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financial support from the ruling elite of the
Byzantine empire. The Greek texts of Galen were introduced by Christians and translated into Arabic for Islamic scholars and physicians to make commentaries. With the emerging combined civilizations, the caliphs of the Abbasid empire were eager to gain knowledge from the pre-existing societies. The Byzantine empire depicted a modernized society that engaged in medical and pharmacological pursuits. The less oppressive Islamic view of Greek secular knowledge promoted the cooperation between Nestorian Christians and the Islamic empire. The Abbasid caliph al-Ma’mun was credited for promoting the translation of Greek texts, which accelerated the solidification of medicine in the Islamicate empires. The cooperation from the Nestorian Christians was enabled by the lack of conflict associated with the subject of medicine. Christians and Muslims were able to collaborate without religious conflicts arising. Greek and Syriac texts were translated into Arabic as the Hellenic period of scientific pursuit transitioned into the Islamic empire. One of the most acclaimed translators of the Islamicate empires was a Nestorian Christian, Hunnayn b. Ishaq, who was well versed in Syriac, Greek, Arabic, and medical training. Hunnayn's translations were mainly works of the Greek physician Galen. Ultimately, Hunnayn is credited for establishing a successful systematic method of translation for scientific texts.
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those who come in contact with it. Much advice was given with respect to the proper diet to encourage female health and in particular fertility. For example: quince makes a woman's heart tender and better; incense will result in the woman giving birth to a male; the consumption of water melons while pregnant will increase the chance the child is of good character and countenance; dates should be eaten both before childbirth to encourage the bearing of sons and afterwards to aid the woman's recovery; parsley and the fruit of the palm tree stimulates sexual intercourse; asparagus eases the pain of labor; and eating the udder of an animal increases lactation in women. In addition to being viewed as a religiously significant activity, sexual activity was considered healthy in moderation for both men and women. However, the pain and medical risk associated with childbirth was so respected that women who died while giving birth could be viewed as martyrs. The use of prayers and invocations to God were also a part of religious belief surrounding women's health, the most notable being
Muhammad's encounter with a slave-girl whose scabbed body he saw as evidence of her possession by the Evil Eye. He recommended that the girl and others possessed by the Eye use a specific invocation to God in order to rid themselves of its debilitating effects on their spiritual and physical health.
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performing procedures for a sick patient, for example by washing a patient before a procedure; similarly, following a procedure, the area was often cleaned with "wine, wine mixed with oil of roses, oil of roses alone, salt water, or vinegar water", which have antiseptic properties. Various herbs and resins including frankincense, myrrh, cassia, and members of the laurel family were also used to prevent infections, although it is impossible to know exactly how effective these treatments were in the prevention of sepsis. The pain-killing uses of opium had been known since ancient times; other drugs including "henbane, hemlock, soporific black nightshade, lettuce seeds" were also used by
Islamic physicians to treat pain. Some of these drugs, especially opium, were known to cause drowsiness, and some modern scholars have argued that these drugs were used to cause a person to lose consciousness before an operation, as a modern-day anesthetic would. However, there is no clear reference to such a use before the 16th century.
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2797:. The acclaimed Greek herbalist Dioscorides worked alongside Greek physician Galen to categorize pharmacological agents. The Andalusian physician Ibn Juljul systematized substances from India, Southeast Asia, or Indian Ocean lands. The categorizing of substances was further organized based on their transmission into the Islamicate empire. The origins consisted of Greek, Indian, or Iranian origination. The knowledge of the substances' medicinal properties were result of pre-Islamic Sasanian empire and the pyro-Persian culture that emphasized pharmacological pursuits. Islamicate pharmacy achieved the implementation of a systematic method of identifying substances based on their medicinal attributes. In addition, Sabur also wrote three other books
2428:, a form of bloodletting, was performed by making a slight incision in the skin and drawing blood by applying a heated cupping glass. The heat and suction from the glass caused the blood to rise to the surface of the skin to be drained. "Dry cupping", the placement of a heated cupping glass (without an incision) on a particular area of a patient's body to relieve pain, itching, and other common ailments, was also used. Though these procedures seem relatively easy for phlebotomists to perform, there were instances where they had to pay compensation for causing injury or death to a patient because of carelessness when making an incision. Both cupping and phlebotomy were considered helpful when a patient was sickly.
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1113:, because there is frequent reference to Indian names of herbal medicines and drugs which were unknown to the Greek medical tradition. Whilst Syrian physicians transmitted the medical knowledge of the ancient Greeks, most likely Persian physicians, probably from the Academy of Gondishapur, were the first intermediates between the Indian and the Arabic medicine Recent studies have shown that a number Ayurvedic texts were translated into Persian in South Asia from the 14th century until the Colonial period. From the 17th century onward, many Hindu physicians learnt Persian language and wrote Persian medical texts dealing with both Indian and Muslim medical materials (Speziale 2014, 2018, 2020).
2782:. Persians preserved Greek ideas that trickled down into Islamic pharmacology. Pharmacology in Islamic empires was characterized by all substances applied to the human body. Drugs, foods, beverages, cosmetics, and perfumes were all used for their medicinal properties. Drugs consisted of plant-derived substances that originated in various regions of Asia. Pharmacological agents were employed as treatments based on their effectiveness at maintaining the human body's equilibrium. The Greek physician Hippocrates is credited for categorizing sickness as an imbalance of the abstract qualities cold, hot, dry, and moist. A diet was proscribed as treatment for the imbalance to restore equilibrium.
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beings that exists no matter what their religious background is or even what cultural background that they derived from. Due to this Adab literature is very universal and appeals to a wide variety of religion and cultural background out there. On the other hand, with the
Islamic legal traditions, it can be traced back and grounded in the Islamic laws and the jurisprudence. The Islamic legal tradition is often brought in and used when there are certain ethical dilemmas that needs to be dealt with. These can be things such as biomedical issues and the Islamic legal traditions is closely connected to the Islamic medical ethics and laws.
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while more coldness in the woman leads to her having an "uglier" color, leading to her producing a female offspring. Al-Razi is critical of this point of view, stating that it is possible for a woman to be cold when she becomes pregnant with a female fetus, then for that woman to improve her condition and become warm again, leading to the woman possessing warmth but still having a female fetus. Al-Razi concludes that masculinity and femininity are not dependent on warmth as many of his fellow scholars have proclaimed, but instead dependent on the availability of one type of seed.
2372:, who according to the Arabs is the greatest botanist of antiquity, recommended hemp seeds to "quench geniture" and its juice for earaches. Ali al-Ruhawi believed that a physician must be a botanist and understand pharmacological characteristics of the various morphological parts. Beginning in 800 and lasting for over two centuries, poppy use was restricted to the therapeutic realm. However, the dosages often exceeded medical need and was used repeatedly despite what was originally recommended. Poppy was prescribed by Yuhanna b. Masawayh to relieve pain from attacks of
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fiqh. It was opened in
Damascus on 12 January 1231 and is on record to have existed at least until 1417. This followed general trends of the institutionalization of all types of education. Even with the existence of the madrasah, pupils and teachers alike often engaged in some variety of all forms of education. Students would typically study on their own, listen to teachers in majlis, work under them in hospitals, and finally study in madrasah's upon their creation. This all eventually led to the standardization and vetting process of medical education.
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topics related to medical ethics. In the first chapter of his book, al-Ruhawi declared that the truth is more important for physicians who follow rational ethics and the medical injunctions. Al-Ruhawi regarded physicians as "guardians of souls and bodies", and insisted them to use proper medical etiquette for strong medical ethics and not to ignore theoretical overtones. In pre-Islamic times, there were problems of a lack of part of an element of struggle and conflict to resolve ethical diffculites. Al-Ruhawi helped bridge this gap.
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patients until they were fully recovered. Men and women were admitted to separate but equally equipped wards. The separate wards were further divided into mental disease, contagious disease, non-contagious disease, surgery, medicine, and eye disease. Patients were attended to by same sex nurses and staff. Each hospital contained a lecture hall, kitchen, pharmacy, library, mosque and occasionally a chapel for
Christian patients. Recreational materials and musicians were often employed to comfort and cheer patients up.
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2244:, developed a radically new concept of human vision. Ibn al-Haytham took a straightforward approach towards vision by explaining that the eye was an optical instrument. The description on the anatomy of the eye led him to form the basis for his theory of image formation, which is explained through the refraction of light rays passing between two media of different densities. Ibn al-Haytham developed this new theory on vision from experimental investigations. In the 12th century, his
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1137:, focused on schedule, environment, and diet. As a result, medicine was very individualistic as every person who sought medical help would receive different advice dependent not only on their ailment, but also according to their lifestyle. There was still some connection between treatments however, as medicine was largely based on humoral theory which meant that each person needed to be treated according to whether or not their humors were hot, cold, melancholic, or choleric.
2539:, the first concept of ethics or "practical philosophy" in Islamic medicine. Al-Razi wrote his treatise "Kitab al-tibb al-ruhani" also known as "Book on Spritual Physick" on popular ethics. He felt that it was important not only for the physician to be an expert in his field, but also to be a role model. His ideas on medical ethics were divided into three concepts: the physician's responsibility to patients and to self, and also the patients’ responsibility to physicians.
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2030:). The book was originally used as a textbook for instructors and students of medical sciences in the medical school of Avicenna. The book is divided into five volumes: The first volume is a compendium of medical principles, the second is a reference for individual drugs, the third contains organ-specific diseases, the fourth discusses systemic illnesses as well as a section of preventive health measures, and the fifth contains descriptions of compound medicines. The
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1812:". The book contains a comprehensive encyclopedia of medicine in ten sections. The first six sections are dedicated to medical theory, and deal with anatomy, physiology and pathology, materia medica, health issues, dietetics, and cosmetics. The remaining four parts describe surgery, toxicology, and fever. The ninth section, a detailed discussion of medical pathologies arranged by body parts, circulated in autonomous Latin translations as the
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whether connected to population control or personal reasons, it is clear that the
Islamic culture not only incorporated, but brought about positive connotations in regards to women's reproductive health. During a period in which men dominated medicine, the almost immediate inclusion of women's reproductive health in medical texts, along with a variety of different techniques and contraceptive substances, long before the development of '
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pre-Islamic medical publishings was a fundamental building block for physicians and surgeons in order to expand the practice. Surgery was uncommonly practiced by physicians and other medical affiliates due to a very low success rate, even though earlier records provided favorable outcomes to certain operations. There were many different types of procedures performed in ancient Islam, especially in the area of ophthalmology.
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1419:) was one of al-Razi's largest works, a collection of medical notes that he made throughout his life in the form of extracts from his reading and observations from his own medical experience. In its published form, it consists of 23 volumes. Al-Razi cites Greek, Syrian, Indian and earlier Arabic works, and also includes medical cases from his own experience. Each volume deals with specific parts or diseases of the body.
2859:. They described the womb as an independent creature inside the female body; and, when the womb was not fixed in place by pregnancy, the womb which craves moisture, was believed to move to moist body organs such as the liver, heart, and brain. The movement of the womb was assumed to cause many health conditions, most particularly that of menstruation was also considered essential for maintaining women's general health.
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2968:' grew popular. This was the act of intentionally causing a miscarriage in the very early stages of pregnancy, though medical journals outlined a variety of methods, this was usually achieved through the consumption of plant derived substances. Medical journals and other literature from this time show an extensive and detailed list of a variety of different drugs and plant derived substances that supposedly have
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physical topics, about the science of the elements, temperaments and humours, nor does he describe the structure of organs or the surgery. His book is without structure and logical consequence, and does not demonstrate the scientific method. In his description of every illness, their causes, symptoms and treatment he describes everything which is known to all ancient and modern physicians since
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There are a few instances of self-education like Ibn Sīnā, but students would have generally been taught by a physician knowledgeable on theory and practice. Pupils would typically find a teacher that was related, or unrelated, which generally came at the cost of a fee. Those who were apprenticed by their relatives sometimes led to famous genealogies of physicians. The
1356:(Latinized: Rhazes) (born 865) was one of the most versatile scientists of the Islamic Golden Age. A Persian-born physician, alchemist and philosopher, he is most famous for his medical works, but he also wrote botanical and zoological works, as well as books on physics and mathematics. His work was highly respected by the 10th/11th century physicians and scientists
2765:" or further more known as the hospitals, they were very well developed with how efficient they were along with how advance their systems were. These hospitals served the public with no charge and no discrimination also, they were advanced with how they operated from separating males and females along with having different wards for different types of diseases.
3104:. It included a medical school and hospital (bimaristan), a pharmacology laboratory, a translation house, a library and an observatory. Indian doctors also contributed to the school at Gundeshapur, most notably the medical researcher Mankah. Later after Islamic invasion, the writings of Mankah and of the Indian doctor Sustura were translated into Arabic at
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be ejected very easily and is akin to an "unripe fruit". In later stages of pregnancy, the fetus is more similar to a "ripe fruit" where it is not easily ejected by simple environmental factors such as wind. Some of the physical and psychological factors that can lead a woman to miscarry are damage to the breast, severe shock, exhaustion, and
1193:. It was regarded at his time as an important work of literature in the science of medicine, and the most precious medical treatise from the point of view of Muslimic religious tradition. It is honoured by the title "the golden treatise" as Ma'mun had ordered it to be written in gold ink. In his work, Al-Ridha is influenced by the concept of
2758:. Even though the city was taken over, most of the hospitals and universities that existed were left intact to be used later on. The Islamic medical schools were later on built to the patterns that previously existed and medical education was taken very seriously regarding the cirriculum and the clinical training that has existed.
2958:. The topic of contraceptives and abortion had been very controversial throughout the western world; however, in the Islamic culture, due to the ties between women's reproductive health and one's overall well-being, medieval Muslim physicians devoted time and research into recording and testing different theories in this field.
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this research made its way into the previously mentioned medical journals, already containing a list of abortifacients, providing a great variety of drugs and other prescribed substances for use as a contraceptive. The lists of drugs and other substances in these journals became widely accessible to be utilized by the public.
1133:. Fruits and vegetables were related to health and well-being, although they were seen as having different properties than what modern medicine says now. The use of the humoral theory is also a large part of medicine in this period, shaping the diagnosis and treatments for patients. This kind of medicine was largely
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There was consensus among Arabic medical scholars that an excess of heat, cold, dryness or moisture in the woman's uterus would lead to the death of the fetus. The
Hippocratics believed more warmth in the woman leads to the woman having a "better" color and leads to the production of a male offspring
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with a male. Among both healthy and sick women, it was generally believed that sexual intercourse and giving birth to children were means of keeping women from getting sick. One of the conditions that lack of sexual intercourse was considered to lead to is uterine suffocation in which it was believed
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became famous throughout
Damascus for his majlises and was eventually oversaw all of the physicians in Egypt and Syria. He would go on to become the first to establish what would be described as a "medical school" in that its teaching focused solely on medicine, unlike other schools who mainly taught
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in the 2nd century, blood reached the left ventricle through invisible passages in the septum. By some means, Ibn al-Nafis, a 13th-century Syrian physician, found the previous statement on blood flow from the right ventricle to the left to be false. Ibn al-Nafis discovered that the ventricular septum
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can be caused by physical or psychological experiences that causes a woman to behave in a way that causes the bumping of the embryo, sometimes leading to its death depending on what stage of pregnancy the woman is currently in. He believed that during the beginning stages of pregnancy, the fetus can
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states that "pharmacy became independent from medicine as language and syntax are separate from composition, the knowledge of prosody from poetry, and logic from philosophy, for it is an aid rather than a servant". Sabur Ibn Sahl was a physician (d. 869) who wrote the first text on pharmacy in his
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Medieval
Islamic cultures had different avenues for teaching medicine prior to having regulated standardized institutes. Like learning in other fields at the time, many aspiring physicians learnt from family and apprenticeship until majlises, hospital training, and eventually, madrasahs became used.
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and the classic Islamic legal tradition. With Adab literature, its main course of action is to mainly promote the universal virtues and morals that exists. Its main goal is to promote the importance of ethical behaviors, good manners, and social etiquette that can then intern be applied to all human
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was al-Ruhawi's introductory comment to elevate the practice of medicine in order to aid the ill and enlist the help of God in his support. He quotes Hippocrates that the medical arts involve three factors: the illness, the patient, and the physician. The book consisted of twenty chapters on various
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with a lancet and a probe was then inserted and used to depress the lens, pushing it to one side of the eye. After the procedure was complete, the eye was then washed with salt water and then bandaged with cotton wool soaked in oil of roses and egg whites. After the operation, there was concern that
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also had a lasting impact on Middle Eastern medicine. Intellectual thirst, open-mindness, and vigor were at an all-time high in this era. During the Golden Age of Islam, classical learning was sought out, systematised and improved upon by scientists and scholars with such diligence that Arab science
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as an independent, well-defined profession was established in the early ninth century by Muslim scholars. Islamic pharmacological tradition was a result of Mesopotamian intellectual centers that supported the exchange of ideas. Indian and far east influences made their way into Mesopotamia by trade
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The current medical education system tends to ignore and neglect certain periods of medicine where one of which is the history of Islamic medicine. The international institute of Islamic medicine has been created to spread the history and awareness of Islamic medicine across North America. Reviving
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Al-Baghdadi's discovery did not gain much attention from his contemporaries, because the information is rather hidden within the detailed account of the geography, botany, monuments of Egypt, as well as of the famine and its consequences. He never published his anatomical observations in a separate
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All anatomists agree upon that the bone of the lower jaw consists of two parts joined together at the chin. The inspection of this part of the corpses convinced me that the bone of the lower jaw is all one, with no joint nor suture. I have repeated the observation a great number of times, in over
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was a Persian polymath and physician of the tenth and eleventh centuries. He was known for his scientific works, but especially his writing on medicine. He has been described as the "Father of Early Modern Medicine". Ibn Sina is credited with many varied medical observations and discoveries such as
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uses only a few Persian medical terms, especially when mentioning specific diseases, but a large number of drugs and medicinal herbs are mentioned using their Persian names, which have also entered the medical language of Islamic medicine. As well as al-Tabari, Rhazes rarely uses Persian terms, and
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Within medieval Islamic medicine, Hunayn ibn Ishāq and his younger contemporary Tabit ben-Qurra play an important role as translators and commentators of Galen's work. They also tried to compile and summarize a consistent medical system from these works, and add this to the medical science of their
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You'll have to know that the origin of all maladies goes back to nutrition, as the Prophet – God bless him! – says with regard to the entire medical tradition, as commonly known by all physicians, even if this is contested by the religious scholars. These are his words: "The stomach is the House of
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The adoption by the newly forming Islamic society of the medical knowledge of the surrounding, or newly conquered, "heathen" civilizations had to be justified as being in accordance with the beliefs of Islam. Early on, the study and practice of medicine was understood as an act of piety, founded on
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and medieval physicians of the time agreed on the importance of contraceptive alternatives due to the legal rights of women. This was due to the belief that "early withdrawal impinged upon rights ... to enjoy full satisfaction." Commencing more research into possible contraceptives. The data from
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Many beliefs regarding women's bodies and their health in the Islamic context can be found in the religious literature known as "medicine of the prophet". These texts suggested that men stay away from women during their menstrual periods, "for this blood is corrupt blood", and could actually harm
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he refers to everything which is important for a physician to maintain health, and treat illness by means of medications and diet. He describes the signs of illness and does not omit anything which would be necessary for anyone who wants to learn the art of healing. However, he does not talk about
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refers to some of Galen's works. The titles of the books he mentions differ from those chosen by Hunayn ibn Ishāq for his own translations, thus suggesting earlier translations must have existed. Hunayn frequently mentions in his comments on works which he had translated that he considered earlier
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were techniques widely used in ancient Islamic society by physicians, as a therapy to treat patients. These two techniques were commonly practiced because of the wide variety of illnesses they treated. Cauterization, a procedure used to burn the skin or flesh of a wound, was performed to prevent
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When food enters the stomach, especially when it is plentiful, the stomach dilates and its layers get stretched...onlookers thought the stomach was rather small, so I proceeded to pour jug after jug in its throat…the inner layer of the distended stomach became as smooth as the external peritoneal
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The authority of the great physicians and scientists of the Islamic Golden age has influenced the art and science of medicine for many centuries. Their concepts and ideas about medical ethics are still discussed today, especially in the Islamic parts of our world. Their ideas about the conduct of
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translated various works by Hippocrates and Galen, of whom parts 6–8 of a pharmacological book, and fragments of two other books have been preserved. Hunayn ibn Ishāq has translated these works into Arabic. Another work, still existing today, by an unknown Syrian author, likely has influenced the
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The cooperation that occurred during the Abbasid empire in 750 A.D rested on the engagement between Nestorian Christians from the Byzantine empire and the Abbasid ruling elite. Nestorian Christians from the Byzantine empire escaped persecution and opposition to scientific advancements to receive
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theological and medical university. These scholars made their way to Gundeshapur in 529 following the closing of the academy by Emperor Justinian. They were engaged in medical sciences and initiated the first translation projects of medical texts. The arrival of these medical practitioners from
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There are examples male guardians consenting to the treatment of women by male physicians as well as examples of women seeking the care of a male physician or surgeon independently. Women would also seek the care of other women, and the role of women as practitioners appears in a number of works
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Before the turn of the millennium, hospitals became a popular center for medical education, where students would be trained directly under a practicing physician. Outside of the hospital, physicians would teach students in lectures, or "majlises", at mosques, palaces, or public gathering places.
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documents stated nobody was ever to be turned away. The ultimate goal of all physicians and hospital staff was to work together to help the well-being of their patients. There was no time limit a patient could spend as an inpatient; the Waqf documents stated the hospital was required to keep all
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The development and growth of hospitals in ancient Islamic society expanded the medical practice to what is currently known as surgery. Surgical procedures were known to physicians during the medieval period because of earlier texts that included descriptions of the procedures. Translation from
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Medieval Islam's receptiveness to new ideas and heritages helped it make major advances in medicine during this time, adding to earlier medical ideas and techniques, expanding the development of the health sciences and corresponding institutions, and advancing medical knowledge in areas such as
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The great availability and accessibility of these medical texts and the depth of research shown by the data shows that contraceptives and abortions, surgical or not, were frequently sought after by women of this time. While there may be a variety of reasons women would require these resources,
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Medicine was a central part of medieval Islamic culture. This period was called the Golden Age of Islam and lasted from the eighth century to the fourteenth century. The economic and social standing of the patient determined to a large extent the type of care sought and the expectations of the
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qualities. Many of these substances were later laboratory tested and found to be correctly identified in their ability to induce a miscarriage. While some of these early texts did recommend a woman get an abortion during early stages, it was clear that it was a dangerous and potentially fatal
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school. Rhazes considered the influence of the climate and the season on health and well-being, he took care that there was always clean air and an appropriate temperature in the patients' rooms, and recognized the value of prevention as well as the need for a careful diagnosis and prognosis.
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Responding to circumstances of time and place/location, Islamic physicians and scholars created an extensive and complex medical literature exploring, analyzing, and synthesizing the theory and practice of medicine Islamic medicine was initially built on tradition, chiefly the theoretical and
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The hospital was not just a place to treat patients: it also served as a medical school to educate and train students. Basic science preparation was learned through private tutors, self-study and lectures. Islamic hospitals were the first to keep written records of patients and their medical
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The treatment for infertility by Arab medical experts often depends on the type of conception theory they follow. The two-seed theory states that female sexual pleasure needs to be maximized in order to ensure the secretion of more seeds and thus maximize the chances of conception. Ibn Sina
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are important aspects of surgery. Before the development of anesthesia and antisepsis, surgery was limited to fractures, dislocations, traumatic injuries resulting in amputation, and urinary disorders or other common infections. Ancient Islamic physicians attempted to prevent infection when
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The movement of blood through the human body was thought to be known due to the work of the Greek physicians. However, there was the question of how the blood flowed from the right ventricle of the heart to the left ventricle, before the blood is pumped to the rest of the body. According to
1289:. Considered one of the great classical works of Islamic medicine, it was free of magical and astrological ideas and thought to represent Galenism of Arabic medicine in the purest form. This book was translated by Constantine and was used as a textbook of surgery in schools across Europe.
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650–1500) and had a major impact on humans along with setting the foundation for future medicine including the current modern Western Medicine. This tradition had a lasting impact in that it contributed to the European medicine along with continuing to influence medical practices today.
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was considered the earliest monograph on these infectious diseases. His careful description of the initial symptoms and clinical course of the two diseases, as well as the treatments he suggests based on the observation of the symptoms, is considered a masterpiece of Islamic medicine.
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was impenetrable, lacking any type of invisible passages, showing Galen's assumptions to be false. Ibn al-Nafis discovered that the blood in the right ventricle of the heart is instead carried to the left by way of the lungs. This discovery was one of the first descriptions of the
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procedure for the mother, causing a greater reliance on the safer alternative techniques and substances these texts also provided. Further development in this field led to the introduction of contraceptives that would prevent one's need to induce a miscarriage. Many religious
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Through the establishment and development of hospitals, ancient Islamic physicians were able to provide more intrinsic operations to cure patients, such as in the area of ophthalmology. This allowed for medical practices to be expanded and developed for future reference.
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With regard to the great and extraordinary Galen, he has written numerous works, each of which only comprises a section of the science. There are lengthy passages, and redundancies of thoughts and proofs, throughout his works. None of them I'm able to regard as being
419:. The caliph abused his knowledge in order to get rid of some of his enemies by way of poisoning. Likewise, Abu l-Ḥakam, who was responsible for the preparation of drugs, was employed by Muawiah. His son, grandson, and great-grandson were also serving the Umayyad and
1364:, who recorded biographical information about al-Razi, and compiled lists of, and provided commentaries on, his writings. Many of his books were translated into Latin, and he remained one of the undisputed authorities in European medicine well into the 17th century.
1262:, an antidote for poisons. His works, many of which no longer survive, are cited by later physicians. Taking what was known at the time by the classical Greek writers, Al-Tamimi expanded on their knowledge of the properties of plants and minerals, becoming
793:(The Medicine of Hippocrates), and his contemporary Hunayn ibn Ishāq then translated Galens commentary on Hippocrates. Rhazes is the first Arabic-writing physician who makes thorough use of Hippocrates's writings in order to set up his own medical system.
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was viewed as an illness, one that could be cured if the proper steps were taken. Unlike the easement of pain, infertility was not an issue that relied on the patient's subjective feeling. A successful treatment for infertility could be observed with the
2643:, the Persian and Arabic words meaning "house of the sick" and "house of curing", respectively. The idea of a hospital being a place for the care of sick people was taken from the early Caliphs. The bimaristan is seen as early as the time of
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started his translations, because the historian Al-Yaʾqūbī compiled a list of the works known to him in 872. Fortunately, his list also supplies a summary of the content, quotations, or even the entire text of the single works. The philosopher
2473:. This procedure was done by "employing an instrument for keeping the eye open during surgery, a number of very small hooks for lifting, and a very thin scalpel for excision." A similar technique in treating complications of trachoma, called
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were commonly referred to by Muslim clinicians when discussing female diseases. The Hippocratic authors associated women's general and reproductive health and organs and functions that were believed to have no counterparts in the male body.
1881:). This book covers the treatments and cures of diseases and ailments, through dieting. It is thought to have been written for the noble class who were known for their gluttonous behavior and who frequently became ill with stomach diseases.
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onto the cornea. This was done by lifting the growth with small hooks and then cut with a small lancet. Both of these surgical techniques were extremely painful for the patient and intricate for the physician or his assistants to perform.
3027:(al-tibba alnabawi), otherwise known as "medicine of the prophet" (tibb al-nabi), which provided the argument that men can treat women, and women men, even if this means they must expose the patient's genitals in necessary circumstances.
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In his book entitled "Kitab al-Mansuri", al-Razi summarizes everything which concerns the art of medicine, and does never neglect any issue which he mentions. However, everything is much abbreviated, according to the goal he has set
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remained an authoritative textbook on medicine in most European universities, regarded until the seventeenth century as the most comprehensive work ever written by a medical scientist. It was first translated into Latin in 1279 by
2117:. It emphasized the benefits of regular attention to the personal physical and mental well-being. The continued popularity and publication of his book into the sixteenth century is thought to be demonstration of the influence that
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During the medieval time period Hippocratic treatises became used widespread by medieval physicians, due to the treatises practical form as well as their accessibility for medieval practicing physicians. Hippocratic treatises of
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methods are some of the first steps in evaluating a drug. These processes uses animal models and they have been developed in a way that will come to mimic human conditions to see what the effects of the herbal drugs really are.
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infection and stop profuse bleeding. To perform this procedure, physicians heated a metal rod and used it to burn the flesh or skin of a wound. This would cause the blood from the wound to clot and eventually heal the wound.
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The use of plants in medicine was quite common in this era with most plants being used in medicine being associated with both some benefits and consequences for use as well as certain situations in which they should be used.
2485:
In medieval Islamic literature, cataracts were thought to have been caused by a membrane or opaque fluid that rested between the lens and the pupil. The method for treating cataracts in medieval Islam (known in English as
406:
medicine through direct contact with physicians who were practicing in the newly conquered regions rather than by reading the original or translated works. The translation of the capital of the emerging Islamic world to
2805:. Although his works was not enforced by the government authorities, they were widely accepted in the medical circles. The branch of pharmacology was a result of continuity and expansion of pre-existing civilizations.
426:
These sources testify to the fact that the physicians of the emerging Islamic society were familiar with the classical medical traditions already at the times of the Umayyads. The medical knowledge likely arrived from
1380:
In the beginning of an illness, chose remedies which do not weaken the strength. Whenever a change of nutrition is sufficient, do not use medication, and whenever single drugs are sufficient, do not use composite
1448:
and all those who lived in-between, leaving nothing out of all that every one of them has ever written, carefully noting down all of this in his book, so that finally all medical works are contained within his own
3144:, provided a lasting impact on Muslim medicine. Through their compilation of knowledge into medical books they each had a major influence on the education and filtration of medical knowledge in Islamic culture.
2701:
As hospitals developed during the Islamic civilization, specific characteristics were attained. Bimaristans were secular. They served all people regardless of their race, religion, citizenship, or gender. The
585:, translated into the Arabic language; the influence of the Persian medical tradition seems to be limited to the materia medica, although the Persian physicians were familiar with the Greek sources as well.
2212:, but whether this was discovered via human dissection is doubtful because "al-Nafis tells us that he avoided the practice of dissection because of the shari'a and his own 'compassion' for the human body".
2945:
While the belief that carrying children and childbirth was very important and healing part of the Islamic culture, many medical scholars also recognize the importance of family planning, primarily through
885:
period. However, starting already with Jabir ibn Hayyan in the 8th century, and even more pronounced in Rhazes's treatise on vision, criticism of Galen's ideas took on. in the 10th century, the physician
881:
translations as insufficient, and had provided completely new translations. Early translations might have been available before the 8th century; most likely they were translated from Syrian or Persian.
2348:
Medical contributions made by medieval Islam included the use of plants as a type of remedy or medicine. Medieval Islamic physicians used natural substances as a source of medicinal drugs—including
942:
of the scholar Ahron (who himself had translated it from the Greek), which was translated into the Arabian by Māsarĝawai al-Basrĩ in the 7th century. physicians also played an important role at the
2655:), Muhammad came across wounded soldiers and he ordered a tent be assembled to provide medical care. Over time, Caliphs and rulers expanded traveling bimaristans to include doctors and pharmacists.
1371:, but his particular attention to the individual case, stressing that each patient must be treated individually, and his emphasis on hygiene and diet reflect the ideas and concepts of the empirical
4906:
Ar-Razi. In: Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums Bd. III: Medizin – Pharmazie – Zoologie – Tierheilkunde = History of the Arabic literature Vol. III: Medicine – Pharmacology – Veterinary Medicine
4841:
4801:
4760:
Ar-Razi. In: Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums Bd. III: Medizin – Pharmazie – Zoologie – Tierheilkunde = History of the Arabic literature Vol. III: Medicine – Pharmacology – Veterinary Medicine
4482:
Ar-Razi. In: Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums Bd. III: Medizin – Pharmazie – Zoologie – Tierheilkunde = History of the Arabic literature Vol. III: Medicine – Pharmacology – Veterinary Medicine
1297:
throughout the Middle Ages and into modern time. One of the greatest contributions Haly Abbas made to medical science was his description of the capillary circulation found within the Royal Book.
4006:
Zur Frage über die ältesten Übersetzungen indischer und persischer medizinischer Werke ins Arabische. = On the question of the oldest translations of Indian and Persian medical texts into Arabic.
2729:
to examine and prevent doctors from practicing until they passed an examination. From this time on, licensing exams were required and only qualified physicians were allowed to practice medicine.
7100:
7074:
3047:
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and the role of the woman's body is purely for nourishment of the embryo. Treatments used by followers of this method often include treating infertile women with substances that are similar to
772:
and were aware of the fact that his biography was in part a legend. Also they knew that several persons lived who were called Hippocrates, and their works were compiled under one single name:
2666:
in 707 AD. The bimaristan had a staff of salaried physicians and a well equipped dispensary. It treated the blind, lepers and other disabled people, and also separated those patients with
3904:
M. Meyerhof: Autobiographische Bruchstücke Galens aus arabischen Quellen = Fragments of Galen's autobiography from Arabic sources. Archiv für Geschichte der Medizin 22 (1929), pp. 72–86
4036:
Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums Bd. III: Medizin – Pharmazie – Zoologie – Tierheilkunde = History of the Arabic literature Vol. III: Medicine – Pharmacology – Veterinary Medicine
3979:
Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums Bd. III: Medizin – Pharmazie – Zoologie – Tierheilkunde = History of the Arabic literature Vol. III: Medicine – Pharmacology – Veterinary Medicine
3964:
Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums Bd. III: Medizin – Pharmazie – Zoologie – Tierheilkunde = History of the Arabic literature Vol. III: Medicine – Pharmacology – Veterinary Medicine
3931:
Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums Bd. III: Medizin – Pharmazie – Zoologie – Tierheilkunde = History of the Arabic literature Vol. III: Medicine – Pharmacology – Veterinary Medicine
3916:
Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums Bd. III: Medizin – Pharmazie – Zoologie – Tierheilkunde = History of the Arabic literature Vol. III: Medicine – Pharmacology – Veterinary Medicine
3845:
Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums Bd. III: Medizin – Pharmazie – Zoologie – Tierheilkunde = History of the Arabic literature Vol. III: Medicine – Pharmacology – Veterinary Medicine
3817:
Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums Bd. III: Medizin – Pharmazie – Zoologie – Tierheilkunde = History of the Arabic literature Vol. III: Medicine – Pharmacology – Veterinary Medicine
3797:
Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums Bd. III: Medizin – Pharmazie – Zoologie – Tierheilkunde = History of the Arabic literature Vol. III: Medicine – Pharmacology – Veterinary Medicine
3779:
Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums Bd. III: Medizin – Pharmazie – Zoologie – Tierheilkunde = History of the Arabic literature Vol. III: Medicine – Pharmacology – Veterinary Medicine
3718:
Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums Bd. III: Medizin – Pharmazie – Zoologie – Tierheilkunde = History of the Arabic literature Vol. III: Medicine – Pharmacology – Veterinary Medicine
3703:
Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums Bd. III: Medizin – Pharmazie – Zoologie – Tierheilkunde = History of the Arabic literature Vol. III: Medicine – Pharmacology – Veterinary Medicine
3125:
surgery and understanding of the human body, although many Western scholars have not fully acknowledged its influence (independent of Roman and Greek influence) on the development of
2436:
To evaluate the safety of the herbal drugs there are certain clinical trials and experimentation that are done so to ensure the safety of the drugs on humans. Certain methods such as
2908:
in order to increase the woman's sexual pleasure and thus increase the chance of producing an offspring. Another theory of conception, the "seed and soil" model, states that the
2469:
of the eye which was thought to be the cause of the disease by ancient Islamic physicians. The technique used to correct this complication was done surgically and known today as
3147:
Additionally there were some iconic contributions made by women during this time, such as the documentation: of female doctors, physicians, surgeons, wet nurses, and midwives.
2920:. One example of such a treatment is the insertion of fig juice into the womb. The recipe for fig juice includes substances that have been used as agricultural fertilizer.
2495:
the cataract, once it had been pushed to one side, would reascend, which is why patients were instructed to lie on his or her back for several days following the surgery.
411:
may have facilitated this contact, as Syrian medicine was part of that ancient tradition. The names of two Christian physicians are known: Ibn Aṯāl worked at the court of
1223:
dedicated to Caliph al-Mutawakkil. His encyclopedia was influenced by Greek sources, Hippocrates, Galen, Aristotle, and Dioscurides. Al-Tabari, a pioneer in the field of
2582:") and was based on the works of Hippocrates and Galen. Although, it should be mentioned that unlike Hippocrates, Galen did not propose a definite medical ethic code.
292:'s opinions on health issues and habits in regard to the leading of a healthy life were collected early on and edited as a separate corpus of writings under the title
476:
Very few sources provide information about how the expanding Islamic society received any medical knowledge. A physician called Abdalmalik ben Abgar al-Kinānī from
6601:
346:
fixing his teeth with a wire made of gold. He also mentions that the habit of cleaning one's teeth with a small wooden toothpick dates back to pre-Islamic times.
9101:
9079:
3237:
2875:
in women was viewed as menstrual blood being "stuck" inside the woman and the method for release of this menstrual blood was for the woman to seek marriage or
335:
refers to a collection of Muhammad's opinions on medicine, by his younger contemporary Anas bin-Malik. Anas writes about two physicians who had treated him by
5068:
2388:, and to induce sleep. Although poppy had medicinal benefits, Ali al-Tabari explained that the extract of poppy leaves was lethal, and that the extracts and
872:. Today, the original texts of some of his works, and details of his biography, are lost, and are only known to us because they were translated into Arabic.
5774:
8102:
3545:
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by the Christian physician Māsarĝawai (not to be confused with the translator M. al-Basrĩ) is of some importance, as the opening sentence of his work is:
9084:
6884:
Histoire de la médecine arabe. Exposé complet des traductions du grec. Les sciences en orient. Leur transmission à l'Occident par les traductions latines
4837:
4798:
4422:
Haque, Amber (2004). "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists".
8269:
4171:
Varisco, D. M. Medieval Islamic Medicine: By Peter E. Pormann and Emilie Savage-Smith (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2007. 223 pages.).
3247:
368:
The most famous physician was Al-Ḥariṯ ben-Kalada aṯ-Ṯaqafī, who lived at the same time as the prophet. He is supposed to have been in touch with the
7216:
6005:
Rahman, Haji Hasbullah Haji Abdul (2004). "The development of the Health Sciences and Related Institutions During the First Six Centuries of Islam".
1774:
3831:
Joannes Grammatikos (Philoponos) von Alexandrien und die arabische Medizin = Joannes Grammatikos (Philoponos) of Alexandria and the Arabic medicine.
1319:
160:, nearly six hundred years after their textbooks were opened by many people. Aspects of their writings remain of interest to physicians even today.
9106:
4158:
1647:
6467:"Barren Women: The Intersection of Biology, Medicine, and Religion in the Treatment of Infertile Women in the Medieval Middle East (dissertation)"
2954:. The use of contraceptives and abortion as opposed to abstinence was preferred due to the belief in the tremendous healing properties brought by
2306:
two hundred heads I have been assisted by various different people, who have repeated the same examination, both in my absence and under my eyes.
9209:
3945:ʿAlī ibn Rabban at-Tabarī, ein persischer Arzt des 9. Jahrhunderts n. Chr. = Alī ibn Rabban at-Tabarī, a Persian physician of the 9th century AD.
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2711:
treatment. Students were responsible in keeping these patient records, which were later edited by doctors and referenced in future treatments.
2900:. Therefore, this allowed the failures of unsuccessful methods for infertility treatment to be explained objectively by Arab medical experts.
6908:
2880:
there was movement of the womb inside the woman's body and the cause of this movement was attributed to be from the womb's desire for semen.
801:) was a more appropriate summary. The work of Hippocrates was cited and commented on during the entire period of medieval Islamic medicine.
8193:
7409:
1033:
756:. His works seem to have been used as an important reference by the early Islamic physicians, and were frequently cited from Rhazes up to
339:
and mentions that the prophet wanted to avoid this treatment and had asked for alternative treatments. Later on, there are reports of the
9121:
8087:
2236:, vision was thought to a visual spirit emanating from the eyes that allowed an object to be perceived. The 11th century Iraqi scientist
1667:
4254:
1910:, a tract in which al-Razi discussed why it is that one contracts coryza or common cold by smelling roses during the spring season, and
7199:
6661:
2282:
1983:
recognizing the potential of airborne transmission of disease, providing insight into many psychiatric conditions, recommending use of
733:
One of the first books which were translated from Greek into Syrian, and then into Arabic during the time of the fourth Umayyad caliph
17:
9111:
8913:
8737:
1853:. Under various titles ("Liber (medicinalis) ad Almansorem"; "Almansorius"; "Liber ad Almansorem"; "Liber nonus") it was printed in
1654:
5738:
Levey, Martin (1967). "Medical Ethics of Medieval Islam with Special Reference to Al-Ruhāwī's "Practical Ethics of the Physician"".
4774:"Commentary on the Chapter Nine of the Book of Medicine Dedicated to Mansur – Commentaria in nonum librum Rasis ad regem Almansorem"
2364:. In pre-Islamic Arabia, neither poppy nor hemp was known. Hemp was introduced into the Islamic countries in the ninth century from
9133:
8092:
2420:
Bloodletting, the surgical removal of blood, was used to cure a patient of bad "humours" considered deleterious to one's health. A
1092:; "The eightfold Heart"), one of the most important books on Ayurveda, translated between 773 and 808 by Ibn-Dhan. Rhazes cites in
4865:
4820:
2253:
Ahmad ibn Abi al-Ash'ath, a famous physician from Mosul, Iraq, described the physiology of the stomach in a live lion in his book
9089:
9049:
7893:
6578:
Robinson Waldman, Marilyn. "Review: Sex and Society in Islam: Birth Control before the Nineteenth Century by Basim F. Musallam".
1687:
1642:
306:
provides a brief overview over what he called "the art and craft of medicine", separating the science of medicine from religion:
962:
played an important role, guiding the transmission of Persian medical knowledge to the Arabic physicians. Founded, according to
8375:
7149:
3226:
606:
in Baghdad played a key role with regard to the translation of the entire known corpus of classical medical literature. Caliph
4884:
698:, who also lived in the 4th century AD, are only known today from quotations by Arabic authors. The philosopher and physician
9128:
9071:
7093:
7029:
6994:
6971:
6945:
6922:
6866:
6843:
6395:
6105:
5715:
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5362:
5179:
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4985:
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4383:
3673:
3648:
3471:
3446:
3421:
3340:
3213:
1767:
1633:
73:
5953:
2799:
A Refutation of Hunayn's Book on the Difference Between Diet and the Laxative Medicine; A Treatise on Sleep and Wakefulness;
8144:
7419:
6042:
5820:"The Religious Tradition of Ishaq ibn Ali Al-Ruhawi : The Author of the First Medical Ethics Book in Islamic Medicine"
4063:"'Preparing Medicine from Honey', from a Dispersed Manuscript of an Arabic Translation of De Materia Medica of Dioscorides"
1281:
461:
7651:
8579:
8284:
7995:
2270:
by almost 900 years, making Ahmad ibn al-Ash'ath the first person to initiate experimental events in gastric physiology.
138:
500:
travelled to Damascus. The Academy of Gondishapur remained active throughout the time of the Abbasid caliphate, though.
279:
The Prophet not only instructed sick people to take medicine, but he himself invited expert physicians for this purpose.
8651:
8445:
8310:
8015:
7399:
6543:
Kapteijns, Lidwien. "Review: Sex and Society in Islam: Birth Control before the Nineteenth Century by B. F. Musallam".
2682:
to head the new Baghdad bimaristan. It quickly achieved fame and led to the development of other hospitals in Baghdad.
2674:
because it only segregated patients with leprosy. The first true Islamic hospital was built during the reign of Caliph
1819:
1420:
1276:
886:
2250:
was translated into Latin and continued to be studied both in the Islamic world and in Europe until the 17th century.
1189:" ("The Golden Treatise") deals with medical cures and the maintenance of good health, and is dedicated to the caliph
1048:, at latest, the first translations were performed of Indian works about medicine and pharmacology. In one chapter on
8807:
5121:
3753:
3262:
1624:
978:. Arabian physicians trained in Gondishapur may have established contacts with early Islamic medicine. The treatise
581:
It is currently understood that the early Islamic medicine was mainly informed directly from Greek sources from the
9054:
8994:
8893:
7757:
7075:
A 14th Century Revision of the Avicennian and Ayurvedic Humoral Pathology: The Hybrid Model by Šihāb al-Dīn Nāgawrī
1760:
1527:
780:("the (various persons called) Hippokrates"). Translations of some of Hippocrates's works must have existed before
6412:
5064:
4239:
The text says:"Golden dissertation in medicine which is sent by Imam Ali ibn Musa al-Ridha, peace be upon him, to
2022:
Avicenna's medicine became the representative of Islamic medicine mainly through the influence of his famous work
760:. Paul of Aegina provides a direct connection between the late Hellenistic and the early Islamic medical science.
9022:
8658:
8543:
8513:
8031:
5793:
3252:
2266:
Ahmad ibn Abi al-Ash'ath observed the physiology of the stomach in a live lion in 959. This description preceded
1603:
1536:
1156:
142:
3553:
456:
365:
refers to collected poems and other works dealing with, and commenting on, the materia medica of the old Arabs.
8533:
8410:
7716:
7636:
7192:
2986:', reinforces the cultural belief that men and women were to be viewed as equals, in regards to sexual health.
1613:
1588:
5000:
Sajadi, Mohammad M.; Davood Mansouri; Mohamad-Reza M. Sajadi (5 May 2009). "Ibn Sina and the Clinical Trial".
2961:
Prior to the development and research into safe contraceptives in order to prevent pregnancy, the concept of '
570:, all available works from the antique world were translated, including Galen, Hippocrates, Plato, Aristotle,
8888:
8730:
8705:
8303:
7706:
7328:
3293:
3137:
3004:
2528:
2042:
1854:
1608:
1522:
1353:
1205:
1063:
928:
794:
691:
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Various translations of some works and compilations of ancient medical texts are known from the 7th century.
42:
4008:
Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (11) 1857, 148–153, cited after Sezgin, 1970, p. 187
9149:
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7116:
L’espace du sens. Approches de la philologie indienne/The Space of Meaning. Approaches to Indian Philology,
4019:
Arabische Quellen zur Geschichte der indischen Medizin. = Arabic sources on the history of Indian medicine.
3257:
2722:
learned of the death of one of his subjects as a result of a physician's error. He immediately ordered his
2490:) was known through translations of earlier publishings on the technique. A small incision was made in the
2281:, the lower jaw consists of two parts, proven by the fact that it disintegrates in the middle when cooked.
2262:
layer. I then cut open the stomach and let the water out. The stomach shrank and I could see the pylorus…
515:"Book of Poisons". He only cites earlier works in Arabic translations, as were available to him, including
431:, and was probably transferred by Syrian scholars, or translators, finding its way into the Islamic world.
7883:
4091:
1029:
503:
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8979:
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1510:
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Meyerhof suggested that the Indian medicine, like the Persian medicine, has mainly influenced the Arabic
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4400:
8927:
8782:
8370:
8179:
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7913:
6963:
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3272:
2301:, or "Book of Instruction and Admonition on the Things Seen and Events Recorded in the Land of Egypt":
1908:
A Dissertation on the causes of the Coryza which occurs in the spring when roses give forth their scent
1619:
230:
has been described as the most successful branch of medicine researched at the time, with the works of
311:
Illness, and abstinence is the most important medicine. The cause of every illness is poor digestion."
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7888:
7807:
7489:
7185:
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3519:
2659:
2340:
2208:
It is claimed that an important advance in the knowledge of human anatomy and physiology was made by
1750:
5014:
4284:
3833:
Mitteilungen des deutschen Instituts für ägyptische Altertumskunde in Kairo, Vol. II, 1931, pp. 1–21
614:, asking him to provide whatever classical texts he had available. Thus, the great medical texts of
242:
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8248:
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7737:
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5906:
Horden, Peregrine (Winter 2005). "The Earliest Hospitals in Byzantium, Western Europe, and Islam".
4062:
3277:
2487:
2037:
1532:
1482:
1255:
706:. This is a compilation of 16 books by Galen, but corrupted by superstitious ideas. The physicians
255:
198:
126:
118:
6677:"First illustrations of female "Neurosurgeons" in the fifteenth century by Serefeddin Sabuncuoglu"
8165:
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8067:
7949:
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7535:
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6831:
6316:
Cyril Elgood, "Tibb-Ul-Nabbi or Medicine of the Prophet," Osiris vol. 14, 1962. (selections): 60.
3126:
2793:. Heavily influenced by Dioscorides, it is believed that his book was written after Dioscorides'
1186:
1172:
2624:
1100:
both Sushruta and Charaka besides other authors unknown to him by name, whose works he cites as
8898:
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7555:
7525:
7429:
6282:
Gadelrab, Sherry (2011). "Discourses on Sex difference in medieval scholarly Islamic thought".
6244:
5385:"InterventionaI physiology on the Stomach of a Live Lion: AlJ, mad ibn Abi ai-Ash'ath (959 AD)"
5171:
5009:
3232:
3101:
2564:
1988:
1120:
Manuscript of an Arabic Translation of De Materia Medica of DioscoridesBy' Abdullah ibn al-Fadl
963:
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497:
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369:
202:
114:
110:
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3332:
The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity (The Norton History of Science)
2225:, although his writings on the subject were only rediscovered in the 20th century, and it was
1279:(died 994 AD), also known as Haly Abbas, was famous for the Kitab al-Maliki translated as the
876:
frequently cites Galen's books, which were available in early Arabic translations. In 872 AD,
8227:
8217:
8118:
7939:
7545:
7378:
7009:
Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums Bd. III: Medizin – Pharmazie – Zoologie – Tierheilkunde
4569:
4496:
3666:
Die Muqaddima. Betrachtungen zur Weltgeschichte = The Muqaddimah. On the history of the world
2222:
2087:
2005:
1953:
854:
631:
7469:
7088:, Leiden – Boston, E.J. Brill, Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science. Texts and Studies,
6857:
Medieval Islamic Medicine: Ibn Ridwan's Treatise 'On the Prevention of Bodily Ills in Egypt'
5163:
5023:
4671:
Bazmee Ansari, A.S. (1976). "Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn Yahya: Universal scholar and scientist".
133:, while making numerous advances and innovations. Islamic medicine, along with knowledge of
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7353:
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1996:
1692:
1239:
in the therapeutic treatment of patients. His encyclopedia also discussed the influence of
835:
715:
695:
651:
611:
469:
182:
157:
47:
7118:
Silvia D'Intino – Sheldon Pollock, eds., Collège de France, Paris, 2018, pp. 431–448.
6861:. Comparative Studies of Health Systems and Medical Care. University of California Press.
2531:
wrote about the importance of morality in medicine, and may have presented, together with
2332:
the old traditions of Islamic medicine could be very beneficial in the everyday practice.
1056:
mentions the names of three of the translators: Mankah, Ibn Dahn, and ʾAbdallah ibn ʾAlī.
8:
8935:
8772:
8279:
8200:
8137:
8041:
7832:
7777:
7721:
7620:
7499:
7363:
4700:"The Book of Medicine Dedicated to Mansur and Other Medical Tracts – Liber ad Almansorem"
4140:
3084:
3080:
2962:
2695:
2651:
held the first Muslim hospital service in its courtyard. During the Ghazwah Khandaq (the
2344:
Inscribed pestle and mortar for grinding drugs. Khrusan, late 12th or early 13th century.
2011:
1697:
1544:
1310:
923:
869:
809:
353:" was rarely mentioned by the classical authors of Islamic medicine, but lived on in the
332:
134:
94:
61:
29:
This article is about medicine in the Islamic Age. For Islamic religion in medicine, see
7121:
Fabrizio Speziale, « Persian Treatises on Āyurveda: The Shaping of a Genre »,
7013:
History of the Arabic literature Vol. III: Medicine – Pharmacology – Veterinary Medicine
4375:
Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology and medicine in non-western cultures
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5755:
5683:
5528:
5503:
5330:
5305:
5289:
5264:
5043:
4954:
4929:
4862:
4817:
4680:
4556:
4523:
4439:
4272:
4217:
4200:
4152:
4121:
3887:
3759:
3601:
3576:
3303:
3298:
3192:
3024:
2955:
2876:
2373:
2073:
2048:
1705:
1505:
655:
567:
389:
350:
30:
6620:
6428:
6197:
6080:
5852:
4201:"A Trio of Exemplars of Medieval Islamic Medicine: Al-Razi, Avicenna and Ibn Al-Nafis"
3387:
3362:
2690:
2424:
performing bloodletting on a patient drained the blood straight from the veins. "Wet"
719:
113:, Middle Eastern medicine was the most advanced in the world, integrating concepts of
8850:
8845:
8817:
8345:
7827:
7802:
7656:
7271:
7135:
7089:
7025:
6990:
6967:
6941:
6918:
6862:
6855:
6839:
6801:
6701:
6624:
6432:
6391:
6299:
6201:
6159:
6101:
6072:
5927:
5880:
5872:
5868:
5785:
5711:
5688:
5670:
5590:
5533:
5471:
5384:
5358:
5335:
5321:
5218:
5175:
5164:
5117:
5089:
Forbes, Andrew ; Henley, Daniel; Henley, David (2013). 'Tacuinum Sanitatis' in:
5035:
5027:
4981:
4959:
4941:
4561:
4543:
4502:
4498:
Science and Technology in World History: The ancient world and classical civilization
4379:
4327:
4222:
4113:
3879:
3749:
3669:
3644:
3606:
3491:
3467:
3442:
3417:
3392:
3374:
3336:
3267:
3069:
2715:
2591:
2516:
2144:
Al-maqalat al-Mokhtarat fi tadbir al-amrad al-a'rezat al-aksar bel taghziat Ma'loofat
1850:
1593:
1344:
1224:
986:
These are the medications which were taught by Greek, Indian, and Persian physicians.
582:
428:
420:
397:
393:
52:
6696:
6636:
6444:
6236:
5892:
5047:
4443:
4302:
4125:
3763:
2064:, otherwise known as Yawānīs al-Mukhtār ibn al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAbdūn al-Baghdādī, was an
2060:
1987:
in deliveries complicated by fetal distress, distinguishing central from peripheral
1857:
in 1490, 1493, and 1497. Amongst the many European commentators on the Liber nonus,
141:, after European physicians became familiar with Islamic medical authors during the
8952:
8875:
8430:
8274:
7944:
7878:
7822:
7560:
7484:
7414:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7208:
7060:
7052:
6691:
6616:
6552:
6424:
6291:
6232:
6193:
6181:
6149:
6141:
6062:
6054:
5915:
5864:
5747:
5678:
5662:
5523:
5515:
5461:
5396:
5325:
5317:
5284:
5276:
5208:
5019:
4949:
4881:
4551:
4535:
4431:
4298:
4212:
4180:
4103:
3871:
3741:
3596:
3588:
3382:
2726:
2299:
Al-Ifada w-al-Itibar fi al-Umar al Mushahadah w-al-Hawadith al-Muayanah bi Ard Misr
2267:
2184:
2078:
1940:
1858:
1712:
1500:
1472:
1445:
873:
849:
781:
742:
707:
690:, from the 4th century AD, were well known, and were frequently cited in detail by
687:
667:
599:
563:
512:
402:
Most likely, the Arabian physicians became familiar with the Graeco-Roman and late
322:
190:
153:
7990:
2904:
recommends that men need to try to enlarge their penises or to narrow the woman's
702:, who lived in the 6th century AD was attributed the role of a commentator on the
122:
9186:
8802:
8746:
8646:
8508:
8440:
8000:
7615:
7404:
7368:
7231:
6882:
6676:
5550:
Forbes, Andrew; Henley, Daniel; Henley, David (2013). 'Pedanius Dioscorides' in:
5111:
4888:
4869:
4824:
4805:
4353:
4328:"The Golden time of scientific bloom during the Time of Imam Reza (A.S) (Part 2)"
3411:
3330:
3178:
2779:
2778:
routes. Mesopotamia encompasses most of present-day Iraq, which later became the
2742:
family is famous for working for the Baghdad caliphs for almost three centuries.
2675:
2555:
2462:
2425:
1736:
1490:
1468:
1045:
967:
947:
814:
699:
603:
547:
543:
440:
416:
81:
4573:
4108:
4092:"Horticulture and Health in the Middle Ages: Images from the Tacuinum Sanitatis"
2995:
despite the male dominance within the medical field. Two female physicians from
2754:
In 639 A.D., the Muslims had conquered and taken control of the Persian City of
2038:
Ibn Buṭlān – Yawānīs al-Mukhtār ibn al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAbdūn al-Baghdādī (Ibn Butlan)
773:
730:
in his "Kitab as-Saidana", and translated by Ibn al-Hammar in the 10th century.
588:
372:, perhaps he was even trained there. He reportedly had a conversation once with
9181:
9039:
8797:
8777:
8548:
8405:
8005:
7985:
7696:
7605:
7600:
7580:
7550:
7509:
7383:
6878:
6145:
6058:
4539:
3109:
2543:
2289:, encountered many skeletal remains of those who had died from starvation near
2246:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2118:
1992:
1805:
1719:
1204:
The first encyclopedia of medicine in Arabic language was by Persian scientist
1109:
749:
354:
231:
206:
148:
Medieval Islamic physicians largely retained their authority until the rise of
8390:
7056:
6385:
6258:
Hamarneh, Sami. "Sabur's abridged formulary, the first of its kind in Islam".
5519:
4435:
93:
Islamic medicine adopted, systematized and developed the medical knowledge of
9203:
8999:
8792:
8636:
8595:
8435:
8172:
7868:
7863:
7787:
7752:
7575:
7479:
6805:
6221:"The New materia medica of the Islamicate Tradition: The Pre-Islamic Context"
6205:
5919:
5876:
5789:
5674:
5475:
5031:
4945:
4547:
4369:
4117:
3883:
3514:
3378:
2969:
2947:
2856:
2413:
1731:
1232:
915:
843:
336:
227:
86:
7681:
5213:
5196:
4184:
3947:
Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 85 (1931), pp. 62–63
1889:
Until the discovery of Tabit ibn Qurras earlier work, al-Razi's treatise on
1116:
722:
were only known in later times, as they were neither cited by Rhazes nor by
710:
and Palladios were equally known to the Arabic physicians as authors of the
562:, modelled after the Academy of Gondishapur. Led by the Christian physician
9171:
8668:
8466:
7918:
7792:
7610:
7323:
6705:
6628:
6436:
6303:
6295:
6076:
5884:
5692:
5339:
5039:
4999:
4963:
4565:
4240:
4226:
4138:
4021:
Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (34), 1880, 465–556
3735:
3610:
3396:
3186:
3164:
3096:
2755:
2640:
2575:
2536:
2409:
2209:
1598:
1549:
1258:(d. 990) became renown for his skills in compounding medicines, especially
1190:
1176:
1130:
1053:
723:
671:
607:
539:
465:
210:
6602:"The Art of Medicine: female patients and practitioners in medieval Islam"
6413:"The art of medicine: Female patients and practitioners in medieval Islam"
6163:
5666:
5537:
5222:
3745:
3592:
2453:
Surgery was important in treating patients with eye complications such as
1167:
1087:
8865:
8754:
8673:
8641:
8151:
7853:
7797:
7449:
7256:
7004:
6325:
Elgood, "Tibb-Ul-Nabbi or Medicine of the Prophet," 75, 90, 96, 105, 117.
5650:
4901:
4755:
4477:
3698:
3219:
3053:
2965:
2929:
2892:
2872:
2719:
2590:
The Islamic medical ethics can be discovered as two types of topics, the
2504:
2478:
2381:
2369:
2297:
consists of one piece, not two as Galen had taught. He wrote in his work
1678:
1437:
1372:
1264:
1182:
959:
769:
615:
516:
403:
297:
222:
214:
106:
98:
77:
6813:
6793:
6502:
6486:
5961:
Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine
5827:
Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine
5280:
4684:
2034:
was highly influential in medical schools and on later medical writers.
1884:
670:
were translated from the original texts, other works including those of
535:, and also mentions the Persian names of some drugs and medical plants.
8621:
8295:
8222:
8046:
7959:
7858:
7848:
7782:
7747:
7701:
7686:
7585:
7474:
7439:
7318:
7171:
6955:
5819:
5759:
5708:
Principles and Practice of Disinfection, Preservation and Sterilization
5559:
5098:
4730:"The Book on Medicine Dedicated to al-Mansur – الكتاب المنصوري في الطب"
4456:
3891:
3859:
3282:
3136:
The contributions of the two major Muslim philosophers and physicians,
3048:
List of Christian scientists and scholars of the medieval Islamic world
2917:
2897:
2839:
2835:
2822:
2762:
2747:
2670:
from the rest of the ill. Some consider this bimaristan no more than a
2636:
2604:
2579:
2508:
2421:
2016:
1999:. He is credited for writing two books in particular: his most famous,
1236:
1228:
974:
during the 3rd century AD, the academy connected the ancient Greek and
919:
877:
718:(6th century) in order to support his criticism of Galen. The works of
659:
647:
643:
627:
623:
575:
528:
412:
302:
6794:"Greek Science in Islam: Islamic Scholars as Successors to the Greeks"
6564:
5706:
Fraise, Adam P.; Lambert, Peter A.; Maillard, Jean-Yves, eds. (2007).
5466:
5449:
5401:
3112:
was one of the last generation of influential Arab Christian writers.
2229:'s later independent discovery which brought it to general attention.
1918:) in which he named medicines which instantly cured certain diseases.
737:
by the Jewish scholar Māsarĝawai al-Basrĩ was the medical compilation
451:
9059:
8762:
8683:
8631:
8425:
8420:
8158:
7898:
7676:
7595:
7590:
7540:
7454:
7358:
7333:
7313:
7287:
7251:
7241:
6986:
6914:
6521:
Fich, Thomas. "Induced Miscarriage in Early Mālikī and Ḥanafī Fiqh".
6043:"Jundi-Shapur, bimaristans, and the rise of academic medical centres"
3202:
3073:
3061:
3035:
2826:
2785:
2739:
2474:
2458:
2110:
2053:
1921:
1809:
1357:
1129:
Medicine in the medieval Islamic world was often directly related to
1057:
1041:
1025:
1004:
946:; their names were preserved because they worked at the court of the
932:
727:
683:
639:
532:
385:
373:
362:
6260:
Sudhoffs Archiv für Geschicte der Medzin und der Naturwissenschaften
5751:
5306:"A Forgotten Chapter In The History of the Circulation of the Blood"
4773:
4723:
4721:
3875:
2615:
2368:
through Persia and Greek culture and medical literature. The Greek,
8663:
8461:
8360:
8253:
7873:
7691:
7671:
7666:
7565:
7308:
7177:
6556:
5651:"Traditional Arabic and Islamic Medicine, a Re-Emerging Health Aid"
4729:
4699:
3242:
3141:
3057:
3031:
2996:
2983:
2951:
2934:
2774:
2723:
2663:
2644:
2632:
2532:
2470:
2454:
2441:
2385:
2294:
2114:
1979:
1974:
1890:
1361:
1240:
1194:
1083:
1071:
1049:
975:
971:
857:
on horseback, questioning a patient who has received a snake bite.
786:
757:
734:
663:
408:
289:
194:
178:
149:
130:
8715:
5635:. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. pp. 115–138.
4640:
4613:
4588:
3546:"Lecture 11: Science, technology and medicine in the Roman Empire"
3056:. The city of Gundeshapur was founded in 271 by the Sassanid king
2813:
9154:
8972:
8967:
8688:
8611:
8186:
7165:
5649:
Azaizeh, Hassan; Saad, Bashar; Cooper, Edwin; Said, Omar (2010).
4718:
3520:"Islamic Culture and the Medical Arts: Medieval Islamic Medicine"
3513:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3105:
3008:
3000:
2974:
2667:
2648:
2437:
2106:
2069:
1984:
1894:
1259:
1244:
1075:
1037:
571:
559:
493:
489:
6545:
The International Journal of African American Historical Studies
1931:
1159:
are discussed as potential role models for physicians of today.
169:
patients varied along with the approaches of the practitioners.
9176:
9164:
9159:
8923:
8830:
8503:
8355:
6658:"Islamic Culture and the Medical Arts: The Art as a Profession"
6387:
Barren Women: Religion and Medicine in the Medieval Middle East
5065:"Ibn Butlan's Tacuinum sanitatis in medicina. Strassburg, 1531"
4050:
On the transmission of greek and indian science to the arabs.ij
3092:
3077:
3023:). Treatment provided to women by men was justified to some by
2913:
2905:
2491:
2466:
2377:
2122:
1567:
1557:
1134:
938:
The earliest known translation from the Syrian language is the
511:
An important source from the second half of the 8th century is
492:
court. ʿUmar transferred the medical school from Alexandria to
343:
340:
327:
174:
5504:"Pharmacy in medieval islam and the history of drug addiction"
5431:
Relation de l'Égypte, par Abd-Allatif, médecin Arabe de Bagdad
5144:
3577:"Tradition and Perspectives of Arab Herbal Medicine: A Review"
2635:
were developed during the early Islamic era. They were called
2477:, was used to remove the triangular-shaped part of the bulbar
234:
retaining an authority in the field until early modern times.
9032:
8962:
8945:
8498:
8476:
7504:
7172:
Al-Zahrawi (Albucasis) – A light in the Middle Ages in Europe
6738:
The Jundishapur School: Its History, Structure, and Functions
4403:[Arabian sources on the history of Indian medicine].
4090:
Janick, Jules; Daunay, Marie Christine; Paris, Harry (2010).
3993:
On the transmission of greek and indian science to the arabs.
3308:
3083:
philosophers including the scholars of the Persian School of
2909:
2714:
During this era, physician licensure became mandatory in the
2678:(AD 786–809). The Caliph invited the son of chief physician,
2389:
2365:
2353:
2290:
2286:
2274:
2241:
2217:
2180:
1441:
1391:
1368:
865:
635:
619:
589:
Ancient Greek, Roman, and late Hellenistic medical literature
524:
520:
507:
Scholars discuss medicine, from a medieval Islamic manuscript
379:
218:
186:
102:
34:
7145:
6901:
The Cambridge History of Science. Volume 2: Medieval Science
6343:
Elgood, "Tibb-Ul-Nabbi or Medicine of the Prophet," 152–153.
5166:
The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China, and the West
3860:"Socializing Medicine: Illustrations of the Kitāb al-diryāq"
3575:
Saad, Bashar; Azaizeh, Hassan; Said, Omar (1 January 2005).
768:
The early Islamic physicians were familiar with the life of
8957:
8940:
8860:
8855:
8493:
8350:
6182:"International Society for The History of Islamic Medicine"
5454:
Journal of the Islamic Medical Association of North America
5423:
5421:
5419:
3088:
3065:
2852:
2703:
2361:
2065:
1579:
1060:
cites an Indian textbook in his treatise on ophthalmology.
481:
477:
6787:
6785:
5782:
Ondokuz Mayis University Review of the Faculty of Divinity
4589:"The Comprehensive Book on Medicine – كتاب الحاوى فى الطب"
3038:
have all been mentioned in literature of the time period.
797:
maintained that his compilation of hippocratic teachings (
6903:(Cambridge UP, 2013), chapter 5 covers medicine in Islam.
3490:
Alexakos, Konstantinos; Antoine, Wladina (January 2005).
1787:
922:, including also medical information. The Syrian scholar
7024:. Islamic Surveys. Vol. 11. Edinburgh Univ. Press.
6334:
Elgood, "Tibb-Ul-Nabbi or Medicine of the Prophet," 172.
6100:(1st ed.). Omaha, NE: Horatius Press. p. 394.
5416:
4401:"Arabische Quellen zur Geschichte der indischen Medizin"
4252:
2662:
is often credited with building the first bimaristan in
904:
741:, by Ahron, who lived during the 6th century. Later on,
6782:
4405:
Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft
3957:
3955:
3953:
3617:
3007:
in the 12th century. Later in the 15th century, female
7086:
Culture persane et médecine ayurvédique an Asie du Sud
6284:
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences
5201:
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences
4641:"The Comprehensive Book on Medicine – Continens Rasis"
4256:
Imam ar-Ridha', A Historical and Biographical Research
3810:
3808:
3806:
3238:
Commission on Scientific Signs in the Quran and Sunnah
1868:
296:("The Medicine of the Prophet"). In the 14th century,
261:
6777:
A Medical History of Persia and the Eastern Caliphate
6764:
A Medical History of Persia and the Eastern Caliphate
6097:
A History of Medicine: Byzantine and Islamic medicine
5705:
5655:
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
5648:
3581:
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
3441:. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 93–130.
3413:
Arabian Medicine and Its Influence on the Middle Ages
2503:
In both modern society and medieval Islamic society,
2461:. A common complication of trachoma patients is the
2293:. He examined the skeletons and established that the
1885:
Kitab al-Jadari wa-l-hasba (De variolis et morbillis)
1185:(765–818) is the 8th Imam of the Shia. His treatise "
868:
is one of the most famous scholars and physicians of
839:, 1225–1250, Syria. Vienna AF 10, Syria. Vienna AF 10
763:
434:
6734:
The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 22:2
5576:
5574:
5572:
5570:
5568:
5265:"Islam's forgotten contributions to medical science"
4303:"ALĪ AL-REŻĀ, the eighth Imam of the Emāmī Shiʿites"
3950:
3709:
3154:
2866:
2569:
2019:, heart medicines and treatment of kidney diseases.
1849:
The book was first translated into Latin in 1175 by
1471:, a physician of Sicilian-Jewish origin employed by
1293:
has maintained the same level of fame as Avicenna's
828:
776:
has conveyed a short treatise by Tabit ben-Qurra on
7166:
Influence On the Historical Development of Medicine
7041:"Contagion: Perspectives from pre-modern societies"
6931:
6128:Shanks, Nigel J.; Dawshe, Al-Kalai (January 1984).
5580:
4029:
4027:
3907:
3803:
3790:
3788:
3733:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3685:
2817:Birth of a prince. Illustration of Rashid-ad-Din's
452:
7th–9th century: The adoption of earlier traditions
6854:
5740:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
5378:
5376:
5374:
5304:Haddad, Sami I.; Khairallah, Amin A. (July 1936).
5262:
4930:"The Place of Avicenna in the History of Medicine"
4614:"The Comprehensive Book on Medicine – كتاب الحاوي"
3836:
3550:Science, Civilization and Society (Lecture series)
3248:Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences
3072:, most of whom were Christians. Under the rule of
3052:A hospital and medical training center existed at
2928:Al-Tabari, inspired by Hippocrates, believes that
2159:Al-maqalat al-mesriat fi monaghezat Ali Ibn Ridwan
1922:Abu-Ali al-Husayn ibn Abdullah ibn-Sina (Avicenna)
1808:prince Abu Salih al-Mansur ibn Ishaq, governor of
622:were translated into Arabian, as well as works of
6212:
5565:
4524:"Al-Razi and Islamic medicine in the 9th century"
4470:
4194:
4192:
4089:
3641:Cultural Competence in Caring for Muslim Patients
2855:for many of the women's health problems, such as
9201:
6932:Pormann, Peter E.; Savage-Smith, Emilie (2007).
6595:
6593:
5581:Pormann, Peter E.; Savage-Smith, Emilie (2007).
5303:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4024:
3785:
3682:
3064:province of the Persian empire in what is today
2086:تقويم الصحة), in the West, best known under its
1300:
1199:
853:was allegedly based on the work of Galen. Here,
674:were known by their citations in Galen's works.
593:
5954:"Islamic Medicine History and Current Practice"
5626:
5371:
5197:"Attitudes Toward Dissection in Medieval Islam"
3574:
3492:"The Golden Age of Islam and Science Teachings"
3489:
3439:The Western medical tradition. : 800 to AD 1800
3335:. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 90–100.
2311:Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi, Relation from Egypt,
2175:
2149:Resalat fi shari al-raghigh va taghlib al-bai'd
1250:
804:
439:The Islamic medical tradition arose during the
237:
5775:"Abu Bakr Al Razi (Rhazes) and Medical Ethics"
5624:
5622:
5620:
5618:
5616:
5614:
5612:
5610:
5608:
5606:
4461:The Ultimate Ambition in the Arts of Erudition
4189:
3634:
3632:
1865:, which was first published in Louvain, 1537.
1271:
8731:
8311:
7193:
6960:The Cambridge Illustrated History of Medicine
6910:Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science
6906:
6590:
4670:
4659:
4639:Rāzī, Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Zakarīyā (1529).
3734:Pormann, Peter; Savage-Smith, Emilie (2007).
2498:
1967:The Canon of Medicine, printed in Venice 1595
1768:
602:, the leader of a team of translators at the
361:(Book of Remedies) from the 10./11. century,
7410:Abu Bakr Rabee Ibn Ahmad Al-Akhawyni Bokhari
7108:? The Interpretation of Ayurvedic Theory of
6712:
6577:
6127:
5710:. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons. p. 4.
5258:
5256:
5254:
5252:
5194:
4838:"Almansorius, 1497, digital edition, Munich"
4157:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3543:
3068:. A large percentage of the population were
2188:
1367:In medical theory, al-Razi relied mainly on
1162:
1149:
1019:
7123:Journal of South Asian Intellectual History
6791:
6779:, (Cambridge University Press, 1951), p. 3.
6766:, (Cambridge University Press, 1951), p. 7.
6753:, (University of California, Irvine), p. 7.
6718:
6277:
6275:
6273:
6271:
6269:
5603:
5497:
5495:
5493:
5491:
5489:
5487:
5485:
5263:Hehmeyer, Ingrid; Khan Aliya (8 May 2007).
5250:
5248:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5240:
5238:
5236:
5234:
5232:
4900:
4754:
4476:
4033:
3976:
3961:
3928:
3913:
3842:
3814:
3794:
3776:
3715:
3697:
3663:
3629:
3367:Bulletin of the Medical Library Association
2015:. His other works cover subjects including
752:lived in Alexandria during the time of the
325:, a collection of prophetic traditions, or
129:as well as the ancient Indian tradition of
8738:
8724:
8318:
8304:
7200:
7186:
6662:United States National Library of Medicine
6093:
6087:
6036:
5947:
5945:
5943:
5941:
5939:
5937:
5389:Journal of the Islamic Medical Association
5103:
4978:Advice to the Healer: On the Art of Caring
4923:
4921:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4345:
3857:
3464:Advice to the Healer: On the Art of Caring
3102:hospital and medical center at Gundeshapur
2685:
2647:, and the Prophet's mosque in the city of
2326:
1775:
1761:
1392:Kitab-al Hawi fi al-tibb (Liber continens)
380:Physicians during the early years of Islam
284:As-Suyuti’s Medicine of the Prophet p. 125
8194:Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon
7064:
6695:
6153:
6123:
6121:
6119:
6117:
6066:
6034:
6032:
6030:
6028:
6026:
6024:
6022:
6020:
6018:
6016:
6000:
5998:
5996:
5994:
5992:
5990:
5988:
5986:
5984:
5982:
5682:
5527:
5465:
5400:
5329:
5288:
5212:
5013:
4995:
4993:
4953:
4934:Avicenna Journal of Medical Biotechnology
4555:
4216:
4198:
4107:
3600:
3386:
1070:to describe the Indian medicine, citing
677:
610:had sent envoys to the Byzantine emperor
8325:
6980:
6580:The Journal of Interdisciplinary History
6529:(3/4 (2009)): 302–336 – via JSTOR.
6281:
6266:
6225:Journal of the American Oriental Society
6134:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
6047:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
5501:
5482:
5229:
5113:Western Medicine: An Illustrated History
4908:. Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. 276, 283.
4863:Almansorius, 1497, digital edition, Yale
4818:Almansorius, digital edition, 1493, Yale
4528:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
4297:
4291:
4246:
3623:
3409:
2812:
2761:The Islamic medicine had developed the "
2689:
2614:
2578:of the physician" or "Practical Medical
2339:
2179:
2170:
2154:Maqalat fi an al-foroj ahar men al-farkh
2128:His other work include a books such as:
2041:
1166:
1115:
842:
808:
502:
455:
241:
41:
33:. For the contemporary alternative, see
7894:Najm al-Din Mahmud ibn Ilyas al-Shirazi
7019:
6907:Morelon, Régis; Rashed, Roshdi (1996).
6877:
6674:
6599:
6464:
6460:
6458:
6456:
6454:
6410:
6383:
6379:
6377:
6375:
6373:
6371:
6369:
5951:
5934:
5846:
5844:
5842:
5840:
5772:
5766:
5630:
5552:Health and Well Being: A Medieval Guide
5447:
5170:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
5091:Health and Well Being: A Medieval Guide
5024:10.7326/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00011
4927:
4912:
4038:. Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. 187–202.
3966:. Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. 172–186.
3720:. Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. 203–204.
3668:. Munich: C.H. Beck. pp. 391–395.
3638:
3537:
3011:were illustrated for the first time in
1124:
496:. It is also known that members of the
14:
9210:Medicine in the medieval Islamic world
9202:
8627:Medicine in the medieval Islamic world
8376:Traditional healers of Southern Africa
7150:UCL Centre for the History of Medicine
7015:] (in German). Leiden: E.J. Brill.
7003:
6954:
6899:Lindberg, D.C., and M. H. Shank, eds.
6830:
6586:(1 (1985)): 173–175 – via JSTOR.
6538:
6536:
6516:
6514:
6512:
6480:
6478:
6476:
6367:
6365:
6363:
6361:
6359:
6357:
6355:
6353:
6351:
6349:
6179:
6175:
6173:
6114:
6040:
6013:
6004:
5979:
5905:
5899:
5850:
5644:
5642:
5443:
5441:
5382:
5352:
5346:
5109:
5071:from the original on 27 September 2017
5059:
5057:
4990:
4728:Rāzī, Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Zakarīyā.
4698:Rāzī, Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Zakarīyā.
4587:Rāzī, Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Zakarīyā.
4494:
4398:
4355:The life of Imām 'Ali Bin Mūsā al-Ridā
4351:
4085:
4083:
3918:. Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. 68–140.
3819:. Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. 20–171.
3729:
3727:
3643:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 90–91.
3461:
3436:
3328:
3227:Medical Encyclopedia of Islam and Iran
2542:The earliest surviving Arabic work on
1873:Another work of al-Razi is called the
1788:Kitab al-Mansuri (Liber ad Almansorem)
1458:, transl. Leclerc, Vol. I, pp. 386–387
1247:on medicine, including psychotherapy.
8719:
8299:
7181:
7038:
6542:
6130:"Arabian medicine in the Middle Ages"
5817:
5811:
5737:
5733:
5731:
5729:
5727:
4421:
4415:
4368:
4173:American Journal of Islam and Society
3933:. Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. 76–77.
3847:. Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. 23–47.
3410:Campbell, Donald (19 December 2013).
3360:
3214:Science in the medieval Islamic world
3041:
2808:
2627:, Seljuq period, 13th century, Turkey
1952:One of the oldest existing copies of
1796:(الكتاب المنصوري في الطب, Latinized:
905:Syrian and Persian medical literature
226:became the most advanced of its day.
8145:Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye
7207:
7156:Islamic Culture and the Medical Arts
6852:
6721:Labour in the Medieval Islamic World
6451:
6257:
6218:
5908:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
5837:
5269:Canadian Medical Association Journal
5161:
5155:
4638:
4521:
4515:
4501:. Jefferson: Mcfarland. p. 93.
3485:
3483:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3060:. It was one of the major cities in
2803:Substitution of one Drug for Another
2732:
1863:"Paraphrases in nonum librum Rhazae"
1066:devotes the last 36 chapters of his
97:, including the major traditions of
8745:
8580:Medieval medicine of Western Europe
7996:Abul Qasim ibn Mohammed al-Ghassani
6533:
6509:
6484:
6473:
6346:
6170:
6041:Miller, Andrew C. (December 2006).
5639:
5448:Nagamia, Husain F (3 August 2001).
5438:
5427:
5357:. Regnery Publishing. p. 262.
5195:Savage-Smith, E. (1 January 1995).
5054:
4844:from the original on 5 October 2022
4320:
4199:Lakhtakia, Ritu (14 October 2014).
4147:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univ. Press.
4080:
4052:Islamic Culture 11 (1937 ce), p. 27
3799:. Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. 8–9.
3724:
3705:. Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. 3–4.
3361:Wakim, Khalil G. (1 January 1944).
2559:
2204:, U.S. National Library of Medicine
2189:
1869:Kitab Tibb al-Muluki (Liber Regius)
818:
714:. Rhazes cites the Roman physician
551:
262:Ṭibb an-Nabawī – Prophetic Medicine
139:medieval medicine of Western Europe
137:medicine, was later adopted in the
46:Folio from an Arabic manuscript of
24:
8446:Traditional Alaska Native medicine
7081:, 42, 3–4, 2014, pp. 514–532.
6824:
5853:"Islamic Medical Ethics: A Primer"
5724:
5383:Haddad, Farid S. (18 March 2007).
4928:Moosavi, Jamal (April–June 2009).
4799:Almansorius, digital edition, 1490
4762:. Leiden: E.J. Brill. p. 281.
4484:. Leiden: E.J. Brill. p. 274.
3981:. Leiden: E.J. Brill. p. 175.
3851:
3100:Edessa marks the beginning of the
2076:. He is known as an author of the
1861:paraphrased al-Razi's work in his
1409:The Comprehensive book of medicine
1285:and later, more famously known as
1008:only refers to two Persian works:
764:Arabic translations of Hippocrates
484:is supposed to have worked at the
435:Medicine during the Islamic Period
25:
9226:
7420:Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi
7129:
6887:(in French). Paris: Ernest Leroux
6487:"Contraception in Medieval Islam"
5952:Nagamia, Hussain (October 2003).
5554:. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books.
5093:. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books.
4358:. Translated by Jāsim al-Rasheed.
4253:Muhammad Jawad Fadlallah (2012).
3480:
3403:
3349:
3322:
3263:Islamic attitudes towards science
2867:Sexual intercourse and conception
2522:
2323:book, as had been his intention.
1978:, more commonly known in west as
1844:, transl. Leclerc, Vol. I, p. 386
1347:, second half of the 13th century
1227:, emphasized strong ties between
1024:Indian scientific works, e.g. on
686:, physician to the Roman emperor
376:Anushirvan about medical topics.
173:practical knowledge developed in
8914:Reception in early modern Europe
8909:Contributions to Medieval Europe
8700:
8699:
8389:
7758:Amin al-Din Rashid al-Din Vatvat
7168:by Prof. Hamed Abdel-reheem Ead.
7099:Fabrizio Speziale, 2018, «
6769:
6756:
6743:
6727:
6668:
6650:
6571:
6520:
6404:
6337:
6328:
6319:
6180:Dincer, Maktav (November 2001).
5869:10.1111/j.1467-8519.2007.00540.x
5322:10.1097/00000658-193607000-00001
4727:
4697:
4586:
4465:Nihayat al-arab fī funūn al-adab
3995:Islamic Culture 11 (1937), p. 22
3781:. Leiden: E.J. Brill. p. 5.
3508:
3466:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.
3185:
3171:
3157:
2940:
2431:
2392:should be considered poisonous.
1939:
1930:
1318:
1309:
1282:Complete Book of the Medical Art
953:
8659:History of alternative medicine
8544:Traditional Vietnamese medicine
8514:Sri Lankan traditional medicine
8032:Qiwam al-Din Muhammad al-Hasani
8016:Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf
6697:10.4321/s1130-14732006000200012
6310:
6251:
6245:10.7817/jameroriesoci.135.3.499
6237:10.7817/jameroriesoci.135.3.499
5851:PADELA, AASIM I. (March 2007).
5699:
5544:
5297:
5188:
5137:
5083:
4970:
4894:
4875:
4856:
4830:
4811:
4792:
4766:
4748:
4691:
4632:
4606:
4580:
4488:
4450:
4392:
4362:
4233:
4165:
4132:
4055:
4042:
4011:
3998:
3985:
3970:
3937:
3922:
3898:
3823:
3770:
3657:
3363:"Arabic Medicine in Literature"
3329:Porter, Roy (17 October 1999).
3253:Inventions in the Islamic world
2465:of the tissue that invades the
1802:Liber medicinalis ad Almansorem
1231:and medicine, and the need for
1140:
909:
745:provided a better translation.
246:16th century manuscript of the
143:Renaissance of the 12th century
8534:Traditional Mongolian medicine
8411:Brazilian traditional medicine
7637:Abu Jafar ibn Harun al-Turjali
6792:Wasserstein, David J. (1989).
6411:Pormann, Peter (15 May 2009).
5773:Karaman, Huseyin (June 2011).
4424:Journal of Religion and Health
4205:Sultan Qaboos University Med J
3568:
3502:
3455:
3430:
3091:) (also called the Academy of
2923:
2887:
1901:
1034:Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī
634:, medical works attributed to
254:) created for Ottoman emperor
252:Treatise on Prophetic Medicine
13:
1:
8706:Category:Traditional medicine
7707:Muhammad ibn Aslam Al-Ghafiqi
7329:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari
7112:in Early-Modern Persian Texts
6751:The Physicians of Gundeshapur
6621:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60895-3
6429:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60895-3
6198:10.1016/s1470-2045(01)00563-0
5450:"History of Islamic Medicine"
4467:), Cairo 2007, s.v. Al-Tamimi
3315:
3294:Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi
2404:
2384:, eye, head and tooth aches,
2312:
2198:
2187:: Anatomy of the human body (
2164:Maqal fi al-qorban al-moqadas
1957:
1354:Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi
1301:Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi
1217:
1206:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari
1200:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari
692:Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi
594:Ancient Greek and Roman texts
444:
316:Ibn Khaldūn, Muqaddima, V, 18
76:of medicine developed in the
9150:Arab Agricultural Revolution
8539:Traditional Tibetan medicine
8524:Traditional Chinese medicine
8482:Iranian traditional medicine
8416:Chumash traditional medicine
8366:Traditional African medicine
7955:Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Harawi
7743:Abraham ben Moses ben Maimon
7647:Abu al-Majd ibn Abi al-Hakam
7642:Abu al-Bayan ibn al-Mudawwar
7495:Mohammed ibn Abdun al-Jabali
7400:'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi
7160:National Library of Medicine
7140:National Library of Medicine
5502:Hamarneh, Sami (July 1972).
4463:(نهاية الأرب في فنون الأدب,
3639:Rassool, G. Hussein (2014).
3437:Conrad, Lawrence I. (2009).
3416:. Routledge. pp. 2–20.
3258:Iranian traditional medicine
2851:The Hippocratics blamed the
2598:
2515:Islamic scholars introduced
2448:
2240:, also known as Al-hazen in
2176:Human anatomy and physiology
2105:The work treated matters of
2068:physician who was active in
2052:, 2nd half of 15th century,
1820:'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi
1421:'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi
1277:'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi
1251:Muhammad bin Sa'id al-Tamimi
887:'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi
805:Arabic translations of Galen
789:wrote a book with the title
486:medical school of Alexandria
238:History, origins and sources
7:
8529:Traditional Korean medicine
8132:Anatomy Charts of the Arabs
7717:Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Israili
7174:by Dr. Sharif Kaf Al-Ghazal
7136:Islamic Medical Manuscripts
7125:, 3, 2020, pp. 89–122.
6983:A History of Medieval Islam
6094:Prioreschi, Plinio (2001).
5116:. Oxford University Press.
5002:Annals of Internal Medicine
4109:10.21273/HORTSCI.45.11.1592
3209:Anatomy Charts of the Arabs
3150:
2768:
2570:
1272:Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi
1216:), written in seven parts,
1157:doctor–patient relationship
1088:
1028:were already translated by
829:
538:In 825, the Abbasid caliph
357:for some centuries. In his
163:
10:
9231:
8371:Traditional Hausa medicine
8180:Kamel al-Sanaat al-Tibbyya
7965:Shaykh Muhammad ibn Thaleb
7914:Yusuf ibn Ismail al-Kutubi
7146:Arabic Medical Manuscripts
7073:Fabrizio Speziale, «
6981:Saunders, John J. (1978).
6964:Cambridge University Press
6938:Edinburgh University Press
6146:10.1177/014107688407700115
6059:10.1177/014107680609901208
5587:Edinburgh University Press
4540:10.1177/014107680609900425
4522:Tibi, Selma (April 2006).
4352:al-Qarashi, Bāqir Sharif.
3273:Islamic views on evolution
3045:
3005:Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur
2846:
2608:
2602:
2499:Anaesthesia and antisepsis
2395:
1003:(The Paradise of Wisdom),
960:the Academy of Gondishapur
927:Arabic-writing physicians
383:
28:
18:Medicine in medieval Islam
9142:
9102:Geography and cartography
9070:
9008:
8922:
8874:
8816:
8808:Influences on Western art
8753:
8697:
8604:
8588:
8557:
8519:Traditional Thai medicine
8454:
8398:
8387:
8341:Ancient Egyptian medicine
8333:
8262:
8236:
8210:
8101:
8080:
8060:
8024:
7978:
7927:
7889:Muhammad ibn Mahmud Amuli
7884:Mas‘ud ibn Muhammad Sijzi
7841:
7808:Joseph ben Judah of Ceuta
7730:
7652:Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī
7629:
7518:
7490:Isaac Israeli ben Solomon
7392:
7301:
7280:
7224:
7215:
7084:Fabrizio Speziale, 2018,
7057:10.1017/S0025727300057574
7020:Ullmann, Manfred (1978).
6934:Medieval Islamic Medicine
6853:Dols, Michael W. (1984).
6719:Shatzmiller, Mya (1994).
5633:Medieval Islamic medicine
5583:Medieval Islamic Medicine
5520:10.1017/s0025727300017725
4980:. Springer, 2013, p. 37.
4891:, accessed 5 January 2016
4872:, accessed 5 January 2016
4827:, accessed 5 January 2016
4808:, accessed 5 January 2016
4436:10.1007/s10943-004-4302-z
3737:Medieval Islamic Medicine
3119:
2873:lack of a menstrual cycle
2660:Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik
2084:The Maintenance of Health
1751:Islamization of knowledge
1634:Science in medieval times
1163:Imam Ali ibn Musa al-Rida
1150:Physicians and scientists
1020:Indian medical literature
976:Indian medical traditions
918:compiled writings by the
914:During the 10th century,
799:al-Muʾālaḡāt al-buqrāṭīya
490:ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz's
460:The Byzantine embassy of
90:of Islamic civilization.
80:, and usually written in
8575:Medicine in ancient Rome
8249:Ancient Iranian medicine
8037:Abd El Razzaq Al-Jazaïri
7909:Sadid al-Din al-Kazaruni
7773:Hussam al-Din al-Jarrahi
7738:Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
7561:Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili
7460:Al-Tamimi, the physician
7247:Ibn Abi Ramtha al-Tamimi
6736:Mehmet Mahfuz Söylemez,
5920:10.1162/0022195052564243
4139:Portmann, Peter E., and
3858:Pancaroǧlu, Oya (2001).
3462:Colgan, Richard (2013).
3278:Islamic view of miracles
3076:, refuge was granted to
2989:
2548:Ishaq ibn 'Ali al-Ruhawi
2335:
2283:Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
2166:(مقال في القربان المقدس)
1804:) was dedicated to "the
1398:kitab-al Hawi fi al-tibb
1256:Al-Tamimi, the physician
1036:during the times of the
256:Suleiman the Magnificent
199:ancient Iranian Medicine
8201:Lives of the Physicians
8166:Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi
8112:Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah
8068:Al-Khurasani al-Shirazi
7950:Muhammad Ali Astarabadi
7813:Najib ad-Din Samarqandi
7536:Abu al-Hakam al-Kirmani
7465:Eutychius of Alexandria
7440:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
6600:Pormann, Peter (2009).
6523:Islamic Law and Society
6469:. Princeton University.
5631:Pormann, Peter (2007).
5110:Loudon, Irvine (2002).
4868:9 December 2015 at the
4736:(in Amharic and Arabic)
4399:Müller, August (1880).
4378:. Kluwer. p. 930.
4185:10.35632/ajis.v25i3.146
2686:Features of bimaristans
2584:Morals of the physician
2327:Modern Islamic Medicine
2277:, in his work entitled
2195:Tashrīḥ-i badan-i insān
1187:Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah
1173:Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah
899:al-Majusi, 10th century
704:Summaria Alexandrinorum
694:(Rhazes). The works of
8565:Ancient Greek medicine
8472:Georgian folk medicine
8244:Ancient Greek medicine
7904:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
7818:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
7662:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi
7556:Ali ibn Yusuf al-Ilaqi
7526:Abdollah ibn Bukhtishu
7430:Abu al-Hasan al-Tabari
6465:Verskin, Sara (2017).
6384:Verskin, Sara (2020).
5355:The Genesis of Science
5353:Hannam, James (2011).
4882:online at Yale library
4804:6 October 2022 at the
4495:Deming, David (2010).
3233:Challenge of the Quran
3017:Cerrahiyyetu'l-Haniyye
3013:Şerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu
2830:
2698:
2628:
2345:
2320:
2285:, while on a visit to
2264:
2255:al-Quadi wa al-muqtadi
2205:
2056:
1847:
1461:
1389:
1179:
1121:
997:
964:Gregorius Bar-Hebraeus
944:Academy of Gondishapur
902:
862:
840:
678:Late Hellenistic texts
566:, and with support by
508:
498:Academy of Gondishapur
473:
370:Academy of Gondishapur
319:
287:
258:
203:Academy of Gundishapur
57:
9085:Alchemy and chemistry
8228:Nur al-Din Bimaristan
8119:The Canon of Medicine
7940:Burhan-ud-din Kermani
7546:Ali ibn Isa al-Kahhal
7531:Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani
7435:Abu al-Qasim Muqane'i
7379:Yuhanna ibn Bukhtishu
7039:Leung, A. K. (2003).
6551:(2 (1987)): 312–314.
5818:Aksoy, Sahin (2004).
5214:10.1093/jhmas/50.1.67
4778:World Digital Library
4734:World Digital Library
4704:World Digital Library
4645:World Digital Library
4618:World Digital Library
4593:World Digital Library
4259:. Yasin T. Al-Jibouri
3746:10.1515/9780748629244
2999:'s family served the
2816:
2696:Bimaristan of Granada
2693:
2618:
2519:to disinfect wounds.
2343:
2303:
2279:De ossibus ad tirones
2259:
2223:pulmonary circulation
2183:
2171:Medical contributions
2045:
2028:The Canon of Medicine
2006:The Canon of Medicine
1954:The Canon of Medicine
1832:
1433:
1378:
1170:
1119:
1058:Yūhannā ibn Māsawaiyh
1014:al-Filāha al-fārisiya
984:
933:Yūhannā ibn Māsawaiyh
891:
855:Andromachus the Elder
846:
812:
726:, but cited first by
632:Diogenes of Apollonia
626:, Akron of Agrigent,
583:Academy of Alexandria
506:
468:(depicted left) from
459:
415:, the founder of the
308:
277:
245:
156:, beginning with the
45:
8679:Prehistoric medicine
8617:Alternative medicine
8327:Traditional medicine
8011:Sultan Ali Khorasani
7712:Serapion the Younger
7354:Jabril ibn Bukhtishu
7237:Al-Harith ibn Kalada
6749:Gail Marlow Taylor,
6296:10.1093/jhmas/jrq012
4887:4 March 2016 at the
4823:4 March 2016 at the
4620:(in Arabic). c. 1674
4034:Fuat Sezgin (1970).
3977:Fuat Sezgin (1970).
3962:Fuat Sezgin (1970).
3929:Fuat Sezgin (1970).
3914:Fuat Sezgin (1970).
3843:Fuat Sezgin (1970).
3815:Fuat Sezgin (1970).
3795:Fuat Sezgin (1970).
3777:Fuat Sezgin (1970).
3716:Fuat Sezgin (1970).
3664:Ibn Chaldūn (2011).
3289:Miracles of Muhammad
2821:. 14th century. The
2718:. In 931 AD, Caliph
2680:Jabril ibn Bukhtishu
2653:Battle of the Trench
2625:Divriği Great Mosque
2611:History of hospitals
2121:had on early modern
1997:trigeminal neuralgia
1906:Other works include
1875:Kitab Tibb al-Muluki
1562:(Islamic monotheism)
1528:Early social changes
1523:Early historiography
1214:"Paradise of Wisdom"
1183:Ali ibn Musa al-Rida
1155:physicians, and the
1125:Approach to medicine
1104:, "an Indian book".
716:Alexander of Tralles
696:Philagrius of Epirus
652:Pedanius Dioscorides
644:Mnesitheus of Athens
183:Hellenistic medicine
158:Age of Enlightenment
8995:Early social change
8894:Early social change
8280:Medical Renaissance
8138:The Book of Healing
8042:Qurayshi al-Shirazi
7833:Zakariya al-Qazwini
7722:Zayn al-Din Gorgani
7364:Salmawaih ibn Bunan
6675:Bademci, G (2006).
6615:(9675): 1598–1599.
6491:Pharmacy in History
6423:(9675): 1598–1599.
6219:King, Anya (2015).
6186:The Lancet Oncology
6083:on 1 February 2013.
5667:10.1093/ecam/nen039
5281:10.1503/cmaj.061464
5162:Huff, Toby (2003).
4141:Emilie Savage-Smith
3593:10.1093/ecam/neh133
3081:Nestorian Christian
2898:delivery of a child
2791:Aqrabadhin al-Kabir
2619:Hospital Building (
2099:Taccuinum Sanitatis
2024:al-Canon fi al Tibb
2012:The Book of Healing
2001:al-Canon fi al Tibb
1794:al-Kitab al-Mansuri
1102:"min kitab al-Hind"
924:Sergius of Reshaina
870:classical antiquity
861:, 1198–1199, Syria.
700:John the Grammarian
462:John the Grammarian
333:Muhammad al-Bukhari
95:classical antiquity
62:history of medicine
9215:Islamic Golden Age
8570:Byzantine medicine
8218:Al-'Adudi Hospital
8126:Tacuinum Sanitatis
8052:Maqsud-Ali Tabrizi
7571:Badi' al-Asturlabi
7470:Ibn Abi al-Ashʿath
7445:Abu ul-Ala Shirazi
7425:Abu Zayd al-Balkhi
7374:Yahya ibn Sarafyun
7267:Rufaida Al-Aslamia
7262:Nafi ibn al-Harith
6838:. Goodword Books.
5799:on 8 December 2011
5428:de Sacy, Antoine.
3544:Matthias Tomczak.
3304:Quran and miracles
3299:Prophetic medicine
3285:(Moshe ben Maimon)
3193:Middle Ages portal
3042:Role of Christians
3025:prophetic medicine
2956:sexual intercourse
2877:sexual intercourse
2831:
2809:Women and medicine
2699:
2629:
2374:gallbladder stones
2350:Papaver somniferum
2346:
2206:
2139:Da'avat al-ateba'
2093:Tacuinum Sanitatis
2074:Islamic Golden Age
2057:
2049:Tacuinum sanitatis
1180:
1122:
863:
841:
791:at-Tibb al-Buqrati
656:Soranus of Ephesus
509:
474:
390:Rashidun Caliphate
351:Prophetic medicine
344:ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān
267:the principles of
259:
111:post-classical era
58:
31:Prophetic medicine
9197:
9196:
9165:elementary school
8783:Geometric pattern
8713:
8712:
8346:Tabernanthe iboga
8293:
8292:
8285:Medieval medicine
8076:
8075:
7935:Abu Sa'id al-Afif
7768:Da'ud Abu al-Fadl
7657:Ahmad ibn Farrokh
7272:Zaynab al-Awadiya
7094:978-90-04-35276-6
7031:978-0-85224-325-1
6996:978-0-415-05914-5
6973:978-0-521-00252-3
6947:978-0-7486-2066-1
6924:978-0-415-12410-2
6868:978-0-520-04836-2
6845:978-81-87570-19-6
6832:Browne, Edward G.
6397:978-3-11-059658-8
6107:978-1-888456-04-2
5717:978-0-470-75506-8
5596:978-0-7486-2066-1
5467:10.5915/28-3-6170
5402:10.5915/39-1-5269
5364:978-1-59698-155-3
5310:Annals of Surgery
5275:(10): 1467–1468.
5181:978-0-521-52994-5
4986:978-1-4614-5169-3
4976:Colgan, Richard.
4508:978-0-7864-3932-4
4385:978-0-7923-4066-9
4307:Iranicaonline.org
4301:(1 August 2011).
4102:(11): 1592–1596.
3675:978-3-406-62237-3
3650:978-1-137-35841-7
3473:978-1-4614-5169-3
3448:978-0-521-47564-8
3423:978-1-317-83312-3
3342:978-0-393-24244-7
3268:Islamic bioethics
2819:Jami' al-tawarikh
2733:Medical education
2716:Abbasid Caliphate
2568:
2517:mercuric chloride
2232:According to the
1851:Gerard of Cremona
1785:
1784:
1537:Modern philosophy
1417:The Virtuous Life
1345:Gerard of Cremona
1341:"Liber continens"
1333:"Liber continens"
1225:child development
1210:Firdous al-Hikmah
1068:Firdaus al-Hikmah
827:
513:Jabir ibn Hayyans
488:before he joined
421:Abbasid caliphate
398:Abbasid Caliphate
394:Umayyad Caliphate
359:Kitāb aṣ-Ṣaydalah
248:Al-Tibb al-Nabawi
193:medicine such as
152:as a part of the
68:" Also known as "
53:De materia medica
16:(Redirected from
9222:
9072:Medieval science
8740:
8733:
8726:
8717:
8716:
8703:
8702:
8431:Mapuche medicine
8393:
8320:
8313:
8306:
8297:
8296:
8275:Learned medicine
8270:Ibn Sina Academy
7970:Şerafeddin Kadir
7945:Husayni Isfahani
7879:Mansur ibn Ilyas
7823:Rashidun al-Suri
7702:Moshe ben Maimon
7485:Ibrahim ibn Baks
7415:Abu Bakr al-Razi
7349:Jabir ibn Hayyan
7344:Ishaq ibn Hunayn
7339:Hunayn ibn Ishaq
7222:
7221:
7209:Islamic medicine
7202:
7195:
7188:
7179:
7178:
7070:
7068:
7035:
7022:Islamic Medicine
7016:
7000:
6977:
6951:
6928:
6896:
6894:
6892:
6872:
6860:
6849:
6836:Islamic Medicine
6818:
6817:
6789:
6780:
6773:
6767:
6760:
6754:
6747:
6741:
6731:
6725:
6724:
6716:
6710:
6709:
6699:
6681:
6672:
6666:
6665:
6664:. 15 April 1998.
6654:
6648:
6647:
6645:
6643:
6606:
6597:
6588:
6587:
6575:
6569:
6568:
6540:
6531:
6530:
6518:
6507:
6506:
6482:
6471:
6470:
6462:
6449:
6448:
6408:
6402:
6401:
6381:
6344:
6341:
6335:
6332:
6326:
6323:
6317:
6314:
6308:
6307:
6279:
6264:
6263:
6255:
6249:
6248:
6216:
6210:
6209:
6177:
6168:
6167:
6157:
6125:
6112:
6111:
6091:
6085:
6084:
6079:. Archived from
6070:
6038:
6011:
6010:
6002:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5972:
5958:
5949:
5932:
5931:
5903:
5897:
5896:
5848:
5835:
5834:
5824:
5815:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5804:
5798:
5792:. Archived from
5779:
5770:
5764:
5763:
5735:
5722:
5721:
5703:
5697:
5696:
5686:
5646:
5637:
5636:
5628:
5601:
5600:
5578:
5563:
5548:
5542:
5541:
5531:
5499:
5480:
5479:
5469:
5445:
5436:
5435:
5425:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5409:
5404:
5380:
5369:
5368:
5350:
5344:
5343:
5333:
5301:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5260:
5227:
5226:
5216:
5192:
5186:
5185:
5169:
5159:
5153:
5152:
5141:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5130:
5107:
5101:
5087:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5076:
5061:
5052:
5051:
5017:
4997:
4988:
4974:
4968:
4967:
4957:
4925:
4910:
4909:
4898:
4892:
4879:
4873:
4860:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4849:
4834:
4828:
4815:
4809:
4796:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4785:
4780:(in Latin). 1542
4770:
4764:
4763:
4752:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4725:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4695:
4689:
4688:
4668:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4652:
4636:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4599:
4584:
4578:
4577:
4559:
4519:
4513:
4512:
4492:
4486:
4485:
4474:
4468:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4349:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4282:
4278:
4276:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4250:
4244:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4220:
4211:(4): e455–e459.
4196:
4187:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4156:
4148:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4111:
4087:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4059:
4053:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4031:
4022:
4015:
4009:
4002:
3996:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3959:
3948:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3911:
3905:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3840:
3834:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3812:
3801:
3800:
3792:
3783:
3782:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3731:
3722:
3721:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3695:
3680:
3679:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3636:
3627:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3604:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3556:on 29 April 2011
3552:. Archived from
3541:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3487:
3478:
3477:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3390:
3358:
3347:
3346:
3326:
3195:
3190:
3189:
3181:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3167:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3030:Female doctors,
3021:Imperial Surgery
2727:Sinan ibn Thabit
2573:
2563:
2561:
2527:Physicians like
2318:
2317:
2314:
2268:William Beaumont
2203:
2200:
2192:
2191:
2185:Mansur ibn Ilyas
2079:Taqwim al-Sihhah
1989:facial paralysis
1962:
1959:
1943:
1934:
1859:Andreas Vesalius
1845:
1822:comments on the
1798:Liber almansoris
1777:
1770:
1763:
1722:
1715:
1713:Classical Arabic
1571:
1563:
1478:
1477:
1473:Charles of Anjou
1459:
1446:Hunayn ibn Ishaq
1427:in his own book
1387:
1343:, translated by
1322:
1313:
1222:
1219:
1195:humoral medicine
1171:A manuscript of
1098:Kitab al-Mansuri
1091:
1086:: अष्टांग हृदय,
1080:Ashtanga Hridaya
1030:Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq
1001:Firdaus al-Hikma
995:
900:
874:Jabir ibn Hayyan
850:Kitab al-Dariyak
832:
822:
820:
782:Hunayn ibn Ishaq
743:Hunayn ibn Ishaq
708:Gessius of Petra
668:Rufus of Ephesus
600:Hunayn ibn Ishaq
564:Hunayn ibn Ishaq
553:
472:(depicted right)
446:
323:Sahih al-Bukhari
317:
285:
154:natural sciences
127:Persian medicine
70:Arabian medicine
66:Islamic medicine
21:
9230:
9229:
9225:
9224:
9223:
9221:
9220:
9219:
9200:
9199:
9198:
9193:
9138:
9066:
9055:Early sociology
9004:
8968:decision-making
8918:
8899:Early conquests
8870:
8812:
8749:
8747:Islamic studies
8744:
8714:
8709:
8693:
8652:herbs and fungi
8647:Herbal medicine
8600:
8584:
8553:
8509:Siddha medicine
8450:
8441:Navajo medicine
8394:
8385:
8381:Yorùbá medicine
8329:
8324:
8294:
8289:
8258:
8232:
8206:
8097:
8072:
8056:
8020:
8001:Dawud al-Antaki
7974:
7923:
7837:
7778:Ibn Abi Usaibia
7726:
7625:
7616:Jonah ibn Janah
7514:
7405:Aayon Ibn Aayon
7388:
7369:Shapur ibn Sahl
7297:
7276:
7232:Abu Hafsa Yazid
7211:
7206:
7132:
7045:Medical History
7032:
6997:
6974:
6948:
6925:
6913:. Vol. 3.
6890:
6888:
6879:Leclerc, Lucien
6869:
6846:
6827:
6825:Further reading
6822:
6821:
6790:
6783:
6774:
6770:
6761:
6757:
6748:
6744:
6732:
6728:
6717:
6713:
6679:
6673:
6669:
6656:
6655:
6651:
6641:
6639:
6604:
6598:
6591:
6576:
6572:
6541:
6534:
6519:
6510:
6483:
6474:
6463:
6452:
6409:
6405:
6398:
6382:
6347:
6342:
6338:
6333:
6329:
6324:
6320:
6315:
6311:
6280:
6267:
6256:
6252:
6217:
6213:
6178:
6171:
6126:
6115:
6108:
6092:
6088:
6053:(12): 615–617.
6039:
6014:
6003:
5980:
5970:
5968:
5956:
5950:
5935:
5904:
5900:
5849:
5838:
5822:
5816:
5812:
5802:
5800:
5796:
5777:
5771:
5767:
5752:10.2307/1006137
5736:
5725:
5718:
5704:
5700:
5647:
5640:
5629:
5604:
5597:
5579:
5566:
5549:
5545:
5508:Medical History
5500:
5483:
5446:
5439:
5426:
5417:
5407:
5405:
5381:
5372:
5365:
5351:
5347:
5302:
5298:
5261:
5230:
5193:
5189:
5182:
5160:
5156:
5149:tandorostan.org
5143:
5142:
5138:
5128:
5126:
5124:
5108:
5104:
5088:
5084:
5074:
5072:
5063:
5062:
5055:
5015:10.1.1.690.8376
4998:
4991:
4975:
4971:
4926:
4913:
4899:
4895:
4889:Wayback Machine
4880:
4876:
4870:Wayback Machine
4861:
4857:
4847:
4845:
4836:
4835:
4831:
4825:Wayback Machine
4816:
4812:
4806:Wayback Machine
4797:
4793:
4783:
4781:
4772:
4771:
4767:
4753:
4749:
4739:
4737:
4726:
4719:
4709:
4707:
4696:
4692:
4673:Islamic Studies
4669:
4660:
4650:
4648:
4637:
4633:
4623:
4621:
4612:
4611:
4607:
4597:
4595:
4585:
4581:
4520:
4516:
4509:
4493:
4489:
4475:
4471:
4455:
4451:
4430:(4): 357–377 .
4420:
4416:
4397:
4393:
4386:
4367:
4363:
4350:
4346:
4336:
4334:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4311:
4309:
4296:
4292:
4280:
4279:
4270:
4269:
4262:
4260:
4251:
4247:
4238:
4234:
4197:
4190:
4170:
4166:
4150:
4149:
4137:
4133:
4088:
4081:
4071:
4069:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4047:
4043:
4032:
4025:
4016:
4012:
4004:Gustav Flügel:
4003:
3999:
3990:
3986:
3975:
3971:
3960:
3951:
3942:
3938:
3927:
3923:
3912:
3908:
3903:
3899:
3876:10.2307/1523306
3856:
3852:
3841:
3837:
3828:
3824:
3813:
3804:
3793:
3786:
3775:
3771:
3756:
3732:
3725:
3714:
3710:
3696:
3683:
3676:
3662:
3658:
3651:
3637:
3630:
3622:
3618:
3573:
3569:
3559:
3557:
3542:
3538:
3528:
3526:
3524:www.nlm.nih.gov
3518:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3496:Science Teacher
3488:
3481:
3474:
3460:
3456:
3449:
3435:
3431:
3424:
3408:
3404:
3359:
3350:
3343:
3327:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3191:
3184:
3179:Medicine portal
3177:
3172:
3170:
3163:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3122:
3050:
3044:
2992:
2943:
2926:
2890:
2869:
2849:
2811:
2780:Sasanian Empire
2771:
2735:
2688:
2676:Harun al-Rashid
2658:Umayyad Caliph
2613:
2607:
2601:
2592:Adab literature
2525:
2501:
2463:vascularization
2451:
2434:
2407:
2398:
2358:Cannabis sativa
2338:
2329:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2201:
2190:تشريح بدن انسان
2178:
2173:
2133:Taqwim al-Sihha
2040:
1991:and describing
1971:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1960:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1936:
1935:
1924:
1904:
1887:
1871:
1846:
1842:Kamil as-sina'a
1839:
1828:Kamil as-sina'a
1790:
1781:
1726:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1671:
1665:
1618:
1569:
1561:
1554:
1515:
1491:Islamic studies
1469:Faraj ben Salim
1460:
1456:Kamil as-sina'a
1453:
1429:Kamil as-sina'a
1413:Continens Liber
1394:
1388:
1385:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1336:
1331:Folio from the
1325:
1324:
1323:
1315:
1314:
1303:
1274:
1253:
1220:
1202:
1165:
1152:
1143:
1127:
1050:Indian medicine
1046:Harun al-Rashid
1022:
996:
993:Abdāl al-adwiya
990:
980:Abdāl al-adwiya
956:
948:Abbasid caliphs
912:
907:
901:
898:
859:Kitâb al-Diryâq
836:Kitâb al-Diryâq
807:
766:
720:Aëtius of Amida
680:
604:House of Wisdom
596:
591:
544:House of Wisdom
454:
441:medieval period
437:
417:Umayyad dynasty
400:
382:
318:
315:
286:
283:
264:
240:
205:. The works of
177:in the time of
166:
38:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9228:
9218:
9217:
9212:
9195:
9194:
9192:
9191:
9190:
9189:
9184:
9179:
9169:
9168:
9167:
9162:
9152:
9146:
9144:
9140:
9139:
9137:
9136:
9131:
9126:
9125:
9124:
9114:
9109:
9104:
9099:
9098:
9097:
9087:
9082:
9076:
9074:
9068:
9067:
9065:
9064:
9063:
9062:
9052:
9047:
9042:
9037:
9036:
9035:
9025:
9020:
9014:
9012:
9006:
9005:
9003:
9002:
8997:
8992:
8987:
8982:
8977:
8976:
8975:
8970:
8965:
8963:use of analogy
8955:
8950:
8949:
8948:
8943:
8932:
8930:
8920:
8919:
8917:
8916:
8911:
8906:
8901:
8896:
8891:
8889:Historiography
8886:
8880:
8878:
8872:
8871:
8869:
8868:
8863:
8858:
8853:
8848:
8843:
8838:
8833:
8828:
8822:
8820:
8814:
8813:
8811:
8810:
8805:
8800:
8795:
8790:
8785:
8780:
8775:
8770:
8765:
8759:
8757:
8751:
8750:
8743:
8742:
8735:
8728:
8720:
8711:
8710:
8698:
8695:
8694:
8692:
8691:
8686:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8655:
8654:
8644:
8639:
8634:
8629:
8624:
8619:
8614:
8608:
8606:
8602:
8601:
8599:
8598:
8592:
8590:
8586:
8585:
8583:
8582:
8577:
8572:
8567:
8561:
8559:
8555:
8554:
8552:
8551:
8549:Unani medicine
8546:
8541:
8536:
8531:
8526:
8521:
8516:
8511:
8506:
8501:
8496:
8491:
8490:
8489:
8479:
8474:
8469:
8464:
8458:
8456:
8452:
8451:
8449:
8448:
8443:
8438:
8433:
8428:
8423:
8418:
8413:
8408:
8406:Aztec medicine
8402:
8400:
8396:
8395:
8388:
8386:
8384:
8383:
8378:
8373:
8368:
8363:
8358:
8353:
8348:
8343:
8337:
8335:
8331:
8330:
8323:
8322:
8315:
8308:
8300:
8291:
8290:
8288:
8287:
8282:
8277:
8272:
8266:
8264:
8260:
8259:
8257:
8256:
8251:
8246:
8240:
8238:
8234:
8233:
8231:
8230:
8225:
8220:
8214:
8212:
8208:
8207:
8205:
8204:
8197:
8190:
8183:
8176:
8169:
8162:
8155:
8148:
8141:
8134:
8129:
8122:
8115:
8107:
8105:
8099:
8098:
8096:
8095:
8090:
8084:
8082:
8078:
8077:
8074:
8073:
8071:
8070:
8064:
8062:
8058:
8057:
8055:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8028:
8026:
8022:
8021:
8019:
8018:
8013:
8008:
8006:Hakim-e-Gilani
8003:
7998:
7993:
7988:
7986:Rostam Gorgani
7982:
7980:
7976:
7975:
7973:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7931:
7929:
7925:
7924:
7922:
7921:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7845:
7843:
7839:
7838:
7836:
7835:
7830:
7828:Sa'ad al-Dawla
7825:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7750:
7745:
7740:
7734:
7732:
7728:
7727:
7725:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7697:Ibn al-Tilmīdh
7694:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7633:
7631:
7627:
7626:
7624:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7606:Ibn al-Kattani
7603:
7601:Ibn al-Haytham
7598:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7581:Ibn Al-Thahabi
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7551:Ali ibn Ridwan
7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7522:
7520:
7516:
7515:
7513:
7512:
7510:Qusta ibn Luqa
7507:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7396:
7394:
7390:
7389:
7387:
7386:
7384:Yusuf al-Khuri
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7305:
7303:
7299:
7298:
7296:
7295:
7293:Ja'ar al-Sadiq
7290:
7284:
7282:
7278:
7277:
7275:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7228:
7226:
7219:
7213:
7212:
7205:
7204:
7197:
7190:
7182:
7176:
7175:
7169:
7163:
7153:
7143:
7131:
7130:External links
7128:
7127:
7126:
7119:
7097:
7082:
7071:
7051:(4): 545–546.
7036:
7030:
7017:
7001:
6995:
6978:
6972:
6952:
6946:
6929:
6923:
6904:
6897:
6874:
6873:
6867:
6850:
6844:
6826:
6823:
6820:
6819:
6800:(147): 57–72.
6781:
6775:Cyril Elgood,
6768:
6762:Cyril Elgood,
6755:
6742:
6726:
6723:. p. 353.
6711:
6690:(2): 162–165.
6667:
6649:
6589:
6570:
6557:10.2307/219847
6532:
6508:
6497:(3): 154–155.
6472:
6450:
6403:
6396:
6390:. De Gruyter.
6345:
6336:
6327:
6318:
6309:
6265:
6250:
6231:(3): 499–528.
6211:
6169:
6113:
6106:
6086:
6012:
5978:
5933:
5914:(3): 361–389.
5898:
5863:(3): 169–178.
5836:
5810:
5765:
5742:. New Series.
5723:
5716:
5698:
5661:(4): 419–424.
5638:
5602:
5595:
5564:
5543:
5514:(3): 226–237.
5481:
5437:
5434:. p. 419.
5415:
5370:
5363:
5345:
5296:
5228:
5187:
5180:
5154:
5136:
5122:
5102:
5082:
5053:
5008:(9): 640–643.
4989:
4969:
4911:
4893:
4874:
4855:
4829:
4810:
4791:
4765:
4747:
4717:
4690:
4679:(3): 155–166.
4658:
4631:
4605:
4579:
4534:(4): 206–208.
4514:
4507:
4487:
4469:
4449:
4414:
4391:
4384:
4372:, ed. (1997).
4370:Selin, Helaine
4361:
4344:
4319:
4290:
4281:|website=
4245:
4232:
4188:
4179:(3), 141–143.
4164:
4145:Medical Theory
4131:
4079:
4054:
4048:Max Meyerhof:
4041:
4023:
4010:
3997:
3991:Max Meyerhof:
3984:
3969:
3949:
3943:Max Meyerhof:
3936:
3921:
3906:
3897:
3850:
3835:
3829:Max Meyerhof:
3822:
3802:
3784:
3769:
3754:
3723:
3708:
3681:
3674:
3656:
3649:
3628:
3626:, p. 193.
3616:
3587:(4): 475–479.
3567:
3536:
3501:
3479:
3472:
3454:
3447:
3429:
3422:
3402:
3348:
3341:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3223:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3182:
3168:
3152:
3149:
3121:
3118:
3110:Daud al-Antaki
3043:
3040:
2991:
2988:
2948:contraceptives
2942:
2939:
2925:
2922:
2889:
2886:
2868:
2865:
2848:
2845:
2810:
2807:
2795:Materia Medica
2770:
2767:
2734:
2731:
2687:
2684:
2603:Main article:
2600:
2597:
2544:medical ethics
2524:
2523:Medical ethics
2521:
2500:
2497:
2450:
2447:
2433:
2430:
2406:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2337:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2316: 1200 AD
2308:
2247:Book of Optics
2238:Ibn al-Haytham
2234:Ancient Greeks
2227:William Harvey
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2119:Arabic culture
2039:
2036:
1995:infection and
1948:
1947:
1938:
1937:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1903:
1900:
1886:
1883:
1870:
1867:
1837:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1716:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1682:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1637:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1583:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1565:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1550:Concept of God
1547:
1541:
1539:
1530:
1525:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1451:
1393:
1390:
1383:
1327:
1326:
1317:
1316:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1291:The Royal Book
1287:The Royal Book
1273:
1270:
1268:in his field.
1252:
1249:
1201:
1198:
1164:
1161:
1151:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1126:
1123:
1110:materia medica
1089:aṣṭāṇga hṛdaya
1021:
1018:
988:
955:
952:
911:
908:
906:
903:
896:
894:comprehensive.
806:
803:
765:
762:
754:Arab expansion
750:Paul of Aegina
748:The physician
679:
676:
595:
592:
590:
587:
453:
450:
436:
433:
381:
378:
355:materia medica
313:
300:, in his work
281:
263:
260:
239:
236:
232:Ibn al-Haytham
191:ancient Indian
165:
162:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9227:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9207:
9205:
9188:
9185:
9183:
9180:
9178:
9175:
9174:
9173:
9170:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9157:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9147:
9145:
9141:
9135:
9132:
9130:
9127:
9123:
9122:ophthalmology
9120:
9119:
9118:
9115:
9113:
9110:
9108:
9105:
9103:
9100:
9096:
9093:
9092:
9091:
9088:
9086:
9083:
9081:
9078:
9077:
9075:
9073:
9069:
9061:
9058:
9057:
9056:
9053:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9043:
9041:
9038:
9034:
9031:
9030:
9029:
9026:
9024:
9021:
9019:
9016:
9015:
9013:
9011:
9007:
9001:
8998:
8996:
8993:
8991:
8988:
8986:
8983:
8981:
8978:
8974:
8971:
8969:
8966:
8964:
8961:
8960:
8959:
8958:Jurisprudence
8956:
8954:
8951:
8947:
8944:
8942:
8939:
8938:
8937:
8934:
8933:
8931:
8929:
8925:
8921:
8915:
8912:
8910:
8907:
8905:
8902:
8900:
8897:
8895:
8892:
8890:
8887:
8885:
8882:
8881:
8879:
8877:
8873:
8867:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8847:
8844:
8842:
8839:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8827:
8824:
8823:
8821:
8819:
8815:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8799:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8760:
8758:
8756:
8752:
8748:
8741:
8736:
8734:
8729:
8727:
8722:
8721:
8718:
8708:
8707:
8696:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8653:
8650:
8649:
8648:
8645:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8637:Ethnomedicine
8635:
8633:
8630:
8628:
8625:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8615:
8613:
8610:
8609:
8607:
8603:
8597:
8596:Bush medicine
8594:
8593:
8591:
8587:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8573:
8571:
8568:
8566:
8563:
8562:
8560:
8556:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8525:
8522:
8520:
8517:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8502:
8500:
8497:
8495:
8492:
8488:
8485:
8484:
8483:
8480:
8478:
8475:
8473:
8470:
8468:
8465:
8463:
8460:
8459:
8457:
8453:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8437:
8436:Maya medicine
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8403:
8401:
8397:
8392:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8354:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8338:
8336:
8332:
8328:
8321:
8316:
8314:
8309:
8307:
8302:
8301:
8298:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8267:
8265:
8261:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8245:
8242:
8241:
8239:
8235:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8215:
8213:
8209:
8203:
8202:
8198:
8196:
8195:
8191:
8189:
8188:
8184:
8182:
8181:
8177:
8175:
8174:
8173:Adab al-Tabib
8170:
8168:
8167:
8163:
8161:
8160:
8156:
8154:
8153:
8149:
8147:
8146:
8142:
8140:
8139:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8127:
8123:
8121:
8120:
8116:
8114:
8113:
8109:
8108:
8106:
8104:
8100:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8088:Ophthalmology
8086:
8085:
8083:
8079:
8069:
8066:
8065:
8063:
8059:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8029:
8027:
8023:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7991:ʽImad Shirazi
7989:
7987:
7984:
7983:
7981:
7977:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7932:
7930:
7926:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7869:Ibn al-Khatib
7867:
7865:
7864:Ibn al-Akfani
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7846:
7844:
7840:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7803:Ibn al‐Raqqam
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7788:Ibn al-Baitar
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7753:Al-Shahrazuri
7751:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7735:
7733:
7729:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7634:
7632:
7628:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7576:Ibn Abi Sadiq
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7523:
7521:
7517:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7480:Ibn al-Jazzar
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7397:
7395:
7391:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7306:
7304:
7300:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7285:
7283:
7279:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7229:
7227:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7214:
7210:
7203:
7198:
7196:
7191:
7189:
7184:
7183:
7180:
7173:
7170:
7167:
7164:
7161:
7157:
7154:
7151:
7147:
7144:
7141:
7137:
7134:
7133:
7124:
7120:
7117:
7113:
7111:
7107:
7103:
7098:
7095:
7091:
7087:
7083:
7080:
7076:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7058:
7054:
7050:
7046:
7042:
7037:
7033:
7027:
7023:
7018:
7014:
7010:
7006:
7002:
6998:
6992:
6988:
6984:
6979:
6975:
6969:
6965:
6961:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6943:
6939:
6935:
6930:
6926:
6920:
6916:
6912:
6911:
6905:
6902:
6898:
6886:
6885:
6880:
6876:
6875:
6870:
6864:
6859:
6858:
6851:
6847:
6841:
6837:
6833:
6829:
6828:
6815:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6788:
6786:
6778:
6772:
6765:
6759:
6752:
6746:
6739:
6735:
6730:
6722:
6715:
6707:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6678:
6671:
6663:
6659:
6653:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6626:
6622:
6618:
6614:
6610:
6603:
6596:
6594:
6585:
6581:
6574:
6566:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6550:
6546:
6539:
6537:
6528:
6524:
6517:
6515:
6513:
6504:
6500:
6496:
6492:
6488:
6481:
6479:
6477:
6468:
6461:
6459:
6457:
6455:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6418:
6414:
6407:
6399:
6393:
6389:
6388:
6380:
6378:
6376:
6374:
6372:
6370:
6368:
6366:
6364:
6362:
6360:
6358:
6356:
6354:
6352:
6350:
6340:
6331:
6322:
6313:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6278:
6276:
6274:
6272:
6270:
6261:
6254:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6215:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6176:
6174:
6165:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6131:
6124:
6122:
6120:
6118:
6109:
6103:
6099:
6098:
6090:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6037:
6035:
6033:
6031:
6029:
6027:
6025:
6023:
6021:
6019:
6017:
6008:
6001:
5999:
5997:
5995:
5993:
5991:
5989:
5987:
5985:
5983:
5966:
5962:
5955:
5948:
5946:
5944:
5942:
5940:
5938:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5902:
5894:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5847:
5845:
5843:
5841:
5832:
5828:
5821:
5814:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5784:(30): 77–87.
5783:
5776:
5769:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5734:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5719:
5713:
5709:
5702:
5694:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5645:
5643:
5634:
5627:
5625:
5623:
5621:
5619:
5617:
5615:
5613:
5611:
5609:
5607:
5598:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5577:
5575:
5573:
5571:
5569:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5547:
5539:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5492:
5490:
5488:
5486:
5477:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5444:
5442:
5433:
5432:
5424:
5422:
5420:
5403:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5379:
5377:
5375:
5366:
5360:
5356:
5349:
5341:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5300:
5291:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5259:
5257:
5255:
5253:
5251:
5249:
5247:
5245:
5243:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5235:
5233:
5224:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5207:(1): 67–110.
5206:
5202:
5198:
5191:
5183:
5177:
5173:
5168:
5167:
5158:
5150:
5146:
5140:
5125:
5123:9780199248131
5119:
5115:
5114:
5106:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5086:
5070:
5066:
5060:
5058:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4996:
4994:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4973:
4965:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4924:
4922:
4920:
4918:
4916:
4907:
4903:
4897:
4890:
4886:
4883:
4878:
4871:
4867:
4864:
4859:
4843:
4839:
4833:
4826:
4822:
4819:
4814:
4807:
4803:
4800:
4795:
4779:
4775:
4769:
4761:
4757:
4751:
4735:
4731:
4724:
4722:
4705:
4701:
4694:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4646:
4642:
4635:
4619:
4615:
4609:
4594:
4590:
4583:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4518:
4510:
4504:
4500:
4499:
4491:
4483:
4479:
4473:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4453:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4418:
4410:
4407:(in German).
4406:
4402:
4395:
4387:
4381:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4365:
4357:
4356:
4348:
4333:
4329:
4323:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4294:
4286:
4274:
4258:
4257:
4249:
4242:
4236:
4228:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4195:
4193:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4168:
4160:
4154:
4146:
4142:
4135:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4086:
4084:
4068:
4067:openverse.org
4064:
4058:
4051:
4045:
4037:
4030:
4028:
4020:
4014:
4007:
4001:
3994:
3988:
3980:
3973:
3965:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3946:
3940:
3932:
3925:
3917:
3910:
3901:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3854:
3846:
3839:
3832:
3826:
3818:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3798:
3791:
3789:
3780:
3773:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3755:9780748629244
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3730:
3728:
3719:
3712:
3704:
3700:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3677:
3671:
3667:
3660:
3652:
3646:
3642:
3635:
3633:
3625:
3624:Saunders 1978
3620:
3612:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3571:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3540:
3525:
3521:
3516:
3515:public domain
3505:
3497:
3493:
3486:
3484:
3475:
3469:
3465:
3458:
3450:
3444:
3440:
3433:
3425:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3406:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3373:(1): 96–104.
3372:
3368:
3364:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3344:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3325:
3321:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3188:
3183:
3180:
3169:
3166:
3155:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3130:
3128:
3117:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2987:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2971:
2970:abortifacient
2967:
2964:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2941:Contraception
2938:
2936:
2931:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2894:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2864:
2860:
2858:
2857:schizophrenia
2854:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2781:
2776:
2773:The birth of
2766:
2764:
2759:
2757:
2752:
2749:
2743:
2741:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2697:
2692:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2596:
2593:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2571:Adab aț-Ṭabīb
2566:
2557:
2553:
2552:Adab al-Tabib
2549:
2545:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2520:
2518:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2432:Testing Drugs
2429:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2415:
2414:cauterization
2411:
2402:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2342:
2333:
2324:
2307:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2273:According to
2271:
2269:
2263:
2258:
2256:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2213:
2211:
2196:
2186:
2182:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:(تقويم الصحة)
2134:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2094:
2090:translation,
2089:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2046:Ibn Butlan's
2044:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1966:
1956:by Avicenna,
1955:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1843:
1836:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1669:
1668:Ophthalmology
1664:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1649:
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1626:
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1602:
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1597:
1595:
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1590:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1580:Jurisprudence
1578:
1577:
1572:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1556:
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1548:
1546:
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1542:
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1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
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1492:
1489:
1488:
1484:
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1479:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1457:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1423:reviewed the
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1407:, Latinized:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1382:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1346:
1342:
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1334:
1330:
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1312:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
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1283:
1278:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1233:psychotherapy
1230:
1226:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1178:
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1169:
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1138:
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1111:
1105:
1103:
1099:
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1090:
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1081:
1077:
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1069:
1065:
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1059:
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1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1010:Kunnāš fārisi
1006:
1002:
994:
987:
983:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
954:Persian texts
951:
949:
945:
941:
936:
934:
930:
925:
921:
917:
916:Ibn Wahshiyya
895:
890:
888:
882:
879:
875:
871:
867:
860:
856:
852:
851:
845:
838:
837:
831:
825:
816:
811:
802:
800:
796:
792:
788:
783:
779:
775:
771:
761:
759:
755:
751:
746:
744:
740:
736:
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
682:The works of
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
586:
584:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
556:Bayt al-Hikma
549:
545:
541:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
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395:
391:
387:
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375:
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364:
360:
356:
352:
347:
345:
342:
338:
337:cauterization
334:
330:
329:
324:
312:
307:
305:
304:
299:
295:
291:
280:
276:
274:
270:
257:
253:
249:
244:
235:
233:
229:
228:Ophthalmology
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
207:ancient Greek
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
170:
161:
159:
155:
151:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
109:. During the
108:
104:
100:
96:
91:
89:
88:
87:lingua franca
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
55:
54:
49:
44:
40:
36:
32:
27:
19:
9172:Sufi studies
9143:Other fields
9116:
9023:Contemporary
8946:consultation
8768:Architecture
8704:
8669:Mithridatism
8626:
8467:Dhivehi beys
8199:
8192:
8185:
8178:
8171:
8164:
8157:
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8143:
8136:
8124:
8117:
8110:
8061:18th century
8025:17th century
7979:16th century
7928:15th century
7919:Zayn-e-Attar
7842:14th century
7793:Ibn al-Nafis
7731:13th century
7630:12th century
7611:Ibn al-Wafid
7519:11th century
7393:10th century
7324:Ali al-Ridha
7122:
7115:
7114: », in
7109:
7105:
7101:
7085:
7078:
7048:
7044:
7021:
7012:
7008:
7005:Sezgin, Fuat
6982:
6959:
6933:
6909:
6900:
6889:. Retrieved
6883:
6856:
6835:
6797:
6776:
6771:
6763:
6758:
6750:
6745:
6737:
6733:
6729:
6720:
6714:
6687:
6684:Neurocirugía
6683:
6670:
6652:
6640:. Retrieved
6612:
6609:Perspectives
6608:
6583:
6579:
6573:
6548:
6544:
6526:
6522:
6494:
6490:
6485:J.S (1986).
6420:
6416:
6406:
6386:
6339:
6330:
6321:
6312:
6290:(1): 40–81.
6287:
6283:
6259:
6253:
6228:
6224:
6214:
6189:
6185:
6140:(1): 60–65.
6137:
6133:
6096:
6089:
6081:the original
6050:
6046:
6006:
5969:. Retrieved
5964:
5960:
5911:
5907:
5901:
5860:
5856:
5830:
5826:
5813:
5801:. Retrieved
5794:the original
5781:
5768:
5743:
5739:
5707:
5701:
5658:
5654:
5632:
5582:
5551:
5546:
5511:
5507:
5457:
5453:
5430:
5406:. Retrieved
5392:
5388:
5354:
5348:
5313:
5309:
5299:
5272:
5268:
5204:
5200:
5190:
5165:
5157:
5148:
5139:
5127:. Retrieved
5112:
5105:
5090:
5085:
5073:. Retrieved
5005:
5001:
4977:
4972:
4937:
4933:
4905:
4896:
4877:
4858:
4846:. Retrieved
4832:
4813:
4794:
4782:. Retrieved
4777:
4768:
4759:
4750:
4738:. Retrieved
4733:
4708:. Retrieved
4703:
4693:
4676:
4672:
4649:. Retrieved
4644:
4634:
4622:. Retrieved
4617:
4608:
4596:. Retrieved
4592:
4582:
4531:
4527:
4517:
4497:
4490:
4481:
4472:
4464:
4460:
4452:
4427:
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4404:
4394:
4374:
4364:
4354:
4347:
4335:. Retrieved
4331:
4322:
4310:. Retrieved
4306:
4299:Madelung, W.
4293:
4261:. Retrieved
4255:
4248:
4235:
4208:
4204:
4176:
4172:
4167:
4144:
4134:
4099:
4095:
4070:. Retrieved
4066:
4057:
4049:
4044:
4035:
4018:
4013:
4005:
4000:
3992:
3987:
3978:
3972:
3963:
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3939:
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3736:
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3659:
3640:
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3580:
3570:
3558:. Retrieved
3554:the original
3549:
3539:
3527:. Retrieved
3523:
3504:
3495:
3463:
3457:
3438:
3432:
3412:
3405:
3370:
3366:
3331:
3324:
3225:
3218:
3201:
3165:Islam portal
3146:
3135:
3131:
3123:
3114:
3051:
3029:
3020:
3016:
2993:
2980:
2966:miscarriages
2960:
2944:
2927:
2912:is the only
2902:
2891:
2882:
2870:
2861:
2850:
2832:
2802:
2798:
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2790:
2784:
2772:
2760:
2756:Jundi-Shapur
2753:
2744:
2736:
2713:
2709:
2700:
2671:
2657:
2641:Dar al-Shifa
2630:
2620:
2589:
2583:
2551:
2541:
2537:Ibn al-Nafis
2526:
2514:
2502:
2484:
2452:
2435:
2422:phlebotomist
2419:
2410:Bloodletting
2408:
2399:
2357:
2349:
2347:
2330:
2321:
2304:
2298:
2278:
2272:
2265:
2260:
2257:. He wrote:
2254:
2252:
2245:
2231:
2214:
2210:Ibn al-Nafis
2207:
2194:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2132:
2127:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2091:
2083:
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2059:
2058:
2047:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2021:
2010:
2009:), and also
2004:
2000:
1973:
1972:
1965:Right image:
1964:
1949:
1916:Instant cure
1915:
1911:
1907:
1905:
1888:
1878:
1874:
1872:
1862:
1848:
1841:
1833:
1827:
1826:in his book
1823:
1818:
1813:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1791:
1745:Other topics
1693:Architecture
1662:
1599:Etiquettical
1558:
1535: /
1463:
1462:
1455:
1434:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1395:
1379:
1366:
1352:
1340:
1338:Right image:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1275:
1263:
1254:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1181:
1177:Ali al-Ridha
1153:
1144:
1141:Horticulture
1131:horticulture
1128:
1108:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1079:
1067:
1062:
1054:Ibn al-Nadim
1023:
1013:
1009:
1000:
999:In his work
998:
992:
991:Māsarĝawai,
985:
979:
957:
939:
937:
913:
910:Syrian texts
892:
883:
864:
858:
848:
834:
798:
790:
777:
774:Ibn an-Nadīm
767:
747:
738:
732:
724:Ibn al-Nadim
711:
703:
681:
672:Erasistratos
597:
580:
555:
542:founded the
537:
510:
475:
438:
425:
401:
367:
358:
348:
326:
320:
309:
301:
294:Ṭibb an-Nabī
293:
288:
278:
272:
271:(faith) and
268:
265:
251:
247:
171:
167:
147:
123:Mesopotamian
115:Modern Greek
92:
85:
69:
65:
59:
51:
39:
26:
9112:Mathematics
8773:Calligraphy
8674:Naturopathy
8642:Health care
8152:De Gradibus
7798:Ibn al-Quff
7302:9th century
7281:8th century
7257:Masarjawaih
7225:7th century
6956:Porter, Roy
6192:(11): 707.
5129:5 September
4902:Fuat Sezgin
4756:Fuat Sezgin
4478:Fuat Sezgin
4096:HortScience
4017:A. Müller:
3870:: 155–172.
3699:Fuat Sezgin
3220:De Gradibus
3054:Gundeshapur
2930:miscarriage
2924:Miscarriage
2893:Infertility
2888:Infertility
2823:astrologers
2763:Bimaristans
2720:Al-Muqtadir
2621:"darüşşifa"
2505:anaesthesia
2479:conjunctiva
2382:indigestion
2370:Dioscorides
2202: 1450
2096:(sometimes
2072:during the
1993:guinea worm
1961: 1030
1950:Left image:
1912:Bur’al Sa’a
1902:Other works
1840:al-Majusi,
1814:Liber Nonus
1698:Calligraphy
1655:Mathematics
1625:Theological
1545:Eschatology
1454:al-Majusi,
1438:Hippocrates
1373:hippocratic
1329:Left image:
1265:avant garde
778:al-Buqratun
770:Hippocrates
630:, Polybos,
616:Hippocrates
517:Hippocrates
404:Hellenistic
298:Ibn Khaldun
223:Dioscorides
215:Hippocrates
213:physicians
107:Dioscorides
99:Hippocrates
78:Middle East
48:Dioscorides
9204:Categories
9187:philosophy
9134:Psychology
9107:Inventions
9060:solidarity
9010:Philosophy
8990:Secularism
8904:Golden Age
8841:Capitalism
8788:Literature
8622:Apothecary
8263:Influenced
8237:Influences
8223:Bimarestan
8093:Psychology
8047:Tunakabuni
7960:Nurbakhshi
7859:Ibn Shuayb
7849:Al-Nagawri
7783:Ibn Tumlus
7763:As-Suwaydi
7748:Al-Dakhwar
7687:Ibn Tufayl
7682:Ibn Jumay‘
7586:Ibn Butlan
7475:Ibn Juljul
7450:Al-Kaŝkarī
7319:Albubather
7217:Physicians
6798:Hermathena
6642:1 December
6417:The Lancet
6009:: 973–984.
5971:1 December
5967:(4): 19–30
5833:(5): 9–11.
5803:1 December
5560:B00DQ5BKFA
5408:4 December
5316:(1): 1–8.
5099:B00DQ5BKFA
5075:29 October
4940:(1): 3–8.
4706:(in Latin)
4647:(in Latin)
4457:Al-Nuwayri
4411:: 465–556.
4332:Tebyan.net
3560:9 November
3529:1 December
3316:References
3283:Maimonides
3046:See also:
3036:wet nurses
2918:fertilizer
2840:Obstetrics
2836:Gynecology
2827:astrolabes
2748:Al-Dakhwār
2672:lepersoria
2637:Bimaristan
2609:See also:
2605:Bimaristan
2580:Deontology
2560:أدب الطبيب
2509:antisepsis
2405:Techniques
2360:Linnaeus,
2352:Linnaeus,
2061:Ibn Buṭlān
2017:angelology
1824:al-Mansuri
1706:Literature
1648:Inventions
1604:Hygienical
1568:Mysticism
1506:Philosophy
1335:by Al-Razi
1237:counseling
1229:psychology
1221: 860
1078:, and the
920:Nabataeans
660:Archigenes
654:, Kriton,
648:Xenocrates
628:Democritus
624:Pythagoras
612:Theophilos
576:Archimedes
552:بيت الحكمة
529:Pythagoras
470:Theophilos
464:in 829 to
429:Alexandria
413:Muawiyah I
384:See also:
303:Muqaddimah
197:, and the
181:, ancient
9182:cosmology
9177:mysticism
9155:Education
9095:cosmology
9090:Astronomy
9050:Astrology
9033:dialectic
8941:consensus
8936:Democracy
8851:Socialism
8818:Economics
8763:Arabesque
8684:Shamanism
8632:Electuary
8426:Kallawaya
8421:Curandero
8159:Al-Tasrif
7899:Nakhshabi
7677:Ibn Habal
7596:Ibn Jazla
7591:Ibn Hindu
7541:Al-Biruni
7455:Al-Natili
7359:Masawaiyh
7334:Bukhtishu
7314:Al-Ruhawi
7288:Bukhtishu
7252:Ibn Uthal
7242:Bukhtishu
7077: »,
6987:Routledge
6915:Routledge
6891:5 January
6806:0018-0750
6206:1470-2045
5928:145378868
5877:0269-9702
5857:Bioethics
5790:1300-3003
5675:1741-427X
5476:2160-9829
5032:0003-4819
5010:CiteSeerX
4946:2008-2835
4848:5 January
4574:235014692
4548:0141-0768
4283:ignored (
4273:cite book
4241:al-Ma'mun
4153:cite book
4118:0018-5345
3884:0732-2992
3379:0025-7338
3203:Al-Tasrif
3097:Christian
3074:Khosrau I
3062:Khuzestan
2786:Al-Biruni
2740:Bukhtīshū
2633:hospitals
2599:Hospitals
2565:romanized
2475:pterygium
2459:cataracts
2449:Treatment
2111:dietetics
2088:Latinized
2054:Rhineland
1688:Astrology
1643:Astronomy
1620:Political
1358:al-Biruni
1064:al-Tabarī
1042:Al-Mansur
1026:Astronomy
1005:Al-Tabari
966:, by the
929:Al-Tabari
824:romanized
795:Al-Tabari
728:Al-Biruni
684:Oribasius
640:Aristotle
608:Al-Ma'mun
540:Al-Ma'mun
533:Aristotle
466:Al-Ma'mun
386:Caliphate
374:Khosrow I
363:Al-Biruni
275:(trust).
135:classical
72:" is the
9117:Medicine
9080:Timeline
9028:Theology
8985:Quietism
8953:Feminism
8928:politics
8884:Timeline
8664:Humorism
8462:Ayurveda
8399:Americas
8361:Saltigue
8254:Ayurveda
8081:Concepts
7874:Jaghmini
7854:Aqsara'i
7692:Ibn Zuhr
7672:Averroes
7667:Avempace
7621:Masawaih
7566:Avicenna
7500:Muvaffak
7309:Al-Kindi
7007:(1970).
6958:(2001).
6881:(1876).
6834:(2002).
6814:23041368
6706:16721484
6637:39238298
6629:19437603
6503:41109808
6445:39238298
6437:19437603
6304:20378638
6077:17139063
5893:36426902
5885:17845488
5693:18955344
5340:17856795
5069:Archived
5048:31901031
5040:19414844
4964:23407771
4904:(1970).
4885:Archived
4866:Archived
4842:Archived
4821:Archived
4802:Archived
4758:(1970).
4685:20847003
4570:ProQuest
4566:16574977
4480:(1970).
4444:38740431
4227:25364546
4143:(2010).
4126:86510163
4072:29 April
3864:Muqarnas
3764:70364987
3701:(1970).
3611:16322804
3498:: 36–39.
3397:16016635
3151:See also
3142:Ibn Sina
3127:medicine
3058:Shapur I
3032:midwives
3009:surgeons
2997:Ibn Zuhr
2984:the pill
2975:scholars
2952:abortion
2935:diarrhea
2775:pharmacy
2769:Pharmacy
2724:muhtasib
2664:Damascus
2645:Muhammad
2533:Avicenna
2488:couching
2471:peritomy
2455:trachoma
2442:in vitro
2386:pleurisy
2309:—
2295:mandible
2115:exercise
1980:Avicenna
1975:Ibn Sina
1891:smallpox
1838:—
1835:himself.
1663:Medicine
1614:Military
1594:Economic
1589:Criminal
1570:(Sufism)
1511:Theology
1483:a series
1481:Part of
1452:—
1384:—
1362:al-Nadim
1241:Sushruta
1135:holistic
1084:Sanskrit
1072:Sushruta
1044:. Under
989:—
972:Shapur I
968:Sassanid
897:—
787:Al-Kindi
758:Avicenna
735:Marwan I
712:Summaria
664:Antyllus
409:Damascus
314:—
290:Muhammad
282:—
273:tawakkul
195:Ayurveda
185:such as
179:Muhammad
164:Overview
150:medicine
131:Ayurveda
9129:Physics
8973:schools
8876:History
8866:Welfare
8846:Poverty
8836:Banking
8826:History
8803:Pottery
8778:Gardens
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