed by bombing in
306:(an excerpt of Cicero's
283:the southern frigid zone
271:The northern frigid zone
130:
110:[ˈmappaˈmʊndiː]
55:more precise citations.
1088:Edson, Evelyn (1997).
966:Edson, Evelyn (2007).
753:
725:
714:La Fleur des Histoires
187:
156:
150:
122:
98:
1121:10.1524/9783050048260
747:
716:, 1459-1463, showing
711:
572:Archivio Capitolare,
181:
154:(cloth or chart) and
86:
1221:Mappa Mundi Hereford
848:Hereford Mappa Mundi
765:End of the tradition
256:are pictures of the
90:Hereford Mappa Mundi
1094:The British Library
908:10.2307/j.ctvxhrjnp
524:Theodulf of Orleans
1210:Ancient World Maps
754:
748:Recreation of the
726:
666:early 15th century
650:Hereford Cathedral
475:Isidore of Seville
369:Quadripartite maps
258:Eastern Hemisphere
188:
99:
95:Hereford Cathedral
1165:978-2-503-58513-0
1130:978-3-05-003635-9
1103:978-0-7123-4536-1
1080:978-0-521-55427-5
1053:978-0-297-84372-6
980:10.1353/book.3516
917:978-1-78744-791-2
698:
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379:Beatus of Liébana
135:medieval European
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843:Early world maps
837:
832:
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817:
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793:outlined in the
791:Claudius Ptolemy
783:Abraham Cresques
646:
643:
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591:
569:
566:
561:The Vercelli Map
502:
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433:
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138:map of the world
112:
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51:this article by
42:inline citations
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863:Terra incognita
858:Here be dragons
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771:Portolan charts
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712:Mappa Mundi in
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670:Vatican Library
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625:British Library
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532:Vatican Library
512:Cotton Tiberius
510:
507:British Library
500:
486:
485:, Vatican City.
483:Vatican Library
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405:
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354:V-in-square map
332:
330:V-in-square map
324:Main articles:
322:
320:Tripartite maps
303:Dream of Scipio
251:
233:Portolan charts
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47:Please help to
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1234:Janina Ramirez
1232:Discussion by
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1193:External links
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146:Medieval Latin
127:Middle English
93:, about 1300,
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61:February 2008
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1044:The Map Book
1043:
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835:World portal
794:
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758:
755:
731:
727:
722:Mount Ararat
713:
703:mappae mundi
702:
689:Museo Correr
637:Hereford map
621:13th century
528:11th century
443:MS locations
430:
421:
414:Hereford map
406:
403:Complex maps
386:
382:
372:
368:
367:
358:sons of Noah
351:
333:
314:mappae mundi
313:
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293:
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262:Aristotelian
253:
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229:mappae mundi
228:
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223:Complex maps
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184:mappae mundi
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173:mappae mundi
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165:mappae mundi
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115:mappae mundi
114:
103:
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88:
67:
58:
39:
18:
1009:Mappaemundi
821:Maps portal
775:rhumb lines
750:Ebstorf Map
701:Purpose of
645: 1300
617:Psalter map
593: 1235
585:Ebstorf map
568: 1219
522:The map of
501: 1025
446:Dimensions
410:Ebstorf map
397:Beatus maps
381:'s popular
326:T and O map
218:Beatus maps
142:Ebstorf map
113:; plural =
104:mappa mundi
53:introducing
1261:Categories
1092:. London:
1007:"Medieval
960:References
718:Noah's Ark
662:Borgia Map
652:, Hereford
543:Sawley map
458: 730
395:. These "
388:Apocalypse
383:Commentary
294:Commentary
254:Zonal maps
249:Zonal maps
123:mappemonde
36:references
1267:Map types
998:794701459
926:224902444
801:Fra Mauro
796:Geography
597:Found in
547:1190-1210
509:, London.
374:Antipodes
290:Macrobius
242:Geography
171:Types of
160:(world).
133:) is any
131:mappemond
97:, England
807:See also
739:Hereford
691:, Venice
627:, London
601:in 1843;
574:Vercelli
335:T-O maps
785:in the
735:Ebstorf
685:1459–60
607:in 1943
605:Hanover
599:Ebstorf
393:St John
385:on the
237:Ptolemy
213:" maps)
209:" and "
190:Extant
107:(Latin
49:improve
1181:
1162:
1127:
1100:
1077:
1050:
1024:
996:
986:
924:
914:
347:Europe
343:Africa
298:Cicero
265:climes
211:V-in-◻
157:mundus
148:words
119:French
38:, but
1014:(PDF)
922:S2CID
874:Notes
503:–1050
151:mappa
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