Odrysian kingdom - Knowledge

1108: 978: 4148: 689: 1409: 1131:. His army consisted of a variety of Thracians (some, like those of the Rhodopes, were independent, but joined nonetheless), Getae and some Paeonians. While Sitalces managed to subjugate some of the Thracian tribes of the lower Strymon, his invasion of eastern Macedon and the Chalkidiki was less successful, as his opponents avoided open combat and simply hid behind their walls. The Odrysian army had not the means to storm them, plus winter was approaching and food supplies were running out. Furthermore, the Athenian force that was promised to them never arrived, perhaps because Athens feared the might of the unleashed Thracian kingdom. After failed negotiations with Perdiccas II, Sitalces retreated back home. Thus, after only 30 days the Odrysian invasion had come to an end. 1584: 1981:

every third warrior was a horseman, who were provided by the Odrysians and the Getae, while the army of Seuthes III had 8.000 riders, probably all Odrysians. The majority of Sitalces' infantry was described as being of rather low quality and was certainly composed of ill-organized levies. It therefore appears that warfare remained a heroic pursuit worthy only of the aristocracy, while military training for the commoners was considered unfitting. Despite this, the Thracian infantry made a great impression on the Greeks, who hired them as mercenaries. Meanwhile, the Odrysian kings made use of Greek mercenary commanders like Xenophon or Iphicrates, while Greek towns inside Thrace were defended by the colonists themselves.

1002:, with the oldest tombs dating to the mid-5th century. Their inventory is exceptional not only by contemporary Thracian, but even Mediterranean standards. According to the archaeologist Tonkova they contained "splendid sets of head and body ornaments, consisting of numerous hoop or boat-shaped earrings, pendants for earrings, a necklace, a torque, bracelets, finger-rings, chains with pendants and fibulae, and pectorals." Most Thracian elite tombs have been identified as warrior burials as they contained weapons and gold pectorals. Two burials from Svetitsa (second half of the 5th century BC) and Dalakova (early 4th century BC) also contained finely crafted and rather impressive gold funeral masks. 2184: 747: 1873: 1670: 1016: 4064: 1450: 4167: 1251: 1234:, about whom very little is known, but who, like Amadocus, sought the good will of Athens. Seuthes II on the other hand allied with Sparta. An Athenian inscription from the year 386/5 confirms that Hebryzelmis sent a delegation to Athens to legitimize his rule and/or gain an ally against Seuthes. However, the Athenians had little interest in another war in the region and thus limited themselves to kind words. Meanwhile, Seuthes had risen yet again against the crown. This second war went badly, as he seemingly lost all of his domains before reconquering them thanks to a mercenary army led by 1954:, were the backbones of the Thracian aristocracy in a society that did not build towns or cities. This changed somewhat in the late 4th century, when Seuthes III founded Seuthopolis, marking the establishment of early state-like institutions which were probably inspired by those of Hellenistic Macedon. Seuthopolis' size always remained quite small, housing not more than 1.000 inhabitants. It is very likely that it was the home of the kingdom's aristocracy, while the common population continued to live outside the city walls, still practicing the agro-pastoral subsistence economy of old. 1339:

forced to accept a peace treaty that sealed the division of the Odrysian state. An inscription from Athens describes said treaty. First, Cersebleptes had to cease his hostilities in the Cheresonese. Second, all three kings and Athens agreed to share their tributes received from the Greek colonies along the Aegean and the Hellespont. Third, the kings promised to enter an alliance with Athens and both sides had to provide each other with military support if tributary Greek colonies revolted. Cersebleptes, however, soon quit that treaty and continued his war in the Chersonese.

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includes the phrase "when Seuthes was in good health", which implies that by the time of writing, he was either dead or dying and that Berenice had taken the rule. The inscription describes negotiations between Berenice and Spartokos, the ruler of Cabyle, a town once founded by Philip II. Indeed, Cabyle had not remained a Macedonian fort for long, but began to mint coins and developed into a city-state with considerable influence. Spartokos is known from several coins minted after 281 where he is addressed as king (

1140: 1278:, challenging the Athenian hegemony in the region. The Athenians were more than ready to fight for the control of the Hellespont, as it was vital for Athens' grain supply from the northern Black Sea region. An early invasion in 367 failed, but in 363/2 Cotys was more successful and repeatedly defeated several Athenian generals. Thus, the Chersonese and the Hellespont had come under direct Odrysian rule. This achievement, however, proved shortlived: much to Athens relief, Cotys I was eventually murdered in 360/59. 67: 1441:

army penetrated the interior by marching upstream the Hebrus river. The Odrysians resisted valiantly and confronted the Macedonians in many battles. Philip faced several setbacks and even seems to have lost at least one battle. By the spring of 341, fighting was still raging and Philip was forced to call in reinforcements. Although detailed evidence is lacking he finally managed to improve his situation and defeated Cersebleptes and Teres at some point between the second half of 341 and the first half of 340.

4107: 1267:. He was also the only Odrysian king whose character was excessively discussed by ancient scholars, although primarily in a rather unfavourable way. While virtually nothing is known about the early years of his rule it is clear that he, together with his son-in-law Iphicrates, managed to conquer the domains of the deceased Hebryzelmis, thus uniting the Odrysian realm under his rule. In 375 he faced an invasion of the Triballi, who devastated the western parts of the realm while marching towards 1292: 1527: 1682: 1354: 4122: 4134: 1926: 83: 2499: 1640: 332: 738: 1575: 1184: 4078: 1656:. The town was primarily based on contemporary Macedonian foundations and showed heavy Greek influences. Seuthopolis probably acted as the capital of Seuthes' kingdom. The size and power of this kingdom should not be overestimated, as its influence was most likely limited to the hinterland of Seuthopolis, in particular the valley between the Rhodopes in the south to the Haemus in the north and the 1636:

may have regarded its pacification not worth the money and manpower. In 313 Seuthes allied with revolting Greek towns on the western shore of the Black Sea, but Lysimachus defeated this alliance. It is possible that to guarantee the peace between the two opponents, Seuthes married a daughter of Lysimachus named Berenice. Afterwards, there is no evidence for another confrontation between the two.

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have had its origins in this period, even though the name of the Odrysians is notably absent from the numismatic evidence. The Odrysians eventually stepped into the light of history in the aftermath of the Persian failure in Greece, when they were mentioned by Herodotus, but without any further details. The Odrysians had their core territory in the valleys of the

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one practiced in Macedon. Unlike in the contemporary Greek city-states, the Odrysian kings needed to legitimize their rule by military prowess, religion and gifts. The royal gift exchange, a practice originally adopted from the Persian court, was especially important for legitimation. Thucydides noted that the total tribute of 400

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The historian Peter Delev is less explicit while describing the realms of Amadocus II and Berisades: "Amadocus, probably a son of Medocus the Odrysian king in Xenophon's Anabasis, took the mountainous hinterland of Maroneia; while one Berisades established himself in the area around the lower Nestos.

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with coloured edges, pointed shoes and the Getai tribe were so similar to the Scythians that they were often confused with them. The nobility and some soldiers wore caps. There was a mutual influence between the Greeks and the Thracians. Greek customs and fashions contributed to the recasting of east

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of gold and silver generated under king Seuthes I was distributed among Seuthes as well as the "chief men and nobles of the Odrysae". Several inscribed silver vessels mention king Cotys I and Cersebleptes and were most likely gifts or tribute. While the king received valuable gifts like gold, silver,

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Although covering almost a third of the entire Balkan peninsula at its peak, the Odrysian kingdom is unlikely to have had state-like institutions before the reign of Seuthes III. In general, the Odrysian kingship was heavily influenced by the Persian court, while also bearing many similarities to the

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period, when it became a Roman vassal state. However, the evidence for this assumption is in fact very slim. Throughout the remainder of the 3rd century, Thrace remained fragmented into various political entities. In the interior ruled various badly known Thracian dynasts. In the east was the kingdom

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A long inscription from Seuthopolis attests to the decline of the fortunes of the town and the trouble in Seuthes' household. It mentions the wife of Seuthes, Berenice, and their four (probably underage) sons Hebryzelmis, Teres, Satocos and Satalas. The document was issued in the name of Berenice and

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In any case, both parties eventually reached a settlement, restricting Seuthes to the interior and Lysimachus to the coastal regions of the Aegean and Black Sea. There is no evidence for Lysimachus vassalizing Seuthes. Thrace north of the Rhodopes probably remained outside of Lysimachus' reach, as he

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Due to the fragmentary nature of the remaining sources, the royal court and the administration of the kingdom must remain largely obscure. It can be assumed that, as in early Macedon, the Odrysian kings formed the heart of the realm and controlled the policy and the minting of coins, appointed loyal

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king, who are known to have resided in the Rhodopes. His identity must remain uncertain. It is a fact, however, that Cotys was the last king in the sources to be explicitly labelled an "Odrysian". There is also no evidence that Odrysians had any affiliations with the royal houses of the Sapaeans and

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in 197, he reconquered most of them a decade later, while again campaigning in the Thracian interior. In 184 or 183 he pushed into the plains of the upper Hebros, defeated the Odrysians and other local tribes and conquered Philipopolis, although the Odrysians reconquered the town soon afterwards. It

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After these events, the Thracian front remained peaceful until 347 or early 346, when the Athenians again attempted to strengthen their presence in Thrace, which they probably did at the request of Cersebleptes. Macedon expelled the Athenian garrisons and defeated the Odrysians, preventing yet again

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In 470/469 BC, the strategist Kimon, mentioned above, defeated the Persian fleet at the mouth of the Eurymedon river. Subsequently, it seems that the royal house of the Odrysians in Thrace gained power and in about 465/464 BC emerged from the Persian shadow. The Odrysians became aware of the power

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Located in the corridor of the Kazanlak tomb, the painting is divided into two friezes, each showing two groups of warriors respectively interacting with each other. It has been proposed that the one group represents Thracians and the other Macedonians, although their similar clothing and equipment

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Although not mentioned in the Seuthopolis inscription and known only from a few coins and an inscription in a grave from Kazanlak, Seuthes seemed to have another son named Roigos, who eventually became king. The fate of Seuthes' dynasty remains enigmatic. Other Thracian monarchs recorded in sources

1561:. The situation south of the Haemus remained largely stable for the next few years, albeit even here, Macedon never managed to impose its rule over all Thracian tribes. Macedon's rule was precarious and a potential Odrysian upstarter could count on the support of much of the disgruntled population. 1206:

even called both of them "kings of the Thracians", although this is most likely a misunderstanding: by 405 Seuthes II still considered Amadocus I as his suzerein. Amadocus was the son of the previous king Seuthes I, while Seuthes II was the son of a Thracian chieftain named Maisades. Maisades was a

1908:, could also be found in Macedon. The Odrysian kingdom appears to have been rather decentralized, consisting of many different regional elites vying for power. Their rule over their subjects, who lived in scattered hamlets, was very loose and exercised mainly through raiding and demanding tribute. 1839:

By the middle of the 1st century BC, the Romans dominated coastal Thrace, while the most important Thracian tribes were the Sapaeans and the Asti. The Romans decided not to implement an administration in the Thracian interior, but instead relied on indirect influence via a large, Hellenized client

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to have been the first Odrysian king altogether. Writing in the late 5th century BC, he wrote that Teres "was the first powerful king of the Odrysae" and that he "was the first founder of the great Odrysian empire, which he extended over a large part of Thrace, although many of the Thracian tribes

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After Alexander's death in 323, one of his bodyguards named Lysimachus was appointed as the satrap of Thrace. Soon after his arrival he faced off with Seuthes, who had rallied much of Thrace around his banner. Seuthes' goal seems to have been the revival of an independent Odrysian state. A battle

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towns for Cersebleptes, Philip finally felt confident enough to begin his most ambitious project so far: the conquest of inland Thrace in the form of a large campaign that would last from 342 to 340. Few details are known about this campaign. It seems to have started in May or June, when Philip's

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Although the Persian presence in Thrace was short-lived, it probably stimulated trade and first state formations among the Thracians. Mintings of Thracian coins started around 500 and may be an indicator for a variety of early tribal kingdoms. It has been suggested that the Odrysian kingdom might

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When Sitalces' army invaded Macedon he supposedly fielded an army numbering 150.000 men, which is likely an inflated number. Around 100 years later, when Seuthes III confronted Lysimachus, the numbers had shrunk to 28.000 men. A considerable part of these armies were horsemen. Of Sitalces' army,

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The Getae, a northern Thracian people located between the northeastern foothills of the Haemus range and the lower Danube and the Black Sea, had been part of the Odrysian realm since Teres I, even though it is not clear how tightly they were actually incorporated into the state. When and how the

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Cersebleptes continued his attempts to unite the Odrysian kingdoms: in 353/4 he and Philip discussed the invasion of the kingdom of Amadocus II and the Athenian domains in Thrace, while around a year later he marched against the kingdom of Cetriporis. Meanwhile, Athens feared a possible alliance

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As early as 359, the year of his coronation, Philip II of Macedon I contacted a "Thracian king" to persuade him to not harbour a Macedonian pretender to the throne. This king is probably to be identified with the western Odrysian king Berisades. A year later he unified Macedon and subjugated the

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Cersebleptes was the most ambitious of the three. He continued his father's war against Athens for the Chersonese, while also striving to reunite the Odrysian kingdom. His attempts proved futile, for Amadocus II and Berisades, who received support from Athens, resisted his attacks. In 357 he was

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Archaeological evidence confirms that by the middle of the 5th century BC, a new and powerful elite had emerged that accumulated a wealth of precious artifacts of both local and regional origin. Burial practices were changing after the Persian withdrawal and a new type of elite burial emerged in

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Strabo briefly stated that the Odrysians were ruled by the kings Amadocus, Cersobleptes, Berisades, Seuthes, and Cotys. The identification of the first three names with the kings who split the Odrysian king in three parts is obvious, while Seuthes has been identified with Seuthes III. Curiously

961:, who was a son of Ariapeithes and Teres' sister. When the two armies met at the Danube, however, Sitalces simply agreed to hand over Scylas (who was killed on the spot) for an unnamed brother of his who resided among the Scythians. Another important event may have happened further east, in the 2137:

mountains. Archaeologists have uncovered the northeastern wall of the Thracian kings' residence, 13 m in length and preserved up to 2 m in height. They also found the names of Cleobulus and Anaxandros, Philip II of Macedon's generals who led the assault on the Odrysian kingdom.

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to expand his dominion at the cost of Teres and other rebels, forcing them to reacknowledge the authority of Amadocus. Due to lacking funds they left his service already after two months. Seuthes II eventually rose against Amadocus, although little is known about this insurrection. In 389 the

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in the west to the Black Sea and the Propontis in the east as well as the Haemus and the mouth of the Danube (which was ruled by the tributary Getae) in the north. According to Thucydides, the Odrysian state was "very powerful, and in revenue and general prosperity exceeded all the nations of

1162:, who resided north of the western Haemus. Throughout his reign, the Odrysians did not intervene in coastal Thrace, which had now become a contested battlefield between Athens and Sparta. Athens for its part began to make heavy use of Thracian mercenaries acting as light skirmishers, the 1660:

in the west to the upper Tonzos in the east. Thus, his realm only covered the northwestern fringes of the former Odrysian empire. Seuthes also only issued bronze coins, which were insufficient to challenge the Macedonian economic hegemony and its royal mintings in more precious metals.

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The Peloponnesian War: A Military Study (Warfare and History) by J. F. Lazenby, 2003, page 224, "... number of strongholds, and he made himself useful fighting 'the Thracians without a king' on behalf of the more Hellenized Thracian kings and their Greek neighbours (Nepos, Alc.

609:(4th century BC) thought of it as a continent of its own. While the boundaries of Thrace fluctuated throughout history, Thrace can be divided in a northern and a southern half, which were also culturally different. The border between the two halves has been identified as the 1898:

deputies and commanded the troops on the battlefield. The realm was essentially the king's estate. Below the king was an elite of horse warriors and administrators deriving not only from the royal court, but also from rival tribes. Thucydides called said local rulers

704:. Occasional references to them appear in the following centuries, although it was not until the 5th century when Greek literature developed an interest in discussing non-Greeks more extensively. In the 7th and 6th centuries, much of the Thracian coast was settled by 2545:(some of them possibly non-Odrysian) are included as well. Odrysian kings, though called Kings of Thrace, never exercised sovereignty over all of Thrace. Control varied according to tribal relationships. Odrysian kings (names are presented in Greek or Latin forms): 1396:

and eradicating its population. Intimidated, Cersebleptes renounced his claims on much of the Chersonese and allied with Athens. This was unacceptable for Philip, who allied with Amadocus II and marched against Cersebleptes. After besieging him in his residence in

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Porozhanov, Kalin (2009). "King of the Thracian. Olorus in south-eastern Thrace. A Predecessor of the Odrysian King Teres I (between 516/514 BC and the end of the 6th/the beginning of the 5th centuries BC)". In Zanoci, Aurel; Arnăut, Tudor; Băț, Mihail (eds.).

720:. The political history of the Thracian tribes of this age is virtually unknown, although it is recorded that in the late 6th century, Athenian settlers interacted with a "king of Thrace" (and possible predecessor of the Odrysian kings?) residing north of the 1166:. Due to their success the Greeks soon began to raise peltast units of their own. Still, the Athenians eventually lost the Peleponnesian war and, for a few years at least, much of their influence in the northern Aegean. Seuthes I was eventually succeeded by 1894:

textiles or horses, he was also expected to distribute gifts like artefacts, women or land to earn the loyalty and achieve the expansion of his military retinue. Such systems are inevitably unstable, royal authority would always remain rather fluid.

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There is no evidence that the early Odrysian kings had a fixed capital. Instead, they probably maintained a mobile court, moving throughout the kingdom and residing in fortified residences. These small fortified places, which the Greeks called

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claimed that the subdued regions had to pay taxes. As a matter of fact, there is no evidence for important administrative centers. Instead, Persian authority was merely exercised through a couple of garrisoned forts, most importantly those of

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described Cotys as "the right man to strengthen the run-down Odrysian realm, vigorous, and an artful diplomat ." Indeed, it was under him that the kingdom reached its greatest might and became a considerable political factor in the nascent

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an Odrysian. It may thus be likely that Polybius used "Odrysian" as a synonym for "Thracian". Furthermore, after the war Cotys was described as being active in the hinterland of Abdera at the Aegean coast, implying that he was rather a

1732:. A newer theory proposes the destruction of the town in the 250s, based on a revamped dating of pottery, numismatic evidence and the presence of several Celtic artefacts. The archaeological evidence also shows the employment of siege 1623:

of Thrace engaged in rebellions and failed expeditions against the Getae, greatly unsettling the country in the process. At the end of the 330s or in the mid-320s (the dating is not entirely clear), a certain Seuthes, later known as

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Getae became independent is not discussed in the available sources. Perhaps they became independent during the rule of Cotys I or after his death in 360. Rich funeral treasures from the second half of the 4th century, like those of

1767:, the Seleucids established themselves under Antiochus II (r. 261–246), who relied on allied Thracian dynasts to expand his influence deep into the interior. After his death in 246 the Seleucid presence was replaced by that of the 1096:. Sitalces' son Sadokos was sent to Athens and was granted the Athenian citizenship. Sitalces, apparently an experienced leader with political acumen, would prove his commitment to the alliance in the next year, when he arrested a 1632:

ensued between him and Lysimachus, which Lysimachus barely and by no means decisively won. Both sides prepared for a second conflict, but the primary source for this event, Diodorus Siculus, provides no details on its outcome.

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Paeonians to the northeast. In these early years he did not bother much with Thrace yet, as he regarded the infighting Odrysian kingdoms as no threat for his rule. A first push into the kingdom of Berisades and his successor

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The list below includes the known Odrysian kings of Thrace, but much of it is conjectural, based on incomplete sources, and the varying interpretation of ongoing numismatic and archaeological discoveries. Various other

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An Athenian decree from 330 BC mentions a certain "Rebulas, the son of Seuthes and brother of Cotys", who is often assumed to have been a son of Seuthes III. However, he could also very well have been a son of Seuthes

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of Tylis, a Celtic-dominated predator state which existence was based on blackmailing tribute and that was eventually destroyed by a Thracian revolt or attack soon after 220. In the southeast and based at the town of

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that functioned until the second quarter of the 3rd century BC. After that there is little conclusive evidence for the persistence of an Odrysian state, with the exception of a dubious Odrysian king fighting in the

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Seuthes was keen to establish a Hellenistic kingdom, although he avoided to label himself as king on his coins. Probably after the death of Alexander in 323, Seuthes founded a town at the Tonzos river, near modern

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Strobel, Karl (2019). "Südosteuropa in der Zeit von Republik und Principat. Vorgeschichte, Etablierung und Konsolidierung römischer Herrschaft". In Mitthof, Fritz; Schreiner, Peter; Schmitt, Oliver Jens (eds.).

1084:, making them direct neighbours of the Odrysians. The Athenians had already taken some interest in the Thracian interior before 431, but it was in said year when they concluded an alliance with Sitalces against 4295:

vacuum resulting from the withdrawal of the Persians and claimed back supremacy over the region inhabited by several tribes. From this period onwards an indigenous ruling dynasty is comprehensible.

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The conquest of the Odrysian kingdoms doubled the size of the domains ruled by Philip II, even though inland Thrace was not transformed into a Macedonian province, but was put under the loose control of a

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Terziev, Stoyan (2017). "The cities in Southeastern Thrace and the central government under the last Thracian Kings (27 BC—AD 45)". In Daniela Stoyаnova; Grigor Boykov; Ivaylo Lozanov (eds.).

1628:, instigated a Thracian rebellion. He seems to have been an Odrysian and may have been associated with the royal house of Cersebleptes, although his social background must remain speculation. 8068: 1787:

may be noteworthy that no Odrysian king is mentioned. While in 181, Philip was still climbing the Haemus in northern Thrace, his Thracian empire collapsed with his death two years later.

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The end of Seuthopolis is a matter of debate, but it is clear that the town was destroyed still in the first half of the 3rd century. According to some scholars it was conquered by the

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to Philip II, thus concluding an alliance between the two states. This probably happened during or shortly after Philip's conquest of the Odrysians. The kingdom survived two wars with

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By the middle of the 4th century there existed a Getic kingdom that was to thrive for a century. The Getic capital was Helis, which has been identified with the archaeological site of

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seized power in around 438. It is not unlikely that he was of Odrysian descent and that his takeover was instigated by the Odrysian royal house, although this must remain speculation.

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Initially raised at the court of Amadocus, Seuthes was sent to eastern Thrace several years before 405. By 405 he had managed to consolidate his position over a realm stretching from

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loyal to Rome and even expanded into the interior. Little is known about how the Sapaeans administered this region, although they made Philippopolis a royal residence. In 21 AD king

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Around the middle of the 5th century, when Sitalces had not yet succeeded his father, the Odrysians intervened in a Scythian civil war, seemingly on the side of the dethroned king

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The Greek Seuthopolis inscription from the turn of the 3rd century. It mentions Berenice as the presumed widow of Seuthes III, their four sons and the king of Cabyle, Spartokos.

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in 351, he forced the Thracian king to surrender and took his son as a hostage. Around this time, Philip also abolished Cetriporis' kingdom and deposed Amadocus II in favour of

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descendant of king Teres, making Seuthes II and Amadocus I distant relatives. There was also an autonomous Odrysian prince in the western hinterlands of Byzantium named Teres.

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are still independent." Said independent tribes consisted of Thracians living along parts of the Aegean coast and in parts of the Rhodope mountains and as well as the powerful

4207:, the god of thunder. It is also depicted on coins of Thrace as the symbol of the kings of the Odrysae, who considered Zalmoxis the ancestor and protector of the royal house." 1984:

Initially, the Odrysian army was divided into light infantry and light cavalry. The infantry used bows, slings, spears, swords, axes and light crescent-shaped shields called

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had been spoken at least by some members of the royal household in the fifth century BC and became the language of administrators; the Greek alphabet was adopted as the new

1992:. Except of slings, the cavalry used the same weapons as the infantry. In the later 5th century the Thracian cavalry began to adopt armour. The employed helmets were of the 534:

Afterwards the kingdom disintegrated: southern and central Thrace were divided among three Odrysian kings, while the northeast came under the dominion of the kingdom of the

1693:(died 297) and Lysimachus (died 281), implying that his coins were produced until the early years of the 3rd century BC. Seuthes was symbolically buried in the tumulus of 724:

peninsula. The absence of imported artefacts confirms that inland Thrace north of the Rhodopes remained largely isolated from the Aegean trade until the late 6th century.

1988:, giving these warriors their name: "peltasts". Round and oval shields were, however, also utilized. A weapon primarily found in the western and central Rhodoes was the 812:

at the northern shores of the Black Sea. Most eastern Thracian tribes submitted peacefully, except of the Getae, who were defeated. More expeditions under the generals

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in 431. His successor was his son Sitalces, whose reign is mostly known thanks to the account of Thucydides. Before the war he is known to have campaigned against the

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described them as powerful, their uprising failed due to their bad coordination. The Romans eventually dissolved the Sapaean kingdom in 45/6 and turned it into the

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Zournatzi, Antigoni (2000). "Inscribed Silver Vessels of the Odrysian Kings. Gifts, Tribute, and the Diffusion of the Forms of "Achaemenid" Metalware in Thrace".

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It is unknown when Seuthes III died, with estimations ranging from the end of the 4th century to the 280s. Coins minted in his name include overstruck coins of

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Delev, Peter (2015b). "From Koroupedion to the Beginning of the Third Mithridatic War (281–73 BCE)". In Valeva, Julia; Nankov, Emil; Graninger, Danver (eds.).

1474:, attest to the increasing wealth of the Getic elite. Several artefacts seem to have originated in the Odrysian kingdom and may well have been prestige gifts. 1782:. While Philip's initial focus was on coastal Thrace, he also led a campaign into the interior. Temporarily losing his Thracian holdings after the end of the 930:, who married Teres' daughter. In conclusion, the Odrysians were the first to supersede the Thracian tribal system and establish a large state in the eastern 7165:

Delev, Peter (2015a). "Thrace from the Assassination of Kotys I to Koroupedion (360–281 BC)". In Valeva, Julia; Nankov, Emil; Graninger, Danver (eds.).

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from the 3rd century, like Cotys or Scostocus, can not be proved to have been Odrysian, even if they are often labelled as such by modern authors.

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A few years later Cersebleptes allied with Teres II and invaded the Chersonese, which was now under Macedon's protection. After asking the Persian king

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Brosius, Maria (2011). "Keeping up with the Persians. Between Cultural Identity and Persianization in the Achaemenid Period". In Erich S. Gruen (ed.).

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Balkan society. Among the nobility Greek fashions in dress, ornament and military equipment were popular. Unlike the Greeks, the Thracians often wore

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mediated between the two parties, resulting in Seuthes II, whom Xenophon called "ruler of the coast region", recognizing Amadocus' authority again.

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pursued a policy of expansion, making the kingdom one of the most powerful of its time. Throughout much of its early history it remained an ally of

1259: 193: 1509:, but eventually disintegrated a few decades later. Helis/Sboryanovo was completely destroyed by an earthquake in the middle of the 3rd century. 7870:

Zahrnt, Michael (2015). "Early History of Thrace to the Murder of Kotys I (360 BCE)". In Valeva, Julia; Nankov, Emil; Graninger, Danver (eds.).

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make it more likely that all of them are Thracians, although of different tribes. The two warriors in this scene may be negotiating or duelling.

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Exploring the Hospitable Sea Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Black Sea in Antiquity held in Thessaloniki, 21–23 September 2012

7322: 7067:

Braund, David (2015). "Thracians and Scythians. Tensions, Interactions and Osmosis". In Valeva, Julia; Nankov, Emil; Graninger, Danver (eds.).

2480: 7782:

Tzochev, Chavdar (2016). "Accounts from the Treasury of Seuthes III. Inscribed Silver Plate Found in the Tomb of the Golyama Kosmatka Mound".

1052:

in the west, subjugating some of the tribes living along the upper reaches of the Strymon. Now, his influence extended over much of Bulgaria,

2527: 906:

Teres most likely came to dominate central Thrace soon after 480 BC. Building his realm on a privileged warrior aristocracy, he and his son

1697:, without his actual corpse. It may well be that he had been killed in battle, perhaps fighting against Lysimachus or with him as an ally. 1198:

By the turn of the 4th century the Odrysian kingdom showed its tendency towards fragmentation. Two rulers are known by 405: Amadocus I and

998:

from the late 5th century even contained traces of wall paintings. The earliest of these new elite tombs can be found in the necropolis of

1040:

440 BC. The Athenian elite had a considerable respect for the Thracian horsemanship and emulated the Thracian dress and style of warfare.

1716:

in the 270s. The Celts were ravaging much of the Balkan Peninsula since the early 270s and also led numerous incursions into Thrace. In

688: 493: 7984: 4166: 999: 1736:, which is unlikely to have been utilized by Celts. It may therefore be that Seuthopolis was not destroyed by the Celts, but by the 1553:

and were probably commanded by Odrysian noblemen. Philip founded several towns in Thrace to ease Macedonian rule, most prominently

995: 919: 1481:, which was founded in the 330s or early 320s and housed around 10.000 inhabitants. It seems that the Getae also became active in 1408: 1384:

that was to serve as a launch pad for future invasions into the interior. Cetriporis allied himself with the kings of Paeonia and

8048: 8028: 2454: 1348: 7445:"Seuthopolis. Der hellenisierte Herrscher Seuthes III. (ca. 330–295 v. Chr.) und seine Residenzstadt im bulgarischen Rosental" 4063: 7735: 7698: 7640: 7579: 7475: 7456: 7433: 7389: 7241: 1506: 7693:. Vol. Band 1. Herrschaft und Politik in Südosteuropa von der römischen Antike bis 1300. De Gruyter. pp. 131–266. 7652:

L'épopée des rois thraces des guerres médiques aux invasions celtes 479–278 av. j. c. Découvertes archéologiques en bulgarie

7302:

Greenwalt, William S. (2015). "Thracian and Macedonian Kingship". In Valeva, Julia; Nankov, Emil; Graninger, Danver (eds.).

6987:

L'épopée des rois thraces des guerres médiques aux invasions celtes 479–278 av. j. c. Découvertes archéologiques en bulgarie

2016:

were also adopted at that time. Finally, there is also evidence that the Thracians employed siege artillery, in particular

2004:

types, of which the Chalcidian type seems to have been the most popular. The earliest torso armour was a type of primitive

1092:

in the west. This pact was cemented by a dynastic marriage, as Sitalces would marry the sister of the Athenian ambassador,

4278:

Rehm, Ellen (2010). "The Impact of the Achaemenids on Thrace: A Historical Review". In Nieling, Jens; Rehm, Ellen (eds.).

2008:

of cylindrical form that had long fallen out of use elsewhere. Leather and linen armour was also worn. In the 4th century

1512: 1230:

Amadocus, who had defied Seuthes' insurrection probably due to his own popularity, died soon after 389. His successor was

8043: 8033: 7746: 2398: 1127:

At the turn of the year 428, Sitalces raised a massive, multi-ethnic army to march against Macedon and insurgents on the

82: 6768:

The Odrysian Kingdom of Thrace: Orpheus Unmasked (Oxford Monographs on Classical Archaeology) by Z. H. Archibald, 1998,

6741:

The Odrysian Kingdom of Thrace: Orpheus Unmasked (Oxford Monographs on Classical Archaeology) by Z. H. Archibald, 1998,

1541:. Local Thracian rulers who seemed trustworthy were allowed to rule on Macedonian behalf, granted that they would pay a 1319:

of Macedon, marked the beginning of the kingdom's downfall. The Odrysian state was divided among three competing kings:

7879: 7847: 7828: 7765: 7678: 7659: 7617: 7555: 7536: 7517: 7498: 7311: 7292: 7273: 7193: 7174: 7114: 7095: 7076: 7057: 6994: 6975: 6956: 6873:

The Odrysian Kingdom of Thrace: Orpheus Unmasked (Oxford Monographs on Classical Archaeology) by Z. H. Archibald,1998,

6856:

The Odrysian Kingdom of Thrace: Orpheus Unmasked (Oxford Monographs on Classical Archaeology) by Z. H. Archibald,1998,

4287: 2414: 1254:

A golden wreath and ring from the burial of an Odrysian aristocrat at the Golyamata Mogila tumulus (mid-4th century BC)

7345:

Kellogg, Danielle (2007). Brennan, T. Corey (ed.). "The Athenian Decree Honoring Hebryzelmis of Thrace Reconsidered".

1814:, but eventually became a Roman ally after the war. Perhaps he is identical with the Cotys mentioned by the historian 1425:

a Thraco-Athenian alliance against him. As a result of this campaign Philip also put the Aeagean coast as far east as

882:. Like other Thracian polities, the Odrysian tribal kingdom attempted to fill the vacuum left by the Persian retreat. 7972: 7598: 7366: 6878: 6861: 6773: 6746: 6729: 2520: 2388: 1758:

Most modern historians believe that the Odrysian kingdom continued to exist throughout the Hellenistic and the early

1388:, but Philip II defeated them one by one. Cetriporis was allowed to keep his kingdom, at least for a few more years. 845: 512: 6821: 2446: 1818:. However, his Odrysian background has been doubted, as the account of Polybius, the only remaining source (minus 6706:

Entangled Histories of the Balkans – Volume Three: Shared Pasts, Disputed Legacies by Daskalov, BRILL, p. 92

4091: 6915:

Smith, William (1867). "Amadocus (I)". In William Smith. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology 1

1856:

took refuge in Philippopolis when he was confronted with a rebellion, among them Odrysians. While the historian

1546: 8058: 7038: 2365: 2301: 2153: 589:

lacked an indigenous writing tradition, the most important sources for the reconstruction of their history are

7048:

Bouzek, Jan; Graninger, Denver (2015). "Geography". In Valeva, Julia; Nankov, Emil; Graninger, Danver (eds.).

1771:, who established a satrapy in coastal Thrace. An Odrysian kingdom, however, is not described in the sources. 805: 2068:

all decorated themselves with status-enhancing tattoos. Thracian warfare was affected also by Celts and the

2513: 2492: 2475: 2438: 2360: 2236: 2163: 4106: 1583: 918:

at the Aegean Sea. He also expanded to eastern Thrace, although he suffered a setback at the hands of the

746: 2430: 2710:

The survival of a specifically "Odrysian" state beyond the early 3rd century BC is considered debatable.

2470: 2352: 2309: 1478: 2201: 8023: 2283: 2033: 2028: 1872: 849: 654: 7650:

Stoyanov, Totko (2015a). "Un centre de pouvoir gète: Hélis-Sboryanovo". In Jean-Luc Martinez (ed.).

7234:

Monuments and Texts in Antiquity and Beyond. Essays for the Centenary of Georgi Mihailov (1915–1991)

8053: 7857:

Xydopoulos, Ioannis K. (2010). "The Odrysian Kingdom after Philip II. Greek- and Self-perception".

7571: 6906:

The distinction between Metocus and Amadocus I is primarily argued by Tacheva 2006: 88-96, 106-113.

3727: 2275: 2209: 2142: 1778:

began a renewed expansion to the east, exploiting the weakness of the Ptolemies after the death of

844:. Hence, the vast majority of Thrace remained unaffected by the Persian presence. After the failed 139: 66: 17: 6724:

The Thracians 700 BC-AD 46 (Men-at-Arms) by Christopher Webber and Angus McBride, 2001,

1669: 1545:

and provide troops. Such troops, generally called "Thracians" or "Odrysians", participated in the

1015: 8038: 6891: 6818:"Bulgarian Archaeologists Uncover Story of Ancient Thracians' War with Philip II of Macedon" 2267: 1085: 7756:

Tonkova, Milena (2015). "Adornments". In Valeva, Julia; Nankov, Emil; Graninger, Danver (eds.).

7266:

The Danubian Lands between the Black, Aegean and Adriatic Seas: (7th Century BC-10th Century AD)

6985:

Archibald, Zosia H. (2015). "L'émergence de l'aristocratie odryse". In Jean-Luc Martinez (ed.).

1449: 1250: 601:

historians. Said historians considered the Thracians to be a numerous people and their country,

7546:

Popov, Hristo (2015). "Settlements". In Valeva, Julia; Nankov, Emil; Graninger, Danver (eds.).

4069: 2380: 2228: 1822:, who relied on Polybius), called him an Odrysian only once, while also calling the Getic king 1558: 496:

dominated by the Odrysians that was the first large political entity to develop in the eastern

132: 7669:

Stoyanov, Totko (2015b). "Warfare". In Valeva, Julia; Nankov, Emil; Graninger, Danver (eds.).

7608:

Sears, Matthew A. (2015). "Athens". In Valeva, Julia; Nankov, Emil; Graninger, Danver (eds.).

7422:"The double axe (λάβρυς) in Roman Crete and beyond: the iconography of a multi-faceted symbol" 6966:

Archibald, Zosia (2010). "Macedonia and Thrace". In Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (eds.).

4217:

It remains unknown who of the three new kings took the rich inland plain of the Upper Hebros."

4121: 617:

slightly further north. Southern Thrace covered the fertile valley between the Haemus and the

6845: 6715:

The World of Tattoo: An Illustrated History by Maarten Hesselt van Dinter, 2007, page 25

4133: 3935: 1833: 1783: 1429:(not the banks of the Nestos river as often assumed) under direct Macedonian administration. 610: 7838:

Vassileva, Maya (2015). "Persia". In Valeva, Julia; Nankov, Emil; Graninger, Danver (eds.).

7821:

By the Spear. Philip II, Alexander the Great, and the Rise and Fall of the Macedonian Empire

7264:

Dumitru, Adrian George (2015). "Some thoughts about Seleucid Thrace in the 3rd century BC".

7105:

Dana, Dan (2015). "Inscriptions". In Valeva, Julia; Nankov, Emil; Graninger, Danver (eds.).

3646: 2322: 2241: 1890: 1807: 1799: 1490: 1377: 1361: 1316: 1097: 700:

Thracians had already settled in the 2nd millennium BCE, and were featured in the epics of

556: 543: 7529:

Greco-Scythian Art and the Birth of Eurasia. From Classical Antiquity to Russian Modernity

778:

480 BC. "Skudra" is traditionally identified with Thrace, although this is not undisputed.

8: 4158: 3466: 2406: 2372: 2327: 2172: 1802:. Perseus' most trusted ally in this war was the Thracian king Cotys, whom the historian 1775: 1764: 1694: 1674: 1550: 1392:

between Philip and Cersebleptes and decided to make an example by conquering the town of

817: 462: 298: 167: 1420:, (re-)founded by Philip II during the final stages of the Odrysian war in 341 or 340 BC 923: 7914: 7906: 7807: 7399:

Kotova, Dobriela (2014). "The Personality of Kotys in the Ancient Literary Tradition".

7153: 4200: 4173: 3168: 2628: 2291: 2249: 2220: 1916: 1791: 1454: 1264: 1239: 1112: 922:. In the north-east, he cemented the position of his realm by allying himself with the 852:. By around 450, Persian authority in Europe, including Thrace, had vanished entirely. 539: 528: 325: 149: 7968: 7947: 7918: 7875: 7843: 7824: 7811: 7799: 7761: 7731: 7694: 7674: 7655: 7636: 7613: 7594: 7575: 7551: 7532: 7513: 7494: 7486: 7471: 7452: 7429: 7408: 7385: 7362: 7333: 7307: 7288: 7269: 7237: 7216: 7189: 7170: 7145: 7110: 7091: 7072: 7053: 7034: 7017: 6990: 6971: 6952: 6874: 6857: 6769: 6742: 6725: 4283: 2118: 2073: 2037: 2001: 1993: 1902:, meaning "those who share power". A similar elite class loyal only to the king, the 1218:

to parts of the northern Propontis coast. In 400 BC he hired Greek mercenaries under

1211: 1101: 1049: 1045: 759: 618: 527:

on its side. By 400 BC the state showed first signs of fatigue, although the skilled

524: 508: 128: 2129:

Residences and temples of the Odrysian kingdom have been found, particularly around

1173: 7898: 7791: 7354: 7137: 4139: 4083: 4077: 2336: 2317: 2259: 1963: 1841: 1398: 1203: 1081: 962: 937: 520: 481: 419: 6817: 6786: 1968: 1335:

controlled the western part from Maroneia in the east to the Styrmon in the west.

1139: 4177: 2720:(by 171-after 166 BC), last king described explicitly as Odrysian in the sources. 2503: 1997: 1881: 1853: 1849: 1811: 1753: 1498: 1471: 1437: 1187: 560: 485: 367: 35: 1844:

in 31 BC, the Romans abolished the Asti dynasty and established the Sapaeans in

1323:, the son of Cotys, ruled the eastern parts beyond the lower Hebros and Tonzos; 7795: 7358: 2542: 2110: 2102: 2041: 2005: 1795: 1433: 1268: 1057: 1028: 915: 879: 767: 705: 638: 598: 489: 7466:

Loukopoulou, L.D. (2011). "Macedonia in Thrace". In Fox, Robin J. Lane (ed.).

6697:

Olivier Henry. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, 11 April 2016, p. 2006

1044:

Teres, who is claimed to have lived 92 years, had died by the outbreak of the

8017: 7999: 7986: 7951: 7803: 7412: 7337: 7220: 7149: 7021: 2601:, son of ? Metocus (unless identical to him) or of Sitalces (410–390 BC) 2114: 2106: 1065: 982: 452: 7784:

Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens

3813: 3312: 2634: 2009: 1823: 1759: 1741: 1681: 1485:

north of the Danube, a region that would come to constitute a part of the "

1357: 1353: 1320: 1296: 1053: 642: 31: 7141: 1526: 1315:

The death of Cotys, almost contemporary to the coronation of the talented

7716: 4282:. Black Sea Studies. Vol. 11. Aarhus University Press. p. 143. 4154: 3333: 3193: 3161: 3146: 2698: 2654: 2622: 2422: 2344: 2134: 1721: 1653: 1625: 1596: 1324: 1300: 1231: 1224: 966: 958: 927: 789: 674: 650: 594: 590: 551: 547: 546:

in 340 BC. A much smaller Odrysian state was revived in around 330 BC by

222: 206: 113: 4237:

enough, Polybius noted that the father of Cotys was a man named Seuthes.

1840:

kingdom resembling the Odrysian kingdom of old. Probably soon after the

27:

Union of Thracian tribes and kingdoms (5th century BC to 3rd century BC)

7157: 7125: 4097: 3561: 3489: 3350: 3323: 3055: 3023: 2945: 2671: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2555: 2053: 1779: 1607: 1502: 1373: 1369: 1291: 1275: 1235: 1199: 1167: 1148: 1128: 1074: 1005: 895: 630: 7910: 1925: 1639: 1281: 538:. The three Odrysian kingdoms were eventually conquered by the rising 531:

initiated a brief renaissance that lasted until his murder in 360 BC.

7965:

Bodies in Transition. Dissolving the Boundaries of Embodied Knowledge

3911: 3736: 3360: 3044: 2717: 2687: 2660: 2644: 2567: 2089: 2065: 2057: 1989: 1949: 1768: 1737: 1733: 1690: 1537: 1426: 1332: 1304: 1215: 1155: 1144: 1020: 832: 813: 809: 793: 721: 713: 634: 626: 622: 586: 465: 7960: 7935: 7444: 7377: 7252: 7229: 7204: 7005: 1884:(4th century BC). An inscription on its belly mentions king Cotys I. 824:

followed, even though they only managed to secure the Aegean coast.

737: 7902: 7628: 7421: 6791: 6787:"Bulgarian Archaeologists Make Breakthrough in Ancient Thrace Tomb" 4204: 3822: 3305: 3179: 2952: 2922: 2713: 2691: 2681: 2664: 2608: 2582: 2573: 2561: 2183: 2130: 2098: 2069: 2017: 1904: 1845: 1828: 1803: 1649: 1600: 1494: 1482: 1463: 1417: 1402: 1381: 1328: 1219: 1178: 1163: 1159: 946: 907: 900: 837: 821: 801: 797: 678: 516: 473: 392: 238: 104: 88: 7790:(4). The American School of Classical Studies at Athens: 779–794. 4344: 4342: 1274:

Cotys eventually set his eyes on the strategic Chersonese and the

1080:

In the south, much of coastal Thrace had passed under the rule of

559:

named Cotys. The Odrysian heartland was eventually annexed by the

4558: 3552: 2827: 2612: 2549: 2061: 1861: 1857: 1657: 1611: 1385: 1191: 1183: 1174:

First signs of decay and brief revival under Cotys I (404–360 BC)

1116: 1089: 1061: 1032: 942: 931: 891: 875: 871: 831:(provincial administration) in Thrace, even though the historian 828: 717: 692:

Greek vase painting showing a Thracian woman with tattooed arms,

673:. Thrace also extended into what is now northwestern Turkey both 670: 662: 658: 564: 504: 497: 477: 404: 34:

vassal kingdom during the 1st century BC and 1st century AD, see

5917: 4045:

Roigos, son of Seuthes III, maybe king Roigos, son of Seuthes IV

1238:. Iphicrates subsequently married the daughter of Seuthes' son, 472:

and the early 3rd / late 1st century BC. Located in present-day

7963:. In Bamberger, Günter; Shapiro, Alan; Wascheck, Frank (eds.). 7323:"The Wars of the Odrysian Kingdom against Philip II 352–339 BC" 4575: 4573: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4339: 4312: 4112: 3655: 2704: 2093: 2013: 1877: 1815: 1574: 1554: 1467: 1413: 1393: 1308: 1070: 1024: 991: 954: 911: 785: 771: 709: 666: 646: 614: 606: 602: 400: 396: 312: 73: 7257:

Atephanos Archaeological ad 80 annum professoris Ludmili Getov

6667: 6471: 6282: 5989: 5718: 5716: 5282: 4830: 827:

It seems most likely that the Achaemenids did not establish a

657:, thus enclosing parts of the territory now comprising modern 437: 7776:

The Odrysian Kingdom from the Late 5th to the Mid-4th C. B.C.

6679: 6655: 6588: 6537: 6483: 6435: 6381: 6369: 6345: 5743: 5384: 4920: 4390: 1848:, the capital of the former. The Sapaeans of Bizye created a 1729: 1713: 1542: 1486: 1295:

The peace treaty between Athens and the three Odrysian kings

855: 701: 682: 535: 456: 353: 339: 7728:

Cities in southeastern Thrace. Continuity and Transformation

7489:. In Valeva, Julia; Nankov, Emil; Graninger, Danver (eds.). 7382:

Cities in Southeastern Thrace. Continuity and Transformation

6609: 6607: 6605: 6603: 6554: 6552: 6512: 6510: 6413: 6411: 6323: 6321: 6260: 6258: 6256: 5691: 5689: 5449: 5447: 5174: 5123: 5075: 5073: 5033: 5031: 4806: 4782: 4725: 4570: 4474: 4431: 4414: 1327:, perhaps a son of Amadocus I, ruled central Thrace between 8069:

States and territories disestablished in the 1st century BC

6398: 6396: 6193: 6080: 5836: 5713: 5374: 5372: 5335: 5333: 5140: 5138: 5113: 5111: 5109: 4874: 4872: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4329: 4327: 4280:

Achaemenid Impact in the Black Sea: Communication of Powers

2085: 2081: 2077: 2076:

is regarded for its quality and texture and was made up of

2052:

Odrysian crafts and metalworking were largely a product of

1867: 1819: 1774:

In the last years of the 3rd century, Macedonia under king

841: 440: 422: 7205:"Between Pharsalus and Philippi. Thrace in the Forties BC" 6495: 5826: 5824: 5483: 5408: 5396: 5260: 5258: 4758: 4513: 4402: 1158:

after the former was killed while campaigning against the

972: 6643: 6631: 6619: 6600: 6576: 6564: 6549: 6507: 6447: 6423: 6408: 6357: 6333: 6318: 6294: 6253: 6229: 6157: 6109: 6068: 5953: 5787: 5785: 5686: 5444: 5150: 5070: 5028: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4590: 4588: 4354: 2724: 1744:, who campaigned in the Thracian interior in around 252. 1513:

The rebellion of Seuthes and the kingdom of Seuthopolis (

469: 434: 8064:

States and territories established in the 5th century BC

6393: 6241: 6205: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6058: 6056: 6054: 6052: 6037: 5977: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5606: 5604: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5570: 5546: 5510: 5459: 5420: 5369: 5345: 5330: 5318: 5270: 5231: 5135: 5106: 5001: 4977: 4944: 4896: 4869: 4857: 4818: 4794: 4713: 4701: 4689: 4660: 4648: 4636: 4600: 4525: 4501: 4462: 4443: 4324: 1010: 7285:

The Galatians. Celtic Invaders of Greece and Asia Minor

7006:"Images of Horsemen in Battle on Works of Thracian Art" 6306: 6270: 6133: 6013: 6001: 5941: 5860: 5821: 5500: 5498: 5255: 5243: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5198: 5186: 5162: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5058: 5048: 5046: 5018: 5016: 4989: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4932: 4884: 4847: 4845: 4770: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4491: 4489: 4259: 1564: 563:

in the late 1st century BC, which was converted into a

7591:

Athens, Thrace, and the Shaping of Athenian Leadership

7401:

Orpheus. Journal of Indo-European and Thracian Studies

6527: 6525: 6217: 6169: 5848: 5809: 5797: 5782: 5772: 5770: 5755: 5733: 5731: 5701: 5676: 5674: 5647: 5306: 4672: 4585: 4546: 4366: 994:

masonry, sometimes with stone sarcophagi. The tomb of

7730:. St. Kliment Ohridski University. pp. 131–140. 7384:. St. Kliment Ohridski University. pp. 125–130. 7236:. St. Kliment Ohridski University. pp. 119–129. 6459: 6181: 6145: 6121: 6092: 6049: 6025: 5965: 5929: 5872: 5628: 5601: 5582: 5534: 4612: 2707:, son of Seuthes (III?) (early 3rd century BC ?) 605:, to be of barely comprehensible size, so large that 443: 7259:. St. Kliment Ohridski University. pp. 191–196. 5905: 5522: 5495: 5471: 5432: 5357: 5294: 5210: 5085: 5043: 5013: 4956: 4908: 4842: 4737: 4624: 4486: 4378: 2631:, son of ? Seuthes I or Seuthes II (384–359 BC) 1493:. The first Getic king to appear in the sources was 1036:

wearing Thracian boots, a cloak and a fox-skin cap,

1006:

The Odrysians and the Peloponnesian war (431–404 BC)

431: 428: 136:(used in writing and among trade and administration) 6522: 5893: 5767: 5728: 5671: 5659: 5616: 5558: 4300: 1972:Two Thracian warriors on a painting from Kazanlak, 1282:

Disintegration and conquest by Macedon (360–340 BC)

1258:Cotys I succeeded Seuthes II in 383. The historian 890:The first known Odrysian king was the expansionist 425: 7031:In the Shadow of Olympus. The Emergence of Macedon 6812: 6810: 2701:, rebel against Macedonian rule (by 324–after 312) 1380:. The latter was made into a garrison town called 7510:Lysimachus. A Study in Early Hellenistic Kingship 6846:Mladjov, Rulers of Thrace, University of Michigan 2625:, son or brother of ? Seuthes I (390–384 BC) 981:Gold funeral mask from the Svetitsa tumulus near 468:state that thrived between the early 5th century 8015: 6949:The Odrysian Kingdom of Thrace. Orpheus Unmasked 1179:The civil wars between Amadocus I and Seuthes II 941:A typical Odrysian elite tomb: the Zhaba Mogila 796:, after already having subdued the Thracians of 7332:(XXVI). Institute for Balkan Studies: 153–173. 7047: 6807: 4348: 4318: 1806:calls an Odrysian. He fought in the battles of 1100:embassy that tried to persuade him to join the 580: 7090:. Getty Trust Publications. pp. 135–149. 7088:Cultural Identity in the Ancient Mediterranean 237:• Conquest of Odrysian heartlands by the 2521: 1747: 1530:Southern Thrace as part of Philip's II empire 7378:"Bizye. From Tribal Residence to Roman City" 1444: 1245: 1154:Sitalces was succeeded in 424 by his nephew 7818: 7465: 7253:"Did a "Late" Odrysian Kingdom ever exist?" 6086: 5722: 5489: 5453: 5180: 5156: 5129: 5079: 5037: 4203:Thrace, the double axe was an attribute of 1517:330 – second quarter of the 3rd century BC) 708:colonists who founded numerous towns, like 7856: 7744: 7564: 7451:. Mitteldeutscher Verlag. pp. 36–48. 7419: 6477: 4764: 4519: 4396: 4265: 2528: 2514: 885: 81: 7958: 7888: 7837: 7668: 7649: 7626: 7568:Studia Archeologiae et Historiae Antiquae 7301: 6984: 6965: 6946: 6685: 6673: 6661: 6649: 6637: 6625: 6613: 6594: 6582: 6558: 6543: 6516: 6489: 6441: 6429: 6417: 6402: 6387: 6375: 6363: 6351: 6339: 6327: 6300: 6288: 6264: 6247: 6235: 5959: 5749: 5695: 5552: 5516: 5426: 5378: 5351: 5339: 5312: 5276: 5237: 5144: 5117: 5007: 4950: 4926: 4902: 4878: 4836: 4824: 4812: 4800: 4788: 4731: 4719: 4695: 4666: 4654: 4642: 4606: 4594: 4579: 4564: 4540: 4507: 4480: 4468: 4456: 4437: 4425: 4408: 4360: 4333: 2552:, son of ? Odryses, (480/450–430 BC) 2147: 990:central Thrace in the form of tombs with 637:. The western boundary was marked by the 503:The Odrysian kingdom was founded by king 7748:History of the Peloponnesian War. Book 2 7320: 7282: 7126:"Lysimachus, the Getae, and Archaeology" 7003: 6501: 5995: 5264: 5249: 5192: 5168: 4042:Cersoblepres maybe father of Seuthes III 4039:Teres II/ΙΙΙ maybe father of Seuthes III 2373:Establishment of the Bulgarian Exarchate 2027: 1967: 1871: 1868:Kingship and the nature of Odrysian rule 1680: 1668: 1638: 1525: 1448: 1407: 1352: 1342: 1307:as recorded in a Greek inscription from 1290: 1249: 1182: 1138: 1106: 1014: 976: 936: 784:In around 513 BC, an army of the mighty 766:A Persian frieze from the royal tomb of 687: 266:150,000 km (58,000 sq mi) 7781: 7755: 7725: 7714: 7687: 7484: 7442: 7344: 7263: 7085: 6884: 6312: 6276: 6223: 6211: 6199: 6163: 6139: 6019: 6007: 5947: 5923: 5866: 5854: 5842: 5830: 5803: 5791: 5414: 5402: 5288: 4983: 4683: 4552: 2088:. Their clothing resembled that of the 973:The early Odrysian elite in archaeology 864: 14: 8016: 7869: 7398: 7227: 7202: 7183: 7164: 7066: 6841: 6839: 6175: 6151: 6062: 6043: 6031: 5983: 5935: 5887: 5641: 5610: 5576: 5528: 5504: 5477: 5225: 5204: 5100: 5064: 5052: 5022: 4995: 4971: 4938: 4914: 4890: 4851: 4776: 4752: 4618: 4495: 4384: 4372: 4306: 2725:Odrysian Kings: a possible family tree 1664: 1619:With Alexander's absence in Asia, the 1349:Expansion of Macedonia under Philip II 7933: 7842:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 320–336. 7760:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 212–228. 7709:The Kings of Ancient Thrace. Book One 7691:Handbuch zur Geschichte Südosteuropas 7673:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 426–442. 7612:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 308–319. 7607: 7588: 7550:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 109–125. 7545: 7526: 7375: 7306:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 337–351. 7250: 7123: 7109:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 243–264. 7071:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 352–365. 7028: 6970:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 326–341. 6779: 6570: 6465: 6453: 6187: 6127: 6115: 6103: 6074: 5971: 5595: 5465: 5438: 5390: 5363: 5324: 5300: 4863: 4707: 4630: 4052: 4026: 4024: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4007: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3985: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3930: 3928: 3919: 3917: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3878: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3821: 3819: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3778: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3735: 3733: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3663: 3661: 3654: 3652: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3613: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3560: 3558: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3488: 3486: 3481: 3479: 3474: 3472: 3465: 3463: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3422: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3359: 3357: 3345: 3343: 3332: 3330: 3318: 3316: 3311: 3309: 3304: 3256: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3204: 3188: 3186: 3174: 3172: 3167: 3165: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3145: 3117: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3063: 3054: 3052: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3022: 3004: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2960: 2951: 2949: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2921: 2877: 2835: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2796: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 1372:occurred in 357/6, when he conquered 1286: 1190:bronze helmet with silver appliques. 1011:Sitalces and his alliance with Athens 645:. Northern Thrace was defined by the 7936:"Roman Rule in The Odrysian Kingdom" 7507: 7468:Brill's Companion to Ancient Macedon 7136:(2). Cambridge University: 384–401. 7104: 6531: 5911: 5899: 5815: 5776: 5761: 5737: 5707: 5680: 5665: 5653: 5622: 5564: 5540: 4277: 4240: 4230: 4220: 2558:, son of Teres I (c. 465?-by 431 BC) 1941:Inside the residence of Kozi Gramadi 1565:Seuthes III and the Odrysian revival 1521: 850:Persian foothold in Europe collapsed 653:and the adjacent western tip of the 7946:. Muzeului di Istori Galati: 7–14. 7874:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 35–47. 7493:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 75–90. 7347:American Journal of Ancient History 7188:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 59–74. 7169:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 48–58. 7052:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 12–21. 6836: 4210: 1937:Plan of the residence of Smilovene 1790:Between 171 and 168, Philip's heir 1119:singing for two Thracian warriors, 1104:side and handed it over to Athens. 985:, second half of the 5th century BC 758:Southeastern Thrace as part of the 513:failed invasion of Greece in 480–79 24: 7927: 7635:. Archaeopress. pp. 133–146. 7629:"Resisting Rule in Ancient Thrace" 7268:. Archaeopress. pp. 293–299. 4193: 4036:Seuthes II maybe father of Cotys I 1728:in eastern Thrace centered around 1194:, first half of the 4th century BC 550:, who founded a new capital named 25: 8080: 7967:. Wilhelm Fink. pp. 89–118. 7447:. In Fikentscher, Rüdiger (ed.). 4048:Raizdos maybe identical to Roigos 2676:king in western Thrace in Strimos 2649:king in western Thrace in Strimos 1168:Amadocus I, also known as Medokos 914:in the north to the outskirts of 727: 507:, exploiting the collapse of the 7631:. In Manolis Manoledakis (ed.). 6968:A Companion to Ancient Macedonia 6927: 6918: 6909: 6900: 6867: 6850: 6822:Novinite.com (Sofia News Agency) 6762: 6752: 6735: 6718: 6709: 6700: 6691: 4165: 4146: 4132: 4120: 4105: 4090: 4076: 4062: 2570:, son of Sparatocus (424–396 BC) 2564:, son of Teres I (by 431–424 BC) 2497: 2182: 1924: 1915: 1582: 1573: 745: 736: 418: 372: 358: 344: 330: 305: 291: 194:Conquest by Philip II of Macedon 87:The Odrysian kingdom under king 65: 7891:American Journal of Archaeology 7859:Eirene. Studia Graeca et Latina 7428:. Oxbow Books. pp. 43–58. 1060:and also parts of southeastern 4271: 2415:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising 2154:List of ancient Thracian kings 2124: 2072:had adopted Celtic equipment. 1677:near Kazanlak (modern replica) 511:presence in Europe due to the 13: 1: 8049:Ancient tribes in the Balkans 8029:5th-century BC establishments 7872:A Companion to Ancient Thrace 7840:A Companion to Ancient Thrace 7758:A Companion to Ancient Thrace 7671:A Companion to Ancient Thrace 7610:A Companion to Ancient Thrace 7548:A Companion to Ancient Thrace 7491:A Companion to Ancient Thrace 7426:Roman Crete. New Perspectives 7304:A Companion to Ancient Thrace 7186:A Companion to Ancient Thrace 7167:A Companion to Ancient Thrace 7107:A Companion to Ancient Thrace 7069:A Companion to Ancient Thrace 7050:A Companion to Ancient Thrace 4253: 3484:Hebryzelmis; Satocus; Sadalas 2684:, son of ? Amadocus II, 2587:local ruler in eastern Thrace 2578:local ruler in eastern Thrace 2213: 2045: 1973: 1717: 1652:. He named it after himself: 1547:Macedonian conquest of Persia 1514: 1507:Celtic invasion in around 280 1120: 1037: 857: 775: 762:zone of influence in 480 BC. 693: 575: 244: 228: 212: 183: 117: 108: 92: 55: 51: 7959:Tsiafakis, Despoina (2015). 7654:. Somogy. pp. 254–255. 7512:. Taylor & Francis Ltd. 1950: 1724:, they eventually founded a 1134: 910:expanded the realm from the 856:Foundation and early years ( 846:invasion of Greece in 480-79 581:Thrace and its early history 7: 7470:. Brill. pp. 467–476. 7287:. Pen & Sword History. 4349:Bouzek & Graninger 2015 4319:Bouzek & Graninger 2015 1497:, who married his daughter 1455:silver helmet from Agighiol 1170:, in around 410 or 405 BC. 800:thirty years earlier. King 10: 8085: 8044:Ancient tribes in Bulgaria 8034:Ancient history of Romania 7796:10.2972/hesperia.85.4.0779 7589:Sears, Matthew A. (2013). 7359:10.31826/9781463213930-004 7283:Grainger, John D. (2020). 7230:"Cotys Son of Rhascuporis" 6989:. Somogy. pp. 54–57. 6939: 2686:king in central Thrace in 2659:king in central Thrace in 2617:king in southern districts 2151: 2140: 2023: 1961: 1751: 1748:The Odrysians after 250 BC 1436:to cut the support of the 1346: 874:river and its tributaries 570: 457: 313:Skudra (Achaemenid Empire) 29: 7819:Worthington, Ian (2014). 7627:Sobotkova, Adela (2013). 7443:Lehmann, Stephan (2016). 7420:Kouremenos, Anna (2016). 7029:Borza, Eugene N. (1990). 7004:Avramova, Mariya (2015). 6947:Archibald, Z. H. (1998). 3983: 3981: 3973: 3971: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3876: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3864: 3856: 3854: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3776: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3702: 3700: 3692: 3690: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3611: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3599: 3591: 3589: 3527: 3525: 3517: 3515: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3420: 3418: 3410: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3380: 3378: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3254: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3208: 3206: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3115: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3095: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3067: 3065: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3002: 3000: 2992: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2964: 2962: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2875: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2794: 2792: 2657:, rival of Cersobleptes, 2647:, rival of Cersobleptes, 2595:), son of ? Sitalces 1549:under Philip's successor 1445:Rise of the Getic kingdom 1246:Renaissance under Cotys I 565:Roman province of Thracia 388: 270: 260: 255: 251: 235: 219: 203: 190: 177: 173: 163: 155: 145: 124: 100: 80: 62: 50: 43: 7593:. Cambridge University. 7572:Moldova State University 7508:Lund, Helene S. (1992). 7485:Lozanov, Ivaylo (2015). 7321:Jordanov, Kiril (1995). 7033:. Princeton University. 5393:, pp. 395–396, 399. 4187: 4153:Bronze Head probably of 3728:Rhescuporis I (Odrysian) 3482:Roigos; Reboulas; Teres; 2576:, father of Seuthes II, 2143:Gold wreaths from Thrace 965:, when a Thracian named 7934:Miron, Isabela (2013). 7130:The Classical Quarterly 5926:, p. 145, note 53. 4567:, p. 105, note 51. 3049:∞ Stratonice of Macedon 2268:Second Bulgarian Empire 1957: 1836:of the 1st century BC. 1412:The remains of ancient 1064:: from the Strymon and 886:Expansion under Teres I 607:Andron of Halicarnassus 597:as well as accounts of 7527:Meyer, Casper (2013). 7449:Wohnkulturen in Europa 7376:Kolev, Philip (2017). 7228:Delev, Peter (2016b). 7203:Delev, Peter (2016a). 5291:, p. 132, note 6. 4070:Panagyurishte Treasure 4021:∞ Athenais of Pergamum 2639:king in eastern Thrace 2481:Struggle for Macedonia 2310:Fragmentation and fall 2302:Recovery and expansion 2229:First Bulgarian Empire 2148:List of Odrysian kings 2049: 2012:became popular, while 1977: 1885: 1686: 1678: 1644: 1531: 1458: 1453:A horseman on a Getic 1421: 1364: 1312: 1255: 1195: 1151: 1124: 1073:which lie between the 1041: 986: 950: 949:, 5th–4th centuries BC 697: 625:and the shores of the 221:• Destruction of 8059:Roman client kingdoms 7823:. Oxford University. 7531:. Oxford University. 7251:Delev, Peter (2018). 5998:, pp. 73, 75–76. 3340:∞ Berenike of Macedon 2399:Third Bulgarian State 2031: 1971: 1875: 1784:Second Macedonian War 1720: 278 and led by 1684: 1672: 1642: 1529: 1452: 1411: 1356: 1343:Conquest by Philip II 1294: 1253: 1186: 1142: 1110: 1094:Nymphodoros of Abdera 1018: 980: 940: 691: 655:Pontic–Caspian steppe 125:Common languages 7574:. pp. 129–134. 6896:. The History Files. 6676:, pp. 199, 291. 6291:, pp. 337, 338. 4929:, pp. 122, 123. 3647:Cotys III (Odrysian) 3459:Iolaus; Poseidonius; 2674:, son of Berisades, 1800:Third Macedonian War 1673:The entrance to the 1491:Roman historiography 1129:Chalcidice peninsula 894:, who is claimed by 865:Early tribal kingdom 770:showing a man from " 685:) of the Propontis. 557:Third Macedonian War 523:and even joined the 515:. Teres and his son 205:• Rebellion of 8000:41.9800°N 25.7100°E 7996: / 7745:Thucydides (1881). 7142:10.1093/cq/50.2.384 6688:, pp. 433–435. 6664:, pp. 197–198. 6597:, pp. 426–430. 6573:, pp. 313–314. 6546:, pp. 204–205. 6492:, pp. 137–138. 6480:, pp. 219–220. 6456:, pp. 145–146. 6444:, pp. 138–143. 6390:, pp. 135–136. 6378:, pp. 338–339. 6354:, pp. 688–692. 6202:, pp. 138–140. 6118:, pp. 191–192. 6077:, pp. 192–193. 5845:, pp. 147–148. 5752:, pp. 136–137. 5468:, pp. 386–392. 5417:, pp. 136–143. 5405:, pp. 149–150. 5327:, pp. 393–394. 4866:, pp. 312–314. 4815:, pp. 119–120. 4791:, pp. 117–118. 4734:, pp. 107–112. 4710:, pp. 196–199. 4582:, pp. 102–103. 4483:, pp. 324–325. 4440:, pp. 320–322. 4428:, pp. 322–323. 4399:, pp. 129–134. 3925:∞ Apama of Bithynia 3467:Cotys II (Odrysian) 2504:Bulgaria portal 2407:Serbo-Bulgarian War 2105:were influenced by 1998:Phrygian / Thracian 1862:province of Thracia 1675:tomb of Seuthes III 1665:Fall of Seuthopolis 1643:Coin of Seuthes III 1551:Alexander the Great 903:around the Haemus. 806:punitive expedition 299:Prehistoric Balkans 168:Classical antiquity 150:Thracian polytheism 7961:"Thracian Tattoos" 7718:The Annals. Book 3 7124:Delev, P. (2000). 4159:Golyamata Kosmatka 4053:Odrysian treasures 4027:Cotys V of Astaean 3169:Cotys I (Odrysian) 2759:KINGS OF ODRYSIANS 2637:, son of Cotys I, 2591:Metocus (= ? 2292:Darman and Kudelin 2260:Byzantine Bulgaria 2250:Cometopuli dynasty 2224:7th cent., 632–668 2221:Old Great Bulgaria 2050: 1978: 1886: 1687: 1679: 1645: 1532: 1459: 1422: 1365: 1313: 1287:The three kingdoms 1256: 1196: 1152: 1125: 1077:and the Euxine ." 1042: 1019:A frieze from the 987: 951: 924:kingdom of Scythia 698: 585:Since the ancient 540:kingdom of Macedon 326:Kingdom of Macedon 179:• Foundation 7737:978-954-07-4275-5 7700:978-3-11-064342-8 7642:978-1-4073-1114-2 7581:978-9975-80-239-0 7477:978-90-04-20923-7 7458:978-3-95462-713-4 7435:978-1-78570-096-5 7391:978-954-07-4275-5 7243:978-954-07-4103-1 6732:, page 18, 4 6504:, pp. 72–73. 6166:, pp. 78–80. 6046:, pp. 64–65. 5986:, pp. 61–63. 5818:, pp. 31–32. 5764:, pp. 26–27. 5710:, pp. 27–30. 5656:, pp. 23–24. 5579:, pp. 53–54. 5543:, pp. 19–20. 5207:, pp. 49–50. 5183:, pp. 56–57. 5132:, pp. 38–39. 5067:, pp. 48–49. 4998:, pp. 39–40. 4986:, pp. 60–62. 4941:, pp. 43–44. 4893:, pp. 42–43. 4779:, pp. 39–40. 4411:, pp. 93–94. 4375:, pp. 35–37. 4363:, pp. 94–96. 4351:, pp. 13–15. 4321:, pp. 12–15. 4127:Letnitsa treasure 4033: 4032: 4022: 3926: 3830: 3731:in eastern Thrace 3650:in eastern Thrace 3556:in eastern Thrace 3470:in eastern Thrace 3355: 3341: 3328: 3198: 3184: 3050: 2538: 2537: 2276:Second Golden Age 2074:Thracian clothing 1900:paradynasteuontes 1522:Macedonian Thrace 1331:and the Meritsa; 1265:Hellenistic world 1223:Athenian general 1212:Apollonia Pontica 1046:Peloponnesian war 525:Peloponnesian War 458:Βασίλειον Ὀδρυσῶν 410: 409: 384: 383: 380: 379: 318: 317: 137: 16:(Redirected from 8076: 8024:Odrysian kingdom 8011: 8010: 8008: 8007: 8006: 8005:41.9800; 25.7100 8001: 7997: 7994: 7993: 7992: 7989: 7978: 7955: 7922: 7885: 7866: 7853: 7834: 7815: 7771: 7752: 7741: 7722: 7715:Tacitus (1876). 7704: 7684: 7665: 7646: 7623: 7604: 7585: 7561: 7542: 7523: 7504: 7481: 7462: 7439: 7416: 7395: 7372: 7341: 7327: 7317: 7298: 7279: 7260: 7247: 7224: 7199: 7180: 7161: 7120: 7101: 7082: 7063: 7044: 7025: 7000: 6981: 6962: 6934: 6931: 6925: 6922: 6916: 6913: 6907: 6904: 6898: 6897: 6888: 6882: 6871: 6865: 6854: 6848: 6843: 6834: 6833: 6831: 6829: 6814: 6805: 6804: 6802: 6800: 6783: 6777: 6766: 6760: 6756: 6750: 6739: 6733: 6722: 6716: 6713: 6707: 6704: 6698: 6695: 6689: 6683: 6677: 6671: 6665: 6659: 6653: 6647: 6641: 6635: 6629: 6623: 6617: 6611: 6598: 6592: 6586: 6580: 6574: 6568: 6562: 6556: 6547: 6541: 6535: 6529: 6520: 6514: 6505: 6499: 6493: 6487: 6481: 6475: 6469: 6463: 6457: 6451: 6445: 6439: 6433: 6427: 6421: 6415: 6406: 6400: 6391: 6385: 6379: 6373: 6367: 6361: 6355: 6349: 6343: 6337: 6331: 6325: 6316: 6310: 6304: 6298: 6292: 6286: 6280: 6274: 6268: 6262: 6251: 6245: 6239: 6233: 6227: 6221: 6215: 6209: 6203: 6197: 6191: 6185: 6179: 6173: 6167: 6161: 6155: 6149: 6143: 6137: 6131: 6125: 6119: 6113: 6107: 6101: 6090: 6087:Loukopoulou 2011 6084: 6078: 6072: 6066: 6060: 6047: 6041: 6035: 6029: 6023: 6017: 6011: 6005: 5999: 5993: 5987: 5981: 5975: 5969: 5963: 5957: 5951: 5945: 5939: 5933: 5927: 5921: 5915: 5909: 5903: 5897: 5891: 5885: 5870: 5864: 5858: 5852: 5846: 5840: 5834: 5828: 5819: 5813: 5807: 5801: 5795: 5789: 5780: 5774: 5765: 5759: 5753: 5747: 5741: 5735: 5726: 5723:Loukopoulou 2011 5720: 5711: 5705: 5699: 5693: 5684: 5678: 5669: 5663: 5657: 5651: 5645: 5639: 5626: 5620: 5614: 5608: 5599: 5593: 5580: 5574: 5568: 5562: 5556: 5550: 5544: 5538: 5532: 5526: 5520: 5514: 5508: 5502: 5493: 5490:Loukopoulou 2011 5487: 5481: 5475: 5469: 5463: 5457: 5454:Worthington 2014 5451: 5442: 5436: 5430: 5424: 5418: 5412: 5406: 5400: 5394: 5388: 5382: 5376: 5367: 5361: 5355: 5349: 5343: 5337: 5328: 5322: 5316: 5310: 5304: 5298: 5292: 5286: 5280: 5274: 5268: 5262: 5253: 5247: 5241: 5235: 5229: 5223: 5208: 5202: 5196: 5190: 5184: 5181:Worthington 2014 5178: 5172: 5166: 5160: 5157:Worthington 2014 5154: 5148: 5142: 5133: 5130:Worthington 2014 5127: 5121: 5115: 5104: 5098: 5083: 5080:Worthington 2014 5077: 5068: 5062: 5056: 5050: 5041: 5038:Worthington 2014 5035: 5026: 5020: 5011: 5005: 4999: 4993: 4987: 4981: 4975: 4969: 4954: 4948: 4942: 4936: 4930: 4924: 4918: 4912: 4906: 4900: 4894: 4888: 4882: 4876: 4867: 4861: 4855: 4849: 4840: 4834: 4828: 4822: 4816: 4810: 4804: 4798: 4792: 4786: 4780: 4774: 4768: 4762: 4756: 4750: 4735: 4729: 4723: 4717: 4711: 4705: 4699: 4693: 4687: 4681: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4622: 4616: 4610: 4604: 4598: 4592: 4583: 4577: 4568: 4562: 4556: 4550: 4544: 4538: 4523: 4517: 4511: 4505: 4499: 4493: 4484: 4478: 4472: 4466: 4460: 4454: 4441: 4435: 4429: 4423: 4412: 4406: 4400: 4394: 4388: 4382: 4376: 4370: 4364: 4358: 4352: 4346: 4337: 4336:, pp. 9–10. 4331: 4322: 4316: 4310: 4304: 4298: 4297: 4275: 4269: 4263: 4248: 4244: 4238: 4234: 4228: 4224: 4218: 4214: 4208: 4197: 4169: 4150: 4140:Lukovit Treasure 4136: 4124: 4115:Thracian Pegasus 4109: 4094: 4084:Rogozen Treasure 4080: 4066: 4020: 3924: 3828: 3354:mercenary leader 3348: 3337: 3321: 3191: 3177: 3048: 2729: 2728: 2611:, descendant of 2530: 2523: 2516: 2502: 2501: 2500: 2485: 2476:Military history 2471:List of monarchs 2459: 2451: 2443: 2435: 2427: 2419: 2411: 2403: 2393: 2385: 2377: 2357: 2353:National Revival 2349: 2341: 2337:Ottoman Bulgaria 2314: 2306: 2296: 2288: 2280: 2272: 2264: 2254: 2246: 2237:Christianization 2233: 2225: 2217: 2215: 2206: 2198: 2194:Odrysian kingdom 2186: 2176: 2158: 2157: 2047: 1975: 1964:Thracian warfare 1953: 1928: 1919: 1842:Battle of Actium 1719: 1695:Golyama Kosmatka 1586: 1577: 1516: 1457:, 4th century BC 1204:Diodorus Siculus 1202:. The historian 1122: 1039: 963:Bosporan Kingdom 859: 820:as well as king 777: 749: 740: 695: 611:Haemus Mountains 482:Northern Dobruja 460: 459: 450: 449: 446: 445: 442: 439: 436: 433: 430: 427: 424: 414:Odrysian kingdom 376: 375: 362: 361: 348: 347: 334: 333: 322: 321: 309: 308: 295: 294: 288: 287: 272: 271: 246: 230: 214: 185: 135: 119: 110: 94: 85: 69: 57: 53: 45:Odrysian kingdom 41: 40: 21: 8084: 8083: 8079: 8078: 8077: 8075: 8074: 8073: 8054:Former kingdoms 8014: 8013: 8004: 8002: 7998: 7995: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7983: 7982: 7975: 7930: 7928:Further reading 7925: 7882: 7850: 7831: 7768: 7738: 7701: 7681: 7662: 7643: 7620: 7601: 7582: 7558: 7539: 7520: 7501: 7478: 7459: 7436: 7392: 7369: 7325: 7314: 7295: 7276: 7244: 7196: 7177: 7117: 7098: 7079: 7060: 7041: 6997: 6978: 6959: 6942: 6937: 6933:Archibald 1998. 6932: 6928: 6923: 6919: 6914: 6910: 6905: 6901: 6890: 6889: 6885: 6872: 6868: 6855: 6851: 6844: 6837: 6827: 6825: 6816: 6815: 6808: 6798: 6796: 6795:. 11 March 2010 6785: 6784: 6780: 6767: 6763: 6757: 6753: 6740: 6736: 6723: 6719: 6714: 6710: 6705: 6701: 6696: 6692: 6684: 6680: 6672: 6668: 6660: 6656: 6648: 6644: 6636: 6632: 6624: 6620: 6612: 6601: 6593: 6589: 6581: 6577: 6569: 6565: 6557: 6550: 6542: 6538: 6530: 6523: 6515: 6508: 6500: 6496: 6488: 6484: 6478:Xydopoulos 2010 6476: 6472: 6464: 6460: 6452: 6448: 6440: 6436: 6428: 6424: 6416: 6409: 6401: 6394: 6386: 6382: 6374: 6370: 6362: 6358: 6350: 6346: 6338: 6334: 6326: 6319: 6311: 6307: 6299: 6295: 6287: 6283: 6275: 6271: 6263: 6254: 6246: 6242: 6234: 6230: 6222: 6218: 6210: 6206: 6198: 6194: 6186: 6182: 6174: 6170: 6162: 6158: 6150: 6146: 6138: 6134: 6126: 6122: 6114: 6110: 6102: 6093: 6085: 6081: 6073: 6069: 6061: 6050: 6042: 6038: 6030: 6026: 6018: 6014: 6006: 6002: 5994: 5990: 5982: 5978: 5970: 5966: 5958: 5954: 5946: 5942: 5934: 5930: 5922: 5918: 5910: 5906: 5898: 5894: 5886: 5873: 5865: 5861: 5853: 5849: 5841: 5837: 5829: 5822: 5814: 5810: 5802: 5798: 5790: 5783: 5775: 5768: 5760: 5756: 5748: 5744: 5736: 5729: 5721: 5714: 5706: 5702: 5694: 5687: 5679: 5672: 5664: 5660: 5652: 5648: 5640: 5629: 5621: 5617: 5609: 5602: 5594: 5583: 5575: 5571: 5563: 5559: 5551: 5547: 5539: 5535: 5527: 5523: 5515: 5511: 5503: 5496: 5488: 5484: 5476: 5472: 5464: 5460: 5452: 5445: 5437: 5433: 5425: 5421: 5413: 5409: 5401: 5397: 5389: 5385: 5377: 5370: 5362: 5358: 5350: 5346: 5338: 5331: 5323: 5319: 5311: 5307: 5299: 5295: 5287: 5283: 5275: 5271: 5263: 5256: 5248: 5244: 5236: 5232: 5224: 5211: 5203: 5199: 5191: 5187: 5179: 5175: 5167: 5163: 5155: 5151: 5143: 5136: 5128: 5124: 5116: 5107: 5099: 5086: 5078: 5071: 5063: 5059: 5051: 5044: 5036: 5029: 5021: 5014: 5006: 5002: 4994: 4990: 4982: 4978: 4970: 4957: 4949: 4945: 4937: 4933: 4925: 4921: 4913: 4909: 4901: 4897: 4889: 4885: 4877: 4870: 4862: 4858: 4850: 4843: 4835: 4831: 4823: 4819: 4811: 4807: 4799: 4795: 4787: 4783: 4775: 4771: 4765:Thucydides 1881 4763: 4759: 4751: 4738: 4730: 4726: 4718: 4714: 4706: 4702: 4694: 4690: 4682: 4673: 4665: 4661: 4653: 4649: 4641: 4637: 4629: 4625: 4617: 4613: 4605: 4601: 4593: 4586: 4578: 4571: 4563: 4559: 4551: 4547: 4539: 4526: 4520:Thucydides 1881 4518: 4514: 4506: 4502: 4494: 4487: 4479: 4475: 4467: 4463: 4455: 4444: 4436: 4432: 4424: 4415: 4407: 4403: 4397:Porozhanov 2009 4395: 4391: 4383: 4379: 4371: 4367: 4359: 4355: 4347: 4340: 4332: 4325: 4317: 4313: 4305: 4301: 4290: 4276: 4272: 4266:Kouremenos 2016 4264: 4260: 4256: 4251: 4245: 4241: 4235: 4231: 4225: 4221: 4215: 4211: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4184: 4183: 4180: 4178:Borovo Treasure 4170: 4161: 4151: 4142: 4137: 4128: 4125: 4116: 4110: 4101: 4095: 4086: 4081: 4072: 4067: 4055: 4019: 4017: 3937: 3934: 3933:in inner Thrace 3932: 3923: 3921: 3915:in inner Thrace 3914: 3827: 3826:in inner Thrace 3825: 3817:in inner Thrace 3816: 3740:in inner Thrace 3739: 3730: 3666:in inner Thrace 3665: 3659:in inner Thrace 3658: 3649: 3565:in inner Thrace 3564: 3555: 3483: 3477:in inner Thrace 3476: 3469: 3461:Medistas; Teres 3460: 3353: 3347: 3339: 3336: 3326: 3320: 3196: 3190: 3182: 3176: 3047: 2757: 2727: 2534: 2498: 2496: 2495: 2483: 2457: 2449: 2441: 2433: 2425: 2417: 2409: 2401: 2391: 2383: 2375: 2355: 2347: 2339: 2312: 2304: 2294: 2286: 2284:Mongol invasion 2278: 2270: 2262: 2252: 2244: 2231: 2223: 2212: 2204: 2196: 2174: 2167: 2156: 2150: 2145: 2127: 2040:inscription in 2026: 1966: 1960: 1945: 1944: 1943: 1942: 1931: 1930: 1929: 1921: 1920: 1882:Borovo treasure 1870: 1854:Rhoemetalces II 1756: 1754:Sapaean kingdom 1750: 1667: 1617: 1616: 1615: 1614: 1589: 1588: 1587: 1579: 1578: 1567: 1524: 1519: 1447: 1399:Heraion Teichos 1351: 1345: 1289: 1284: 1248: 1188:Thraco-Phrygian 1181: 1176: 1143:Coin of either 1137: 1013: 1008: 975: 888: 867: 862: 788:dynasty of the 782: 781: 780: 779: 752: 751: 750: 742: 741: 730: 583: 578: 573: 561:Sapaean kingdom 490:European Turkey 486:northern Greece 476:, southeastern 421: 417: 403: 399: 395: 373: 368:Sapaean kingdom 359: 345: 331: 306: 292: 263: 241: 225: 209: 196: 180: 140:Thraco-Illyrian 138: 131: 112: 96: 76: 71: 70: 46: 39: 36:Sapaean kingdom 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8082: 8072: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8039:Ancient Thrace 8036: 8031: 8026: 7980: 7979: 7973: 7956: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7923: 7903:10.2307/507153 7897:(4): 683–706. 7886: 7881:978-1444351040 7880: 7867: 7854: 7849:978-1444351040 7848: 7835: 7830:978-0199929863 7829: 7816: 7779: 7778:, Sofia, 1994. 7772: 7767:978-1444351040 7766: 7753: 7742: 7736: 7723: 7712: 7711:, Sofia, 2006. 7705: 7699: 7685: 7680:978-1444351040 7679: 7666: 7661:978-2757209325 7660: 7647: 7641: 7624: 7619:978-1444351040 7618: 7605: 7599: 7586: 7580: 7562: 7557:978-1444351040 7556: 7543: 7538:978-0199682331 7537: 7524: 7519:978-0415070614 7518: 7505: 7500:978-1444351040 7499: 7487:"Roman Thrace" 7482: 7476: 7463: 7457: 7440: 7434: 7417: 7396: 7390: 7373: 7367: 7349:. New Series. 7342: 7318: 7313:978-1444351040 7312: 7299: 7294:978-1526770684 7293: 7280: 7275:978-1784911928 7274: 7261: 7248: 7242: 7225: 7200: 7195:978-1444351040 7194: 7181: 7176:978-1444351040 7175: 7162: 7121: 7116:978-1444351040 7115: 7102: 7097:978-0892369690 7096: 7083: 7078:978-1444351040 7077: 7064: 7059:978-1444351040 7058: 7045: 7039: 7026: 7001: 6996:978-2757209325 6995: 6982: 6977:978-1405179362 6976: 6963: 6958:978-0198150473 6957: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6935: 6926: 6917: 6908: 6899: 6883: 6866: 6849: 6835: 6824:. 21 June 2011 6806: 6778: 6761: 6751: 6734: 6717: 6708: 6699: 6690: 6686:Stoyanov 2015b 6678: 6674:Archibald 1998 6666: 6662:Archibald 1998 6654: 6652:, p. 201. 6650:Archibald 1998 6642: 6640:, p. 432. 6638:Stoyanov 2015b 6630: 6628:, p. 426. 6626:Stoyanov 2015b 6618: 6616:, p. 431. 6614:Stoyanov 2015b 6599: 6595:Stoyanov 2015b 6587: 6585:, p. 437. 6583:Stoyanov 2015b 6575: 6563: 6561:, p. 339. 6559:Greenwalt 2015 6548: 6544:Archibald 1998 6536: 6521: 6519:, p. 119. 6517:Archibald 1998 6506: 6494: 6490:Sobotkova 2013 6482: 6470: 6468:, p. 117. 6458: 6446: 6442:Sobotkova 2013 6434: 6432:, p. 340. 6430:Greenwalt 2015 6422: 6420:, p. 338. 6418:Greenwalt 2015 6407: 6403:Archibald 2015 6392: 6388:Sobotkova 2013 6380: 6376:Greenwalt 2015 6368: 6366:, p. 327. 6364:Vassileva 2015 6356: 6352:Zournatzi 2000 6344: 6342:, p. 692. 6340:Zournatzi 2000 6332: 6330:, p. 135. 6328:Sobotkova 2013 6317: 6315:, p. 145. 6305: 6303:, p. 337. 6301:Greenwalt 2015 6293: 6289:Greenwalt 2015 6281: 6279:, p. 140. 6269: 6267:, p. 142. 6265:Sobotkova 2013 6252: 6248:Archibald 1998 6240: 6238:, p. 691. 6236:Zournatzi 2000 6228: 6216: 6204: 6192: 6190:, p. 127. 6180: 6178:, p. 125. 6168: 6156: 6144: 6142:, p. 131. 6132: 6130:, p. 194. 6120: 6108: 6106:, p. 193. 6091: 6089:, p. 475. 6079: 6067: 6048: 6036: 6024: 6022:, p. 297. 6012: 6010:, p. 167. 6000: 5988: 5976: 5974:, p. 191. 5964: 5962:, p. 434. 5960:Stoyanov 2015b 5952: 5950:, p. 166. 5940: 5928: 5916: 5914:, p. 250. 5904: 5892: 5871: 5869:, p. 148. 5859: 5847: 5835: 5833:, p. 783. 5820: 5808: 5796: 5781: 5766: 5754: 5750:Sobotkova 2013 5742: 5727: 5725:, p. 472. 5712: 5700: 5698:, p. 316. 5696:Archibald 1998 5685: 5670: 5658: 5646: 5627: 5615: 5600: 5598:, p. 192. 5581: 5569: 5557: 5555:, p. 306. 5553:Archibald 1998 5545: 5533: 5521: 5519:, p. 339. 5517:Archibald 2010 5509: 5494: 5492:, p. 469. 5482: 5470: 5458: 5443: 5441:, p. 395. 5431: 5429:, p. 237. 5427:Archibald 1998 5419: 5407: 5395: 5383: 5381:, p. 255. 5379:Stoyanov 2015a 5368: 5366:, p. 396. 5356: 5354:, p. 430. 5352:Stoyanov 2015b 5344: 5342:, p. 225. 5340:Archibald 1998 5329: 5317: 5313:Archibald 1998 5305: 5303:, p. 399. 5293: 5281: 5279:, p. 235. 5277:Archibald 1998 5269: 5267:, p. 169. 5254: 5252:, p. 168. 5242: 5240:, p. 234. 5238:Archibald 1998 5230: 5209: 5197: 5195:, p. 155. 5185: 5173: 5171:, p. 153. 5161: 5149: 5147:, p. 333. 5145:Archibald 2010 5134: 5122: 5120:, p. 232. 5118:Archibald 1998 5105: 5084: 5069: 5057: 5042: 5027: 5012: 5010:, p. 220. 5008:Archibald 1998 5000: 4988: 4976: 4955: 4953:, p. 218. 4951:Archibald 1998 4943: 4931: 4927:Archibald 1998 4919: 4907: 4905:, p. 123. 4903:Archibald 1998 4895: 4883: 4881:, p. 122. 4879:Archibald 1998 4868: 4856: 4841: 4837:Archibald 1998 4829: 4827:, p. 120. 4825:Archibald 1998 4817: 4813:Archibald 1998 4805: 4803:, p. 118. 4801:Archibald 1998 4793: 4789:Archibald 1998 4781: 4769: 4757: 4736: 4732:Archibald 1998 4724: 4722:, p. 107. 4720:Archibald 1998 4712: 4700: 4698:, p. 158. 4696:Archibald 1998 4688: 4686:, p. 213. 4671: 4669:, p. 166. 4667:Archibald 1998 4659: 4657:, p. 169. 4655:Archibald 1998 4647: 4645:, p. 154. 4643:Archibald 1998 4635: 4633:, p. 138. 4623: 4621:, p. 361. 4611: 4609:, p. 103. 4607:Archibald 1998 4599: 4595:Archibald 1998 4584: 4580:Archibald 1998 4569: 4565:Archibald 1998 4557: 4555:, p. 135. 4545: 4543:, p. 254. 4541:Stoyanov 2015a 4524: 4512: 4510:, p. 325. 4508:Vassileva 2015 4500: 4485: 4481:Vassileva 2015 4473: 4471:, p. 324. 4469:Vassileva 2015 4461: 4459:, p. 102. 4457:Archibald 1998 4442: 4438:Vassileva 2015 4430: 4426:Vassileva 2015 4413: 4409:Archibald 1998 4401: 4389: 4377: 4365: 4361:Archibald 1998 4353: 4338: 4334:Archibald 1998 4323: 4311: 4299: 4289:978-8779344310 4288: 4270: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4249: 4239: 4229: 4219: 4209: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4182: 4181: 4171: 4164: 4162: 4152: 4145: 4143: 4138: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4119: 4117: 4111: 4104: 4102: 4100:Gold figurines 4096: 4089: 4087: 4082: 4075: 4073: 4068: 4061: 4058: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4050: 4049: 4046: 4043: 4040: 4037: 4031: 4029: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3940: 3929: 3927: 3918: 3916: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3831: 3820: 3818: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3741: 3734: 3732: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3667: 3662: 3660: 3653: 3651: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3566: 3559: 3557: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3492: 3487: 3485: 3480: 3478: 3473: 3471: 3464: 3462: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3363: 3358: 3356: 3344: 3342: 3331: 3329: 3317: 3315: 3310: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3199: 3187: 3185: 3173: 3171: 3166: 3164: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3058: 3053: 3051: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3020: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2955: 2950: 2948: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2830: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2761: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2726: 2723: 2722: 2721: 2711: 2708: 2702: 2696: 2679: 2669: 2652: 2642: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2602: 2596: 2589: 2580: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2543:Thracian kings 2536: 2535: 2533: 2532: 2525: 2518: 2510: 2507: 2506: 2489: 2488: 2487: 2486: 2478: 2473: 2465: 2464: 2463: 2462: 2461: 2460: 2455:Transition era 2452: 2444: 2436: 2428: 2420: 2412: 2396: 2395: 2394: 2389:Liberation War 2386: 2381:April Uprising 2378: 2370: 2369: 2368: 2363: 2350: 2334: 2333: 2332: 2331: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2307: 2299: 2298: 2297: 2281: 2265: 2257: 2256: 2255: 2247: 2239: 2226: 2218: 2207: 2199: 2197:460 BC – 46 AD 2188: 2187: 2179: 2178: 2169: 2168: 2161: 2152:Main article: 2149: 2146: 2126: 2123: 2103:Thracian kings 2025: 2022: 2006:muscle cuirass 1959: 1956: 1933: 1932: 1923: 1922: 1914: 1913: 1912: 1911: 1910: 1869: 1866: 1796:Roman Republic 1749: 1746: 1666: 1663: 1591: 1590: 1581: 1580: 1572: 1571: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1511: 1489:" of imperial 1446: 1443: 1434:Artaxerxes III 1344: 1341: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1271:at the coast. 1260:Michael Zahrnt 1247: 1244: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1136: 1133: 1058:Turkish Thrace 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 974: 971: 887: 884: 866: 863: 861: 854: 804:'s goal was a 768:Naqsh-e Rostam 754: 753: 744: 743: 735: 734: 733: 732: 731: 729: 728:Persian Thrace 726: 591:archaeological 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 494:tribal amalgam 408: 407: 390: 386: 385: 382: 381: 378: 377: 370: 364: 363: 356: 350: 349: 342: 336: 335: 328: 319: 316: 315: 310: 302: 301: 296: 284: 283: 278: 268: 267: 264: 261: 258: 257: 253: 252: 249: 248: 242: 236: 233: 232: 226: 220: 217: 216: 210: 204: 201: 200: 197: 191: 188: 187: 181: 178: 175: 174: 171: 170: 165: 164:Historical era 161: 160: 157: 153: 152: 147: 143: 142: 126: 122: 121: 102: 98: 97: 86: 78: 77: 72: 64: 63: 60: 59: 48: 47: 44: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8081: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8021: 8019: 8012: 8009: 7976: 7974:9783770558087 7970: 7966: 7962: 7957: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7941: 7937: 7932: 7931: 7920: 7916: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7900: 7896: 7892: 7887: 7883: 7877: 7873: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7855: 7851: 7845: 7841: 7836: 7832: 7826: 7822: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7785: 7780: 7777: 7773: 7769: 7763: 7759: 7754: 7750: 7749: 7743: 7739: 7733: 7729: 7724: 7720: 7719: 7713: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7696: 7692: 7686: 7682: 7676: 7672: 7667: 7663: 7657: 7653: 7648: 7644: 7638: 7634: 7630: 7625: 7621: 7615: 7611: 7606: 7602: 7600:9781139612920 7596: 7592: 7587: 7583: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7563: 7559: 7553: 7549: 7544: 7540: 7534: 7530: 7525: 7521: 7515: 7511: 7506: 7502: 7496: 7492: 7488: 7483: 7479: 7473: 7469: 7464: 7460: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7441: 7437: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7418: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7397: 7393: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7374: 7370: 7368:9781463213930 7364: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7324: 7319: 7315: 7309: 7305: 7300: 7296: 7290: 7286: 7281: 7277: 7271: 7267: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7249: 7245: 7239: 7235: 7231: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7201: 7197: 7191: 7187: 7182: 7178: 7172: 7168: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7122: 7118: 7112: 7108: 7103: 7099: 7093: 7089: 7084: 7080: 7074: 7070: 7065: 7061: 7055: 7051: 7046: 7042: 7036: 7032: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7002: 6998: 6992: 6988: 6983: 6979: 6973: 6969: 6964: 6960: 6954: 6951:. Clarendon. 6950: 6945: 6944: 6930: 6924:Topalov 1994. 6921: 6912: 6903: 6895: 6894: 6887: 6880: 6879:0-19-815047-4 6876: 6870: 6863: 6862:0-19-815047-4 6859: 6853: 6847: 6842: 6840: 6823: 6819: 6813: 6811: 6794: 6793: 6788: 6782: 6775: 6774:0-19-815047-4 6771: 6765: 6755: 6748: 6747:0-19-815047-4 6744: 6738: 6731: 6730:1-84176-329-2 6727: 6721: 6712: 6703: 6694: 6687: 6682: 6675: 6670: 6663: 6658: 6651: 6646: 6639: 6634: 6627: 6622: 6615: 6610: 6608: 6606: 6604: 6596: 6591: 6584: 6579: 6572: 6567: 6560: 6555: 6553: 6545: 6540: 6534:, p. 24. 6533: 6528: 6526: 6518: 6513: 6511: 6503: 6502:Avramova 2015 6498: 6491: 6486: 6479: 6474: 6467: 6462: 6455: 6450: 6443: 6438: 6431: 6426: 6419: 6414: 6412: 6405:, p. 55. 6404: 6399: 6397: 6389: 6384: 6377: 6372: 6365: 6360: 6353: 6348: 6341: 6336: 6329: 6324: 6322: 6314: 6309: 6302: 6297: 6290: 6285: 6278: 6273: 6266: 6261: 6259: 6257: 6250:, p. 11. 6249: 6244: 6237: 6232: 6226:, p. 80. 6225: 6220: 6213: 6208: 6201: 6196: 6189: 6184: 6177: 6172: 6165: 6160: 6154:, p. 49. 6153: 6148: 6141: 6136: 6129: 6124: 6117: 6112: 6105: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6088: 6083: 6076: 6071: 6065:, p. 66. 6064: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6053: 6045: 6040: 6034:, p. 61. 6033: 6028: 6021: 6016: 6009: 6004: 5997: 5996:Grainger 2020 5992: 5985: 5980: 5973: 5968: 5961: 5956: 5949: 5944: 5938:, p. 60. 5937: 5932: 5925: 5920: 5913: 5908: 5902:, p. 30. 5901: 5896: 5890:, p. 62. 5889: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5878: 5876: 5868: 5863: 5857:, p. 37. 5856: 5851: 5844: 5839: 5832: 5827: 5825: 5817: 5812: 5806:, p. 41. 5805: 5800: 5794:, p. 43. 5793: 5788: 5786: 5779:, p. 31. 5778: 5773: 5771: 5763: 5758: 5751: 5746: 5740:, p. 32. 5739: 5734: 5732: 5724: 5719: 5717: 5709: 5704: 5697: 5692: 5690: 5683:, p. 27. 5682: 5677: 5675: 5668:, p. 25. 5667: 5662: 5655: 5650: 5644:, p. 54. 5643: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5625:, p. 22. 5624: 5619: 5613:, p. 53. 5612: 5607: 5605: 5597: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5578: 5573: 5567:, p. 20. 5566: 5561: 5554: 5549: 5542: 5537: 5531:, p. 51. 5530: 5525: 5518: 5513: 5507:, p. 52. 5506: 5501: 5499: 5491: 5486: 5480:, p. 63. 5479: 5474: 5467: 5462: 5456:, p. 76. 5455: 5450: 5448: 5440: 5435: 5428: 5423: 5416: 5411: 5404: 5399: 5392: 5387: 5380: 5375: 5373: 5365: 5360: 5353: 5348: 5341: 5336: 5334: 5326: 5321: 5314: 5309: 5302: 5297: 5290: 5285: 5278: 5273: 5266: 5265:Jordanov 1995 5261: 5259: 5251: 5250:Jordanov 1995 5246: 5239: 5234: 5228:, p. 50. 5227: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5206: 5201: 5194: 5193:Jordanov 1995 5189: 5182: 5177: 5170: 5169:Jordanov 1995 5165: 5159:, p. 56. 5158: 5153: 5146: 5141: 5139: 5131: 5126: 5119: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5103:, p. 49. 5102: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5082:, p. 40. 5081: 5076: 5074: 5066: 5061: 5055:, p. 45. 5054: 5049: 5047: 5040:, p. 57. 5039: 5034: 5032: 5025:, p. 39. 5024: 5019: 5017: 5009: 5004: 4997: 4992: 4985: 4980: 4974:, p. 44. 4973: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4952: 4947: 4940: 4935: 4928: 4923: 4917:, p. 43. 4916: 4911: 4904: 4899: 4892: 4887: 4880: 4875: 4873: 4865: 4860: 4854:, p. 42. 4853: 4848: 4846: 4838: 4833: 4826: 4821: 4814: 4809: 4802: 4797: 4790: 4785: 4778: 4773: 4766: 4761: 4755:, p. 41. 4754: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4733: 4728: 4721: 4716: 4709: 4704: 4697: 4692: 4685: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4668: 4663: 4656: 4651: 4644: 4639: 4632: 4627: 4620: 4615: 4608: 4603: 4596: 4591: 4589: 4581: 4576: 4574: 4566: 4561: 4554: 4549: 4542: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4521: 4516: 4509: 4504: 4498:, p. 40. 4497: 4492: 4490: 4482: 4477: 4470: 4465: 4458: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4439: 4434: 4427: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4410: 4405: 4398: 4393: 4387:, p. 37. 4386: 4381: 4374: 4369: 4362: 4357: 4350: 4345: 4343: 4335: 4330: 4328: 4320: 4315: 4309:, p. 35. 4308: 4303: 4296: 4291: 4285: 4281: 4274: 4268:, p. 46. 4267: 4262: 4258: 4243: 4233: 4223: 4213: 4206: 4202: 4196: 4192: 4179: 4175: 4168: 4163: 4160: 4156: 4149: 4144: 4141: 4135: 4130: 4123: 4118: 4114: 4108: 4103: 4099: 4093: 4088: 4085: 4079: 4074: 4071: 4065: 4060: 4059: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4018:king of Maedi 3990: 3988: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3938:ASTAEAN KINGS 3922:king of Caeni 3913: 3893: 3890: 3882: 3881: 3874: 3866: 3835: 3833: 3824: 3815: 3795: 3792: 3784: 3782: 3781: 3774: 3766: 3764: 3745: 3743: 3738: 3729: 3709: 3707: 3671: 3669: 3657: 3648: 3628: 3625: 3617: 3616: 3609: 3601: 3570: 3568: 3563: 3554: 3534: 3532: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3468: 3449: 3446: 3438: 3436: 3428: 3426: 3425: 3408: 3400: 3398: 3390: 3388: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3352: 3335: 3325: 3314: 3307: 3303: 3300: 3292: 3290: 3282: 3280: 3272: 3270: 3262: 3260: 3259: 3252: 3236: 3234: 3218: 3216: 3203: 3201: 3195: 3181: 3170: 3163: 3148: 3144: 3141: 3133: 3131: 3123: 3121: 3120: 3113: 3105: 3093: 3085: 3083: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3046: 3025: 3021: 3018: 3010: 3008: 3007: 2990: 2982: 2980: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2947: 2924: 2920: 2917: 2909: 2907: 2883: 2881: 2880: 2873: 2865: 2863: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2801: 2799: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2730: 2719: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2693: 2689: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2666: 2662: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2588: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2547: 2546: 2544: 2531: 2526: 2524: 2519: 2517: 2512: 2511: 2509: 2508: 2505: 2494: 2493:Main category 2491: 2490: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2468: 2467: 2466: 2456: 2453: 2448: 2447:Communist era 2445: 2440: 2437: 2432: 2429: 2424: 2421: 2416: 2413: 2408: 2405: 2404: 2400: 2397: 2390: 2387: 2382: 2379: 2374: 2371: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2358: 2354: 2351: 2346: 2343: 2342: 2338: 2335: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2315: 2311: 2308: 2303: 2300: 2293: 2290: 2289: 2285: 2282: 2277: 2274: 2273: 2269: 2266: 2261: 2258: 2251: 2248: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2234: 2230: 2227: 2222: 2219: 2216:6th–7th cent. 2211: 2208: 2203: 2200: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2190: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2180: 2177: 2171: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2159: 2155: 2144: 2139: 2136: 2132: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2115:lingua franca 2112: 2108: 2107:Hellenization 2104: 2100: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2043: 2042:Greek letters 2039: 2035: 2030: 2021: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1982: 1970: 1965: 1955: 1952: 1940: 1936: 1927: 1918: 1909: 1907: 1906: 1901: 1895: 1892: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1850:large kingdom 1847: 1843: 1837: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1788: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1755: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1715: 1710: 1706: 1704: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1683: 1676: 1671: 1662: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1627: 1622: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1585: 1576: 1562: 1560: 1559:Philippopolis 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1539: 1528: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1456: 1451: 1442: 1439: 1435: 1430: 1428: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1363: 1360:medallion of 1359: 1355: 1350: 1340: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1279: 1277: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1252: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1226: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1205: 1201: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1132: 1130: 1118: 1114: 1113:vase painting 1109: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1098:Peloponnesian 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1035: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 984: 979: 970: 968: 964: 960: 956: 948: 944: 939: 935: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 904: 902: 897: 893: 883: 881: 877: 873: 853: 851: 847: 843: 839: 834: 830: 825: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 748: 739: 725: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 690: 686: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 599:ancient Greek 596: 592: 588: 568: 567:in 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1229: 1209: 1197: 1153: 1126: 1086:Perdiccas II 1079: 1066:Iskar rivers 1043: 1031: 988: 952: 905: 889: 868: 826: 808:against the 792:crossed the 783: 763: 755: 699: 643:upper Morava 584: 533: 502: 413: 411: 281:Succeeded by 280: 275: 262:• Total 8003: / 6776:page 3 6176:Delev 2016b 6152:Delev 2016a 6063:Delev 2015b 6044:Delev 2015b 6032:Delev 2015b 5984:Delev 2015b 5936:Delev 2015b 5888:Delev 2015b 5642:Delev 2015a 5611:Delev 2015a 5577:Delev 2015a 5529:Delev 2015a 5505:Delev 2015a 5478:Delev 2015b 5226:Delev 2015a 5205:Delev 2015a 5101:Delev 2015a 5065:Delev 2015a 5053:Zahrnt 2015 5023:Kotova 2014 4996:Kotova 2014 4972:Zahrnt 2015 4939:Zahrnt 2015 4915:Zahrnt 2015 4891:Zahrnt 2015 4852:Zahrnt 2015 4777:Zahrnt 2015 4753:Zahrnt 2015 4619:Braund 2015 4496:Zahrnt 2015 4385:Zahrnt 2015 4373:Zahrnt 2015 4307:Zahrnt 2015 4201:Hellenistic 4155:Seuthes III 3334:Seuthes III 3194:Thrasybulus 3162:Hebryzelmis 3147:Amadocus II 2699:Seuthes III 2655:Amadocus II 2623:Hebryzelmis 2431:World War I 2423:Balkan Wars 2202:Roman times 2173:History of 2135:Sredna Gora 2125:Archaeology 2056:influence. 1722:Comontorius 1654:Seuthopolis 1626:Seuthes III 1597:Seuthes III 1416:in eastern 1325:Amadocus II 1232:Hebryzelmis 1225:Thrasybulus 1027:showing an 959:Octamasadas 928:Ariapeithes 926:under king 860:480–431 BC) 790:Achaemenids 651:Carpathians 552:Seuthopolis 548:Seuthes III 492:, it was a 276:Preceded by 223:Seuthopolis 207:Seuthes III 120:330–250 BC) 114:Seuthopolis 111:480–330 BC) 8018:Categories 7991:25°42′36″E 7988:41°58′48″N 7865:: 213–222. 7040:0691055491 6881:, page 107 6864:, page 105 6571:Sears 2015 6466:Popov 2015 6454:Borza 1990 6188:Kolev 2017 6128:Delev 2018 6116:Delev 2018 6104:Delev 2018 6075:Delev 2018 5972:Delev 2018 5596:Delev 2018 5466:Delev 2000 5439:Delev 2000 5391:Delev 2000 5364:Delev 2000 5325:Delev 2000 5301:Delev 2000 4864:Sears 2015 4708:Sears 2013 4631:Meyer 2013 4254:References 4098:Sinemorets 3829:∞ Semestra 3562:Seuthes IV 3490:Cetriporis 3351:Charidemus 3346:(daughter) 3338:∞ Gonimase 3324:Iphicrates 3319:(daughter) 3189:(daughter) 3175:(daughter) 3056:Seuthes II 3024:Amadocus I 2946:Sparatocos 2688:Chersonese 2672:Cetriporis 2661:Chersonese 2605:Seuthes II 2599:Amadocus I 2593:Amadocus I 2556:Sparatocus 2458:since 1990 2348:after 1413 2345:Resistance 2242:Golden Age 2141:See also: 2092:including 2032:Ring from 2002:Corinthian 1994:Chalcidian 1962:See also: 1808:Callinicus 1780:Ptolemy IV 1765:Lysimachia 1752:See also: 1608:Lysimachus 1503:Lysimachus 1479:Sboryanovo 1374:Amphipolis 1370:Cetriporis 1347:See also: 1311:, 357/6 BC 1276:Hellespont 1236:Iphicrates 1200:Seuthes II 1149:Seuthes II 1075:Ionian Sea 896:Thucydides 760:Achaemenid 722:Chersonese 677:and east ( 635:Black Seas 576:Background 156:Government 7952:1220-5052 7919:191470434 7812:132960873 7804:1553-5622 7413:0861-9387 7407:: 37–62. 7338:2406-0801 7330:Balcanica 7221:0204-9872 7215:: 49–59. 7150:1471-6844 7022:2159-9912 7016:: 66–77. 6532:Lund 1992 5912:Dana 2015 5900:Lund 1992 5816:Lund 1992 5777:Lund 1992 5762:Lund 1992 5738:Lund 1992 5708:Lund 1992 5681:Lund 1992 5666:Lund 1992 5654:Lund 1992 5623:Lund 1992 5565:Lund 1992 5541:Lund 1992 4157:found in 3936:BRANCH OF 3737:Seuthes V 3361:Berisades 3306:Teres III 3045:Seuthes I 2718:Seuthes V 2716:, son of 2682:Teres III 2645:Berisades 2607:, son of 2568:Seuthes I 2484:1893–1944 2450:1946–1990 2442:1941–1945 2434:1915–1918 2426:1912–1913 2392:1877–1878 2356:1762–1878 2340:1396–1878 2313:1371–1396 2305:1300–1371 2295:1273–1291 2287:1274–1300 2279:1230–1241 2271:1185–1396 2263:1018–1185 2210:Dark Ages 2090:Scythians 2066:Illyrians 2058:Thracians 2018:catapults 1990:Rhomphaia 1880:from the 1769:Ptolemies 1734:artillery 1691:Cassander 1621:Strategoi 1538:Strategos 1427:Acontisma 1362:Philip II 1333:Berisades 1317:Philip II 1305:Berisades 1216:Strandzha 1214:over the 1156:Seuthes I 1145:Seuthes I 1135:Seuthes I 1050:Paeonians 1021:Parthenon 967:Spartokos 833:Herodotus 818:Mardonius 814:Megabazus 810:Scythians 794:Bosphorus 714:Byzantion 627:Propontis 623:Strandzha 593:remains, 587:Thracians 544:Philip II 461:) was an 146:Religion 7940:Danubius 7010:Chronika 6792:Novinite 6749:, page 5 4205:Zalmoxis 3920:Dyegilos 3912:Teres VI 3823:Cotys IV 3475:Teres IV 3180:Xenophon 3039:Teres II 3026:/Metocus 2953:Maisades 2923:Sitalces 2714:Cotys IV 2692:Maroneia 2665:Maroneia 2609:Maesades 2583:Teres II 2574:Maesades 2562:Sitalces 2253:968–1018 2232:681–1018 2175:Bulgaria 2164:a series 2162:Part of 2131:Starosel 2121:script. 2119:Thracian 2099:trousers 2070:Triballi 2038:Thracian 1951:thyrseis 1905:hetairoi 1804:Polybius 1776:Philip V 1760:Imperial 1738:Seleucid 1703:basileus 1650:Kazanlak 1606:Bust of 1601:Kazanlak 1595:Bust of 1505:and the 1495:Cothelas 1483:Muntenia 1464:Agighiol 1418:Bulgaria 1403:Teres II 1382:Philippi 1378:Crenides 1329:Maroneia 1301:Amadocus 1220:Xenophon 1164:peltasts 1160:Triballi 1029:Athenian 957:against 947:Strelcha 908:Sitalces 901:Triballi 838:Doriskos 822:Xerxes I 802:Darius I 798:Bithynia 679:Bithynia 641:and the 629:and the 619:Rhodopes 517:Sitalces 474:Bulgaria 466:Thracian 393:Bulgaria 239:Sapaeans 159:Monarchy 129:Thracian 105:Uscudama 95:431–424) 89:Sitalces 30:For the 18:Odrysian 7209:Thracia 7158:1558897 6940:Sources 6828:24 June 6799:3 April 6214:, 3:38. 4767:, 2:97. 4522:, 2.29. 4174:Cotys I 4016:Sotimos 3664:Teres V 3553:Raizdos 3327:general 3197:general 3183:general 2828:Teres I 2756:Odryses 2629:Cotys I 2613:Teres I 2550:Teres I 2323:Dobruja 2245:896–927 2133:in the 2094:jackets 2062:Dacians 2054:Persian 2036:with a 2034:Ezerovo 2024:Culture 2014:greaves 1891:talents 1876:Silver 1858:Tacitus 1829:Sapaean 1798:in the 1792:Perseus 1726:kingdom 1612:Ephesos 1386:Illyria 1240:Cotys I 1192:Pletena 1117:Orpheus 1102:Spartan 1090:Macedon 1062:Romania 1033:hippeus 1000:Duvanli 943:tumulus 932:Balkans 892:Teres I 829:satrapy 786:Persian 718:Odessos 671:Ukraine 663:Moldova 659:Romania 639:Strymon 613:or the 571:History 529:Cotys I 509:Persian 505:Teres I 498:Balkans 478:Romania 463:ancient 405:Romania 192:• 101:Capital 54:480 BC– 7971: 7950: 7917: 7911:507153 7909: 7878: 7846: 7827: 7810: 7802: 7764: 7734: 7697: 7677: 7658: 7639: 7616: 7597: 7578: 7554: 7535: 7516: 7497: 7474: 7455: 7432: 7411: 7388: 7365: 7353:: 58. 7336: 7310: 7291: 7272: 7240: 7219: 7192: 7173: 7156: 7148: 7113: 7094: 7075: 7056: 7037: 7020: 6993: 6974: 6955: 6893:Thrace 6877: 6860: 6772: 6745: 6728: 4286: 4113:Vazovo 3931:Bithys 3656:Roigos 2705:Roigos 2690:& 2663:& 2328:Lovech 2205:46–681 2166:on the 2048:400 BC 1976:300 BC 1939:Right: 1878:rhyton 1816:Strabo 1658:Syrmus 1604:Right: 1555:Cabyle 1472:Borovo 1468:Peretu 1438:Ionian 1414:Cabyle 1394:Sestos 1309:Athens 1269:Abdera 1123:430 BC 1111:Greek 1082:Athens 1071:Europe 1025:Athens 996:Rouets 992:ashlar 983:Shipka 955:Scylas 920:Thynoi 916:Abdera 912:Danube 876:Tonzos 872:Hebros 848:, the 772:Skudra 764:Right: 710:Thasos 696:470 BC 667:Serbia 649:, the 647:Danube 631:Aegean 621:, the 615:Danube 603:Thrace 542:under 521:Athens 401:Turkey 397:Greece 199:340 BC 186:480 BC 74:Labrys 7915:S2CID 7907:JSTOR 7808:S2CID 7326:(PDF) 7154:JSTOR 4188:Notes 4172:King 2361:Early 2318:Vidin 2113:as a 2111:Greek 1986:pelte 1935:Left: 1846:Bizye 1812:Pydna 1740:king 1730:Tylis 1714:Celts 1593:Left: 1543:tithe 1487:Dacia 1358:Roman 1054:Greek 945:near 756:Left: 706:Greek 702:Homer 683:Mysia 595:coins 536:Getae 354:Tylis 340:Getae 247:30 BC 133:Greek 58:30 BC 32:Roman 7969:ISBN 7948:ISSN 7944:XXXI 7876:ISBN 7863:XLVI 7844:ISBN 7825:ISBN 7800:ISSN 7762:ISBN 7732:ISBN 7695:ISBN 7675:ISBN 7656:ISBN 7637:ISBN 7614:ISBN 7595:ISBN 7576:ISBN 7552:ISBN 7533:ISBN 7514:ISBN 7495:ISBN 7472:ISBN 7453:ISBN 7430:ISBN 7409:ISSN 7386:ISBN 7363:ISBN 7334:ISSN 7308:ISBN 7289:ISBN 7270:ISBN 7238:ISBN 7217:ISSN 7190:ISBN 7171:ISBN 7146:ISSN 7111:ISBN 7092:ISBN 7073:ISBN 7054:ISBN 7035:ISBN 7018:ISSN 6991:ISBN 6972:ISBN 6953:ISBN 6875:ISBN 6858:ISBN 6830:2011 6801:2010 6770:ISBN 6743:ISBN 6726:ISBN 4284:ISBN 4199:"In 2418:1903 2410:1885 2384:1876 2376:1870 2366:Late 2086:wool 2082:flax 2078:hemp 2064:and 2000:and 1958:Army 1834:Asti 1820:Livy 1810:and 1557:and 1499:Meda 1376:and 1303:and 1056:and 880:Arda 878:and 842:Eion 840:and 816:and 675:west 669:and 633:and 488:and 412:The 256:Area 7899:doi 7895:104 7792:doi 7355:doi 7351:3–4 7138:doi 6759:... 4227:II. 4176:'s 2084:or 2060:as 1705:). 1470:or 1147:or 1115:of 1088:of 1023:of 774:", 716:or 484:), 231:250 215:330 8020:: 7942:. 7938:. 7913:. 7905:. 7893:. 7861:. 7806:. 7798:. 7788:85 7786:. 7570:. 7424:. 7405:21 7403:. 7380:. 7361:. 7328:. 7255:. 7232:. 7213:21 7211:. 7207:. 7152:. 7144:. 7134:50 7132:. 7128:. 7012:. 7008:. 6838:^ 6820:. 6809:^ 6789:. 6602:^ 6551:^ 6524:^ 6509:^ 6410:^ 6395:^ 6320:^ 6255:^ 6094:^ 6051:^ 5874:^ 5823:^ 5784:^ 5769:^ 5730:^ 5715:^ 5688:^ 5673:^ 5630:^ 5603:^ 5584:^ 5497:^ 5446:^ 5371:^ 5332:^ 5257:^ 5212:^ 5137:^ 5108:^ 5087:^ 5072:^ 5045:^ 5030:^ 5015:^ 4958:^ 4871:^ 4844:^ 4739:^ 4674:^ 4587:^ 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