484:, on 16 May 1955. Eden detailed the nature and purpose of the tests. He explained that the experiments would include the addition of light elements as a boost, but promised that the yield of neither test would exceed two and a half times that of the Operation Hurricane test. Neither the anticipated nor the actual yield of the Hurricane test had been officially disclosed to Australian officials, but the yield was 25 kilotonnes of TNT (100 TJ), so this implied an upper limit was about 60 kilotonnes of TNT (250 TJ). Later an 80-kilotonne-of-TNT (330 TJ) limit was agreed to. Eden informed Menzies that the two shots would be from towers, which would produce a fifth of the
994:
improved on 8 June, and
Martell ordered the countdown to begin the following day, but Beale objected to a test being carried out on a Sunday. During Operation Totem there was an agreement that no tests would be conducted on Sundays. Mosex considered that matter in London, and directed Martell not to test on 10 June. The following 48 hours were unsuitable. On 17 June the meteorologists predicted a break in the weather and Martell ordered the countdown to recommence. Weather balloons indicated that conditions were stable between 5,000 and 24,500 feet (1,500 and 7,500 m), with an anomaly between 19,000 and 24,500 feet (5,800 and 7,500 m) that was not considered significant.
1046:(LCA) and driven by a party wearing protective clothing to within 400 feet (120 m) of ground zero to collect samples and recover the blast measurement equipment. Another sortie was made to collect film badges from Hermite Island, and Maddock collected a sample from the G2 crater. The Canberra sent to fly through the cloud had trouble finding it, and only after some searching located it about 80 miles (130 km) from where it was supposed to be. The following day, the Canberra sent to track the cloud and collect more samples could not locate it at all. The bulk of the fallout drifted over the
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438:, but it was considered unsuitable. The area was too isolated, with the nearest road over 100 miles (160 km) away, and only tracked vehicles or those with special tyres could traverse the intervening sand dunes. Emu Field therefore relied on air transport, but dust storms were a problem. Moreover, a shortage of water severely limited the number of personnel at the site. A new, permanent test site was therefore being prepared at
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31:
998:
971:. Then followed a period of waiting for suitable weather conditions. The idea was to avoid, as far as possible, fallout being blown over the mainland. At this time of year winds at low altitudes were mainly subject to coastal influences, but above 10,000 feet (3,000 m) the prevailing winds were from the west. What was required was an interval during which the prevailing wind pattern was interrupted.
143:
990:, the scientist in charge of the hydrogen bomb project at Aldermaston, determined that in view of the results of G1, G2 was now more important than ever. He agreed that, if necessary, Grapple, could be delayed to conduct G2. With time running short, the test procedures were altered to allow for a break in the weather to be exploited, with an earlier firing time and a shorter countdown.
871:, promised to discuss demands for an end to the tests. Martin and Titterton confronted Martell and Adams, and Martin told them that without sufficient information about the nature of the tests, the AWTSC could not approve the test. That it had a veto came as a surprise; it was not what their orders from London said. Penney sent a message to Adams 10 May:
461:, responding to rumours reported in the newspapers, asserted that "the Federal Government has no intention of allowing any hydrogen bomb tests to take place in Australia. Nor has it any intention of allowing any experiments connected with hydrogen bomb tests to take place here." While a boosted fusion weapon is not a hydrogen bomb, the tests
268:, the planned first test of a British hydrogen bomb, 15 July was set as the terminal date for Operation Mosaic. The British Government was anxious that Grapple should take place before a proposed moratorium on nuclear testing came into effect. The second test was therefore conducted under time pressure.
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Strongly advise not showing Safety
Committee any significant weapon details, but would not object to their seeing outside of cabled ball in centre section. They could be told that fissile material is at centre of large ball of high explosive and that elaborate electronics necessary to get symmetrical
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were not run. Spot checks were made to verify that there was no contamination on board. Most of the sample collection was completed by 20 May. An extra run was made to collect film badges from
Hermite Island, and Maddock paid the crater a visit on 25 May to collect further samples. Two RAF Canberra
966:
The results of G1 meant that a natural uranium tamper could be used in G2 without exceeding the planned 80 kilotonnes of TNT (330 TJ) limit agreed to with the AWTSC. (One of 100 kilotonnes of TNT (420 TJ) was used for safety purposes.) Scientific rehearsals for G2 were held on 28 and 31
842:
Adams arrived at the
Montebello Islands on 22 April, and was sufficiently impressed with the progress of works to schedule a scientific rehearsal for 27 April. A second scientific rehearsal was held on 2 May, followed by a full dress rehearsal on 5 May. The fissile material was delivered by an RAF
993:
Another complication was safety. While the test of a larger device would normally mandate a larger safety area, Beale announced that G2 was going to be smaller than G1. To avoid embarrassing him, the safety area was not enlarged, and no official announcement was made to the contrary. The weather
936:, about 6 miles (9.7 km) from ground zero, was quickly decontaminated, and sailed for Singapore on 18 May. The fallout cloud initially moved out to sea as predicted, but then reversed direction and drifted across northern Australia. Tests on the aircraft at Onslow had detected signs of
546:
A. K. Dodds and R. R. Fotheringham departed the UK for
Australia. They arrived on 22 July, and began a series of discussions. The Australian Government created a Montebello Working Party as a subcommittee of the Maralinga Committee as a counterpart to the British Mosex. Adams met with
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rose to 21,000 feet (6,400 m) instead of 14,000 feet (4,300 m) as predicted. Valuable data was obtained. The implosion system had performed flawlessly, but the boosting effect of the lithium deuteride had been negligible; the process had not been fully understood. HMS
1027:, in which she alleged that the G2 test had a significantly higher yield than suggested by available figures—98 kilotonnes of TNT (410 TJ) as compared to the official figure of 60 kilotonnes of TNT (250 TJ). She based this claim on "secret documents released to the
551:
of the recently formed Atomic
Weapons Tests Safety Committee (AWTSC), an organisation created by the Australian Government to oversee the safety of nuclear tests. Mosex agreed that at least two members of the AWTSC would be present on board the Task Force 308 flagship, the
367:. At the time, momentum was gathering both domestically and internationally for a moratorium on nuclear testing. The British Government was most anxious that this should not occur before Britain had developed hydrogen bombs, which it was hoped would be achieved in 1957.
1062:, a cattle transport on which 75 cattle had died on board, be inspected, as it was feared that they had died from radioactive poisoning. The seamen refused to unload the remaining 479 cattle. A physicist from the Commonwealth X-Ray and Radium Laboratory (CXRL) with a
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to
Hermite Island. Today, the Montebello Islands are a park. Visitors are advised not to spend more than an hour per day at the test sites, or to take relics of the tests as souvenirs. A pyramid-shaped obelisk marks the site of the G2 explosion on Alpha Island.
488:
of that of
Operation Hurricane, and there would be no danger to people or animals on the mainland. He explained that the use of the Montebello Islands would save as much as six months' of development time. Menzies cabled his approval of the tests on 20 June.
898:
Rather than stonewall, Adams and
Martell disclosed the same information that had been given to Menzies, on condition that they kept it to themselves. This mollified them, and the G1 test went ahead. The device was detonated on Trimouille Island at 03:50
1098:
to the point where it was no longer hazardous to the casual visitor, but there were still radioactive metal fragments. The island remained a prohibited area until 1992. A 2006 zoological survey found that the wildlife had recovered. As part of the
407:. The British had no practical experience with boosting, so a test of the concept was required. The scientists had also heard a rumour from American sources that the yield could be improved by up to 50 per cent through the use of a natural uranium
1053:
As fallout was detected over northern
Australia by monitoring stations, in combination with Beale's announcement that G2 would be smaller than G1, an impression was generated that something had gone horribly wrong. The acting prime minister, Sir
1014:
G2 was detonated from a tower on Alpha Island at 02:14 UTC (10:14 local time) on 19 June. It produced a yield of 60 kilotonnes of TNT (250 TJ), making it the largest nuclear device ever detonated in Australia. At the time of the
315:
to create a combined American, British, and Canadian project. The British Government expected that the United States would continue to share nuclear technology after the war, which it regarded as a joint discovery, but the
915:. They retrieved measuring instruments and conducted a ground survey. A tent with a decontamination area was established ashore, and a water pump allowed the Radiological Group to wash themselves before they returned to
694:
carried out a hydrographic survey of the Montebello Islands, laying marker buoys for moorings. Care had to be taken with this, as Operation Hurricane had left some parts of the islands dangerously radioactive. The
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provided logistical support, ferried personnel between the islands and the mainland, and accommodated 14 Australian and British media representatives during the first test. They were replaced by
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The cloud rose to 47,000 feet (14,000 m), considerably higher than the predicted 37,000 feet (11,000 m). The procedure for collecting samples was far more limited than that of G1. A
974:
These were not common at this time of the year; at the start of Operation Mosaic, it had been estimated that conditions favourable for G2 would occur only three days per month. In fact, since
806:
to collect radioactive samples. Lieutenant-Colonel R. N. B. Holmes was in charge of the Royal Engineers, whose task including erecting the 300-foot (91 m) aluminium towers for the shots.
513:, had already begun planning Operation Buffalo. It assumed responsibility for Operation Mosaic as well, sitting as the Mosaic Executive (Mosex) or Buffalo Executive (Buffalex) as appropriate.
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May, followed by a full rehearsal on 4 June. The fissile core for the device was delivered to Onslow by RAF Hastings on 6 June, and once again was couriered to the Montebello Islands by HMS
1086:) over a period of 50 years, assuming that they wore no clothes; an annual exposure of 150 millisieverts (15 rem) is normally considered acceptable for occupational purposes.
446:
tests were already scheduled to be held there. It was therefore decided that the best option was to return to the Montebello Islands, where the operation could be supported by the
1722:
876:
squash. No details of explosives configuration or inner components must be revealed. Appreciate that the position is awkward for you and that you must make minor concessions.
359:
saw no benefit in renewing cooperation with the UK. All the while Britain strove for independence, at the same time it sought interdependence in the form of a renewal of the
978:
had arrived in March, not a single day had been suitable. And good weather conditions alone were insufficient; the meteorologists had to accurately forecast them. To allow
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Britain thereby became the third nuclear power after the United States and the Soviet Union, but just four weeks after Operation Hurricane, the United States
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919:. The main danger to the ships' crews was considered to be from radioactive seaweed, so they were prohibited from catching or eating fish, and the ships'
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by helicopter on 14 May. The following day, Martell set 16 May as the date for the test. There had been protests in Perth at the test series, and the
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in South Australia, but would not be ready until September 1956. It was decided that the best option was to return to the Montebello Islands, where
927:
The results of the test were mixed. The yield was between 15 and 20 kilotonnes of TNT (63 and 84 TJ), as had been anticipated, although the
750:. The main scientific party left London by air on 1 April. The Air Task Group consisted of 107 officers and 407 other ranks. Most were based at
3012:
778:, from whence the Shackletons daily flew weather reconnaissance flights, commencing on 2 March. There was a cyclone three days later. Three
453:
This was a sensitive matter; there was an agreement with Australia that no thermonuclear testing would be carried out there. The Australian
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one to investigate effect of the tamper. It was hoped that the two tests would advance progress towards building a British hydrogen bomb.
443:
193:
121:
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entered the Parting Pool in the Montebello Islands. The Radiological Group, wearing full protective clothing, entered the lagoon in a
450:. There were also doubts as to whether the Australian Government would allow a 50-kilotonne-of-TNT (210 TJ) test at Maralinga.
1103:, rats and feral cats were eradicated from the Montebello Islands in 2009, and birds and marsupials were transplanted from nearby
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524:. Charles Adams from Aldermaston, who had been the deputy technical director to Leonard Tyte for Operation Hurricane and to
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Like Operation Hurricane before it, the test was a Royal Navy responsibility. Planning commenced in February 1955 under the
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Satellite photo of the Montebello Islands, indicating the sites of the Operation Mosaic nuclear test detonations (G1 and G2)
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986:, the first test of a British hydrogen bomb, 15 July was set as the terminal date for Mosaic. As the deadline approached,
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864:
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135:
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would act as a weather ship for the test series, and that a second weather ship might be required to give warnings of
1104:
543:
564:
2346:
736:
364:
246:, but Emu Field was considered unsuitable for Operation Mosaic. A new, permanent test site was being prepared at
228:
594:, in July 1955, which was completed by November. She departed the UK on 29 December 1955, and travelled via the
1895:
227:, which the British Government had agreed would not be tested in Australia, the tests were connected with the
2645:. The Official History of the UK Strategic Nuclear Deterrent. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge.
2523:
156:
355:. The technology mastered in Operation Hurricane was six years old, and with the hydrogen bomb in hand, the
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987:
477:
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in 1985", but the text was uncited, and the documents have never been found. British official historian
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aircraft flew between the UK and Australia, and two Whirlwind helicopters provided a taxi service. The
779:
720:, MWL251 and MRL252, provided water and refrigeration respectively. The two barges were visited by the
563:, when the decision to fire was taken. He also had discussions with Leonard Dwyer, the Director of the
321:
2309:
2994:
1651:. Vol. 59, no. 17, 900. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 1 October 1984. p. 12
1519:. Vol. 30, no. 8, 772. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 16 February 1956. p. 1
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937:
791:
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status, the British Government restarted its own development effort, which was given the cover name "
1050:, but owing to different winds at different altitudes, part of it again drifted over the mainland.
665:. These formed Task Group 308.3, which was mainly responsible for weather reporting. The destroyer
408:
220:
363:
with the United States. The British Government therefore resolved on 27 July 1954 to initiate the
2616:
Independence and Deterrence: Britain and Atomic Energy, 1945–1952, Volume 2, Policy and Execution
2203:. Vol. 30, no. 8, 891. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 22 June 1956. p. 1
1083:
799:
329:
2703:
Leonard, Zeb (22 May 2014). "Tampering with History: Varied Understanding of Operation Mosaic".
2085:. Vol. 30, no. 8, 858. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 28 May 1956. p. 1
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on 11 May, and delivered to the Montebello Islands the following day. Five members of the AWTSC—
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200:
2582:
Independence and Deterrence: Britain and Atomic Energy, 1945–1952, Volume 1, Policy Making
8:
1002:
920:
717:
686:
510:
505:
adopted the codename Operation Mosaic. The Atomic Trials Executive in London, chaired by
333:
251:
2502:(Technical report). Yallambie, Victoria: Australian Radiation Laboratory. Archived from
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2467:
2275:
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about the weather conditions that could be expected for the test. It was agreed that a
553:
337:
287:) as compared to 60 kilotonnes of TNT (250 TJ), but this remains unsubstantiated.
255:
181:
142:
57:
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bombers flew through the cloud to collect samples, one of which was flown by Menaul.
856:
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aircraft tracked clouds and flew on low-level radiological survey missions, five RAF
654:
648:
641:
617:, was loaned to act as an accommodation ship for scientists and VIPs. Along with the
548:
542:
On 18 July 1955 a five-man mission headed by Martell that included Adams, Menaul and
528:
on Operation Totem, was appointed the scientific director for Operation Mosaic, with
502:
416:
403:
reactions produce neutrons, and thus increase the rate of fission, and therefore the
341:
312:
265:
185:
61:
2825:
The Report of the Royal Commission into British Nuclear Tests in Australia, Volume 2
2777:
The Report of the Royal Commission into British Nuclear Tests in Australia, Volume 1
1962:
2958:
2712:
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852:
848:
803:
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series. The second test in the series was the largest ever conducted in Australia.
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787:
771:
767:
743:
660:
435:
427:
243:
235:
189:
116:
814:
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2428:
2403:
Thor Ballistic Missile: The United States and the United Kingdom in Partnership
1126:
1063:
928:
721:
536:
525:
481:
400:
300:
280:
204:
96:
2660:
2493:
Cooper, Malcolm B.; Lokan, Keith H.; Williams, Geoffrey A. (1 November 1983).
2076:
1890:
1642:
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in South Australia, but it would not be ready until September 1956, and the
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caused by a malaria-like parasite. It was estimated that someone living in
1032:
1005:
885:
689:
676:
621:
618:
520:
would be in charge as commander Task Force 308, with the temporary rank of
517:
473:
177:
1047:
868:
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was detailed to carry out scientific tests, and formed Task Group 308.4.
576:
539:
would command the Air Task Group. Planning was conducted at Aldermaston.
380:
356:
325:
304:
2965:
1823:
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from G1, indicating that some fallout had been blown over the mainland.
2239:
1039:
1020:
956:
706:
595:
447:
375:
In thinking about thermonuclear designs, the British scientists at the
2348:
Britain, Australia and the Bomb: The Nuclear Tests and Their Aftermath
1133:
675:
They were augmented by RAN vessels, designated Task Group 308.2. The
638:
627:, they formed Task Group 308.1. The Far East Fleet also supplied the
599:
439:
431:
396:
392:
284:
247:
239:
216:
212:
100:
2643:
Volume I: From the V-Bomber Era to the Arrival of Polaris, 1945–1964
1078:, where the contamination was highest, would receive a dose of 580
953:
818:
696:
498:
320:(McMahon Act) ended technical cooperation. Fearing a resurgence of
794:
bombers were tasked with collecting radioactive samples, four RAF
275:
it was claimed that the second test was of a significantly higher
254:
had been conducted in 1952. To allow the task force flagship, the
2458:
Cherry, Simon R.; Sorenson, James A.; Phelps, Michael E. (2012).
2035:
2033:
2031:
1994:
1992:
1916:
1914:
1899:. No. 946. New South Wales, Australia. 9 May 1956. p. 3
1856:
1772:
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763:
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388:
2251:
1474:
30:
1407:
1347:
1058:, ordered an inquiry. Seamen in Fremantle demanded that the SS
997:
586:
A small fleet of ships was assembled for Operation Mosaic. HMS
2830:(Report). Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.
2782:(Report). Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.
2227:
2148:
2028:
2004:
1989:
1977:
1938:
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1911:
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1846:
1844:
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1811:
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1678:
1643:"Maralinga nuclear testing. Mosaic tests: were they H-bombs?"
1493:
1491:
1489:
1359:
755:
610:
2496:
The Radiological Status of the Monte Bello Islands: May 1983
2376:
Ambiguity and Deterrence: British Nuclear Strategy 1945–1964
1431:
2867:
2742:"Rediscovery of Aprasia rostrata on the Montebello Islands"
1829:
1307:
Boosted fission with lithium deuteride and natural uranium
1010:
carried out a hydrographic survey of the Montebello Islands
894:
carried out a hydrographic survey of the Montebello Islands
412:
2890:
Nuclear Rivals: Anglo-American Atomic Relations, 1941–1952
2215:
2172:
2160:
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2016:
1957:
1955:
1953:
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1579:
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Trimouille Island, Montebello Islands, Western Australia
1165:
900:
859:, Butement and Dwyer—arrived at Onslow and were flown to
1383:
1323:
1023:, a British investigative journalist, published a book,
1017:
Royal Commission into British nuclear tests in Australia
843:
Hastings to Onslow, from whence it was collected by HMS
273:
Royal Commission into British nuclear tests in Australia
2433:
Test of Greatness: Britain's Struggle for the Atom Bomb
1950:
1794:
1070:, and the deaths were determined to have resulted from
1025:
Clouds of Deceit: Deadly Legacy of Britain's Bomb Tests
199:
The purpose of the tests was to explore increasing the
2919:. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.
2136:
2045:
1737:
1576:
1462:
1395:
2942:
1963:"Britain's Nuclear Weapons - British Nuclear Testing"
1539:"We Bar H-Bomb Test Here So Britain Seeks Ocean Site"
1117:
United Kingdom's Mosaic series tests and detonations
1035:
reported that she had never seen any such documents.
188:
on 16 May and 19 June 1956. These tests followed the
2462:(fourth ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders.
2457:
2245:
1252:
Alpha Island, Montebello Islands, Western Australia
3018:
20th-century military history of the United Kingdom
2492:
2257:
1335:
1712:
1547:. Victoria, Australia. 19 February 1955. p. 1
1371:
1300:
1222:
465:indeed connected with hydrogen bomb development.
411:. Two tests were therefore scheduled: one with a
3004:
1294:8 m (26 ft) + 31 m (102 ft)
1216:4 m (13 ft) + 31 m (102 ft)
2892:. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University Press.
903:(11:50 local time) on 16 May. Soon afterwards,
332:". The first British atomic bomb was tested in
18:1956 British nuclear tests in Western Australia
2917:A History of British Atomic Tests in Australia
2740:Maryan, Brad; Bush, Brian (28 February 2007).
2683:(232). Air Power Development Centre: 145–148.
2667:
1862:
426:The need for speed dictated the location. The
387:. These are a type of nuclear device in which
2606:
2572:
1413:
1353:
370:
223:. Although a boosted fission weapon is not a
2668:Kainikara, Sanu; Burns, David, eds. (2016).
746:and two Aldermaston scientists travelled on
264:, to return to the UK and refit in time for
2819:
2771:
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2010:
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1600:
1570:
1497:
1480:
1456:
1437:
1389:
279:than suggested by the official figures: 98
2739:
2296:
2211:– via National Library of Australia.
2093:– via National Library of Australia.
1907:– via National Library of Australia.
1891:"WA Govt to discuss demand for A-test ban"
1659:– via National Library of Australia.
1555:– via National Library of Australia.
1527:– via National Library of Australia.
29:
2868:Naval Intelligence Division (June 1956).
1714:"Obituary: Vice-Admiral Sir Hugh Martell"
1710:
774:and about 70 RAF personnel were based at
2521:
2427:
2270:
2268:
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1800:
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996:
947:
879:
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164:
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1743:
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1585:
1468:
318:United States Atomic Energy Act of 1946
3005:
2870:Australia Station Intelligence Summary
2552:
2373:
1425:
1329:
430:tests of 1953 had been carried out at
238:tests of 1953 had been carried out at
2670:"RAAF Involvement in Nuclear Testing"
2640:
2400:
2263:
1711:Sainsbury, A. B. (25 February 1999).
1377:
1341:
838:(right), bound for Montebello Islands
501:Operation Giraffe. In June 1955, the
377:Atomic Weapons Research Establishment
3013:British nuclear testing in Australia
2887:
1401:
470:prime minister of the United Kingdom
415:tamper to investigate the effect of
2558:Britain and Atomic Energy 1939–1945
2351:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
1094:By the 1980s the radioactivity had
865:deputy premier of Western Australia
735:, who flew out to the islands on a
718:120-foot (37 m) motor lighters
716:for the second test. A pair of RAN
219:, and the use of a natural uranium
13:
2468:10.1016/B978-1-4160-5198-5.00023-X
2278:. Department of Parks and Wildlife
2246:Cherry, Sorenson & Phelps 2012
982:to return to the UK and refit for
615:Commander-in-Chief, Far East Fleet
532:as the scientific superintendent.
14:
3044:
2746:The Western Australian Naturalist
2524:"Operations Hurricane and Mosaic"
2258:Cooper, Lokan & Williams 1983
2195:"Inquiry on Atomic Cloud Ordered"
602:on 23 February 1956. The frigate
2988:
2976:
2964:
2952:
1830:Naval Intelligence Division 1956
1725:from the original on 24 May 2022
565:Australian Bureau of Meteorology
141:
134:
2875:(Report). Royal Australian Navy
2302:
2187:
2069:
1883:
1635:
1531:
1503:
492:
365:British hydrogen bomb programme
229:British hydrogen bomb programme
3028:Montebello Islands archipelago
2618:. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
786:flew safety patrols, five RAF
1:
2705:Journal of Australian Studies
2334:
295:During the early part of the
290:
2717:10.1080/14443058.2014.895956
1428:, pp. 160–163, 179–185.
1089:
176:was a series of two British
7:
2460:Physics in Nuclear Medicine
2378:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1297:tower, weapons development
1219:tower, weapons development
962:provided logistical support
802:(USAF) provided a pair of
478:prime minister of Australia
10:
3049:
3023:1950s in Western Australia
2888:Paul, Septimus H. (2000).
1863:Kainikara & Burns 2016
1111:
780:Royal Australian Air Force
391:of light elements such as
371:Purpose and site selection
322:United States isolationism
2077:"No Risks In A Bomb Test"
1965:. Nuclear Weapons Archive
1414:Gowing & Arnold 1974b
1354:Gowing & Arnold 1974a
1068:radioactive contamination
938:radioactive contamination
419:, and one with a natural
399:are added. The resulting
349:successfully demonstrated
324:, and Britain losing its
311:merged with the American
112:
107:
91:
83:
75:
67:
53:
45:
40:
28:
23:
2522:Djokovic, Petar (2016).
1511:"No Hydrogen Bomb Tests"
1316:
739:helicopter on 15 April.
192:series and preceded the
2915:Symonds, J. L. (1985).
2641:Jones, Matthew (2017).
2435:. London: John Murray.
2234:Arnold & Smith 2006
2040:Arnold & Smith 2006
1999:Arnold & Smith 2006
1921:Arnold & Smith 2006
1851:Arnold & Smith 2006
1777:Arnold & Smith 2006
1756:Arnold & Smith 2006
1699:Arnold & Smith 2006
1687:Arnold & Smith 2006
1630:Arnold & Smith 2006
1613:Arnold & Smith 2006
1571:Arnold & Smith 2006
1481:Arnold & Smith 2006
1457:Arnold & Smith 2006
1438:Arnold & Smith 2006
1390:Arnold & Smith 2006
800:United States Air Force
537:S. W. B. (Paddy) Menaul
385:boosted fission weapons
330:High Explosive Research
2345:; Smith, Mark (2006).
2297:Maryan & Bush 2007
1368:, pp. 24, 48, 57.
1230:Boosted fission weapon
1011:
963:
895:
878:
839:
766:region, although four
742:Only a small party of
170:
108:Test series chronology
2584:. London: Macmillan.
2560:. London: Macmillan.
2374:Baylis, John (1995).
2315:Sydney Morning Herald
1544:The Argus (Melbourne)
1483:, pp. 52–53, 89.
1066:found no evidence of
1044:Landing Craft Assault
1000:
951:
943:
883:
873:
817:
809:
569:Royal Australian Navy
544:Lieutenant Commanders
168:
2405:. Stroud: Fonthill.
2401:Boyes, John (2015).
2276:"Montebello Islands"
1029:Public Record Office
592:HM Dockyard, Chatham
361:Special Relationship
303:project, code-named
157:class=notpageimage|
2318:. 22 September 2012
2299:, pp. 247–251.
2248:, pp. 427–428.
2236:, pp. 133–137.
2224:, pp. 356–357.
2184:, pp. 351–355.
2157:, pp. 266–267.
2133:, pp. 210–212.
2118:, pp. 346–351.
2106:, pp. 351–352.
2042:, pp. 125–126.
2025:, pp. 337–342.
2013:, pp. 245–246.
2001:, pp. 124–125.
1986:, pp. 264–266.
1947:, pp. 482–483.
1935:, pp. 481–482.
1923:, pp. 122–124.
1880:, pp. 333–335.
1865:, pp. 145–148.
1820:, pp. 323–329.
1779:, pp. 115–117.
1701:, pp. 111–112.
1672:, pp. 314–315.
1632:, pp. 124–126.
1603:, pp. 478–479.
1573:, pp. 109–112.
1459:, pp. 106–110.
1416:, pp. 500–501.
1404:, pp. 196–197.
1356:, pp. 181–184.
1332:, pp. 108–111.
1267: /
1189: /
1143:Elevation + height
1118:
1003:boom defence vessel
687:boom defence vessel
455:minister for supply
344:on 3 October 1952.
334:Operation Hurricane
271:At the time of the
252:Operation Hurricane
2995:Nuclear technology
2310:"One man's island"
2200:The Canberra Times
2082:The Canberra Times
1648:The Canberra Times
1516:The Canberra Times
1249:AWST (+8 hrs)
1171:AWST (+8 hrs)
1116:
1101:Gorgon gas project
1042:was landed from a
1012:
964:
896:
840:
829:Landing Ship, Tank
554:Landing Ship, Tank
507:Lieutenant General
338:Montebello Islands
182:Montebello Islands
171:
160:Montebello Islands
149:Montebello Islands
58:Montebello Islands
3033:1956 in Australia
2926:978-0-644-04118-8
2899:978-0-8142-0852-6
2837:978-0-644-04436-3
2821:McClelland, James
2789:978-0-644-04435-6
2773:McClelland, James
2652:978-1-138-67493-6
2625:978-0-333-16695-6
2591:978-0-333-15781-7
2477:978-1-4160-5198-5
2442:978-0-7195-5225-0
2412:978-1-78155-481-4
2385:978-0-19-828012-5
2358:978-1-4039-2102-4
1440:, pp. 82–86.
1314:
1313:
1234:lithium deuteride
1072:red water disease
984:Operation Grapple
804:C-118 Liftmasters
590:began a refit at
549:W. A. S. Butement
444:Operation Buffalo
417:lithium deuteride
342:Western Australia
313:Manhattan Project
307:, which the 1943
281:kilotonnes of TNT
266:Operation Grapple
256:tank landing ship
194:Operation Buffalo
186:Western Australia
180:conducted in the
130:
129:
122:Operation Buffalo
97:kilotonnes of TNT
62:Western Australia
3040:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2969:
2968:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2948:
2938:
2911:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2874:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2855:on 31 March 2019
2854:
2848:. Archived from
2829:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2807:on 31 March 2019
2806:
2800:. Archived from
2781:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2736:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2674:
2664:
2637:
2608:Gowing, Margaret
2603:
2574:Gowing, Margaret
2569:
2554:Gowing, Margaret
2549:
2547:
2545:
2528:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2509:on 26 March 2016
2508:
2501:
2489:
2454:
2424:
2397:
2370:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2272:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2170:
2167:McClelland 1985a
2164:
2158:
2155:McClelland 1985a
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2073:
2067:
2064:McClelland 1985a
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2011:McClelland 1985a
2008:
2002:
1996:
1987:
1984:McClelland 1985a
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1959:
1948:
1945:McClelland 1985b
1942:
1936:
1933:McClelland 1985b
1930:
1924:
1918:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1789:McClelland 1985a
1786:
1780:
1774:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1716:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1601:McClelland 1985b
1598:
1589:
1583:
1574:
1568:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1507:
1501:
1498:McClelland 1985a
1495:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1302:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1272:20.41°S 115.54°E
1268:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1245:
1224:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1194:20.38°S 115.55°E
1190:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1167:
1119:
1115:
853:Ernest Titterton
849:Leslie H. Martin
776:RAAF Base Darwin
733:Lady Mountbatten
729:Lord Mountbatten
511:Frederick Morgan
309:Quebec Agreement
299:, Britain had a
297:Second World War
174:Operation Mosaic
145:
138:
33:
21:
20:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2989:
2987:
2977:
2975:
2963:
2953:
2951:
2943:
2941:
2927:
2900:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2838:
2827:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2790:
2779:
2762:
2760:
2693:
2691:
2672:
2653:
2626:
2592:
2543:
2541:
2526:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2478:
2443:
2429:Cathcart, Brian
2413:
2386:
2359:
2337:
2332:
2331:
2321:
2319:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2295:
2291:
2281:
2279:
2274:
2273:
2264:
2256:
2252:
2244:
2240:
2232:
2228:
2220:
2216:
2206:
2204:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2180:
2173:
2165:
2161:
2153:
2149:
2141:
2137:
2129:
2122:
2114:
2110:
2102:
2098:
2088:
2086:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2038:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2009:
2005:
1997:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1919:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1849:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1816:
1807:
1803:, pp. 2–3.
1799:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1775:
1762:
1754:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1728:
1726:
1719:The Independent
1709:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1654:
1652:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1628:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1592:
1584:
1577:
1569:
1560:
1550:
1548:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1522:
1520:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1455:
1444:
1436:
1432:
1424:
1420:
1412:
1408:
1400:
1396:
1388:
1384:
1376:
1372:
1364:
1360:
1352:
1348:
1344:, pp. 1–2.
1340:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1114:
1092:
946:
812:
768:Royal Air Force
744:Royal Engineers
609:, normally the
495:
436:South Australia
428:Operation Totem
373:
301:nuclear weapons
293:
244:South Australia
236:Operation Totem
205:nuclear weapons
190:Operation Totem
163:
162:
161:
159:
153:
152:
151:
150:
146:
126:
125:
119:
117:Operation Totem
92:Max. yield
76:Number of tests
36:
19:
12:
11:
5:
3046:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
2998:
2997:
2985:
2983:United Kingdom
2973:
2961:
2940:
2939:
2925:
2912:
2898:
2885:
2865:
2836:
2817:
2788:
2769:
2752:(4): 247–251.
2737:
2711:(2): 205–219.
2700:
2665:
2651:
2638:
2624:
2604:
2590:
2570:
2550:
2519:
2490:
2476:
2455:
2441:
2425:
2411:
2398:
2384:
2371:
2357:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2301:
2289:
2262:
2250:
2238:
2226:
2214:
2186:
2171:
2169:, p. 253.
2159:
2147:
2145:, p. 218.
2135:
2120:
2108:
2096:
2068:
2066:, p. 246.
2056:
2054:, p. 319.
2044:
2027:
2015:
2003:
1988:
1976:
1949:
1937:
1925:
1910:
1882:
1867:
1855:
1853:, p. 121.
1834:
1822:
1805:
1793:
1791:, p. 262.
1781:
1760:
1758:, p. 113.
1748:
1746:, p. 314.
1736:
1703:
1691:
1689:, p. 112.
1674:
1662:
1634:
1617:
1615:, p. 301.
1605:
1590:
1588:, p. 310.
1575:
1558:
1530:
1502:
1500:, p. 233.
1485:
1473:
1471:, p. 209.
1461:
1442:
1430:
1418:
1406:
1394:
1382:
1370:
1358:
1346:
1334:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1305:
1303:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1277:-20.41; 115.54
1250:
1247:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1227:
1225:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1199:-20.38; 115.55
1172:
1169:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1136:
1130:
1123:
1113:
1110:
1091:
1088:
1064:Geiger counter
945:
942:
929:mushroom cloud
811:
808:
722:First Sea Lord
526:William Penney
494:
491:
482:Robert Menzies
401:nuclear fusion
372:
369:
292:
289:
155:
154:
148:
147:
140:
139:
133:
132:
131:
128:
127:
120:
114:
113:
110:
109:
105:
104:
93:
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
77:
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
55:
51:
50:
49:United Kingdom
47:
43:
42:
38:
37:
35:Mosaic G2 test
34:
26:
25:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3045:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3001:
2996:
2986:
2984:
2974:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2960:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2871:
2866:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2612:Arnold, Lorna
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2578:Arnold, Lorna
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2520:
2505:
2498:
2497:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2343:Arnold, Lorna
2340:
2339:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2305:
2298:
2293:
2277:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2259:
2254:
2247:
2242:
2235:
2230:
2223:
2218:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2190:
2183:
2178:
2176:
2168:
2163:
2156:
2151:
2144:
2139:
2132:
2127:
2125:
2117:
2112:
2105:
2100:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2072:
2065:
2060:
2053:
2048:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2024:
2019:
2012:
2007:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1985:
1980:
1964:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1946:
1941:
1934:
1929:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1886:
1879:
1874:
1872:
1864:
1859:
1852:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1831:
1826:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1802:
1801:Djokovic 2016
1797:
1790:
1785:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1757:
1752:
1745:
1740:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1707:
1700:
1695:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1671:
1666:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1638:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1614:
1609:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1572:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1534:
1518:
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1451:
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1447:
1439:
1434:
1427:
1422:
1415:
1410:
1403:
1398:
1392:, p. 47.
1391:
1386:
1380:, p. 25.
1379:
1374:
1367:
1366:Cathcart 1995
1362:
1355:
1350:
1343:
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1128:
1124:
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1120:
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1105:Barrow Island
1102:
1097:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1080:microsieverts
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1056:Arthur Fadden
1051:
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534:Group Captain
531:
530:Ieuan Maddock
527:
523:
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353:hydrogen bomb
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225:hydrogen bomb
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197:
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179:
178:nuclear tests
175:
167:
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144:
137:
124: →
123:
118:
115:←
111:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
71:May–June 1956
70:
66:
63:
59:
56:
52:
48:
44:
39:
32:
27:
22:
16:
3000:
2916:
2889:
2877:. Retrieved
2857:. Retrieved
2850:the original
2809:. Retrieved
2802:the original
2761:. Retrieved
2749:
2745:
2708:
2704:
2692:. Retrieved
2680:
2676:
2642:
2615:
2581:
2557:
2542:. Retrieved
2530:
2511:. Retrieved
2504:the original
2495:
2459:
2432:
2402:
2375:
2347:
2320:. Retrieved
2313:
2304:
2292:
2280:. Retrieved
2260:, p. 6.
2253:
2241:
2229:
2222:Symonds 1985
2217:
2205:. Retrieved
2198:
2189:
2182:Symonds 1985
2162:
2150:
2143:Leonard 2014
2138:
2131:Leonard 2014
2116:Symonds 1985
2111:
2104:Symonds 1985
2099:
2087:. Retrieved
2080:
2071:
2059:
2052:Symonds 1985
2047:
2023:Symonds 1985
2018:
2006:
1979:
1967:. Retrieved
1940:
1928:
1901:. Retrieved
1894:
1885:
1878:Symonds 1985
1858:
1832:, p. 3.
1825:
1818:Symonds 1985
1796:
1784:
1751:
1744:Symonds 1985
1739:
1727:. Retrieved
1718:
1706:
1694:
1670:Symonds 1985
1665:
1653:. Retrieved
1646:
1637:
1608:
1586:Symonds 1985
1549:. Retrieved
1542:
1533:
1521:. Retrieved
1514:
1505:
1476:
1469:Leonard 2014
1464:
1433:
1421:
1409:
1397:
1385:
1373:
1361:
1349:
1337:
1325:
1244:19 June 1956
1232:design with
1093:
1082:(0.058
1076:Port Hedland
1059:
1052:
1037:
1033:Lorna Arnold
1024:
1013:
1006:
992:
988:William Cook
979:
975:
973:
968:
965:
958:
933:
926:
916:
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904:
897:
890:
874:
860:
844:
841:
834:
823:
747:
741:
713:
708:
701:
690:
681:
674:
668:
661:
655:
649:
643:
634:Newfoundland
633:
623:
605:
587:
585:
577:willy willys
559:
541:
518:Hugh Martell
496:
493:Preparations
474:Anthony Eden
467:
462:
459:Howard Beale
452:
425:
374:
346:
294:
270:
260:
233:
198:
173:
172:
15:
2763:20 February
2544:20 February
2513:18 December
2282:25 February
1426:Baylis 1995
1330:Gowing 1964
1275: /
1197: /
1166:16 May 1956
1154:References
1125:Date time (
1048:Arafura Sea
921:evaporators
869:John Tonkin
827:(left) and
772:Shackletons
598:, reaching
383:considered
381:Aldermaston
357:US Congress
326:great power
305:Tube Alloys
203:of British
41:Information
3007:Categories
2677:Pathfinder
2661:1005663721
2335:References
1378:Jones 2017
1342:Jones 2017
1281: (
1203: (
1040:Land Rover
1021:Joan Smith
957:HMAS
889:HMAS
857:Cecil Eddy
822:HMAS
707:HMAS
700:HMAS
680:HMAS
639:destroyers
596:Suez Canal
448:Royal Navy
291:Background
283:(410
99:(250
2959:Australia
2823:(1985b).
2775:(1985a).
2758:0508-4865
2733:144611309
2725:1444-3058
2689:1836-7712
2634:946341039
2614:(1974b).
2600:611555258
2580:(1974a).
2539:223432572
2531:Semaphore
2486:727303207
2421:921523156
1402:Paul 2000
1146:Delivery
1134:time zone
1090:Aftermath
1019:in 1985,
833:HMS
824:Fremantle
737:Whirlwind
702:Fremantle
697:corvettes
667:HMS
642:HMS
632:HMS
622:RFA
604:HMS
600:Fremantle
558:HMS
522:commodore
503:Admiralty
440:Maralinga
432:Emu Field
397:deuterium
393:lithium-6
259:HMS
248:Maralinga
240:Emu Field
217:deuterium
213:lithium-6
84:Test type
54:Test site
2971:Politics
2935:18084438
2908:43615254
2879:7 August
2859:8 August
2846:60240751
2811:8 August
2798:60240750
2556:(1964).
2451:31241690
2431:(1995).
2394:32700008
2367:70673342
2207:9 August
2089:9 August
1969:4 August
1903:8 August
1729:5 August
1723:Archived
1262:115°32′E
1184:115°33′E
1139:Location
1060:Koolinda
954:corvette
819:Corvette
796:Hastings
792:Canberra
784:Neptunes
624:Eddyrock
581:cyclones
499:codename
389:isotopes
209:boosting
207:through
2945:Portals
2694:5 April
2566:3195209
1896:Tribune
1259:20°25′S
1181:20°23′S
1112:Summary
1096:decayed
1007:Karangi
891:Warrego
788:Varsity
782:(RAAF)
764:Pilbara
762:in the
726:Admiral
714:Karangi
691:Karangi
682:Warrego
656:Consort
650:Concord
644:Cossack
629:cruiser
613:of the
573:frigate
515:Captain
486:fallout
421:uranium
336:at the
46:Country
2933:
2923:
2906:
2896:
2844:
2834:
2796:
2786:
2756:
2731:
2723:
2687:
2659:
2649:
2632:
2622:
2598:
2588:
2564:
2537:
2484:
2474:
2449:
2439:
2419:
2409:
2392:
2382:
2365:
2355:
2322:2 July
1655:28 May
1551:28 May
1523:28 May
1309:tamper
1246:02:14
1168:03:50
1157:Notes
1132:Local
980:Narvik
976:Narvik
917:Narvik
913:cutter
905:Narvik
861:Narvik
835:Narvik
770:(RAF)
760:Onslow
752:Pearce
748:Narvik
731:, and
637:, and
619:tanker
588:Narvik
571:(RAN)
560:Narvik
472:, Sir
409:tamper
261:Narvik
221:tamper
68:Period
24:Mosaic
2873:(PDF)
2853:(PDF)
2828:(PDF)
2805:(PDF)
2780:(PDF)
2729:S2CID
2673:(PDF)
2533:(2).
2527:(PDF)
2507:(PDF)
2500:(PDF)
1317:Notes
1301:60 kt
1223:15 kt
1150:Yield
1122:Name
969:Alert
959:Junee
934:Diana
909:Alert
886:sloop
845:Alert
756:Perth
754:near
709:Junee
677:sloop
669:Diana
662:Comus
611:yacht
606:Alert
405:yield
277:yield
211:with
201:yield
87:tower
2931:OCLC
2921:ISBN
2904:OCLC
2894:ISBN
2881:2018
2861:2018
2842:OCLC
2832:ISBN
2813:2018
2794:OCLC
2784:ISBN
2765:2017
2754:ISSN
2721:ISSN
2696:2020
2685:ISSN
2657:OCLC
2647:ISBN
2630:OCLC
2620:ISBN
2596:OCLC
2586:ISBN
2562:OCLC
2546:2017
2535:OCLC
2515:2013
2482:OCLC
2472:ISBN
2447:OCLC
2437:ISBN
2417:OCLC
2407:ISBN
2390:OCLC
2380:ISBN
2363:OCLC
2353:ISBN
2324:2017
2284:2017
2209:2018
2091:2018
1971:2018
1905:2018
1731:2018
1657:2017
1553:2017
1525:2017
1001:The
952:The
907:and
884:The
758:and
705:and
685:and
659:and
579:and
509:Sir
468:The
463:were
413:lead
395:and
234:The
215:and
2713:doi
2464:doi
1240:G2
1162:G1
1127:UTC
1084:rem
901:UTC
434:in
379:at
340:in
242:in
184:in
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3009::
2929:.
2902:.
2840:.
2792:.
2750:25
2748:.
2744:.
2727:.
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2709:38
2707:.
2679:.
2675:.
2655:.
2628:.
2610:;
2594:.
2576:;
2529:.
2480:.
2470:.
2445:.
2415:.
2388:.
2361:.
2312:.
2265:^
2197:.
2174:^
2123:^
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2030:^
1991:^
1952:^
1913:^
1893:.
1870:^
1837:^
1808:^
1763:^
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1578:^
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1283:G2
1205:G1
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855:,
851:,
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810:G1
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101:TJ
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2663:.
2636:.
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2466::
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2396:.
2369:.
2326:.
2286:.
1973:.
1733:.
1285:)
1207:)
103:)
79:2
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