58:
1608:
1791:
667:
1560:
677:
735:. Since its creation in 1947, Pakistan has spent several decades under military rule (1958–1971, 1977–1988, 1999–2008). After their respective terms in office, each of the past five prime ministers of Pakistan has faced convictions or imprisonment. This trend highlights a significant aspect of Pakistan's political landscape: the prevailing rule that the
1303:
Zia-ul-Haq, however, chose not to abrogate the 1973 Constitution. Rather, Zia's government suspended the operation of the
Constitution and governed directly, through the promulgation of martial law regulations … Between 1977 and 1981 Pakistan did not have legislative
1272:
Operation Fair Play went ahead … as the clock struck midnight ... General Zia that Bhutto along with other political leaders of both the ruling and opposition parties would be taken into what he called 'protective
775:; then in 1954 he dismissed the Constituent Assembly itself to prevent it changing the constitution to restrict the Governor-General's powers. The failure of the courts to support representative institutions in
1025:
to establish a revolutionary military junta. However
Colonel Aleem Afridi backed down and informed the government against the plot. The coup plotters were court martialed and arrested.
2032:
940:
and his ministers after thwarting the Sharif regime's attempt to dismiss
Musharraf and prevent his plane from landing in Pakistan as he returned from a visit to
1149:
1780:
1069:. This time the coup attempt came from leftists who wanted to overthrow Zia and establish a populist military regime in the country. The attempt was foiled by
1021:
In 1973 Brig. Ali, Major Farouk Adam Khan, Squadron Leader Ghous, Colonel Aleem Afridi and Lt. Colonel Tariq Rafi plotted a coup against the government of
1545:
777:
2094:
1523:
707:
345:
1978:
594:
1119:
960:
as
President. Khan had vast, unchecked Presidential powers and was known to be close to the Pakistani military. Khan had dismissed both
1773:
1194:
1129:
838:
832:
888:
17:
2089:
2084:
1766:
1426:
1296:
1238:
1590:
1538:
1034:
1513:
1456:
781:
provided a pattern which later led to more open military intervention against elected governments to be justified using a
2074:
1852:
1704:
863:
Operation Fair Play was the code name for the coup d'etat conducted at midnight on July 4, 1977, by the military, led by
1391:
1930:
1925:
1747:
1737:
1729:
1696:
752:
2053:
2024:
1844:
1585:
1580:
1265:
700:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1890:
1834:
1709:
808:
772:
927:
794:
2079:
2048:
1531:
820:
351:
1553:
743:, the military has played a prominent role in governance, with periods where it has directly ruled the country.
1827:
1714:
1327:
864:
739:
exercises influence wherever it deems necessary, often persisting despite potential repercussions. Throughout
1900:
1639:
968:
as Prime
Minister in 1993, though the latter resulted in his own resignation and is known in Pakistan as the
884:
641:
67:
1607:
1794:
1649:
1632:
1109:
758:
693:
670:
37:
1758:
991:
There have been numerous unsuccessful coup attempts in
Pakistani history. The first noted attempt was the
1686:
1104:
1082:
1070:
631:
1366:
1862:
1857:
1742:
1575:
1066:
1056:
1016:
880:
876:
765:
2004:
1946:
1822:
1817:
1674:
1669:
1114:
528:
439:
108:
1124:
907:
903:
892:
626:
316:
290:
1681:
616:
1622:
1554:
1040:
823:. Thirteen days later, Mirza himself was exiled by Ayub Khan, who appointed himself president.
621:
407:
211:
1905:
1798:
1644:
1286:
1255:
1230:
1224:
996:
992:
986:
800:
782:
761:
736:
646:
264:
132:
95:
82:
906:
which promoted the nationalistic and religious programmes. Under Zia's dictatorship a heavy
1983:
1092:
636:
588:
8:
1719:
1597:
1022:
953:
915:
872:
868:
858:
846:
740:
46:
1207:
1169:
875:. General Zia ordered the arrest of Bhutto, his ministers and other leaders of both the
2009:
1627:
1154:
969:
804:
768:
732:
310:
217:
126:
1422:
1323:
1292:
1261:
1234:
957:
676:
560:
489:
161:
120:
720:
1968:
1867:
1343:
1317:
1000:
933:
911:
651:
445:
57:
999:
along with left-wing activists and sympathetic officers against the government of
1961:
1895:
1882:
1004:
812:
680:
501:
419:
401:
365:
278:
258:
205:
185:
1790:
1956:
1088:
961:
542:
522:
477:
463:
425:
413:
395:
389:
377:
284:
223:
199:
2068:
2014:
1226:
Pakistan's drift into extremism: Allah, the army, and
America's war on terror
483:
471:
457:
272:
179:
1788:
1044:
965:
937:
902:
enforced by
President General Zia introduced the strict but modern form of
431:
298:
229:
114:
1999:
1951:
899:
554:
548:
371:
359:
304:
235:
1322:(1. paperback ed.). Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
1872:
1062:
842:
495:
383:
150:
1065:
regime faced another attempt of coup d'etat just four years after the
941:
816:
728:
451:
339:
167:
138:
1499:
1442:
883:. In a nationally televised address, General Zia announced that the
1973:
1559:
724:
582:
173:
100:
910:
of the country took place (the emblem of which were the so called
191:
144:
87:
1003:, Pakistan's first prime minister. Prominent poet-intellectual
536:
1421:. National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research.
1309:
1254:
Hyman, Anthony; Ghayur, Muhammed; Kaushik, Naresh (1989).
932:
In
October, 1999 senior officers loyal to army chief Gen.
1195:"The Military Disrupts Pakistan's Democracy Once Again"
1469:
1392:"1995 coup attempt: 15 years on, SC takes up key case"
1416:
1150:"The curse that no Pakistan ruler has ever escaped"
1253:
1087:In 1995, a coup attempt against the government of
852:
826:
1514:"fallen horses the coups that failed in Pakistan"
1457:"fallen horses the coups that failed in Pakistan"
27:Coups d'état executed by the military in Pakistan
2066:
871:, against the government of then-Prime Minister
778:Federation of Pakistan v. Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan
1260:. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. p. 30.
1095:with the support of Islamic extremists failed.
746:
1774:
1539:
1047:on March 23, 1980, was exposed and thwarted.
975:
701:
1284:
1222:
1781:
1767:
1546:
1532:
1130:List of coups and coup attempts by country
815:, appointing army commander-in-chief Gen.
708:
694:
1291:. Stanford University Press. p. 42.
956:in August 1988 led to the appointment of
1835:Taliban insurgency in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa
1285:Dossani, Rafiq; Rowen, Henry S. (2005).
947:
1344:"World: South Asia : Pakistan arm"
1336:
914:), which steered the country away from
833:1971 Pakistan Military Officer's Revolt
771:despite it enjoying the support of the
14:
2067:
1170:"Pakistan - Constitutional Beginnings"
2095:Post-independence history of Pakistan
1931:War with Islamic State (2022–Present)
1762:
1527:
1500:"Men on horseback,a history of coups"
1443:"Men on horseback,a history of coups"
1315:
1218:
1216:
1120:Sudanese coup d'état (disambiguation)
811:and the government of Prime Minister
1474:. Jang Publishers. pp. 220–280.
1208:Pakistan - Constitutional Beginnings
1073:and all the plotters were arrested.
845:to resign and transferring power to
727:began in 1958 when military officer
1410:
1364:
837:In 1971, several military officers
24:
1213:
753:1953 Pakistani constitutional coup
56:
25:
2106:
1823:Civil unrest in Southern Pakistan
1478:
1288:Prospects for Peace in South Asia
1035:1980 Pakistan coup d'etat attempt
1818:Civil unrest in Eastern Pakistan
1789:
1606:
1558:
809:Constituent Assembly of Pakistan
773:Constituent Assembly of Pakistan
764:dismissed the government of the
675:
666:
665:
158:Ror dynasty, c. 489 – c. 450 BCE
1506:
1492:
1470:Tajammul Hussain Malik (1991).
1463:
1449:
1435:
1384:
1358:
853:1977 coup (Operation Fair Play)
839:revolted against the government
827:1971 Majors and Colonels revolt
821:Chief Martial Law Administrator
731:overthrew and exiled president
1417:Muhammad Yusuf Abbasi (1992).
1278:
1247:
1201:
1187:
1162:
1142:
1007:was suspected of involvement.
13:
1:
2090:Political history of Pakistan
1135:
1043:to assassinate Zia-ul-Haq on
1039:In 1980, a plot by Maj. Gen.
891:were dissolved, and that the
885:National Assembly of Pakistan
2085:Military history of Pakistan
1419:Pakistani culture: a profile
1110:Military coups in Bangladesh
921:
788:
7:
1346:. BBC News. 12 October 1999
1105:Military coups in Argentina
1098:
1083:1995 Pakistani coup attempt
1071:Inter Services Intelligence
747:1953/54 constitutional coup
637:Islamabad Capital Territory
10:
2111:
2075:Military coups in Pakistan
1316:Cohen, Stephen P. (2004).
1080:
1057:1984 Pakistan coup attempt
1054:
1032:
1017:1973 Pakistan coup attempt
1014:
984:
976:Unsuccessful coup attempts
928:1999 Pakistani coup d'état
925:
881:Pakistan National Alliance
856:
830:
795:1958 Pakistani coup d'état
792:
750:
90:, c. 500,000 – 250,000 BCE
2041:
2023:
1992:
1939:
1881:
1843:
1805:
1728:
1695:
1662:
1615:
1604:
1568:
1371:Tribuneindia News Service
1257:Pakistan, Zia and After--
1115:Military coups in Nigeria
918:'s non-sectarian vision.
109:Indus Valley Civilisation
2033:UN peacekeeping missions
1472:The Story Of My Struggle
1229:. M.E. Sharpe. pp.
1125:Military coups in Turkey
936:arrested prime minister
893:Constitution of Pakistan
291:Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom
226:, c. 110 BCE – c. 95 CE
1969:Dhofar Rebellion (Oman)
1730:Territorial governments
1365:Service, Tribune News.
1076:
1050:
1028:
1010:
980:
877:Pakistan People's Party
585:, c. 1947 CE – present
557:, c. 1858 – c. 1947 CE
525:, c. 1747 – c. 1826 CE
454:, c. 1256 – c. 1353 CE
442:, c. 1221 – c. 1327 CE
404:, c. 1206 – c. 1526 CE
261:, c. 90 BCE – c. 25 CE
111:, c. 3300 – c. 1700 BCE
103:, c. 7000 – c. 3000 BCE
18:Martial law in Pakistan
2080:Military dictatorships
1743:Azad Jammu and Kashmir
1697:Provincial governments
1555:Government of Pakistan
1041:Tajammul Hussain Malik
597:, c. 1956 CE – present
551:, c. 1799 – c. 1849 CE
545:, c. 1758 – c. 1760 CE
539:, c. 1716 – c. 1799 CE
531:, c. 1802 – c. 1947 CE
498:, c. 1540 – c. 1556 CE
492:, c. 1618 – c. 1947 CE
486:, c. 1526 – c. 1707 CE
480:, c. 1520 – c. 1554 CE
474:, c. 1351 – c. 1524 CE
466:, c. 1570 – c. 1947 CE
448:, c. 1225 – c. 1485 CE
434:, c. 1451 – c. 1526 CE
428:, c. 1414 – c. 1451 CE
422:, c. 1320 – c. 1413 CE
416:, c. 1290 – c. 1320 CE
410:, c. 1206 – c. 1290 CE
232:, c. 25 BCE – c. 50 CE
214:, c. 190 – c. 140 BCE
212:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
164:, c. 329 – c. 323 BCE
123:, c. 550 – c. 330 BCE
117:, c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE
61:
1947:Arab–Israeli conflict
1799:Pakistan Armed Forces
1488:. H.S. Chhabra. 1981.
1486:World Focus, Volume 2
1223:Hassan Abbas (2005).
993:Rawalpindi conspiracy
987:Rawalpindi conspiracy
948:Indirect intervention
889:provincial assemblies
783:doctrine of necessity
561:Independence Movement
265:Indo-Parthian Kingdom
224:Indo-Scythian Kingdom
220:, c. 170 – c. 50 BCE
202:, c. 322 – c. 200 BCE
194:, c. 323 – c. 312 BCE
188:, c. 323 – c. 312 BCE
182:, c. 323 – c. 312 BCE
176:, c. 323 – c. 312 BCE
170:, c. 323 – c. 312 BCE
153:, c. 516 – c. 330 BCE
147:, c. 517 – c. 330 BCE
141:, c. 518 – c. 330 BCE
135:, c. 518 – c. 330 BCE
129:, c. 542 – c. 330 BCE
60:
1984:Grand Mosque seizure
1319:The idea of Pakistan
1174:www.country-data.com
1093:Zahirul Islam Abbasi
997:Maj. Gen. Akbar Khan
970:Waheed Kakar formula
611:History of provinces
589:Dominion of Pakistan
301:, c. 345 – c. 455 CE
238:, c. 120 – c. 300 CE
208:, c. 312 – c. 63 BCE
2025:Foreign deployments
1396:The Express Tribune
1023:Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
954:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
916:Muhammad Ali Jinnah
873:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
865:Chief of Army Staff
859:Operation Fair Play
801:Pakistani President
799:In 1958, the first
591:, c. 1947 – 1956 CE
504:, c. 1554 – 1591 CE
460:, c. 1320 – 1620 CE
398:, c. 1170 – 1215 CE
392:, c. 1024 – 1351 CE
2010:Somalian civil war
2005:Sudanese civil war
1845:India and Pakistan
1710:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
1616:Legislative branch
1155:The Times of India
805:Iskandar Ali Mirza
769:Khawaja Nazimuddin
737:Pakistani military
733:Iskandar Ali Mirza
729:Muhammad Ayub Khan
642:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
386:, c. 999 – 1186 CE
374:, c. 870 – 1010 CE
368:, c. 841 – 1024 CE
346:Rashidun Caliphate
342:, c. 643 – 860 CE
313:, c. 450 – 560 CE
311:Hephthalite Empire
287:, c. 240 – 410 CE
267:, c. 25 – c. 80 CE
218:Indo-Greek Kingdom
115:Vedic Civilization
62:
2062:
2061:
1901:Panjshir Uprising
1756:
1755:
1640:National Assembly
1633:Electoral College
1428:978-969-415-023-9
1298:978-0-8047-5085-1
1240:978-0-7656-1496-4
1091:led by Maj. Gen.
958:Ghulam Ishaq Khan
841:, compelling the
741:Pakistani history
718:
717:
490:Bombay Presidency
380:, c. 905 – 999 CE
362:, c. 770 – 850 CE
354:, c. 670 – 860 CE
352:Umayyad Caliphate
348:, c. 643 – 661 CE
319:, c. 641 – 725 CE
307:, c. 415 – 644 CE
293:, c. 240 – 410 CE
281:, c. 250 – 655 CE
162:Macedonian Empire
121:Achaemenid Empire
16:(Redirected from
2102:
1868:Siachen conflict
1793:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1760:
1759:
1738:Gilgit–Baltistan
1610:
1569:Executive branch
1563:
1562:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1525:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1398:. 13 August 2012
1388:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1220:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1146:
1001:Liaquat Ali Khan
934:Pervez Musharraf
912:Hudud Ordinances
759:Governor-General
710:
703:
696:
679:
669:
668:
632:Gilgit-Baltistan
595:Islamic Republic
446:Chagatai Khanate
275:, c. 60 – 345 CE
50:
32:
31:
21:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2037:
2019:
1988:
1962:Black September
1935:
1896:Bajaur Campaign
1891:Waziristan 1948
1877:
1839:
1801:
1787:
1757:
1752:
1724:
1691:
1687:District Courts
1663:Judicial branch
1658:
1611:
1602:
1564:
1557:
1552:
1522:
1521:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1468:
1464:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1415:
1411:
1401:
1399:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1373:
1363:
1359:
1349:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1314:
1310:
1299:
1283:
1279:
1268:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1221:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1178:
1176:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1158:. 26 June 2018.
1148:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1101:
1085:
1079:
1059:
1053:
1037:
1031:
1019:
1013:
1005:Faiz Ahmed Faiz
995:in 1951 led by
989:
983:
978:
950:
930:
924:
895:was suspended.
861:
855:
835:
829:
813:Feroz Khan Noon
797:
791:
762:Ghulam Muhammad
755:
749:
714:
685:
657:
656:
612:
604:
603:
602:
577:
569:
568:
567:
517:
509:
508:
507:
502:Tarkhan dynasty
402:Delhi Sultanate
366:Habbari dynasty
334:
326:
325:
324:
317:Brahman dynasty
279:Sasanian Empire
259:Parthian Empire
253:
245:
244:
243:
206:Seleucid Empire
88:Soanian culture
77:
48:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2108:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1887:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1849:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1820:
1815:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1797:involving the
1795:Armed conflict
1786:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1763:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1734:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1701:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1576:Prime Minister
1572:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1551:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1528:
1520:
1519:
1505:
1491:
1477:
1462:
1448:
1434:
1427:
1409:
1383:
1367:"The end game"
1357:
1335:
1328:
1308:
1297:
1277:
1266:
1246:
1239:
1212:
1210:, Country Data
1200:
1186:
1161:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1100:
1097:
1089:Benazir Bhutto
1081:Main article:
1078:
1075:
1055:Main article:
1052:
1049:
1033:Main article:
1030:
1027:
1015:Main article:
1012:
1009:
985:Main article:
982:
979:
977:
974:
962:Benazir Bhutto
949:
946:
926:Main article:
923:
920:
857:Main article:
854:
851:
831:Main article:
828:
825:
807:dismissed the
803:Major General
793:Main article:
790:
787:
766:Prime Minister
751:Main article:
748:
745:
721:Military coups
716:
715:
713:
712:
705:
698:
690:
687:
686:
684:
683:
673:
662:
659:
658:
655:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
613:
610:
609:
606:
605:
601:
600:
599:
598:
592:
579:
578:
575:
574:
571:
570:
566:
565:
564:
563:
552:
546:
543:Maratha Empire
540:
534:
533:
532:
523:Durrani Empire
519:
518:
515:
514:
511:
510:
506:
505:
499:
493:
487:
481:
478:Arghun dynasty
475:
469:
468:
467:
464:Katoor dynasty
461:
455:
449:
437:
436:
435:
429:
426:Sayyid dynasty
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420:Tugluq dynasty
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414:Khalji dynasty
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396:Ghurid dynasty
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2015:War on terror
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1304:institutions.
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458:Raees dynasty
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432:Lodhi dynasty
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273:Kushan Empire
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180:Paropamisadae
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51:
45:
44:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
1979:Yemen crisis
1812:
1508:
1494:
1485:
1480:
1471:
1465:
1451:
1437:
1418:
1412:
1400:. Retrieved
1395:
1386:
1374:. Retrieved
1370:
1360:
1348:. Retrieved
1338:
1318:
1311:
1302:
1287:
1280:
1271:
1256:
1249:
1225:
1203:
1189:
1177:. Retrieved
1173:
1164:
1153:
1144:
1086:
1067:1980 attempt
1060:
1045:Pakistan Day
1038:
1020:
990:
966:Nawaz Sharif
964:in 1990 and
951:
938:Nawaz Sharif
931:
908:islamization
904:conservatism
897:
862:
836:
798:
776:
756:
719:
617:Azad Kashmir
516:Early modern
496:Suri dynasty
299:Gupta Empire
230:Apracharajas
83:Palaeolithic
29:
2042:Anti-piracy
2000:Bosnian War
1940:Middle East
1883:Afghanistan
1813:Martial law
1705:Balochistan
1682:High Courts
900:martial law
622:Balochistan
555:British Raj
549:Sikh Empire
372:Hindu Shahi
360:Pala Empire
305:Rai dynasty
236:Paratarajas
47:History of
2069:Categories
1906:Soviet War
1623:Parliament
1329:0815715021
1179:24 January
1136:References
1063:Zia ul Haq
869:Zia-ul-Haq
847:Z.A Bhutto
843:government
384:Ghaznavids
151:Sattagydia
2054:Venezuela
1993:Worldwide
1921:1996-2001
1748:Islamabad
1645:President
1591:Caretaker
1273:custody'.
1061:In 1984,
942:Sri Lanka
922:1999 coup
817:Ayub Khan
789:1958 coup
452:Ilkhanate
340:Caliphate
252:Classical
168:Arachosia
139:Arachosia
96:Neolithic
1974:Gulf War
1806:Domestic
1402:11 April
1376:11 April
1350:22 April
1099:See also
887:and all
879:and the
867:General
725:Pakistan
671:Category
583:Pakistan
529:Las Bela
333:Medieval
174:Gedrosia
133:Gandhara
127:Gedrosia
101:Mehrgarh
68:Timeline
49:Pakistan
38:a series
36:Part of
2049:Somalia
1926:2001-21
1916:1992-96
1911:1989-92
1598:Cabinet
819:as the
192:Taxiles
145:Hindush
76:Ancient
1715:Punjab
1650:Acting
1628:Senate
1586:Deputy
1581:Acting
1425:
1326:
1295:
1264:
1237:
681:Portal
647:Punjab
576:Modern
40:on the
1828:1970s
1720:Sindh
1231:16–40
652:Sindh
186:Porus
1957:1973
1952:1967
1873:1999
1863:1971
1858:1965
1853:1947
1423:ISBN
1404:2022
1378:2022
1352:2009
1324:ISBN
1293:ISBN
1262:ISBN
1235:ISBN
1181:2023
1077:1995
1051:1984
1029:1980
1011:1973
981:1951
898:The
537:Misl
723:in
2071::
1394:.
1369:.
1301:.
1270:.
1233:.
1215:^
1172:.
1152:.
972:.
944:.
849:.
785:.
1782:e
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1516:.
1502:.
1459:.
1445:.
1431:.
1406:.
1380:.
1354:.
1332:.
1243:.
1197:.
1183:.
709:e
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20:)
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